A cross-platform application for generating and rendering realistic forest scenes using L-systems and OpenGL. Created for my MEng Computer Science Individual Project.
This work has been submitted to the Computer Graphics Forum (CGF) and the pre-print version is currently avaiable on arXiv
If citing the pre-print work, please use the following citation:
@misc{Newlands2022ForestGenerator,
author = {Newlands, Callum and Zauner, Klaus-Peter},
title = {Procedural Generation and Rendering of Realistic, Navigable Forest Environments: An Open-Source Tool},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2208.01471},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.01471},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2022},
}- Java 14 (https://jdk.java.net/14/)
- OpenGL 4.3
This code was created by Callum Newlands, 2021 and is licenced here under the GNU General Public License (GPL) v3.0 with the additional term of: 7.b Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it
See LICENSE.txt for the full license, but in summary:
- Anyone can copy, modify and distribute this software.
- Source code must be made available when the software is distributed.
- You have to include the license and copyright notice with each and every distribution.
- You can use this software privately.
- You can use this software for commercial purposes.
- If you modify this software, you have to indicate changes made to the code.
- Any modifications of this code base MUST be distributed with the same license, GPLv3.
- This software is provided without warranty.
- The software author or license can not be held liable for any damages inflicted by the software.
- Any existing author attribution statements must be preserved with any copies, modifications or distributions
The following maps are too large to upload to GitHub, but are specified in some configuration files, so it is
recommended to download them and save them inside the /resources/textures/ directory, or override the parameters:
- autumn_park_8k.hdr (https://hdrihaven.com/hdri/?h=autumn_park)
- gamrig_8k.hdr (https://hdrihaven.com/hdri/?h=gamrig)
- noon_grass_8k.hdr (https://hdrihaven.com/hdri/?h=noon_grass)
- Run
mvn clean installin the root directory - Navigate into the
target/directory - In the root directory run the command:
java -jar ForestGenerator-1.0-windows.jar [config.yaml]- For unix or mac systems use file
ForestGenerator-1.0-unix.jarorForestGenerator-1.0-mac.jarrespectively config.yaml(optional) is the path to the yaml config file (see below)- Note: The
resourcesRootconfiguration parameter will need to be set to./classes/ - In the event of a
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap spaceerror, the allocated heap space for the JVM may need to be increased with e.g.:java -jar -Xmx4G ...
- For unix or mac systems use file
- Download and extract the latest release file (.zip)
- In the root directory run the command:
java -jar ForestGenerator-1.0-windows.jar [config.yaml]- For unix or mac systems use file
ForestGenerator-1.0-unix.jarorForestGenerator-1.0-mac.jarrespectively config.yaml(optional) is the path to the yaml config file (see below)- In the event of a
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap spaceerror, the allocated heap space for the JVM may need to be increased with e.g.:java -jar -Xmx4G ...
- For unix or mac systems use file
| Key | stdin Character | Description |
|---|---|---|
| W | W | Move forward |
| S | S | Move backwards |
| A | A | Move left |
| D | D | Move right |
| Space | Space (' ') | Move upwards |
| Shift | - | Move downwards |
| Esc | X | Exit the application |
| 1 | (use config file) | Toggle wireframe |
| 2 | (use config file) | Toggle gamma correction |
| 3 | (use config file) | Toggle HDR tone mapping |
| 4 | (use config file) | Screen-space ambient-occlustion (SSAO) |
| 5 | (use config file) | Toggle depth output |
| 6 | (use config file) | Toggle shadows |
| 7 | (use config file) | Toggle leaf translucency |
| 9 | C | Create a checkpoint yaml file for the current position and direction |
| Mouse | I | Look up |
| Mouse | K | Look down |
| Mouse | J | Look left |
| Mouse | L | Look right |
For materials which consist of multiple textures from the same source (e.g. diffuse + normal + glossiness) the common file-name prefix is given along with the source.
Many aspects of the application can be configured through the use of YAML configuration files. See default.yaml
for a file containing all parameters and their default values.
To override these values, create a new .yaml file containing the parameters you with to override and their new values.
Parameters written with integers in default.yaml are integers, parameters written with decimals (e.g. 1.0, 2.992)
are floating -point numbers
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| async.yaml | A small scene which receives only stdin input and outputs only frame images |
| default.yaml | A full list of all of the configuration parameters and their default values (these are the values used if no file is loaded) |
| dense.yaml | A dense forest |
| ground.yaml | Just generates and renders the ground terrain |
| highGraphics.yaml | A scene with high-quality render settings |
| large.yaml | A large scene |
| lowGraphics.yaml | A small scene where lighting effects are disabled and render quality is reduced |
| medium.yaml | A medium size scene |
| segmentation.yaml | A scene which outputs segmentation maps |
| segmentationRandom.yaml | A scene which outputs segmentation maps from random positions |
| singleTree.yaml | A single tree |
| singleTypeForest.yaml | A forest consisting of a single tree type |
| small.yaml | A small scene |
| sparse.yaml | A sparse forest |
# Note: Full parameter specification is contained in this file, but to override any parameter in a custom config file,
# only that parameter needs specified
#
# The exception to this are the lSystemParamsLower and lSystemParamsUpper properties in the trees, in order to
# change one of these lSystemParams (e.g. "lB"), the entire lSystemParamsLower list must be included in the
# config file.
#
# To include a pre-made tree type in a config file, all that is needed is to include the tree class name and at
# least 1 parameter value. E.g.
# ...
# trees:
# - !TreeTypes$BranchingTree
# name: tree 1
# - !TreeTypes$AspenTree
# name: tree 2
# ...
# relative path to the directory containing texture and model resources
resourcesRoot: ./resources/
random:
# The value of the random seed for the application
seed: -1 # A value of -1 will result in a seed derived from the system clock value
input:
# Collect data from random locations
randomDataCollection:
enabled: false
maxFrames: 1000 # Number of frames of random data to collect before exit
# It is advised to set one of manual XOR stdin to true
# Enable keyboard and mouse input (via the application window)
manual: true
# Input via stdin (each line will cause a new frame to render)
stdin:
enabled: false # Note: Enabling stdin will case render loop to block after each frame for input and will disable delta time
# The amount the viewing angle changes with a look command (I, J, K, or L)
lookOffset: 10.0
# The frames per second of the resulting output (controls movement speed -> larger = slower movement speed/shorter movement)
fps: 30
output:
window:
visible: true
fullscreen: false
width: 800
height: 600
# Output the frames of the application to the /frames directory
frameImages:
enabled: false
fileExtension: jpg
filePrefix: ""
# Output a colour image
colour: true
# Output a depth image
depth: false # If outputting to window the depth output will be displayed instead of colour if this is true, if rendering to images, both can be output
# Output a segmentation map
segmentation: false
# Invert the depth colours (default: near = black, far = white)
invertDepth: true
# Distance to the far plane of the scene
renderDistance: 300.0
# Maximum depth for depth output
maxDepthOutput: 20.0
camera:
startPosition: [ 0.0, 3.3, 0.0 ]
startDirection: [ 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 ]
# Enable/disable vertical motion
verticalMovement: true
terrain:
# The size of the scene to generate
width: 100.0
# The vertical scaling on the terrain geometry (larger value = taller terrain)
verticalScale: 3.0
# Number of repetitions of the texture per terrain tile side = 2 ^ textureScale
textureScale: 2
noise:
xScale: 1.0
yScale: 1.0
# The number of octaves of simplex noise (detail) to use (higher = more detail)
octaves: 8
# The amplitude multiplier for successive octaves (smaller = smoother terrain)
persistence: 0.5
# The frequency multiplier for successive octaves (>1 => each octave will contribute finer details)
lacunarity: 2.0
# Density of vertices in the terrain mesh (higher = more vertices)
vertexDensity: 0.7
texture:
diffuse: "/textures/floor2.png/"
normal: null
glossiness: null
ecosystemSimulation:
# Number of iterations to run for
numIterations: 400
# Number of iterations per year
yearLength: 20
# Age of highest viability (range [0,1])
ageThreshold: 0.7
# Weighting for radius viability
radiusWeight: 0.3
# Viability for minimum radius plants
smallRadiusViability: 0.4
# Viability for average radius plants
averageRadiusViability: 0.4
quadtree:
# Levels of detail (LODs) in the quad-tree
levels: 3
# Distance multiplier for switching (LOD) (smaller = LOD threshold is closer)
thresholdCoefficient: 1.5
# Enable view-frustum culling of geometry
frustumCulling: true
sceneObjects:
display: true
# List of tree types and their generation parameters
trees:
- !TreeTypes$BranchingTree # Base class for Oak
name: tree 1
lSystemParamsLower:
a0: 15.0 # Angle away after branching for first branch
a1: 15.0 # Angle away after branching
a2: -15.0 # Angle around vertical axis between splittings
l1: 45.0 # Length of branches
pS: 0.0 # Probability of side branch
l2: 0.0 # Length before side branches as a fraction of l1
l3: 0.0 # Length after side branches as a fraction of l1
bO: 0.0 # offset at branching point
aS: 25.0 # Angle of side branches from main branch
lB: 150.0 # Length of trunk base
wB: 1.0 # Width of trunk base
nT: 7 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 6.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.5 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
rl: 1.0 # Ratio of increase of branch length (from ends to trunk)
rw: 1.8 # Ratio of increase of branch width (from ends to trunk)
e: 0.050 # Elasticity
lSystemParamsUpper:
a0: 30.0 # Angle away after branching for first branch
a1: 30.0 # Angle away after branching
a2: 15.0 # Angle around vertical axis between splittings
l1: 55.0 # Length of branches
pS: 0.0 # Probability of side branch
l2: 0.0 # Length before side branches as a fraction of l1
l3: 0.0 # Length after side branches as a fraction of l1
bO: 20.0 # offset at branching point
aS: 50.0 # Angle of side branches from main branch
lB: 250.0 # Length of trunk base
wB: 1.1 # Width of trunk base
nT: 7 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 7.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.7 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
rl: 1.3 # Ratio of increase of branch length (from ends to trunk)
rw: 1.82 # Ratio of increase of branch width (from ends to trunk)
e: 0.057 # Elasticity
# Angles and probabilities for branchings to occur, (number of angles + 1) = number of branches to split into
branchings:
- minAngles: [ 120.0 ]
maxAngles: [ 240.0 ]
prob: 0.3
- minAngles: [ 60.0, 120.0 ]
maxAngles: [ 110.0, 150.0 ]
prob: 0.7
# The (maximum) number of models to generate for each iteration count (age) of tree needed in the scene
numPerIterationSize: 3
# Size scalar for the models
scale: 0.01
# minimum factor of s for each instance's scale
minScaleFactor: 0.7
# maximum factor of s for each instance's scale
maxScaleFactor: 1.1
# vertical offset of world position (height above/below the terrain)
yOffset: 0.0
# variability in the x-z angle of each instance
pitchVariability: 0.0
# Size scalar for the leaf models
leafXScale: 0.7
leafYScale: 0.7
barkTexture:
diffuse: "/textures/Bark_02_2K_Base_Color.png"
normal: "/textures/Bark_02_2K_Normal.png"
glossiness: null
leafTextures:
frontAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_front.tga"
frontNormal: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_normals_front.tga"
frontTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_front_t.tga"
frontHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_halflife_front_t.tga"
backAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_back.tga"
backNormal: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_normals_back.tga"
backTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_back_t.tga"
backHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf1/Leaf1_halflife_back_t.tga"
leafColourFilter: null
# Number of sides to use in the cross section of the branches
numSides: 6
# Minimum number of iterations of the L-system
minIterations: 5 # inclusive
# Maximum number of iterations of the L-system
maxIterations: 9 # exclusive
# Density of models in the scene
density: 0.5
# Number of edges to use in the cross section of the low LOD representation
lowLODEdges: 2
# Number of times to merge successive pairs of leaves for the low LOD representation
lowLODLeafMerges: 1
# Whether to widen the base of the tree
widenBase: true
# Max age for the tree in the ecosystem simulation
maxAge: 200
# Radius multiplier around the trunk when distributing seeds in the ecosystem simulation
seedRadiusMultiplier: 2.0
- !TreeTypes$OakTree
name: Oak
lSystemParamsLower:
a0: 0.0 # Angle away after branching for first branch
a1: 10.0 # Angle away after branching
a2: 25.0 # Angle around vertical axis between splittings
l1: 30.0 # Length of branches
pS: 0.48 # Probability of side branch
l2: 0.40 # Length before side branches as a fraction of l1
l3: 0.6 # Length after side branches as a fraction of l1
bO: 5.0 # offset at branching point
aS: 20.0 # Angle of side branches from main branch
lB: 200.0 # Length of trunk base
wB: 1.0 # Width of trunk base
nT: 6 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 6.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.6 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
rl: 1.0 # Ratio of increase of branch length (from ends to trunk)
rw: 1.4 # Ratio of increase of branch width (from ends to trunk)
e: 0.01 # Elasticity
lSystemParamsUpper:
a0: 10.0 # Angle away after branching for first branch
a1: 35.0 # Angle away after branching
a2: 35.0 # Angle around vertical axis between splittings
l1: 30.0 # Length of branches
pS: 0.48 # Probability of side branch
l2: 0.5 # Length before side branches as a fraction of l1
l3: 0.6 # Length after side branches as a fraction of l1
bO: 35.0 # offset at branching point
aS: 40.0 # Angle of side branches from main branch
lB: 300.0 # Length of trunk base
wB: 1.1 # Width of trunk base
nT: 6 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 7.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.75 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
rl: 1.1 # Ratio of increase of branch length (from ends to trunk)
rw: 1.42 # Ratio of increase of branch width (from ends to trunk)
e: 0.01 # Elasticity
branchings:
- minAngles: [ ]
maxAngles: [ ]
prob: 0.5
- minAngles: [ 120.0 ]
maxAngles: [ 240.0 ]
prob: 0.5
numPerIterationSize: 3
scale: 0.015
minScaleFactor: 0.7
maxScaleFactor: 1.1
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.0
leafXScale: 0.4
leafYScale: 0.4
barkTexture:
diffuse: "/textures/Oak_Bark_4k_Albedo.png"
normal: "/textures/Oak_Bark_4k_Normal.png"
glossiness: "/textures/Oak_Bark_4k_Glossiness.png"
leafTextures:
frontAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf5/LeafSet016_2K_Color_Cropped.png"
frontNormal: "/textures/Leaf5/LeafSet016_2K_Normal_Cropped.png"
frontTranslucency: null
frontHalfLife: null
backAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf5/LeafSet016_2K_Color_Cropped.png"
backNormal: "/textures/Leaf5/LeafSet016_2K_Normal_Cropped.png"
backTranslucency: null
backHalfLife: null
leafColourFilter:
colour: [ 0.7, 0.6, 0.0 ]
mixFactor: 0.4
expMix: false
numSides: 6
minIterations: 8 # inclusive
maxIterations: 13 # exclusive
density: 0.5
lowLODEdges: 2
lowLODLeafMerges: 1
widenBase: true
maxAge: 200
seedRadiusMultiplier: 2.0
- !TreeTypes$MonopodialTree # Base class for Aspen, Poplar and Pine
name: Monopodial Tree
lSystemParamsLower:
lB: 2.0 # Base length
lS: 1.1 # Side branch length
lSm: 0.5 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.5 # Base width
nT: 7 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 6.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.25 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.3 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.4 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.3 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 80.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 110.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 5.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 85.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 100.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: 80.0 # 3rd level side branch angle downwards
aS4: -45.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
lS2: 0.333 # Distance ratio for gap between 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS3: 0.25 # Distance ratio for first part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS4: 0.25 # Distance ratio for second part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
tH: 0.9 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 0.0 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 8 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
nB2: 12 # Branching factor of side branches (ignored for pine style branches)
l1: 0.2 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.5 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 1.0 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 1.0 # Density of leaves
e: 0.0001 # Elasticity
lSystemParamsUpper:
lB: 2.0 # Base length
lS: 1.1 # Side branch length
lSm: 0.5 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.5 # Base width
nT: 7 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 6.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.25 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.3 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.4 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.3 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 80.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 110.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 5.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 85.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 100.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: 80.0 # 3rd level side branch angle downwards
aS4: -45.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
lS2: 0.333 # Distance ratio for gap between 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS3: 0.25 # Distance ratio for first part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS4: 0.25 # Distance ratio for second part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
tH: 0.9 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 0.0 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 8 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
nB2: 12 # Branching factor of side branches (ignored for pine style branches)
l1: 0.2 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.5 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 1.0 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 1.0 # Density of leaves
e: 0.0001 # Elasticity
# The (maximum) number of models to generate for each iteration count (age) of tree needed in the scene
numPerIterationSize: 3
# Size scalar for the models
scale: 0.75
# minimum factor of s for each instance's scale
minScaleFactor: 0.7
# maximum factor of s for each instance's scale
maxScaleFactor: 1.1
# vertical offset of world position (height above/below the terrain)
yOffset: 0.0
# variability in the x-z angle of each instance
pitchVariability: 0.0
# Size scalar for the leaf models
leafXScale: 0.17
leafYScale: 0.17
barkTexture:
diffuse: "/textures/Bark_02_2K_Base_Color.png"
normal: "/textures/Bark_02_2K_Normal.png"
glossiness: null
leafTextures:
frontAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_front.tga"
frontNormal: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_normals_front.tga"
frontTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_front_t.tga"
frontHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_halflife_front_t.tga"
backAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_back.tga"
backNormal: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_normals_back.tga"
backTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_back_t.tga"
backHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_halflife_back_t.tga"
leafColourFilter: null
# Number of sides to use in the cross section of the branches
numSides: 6
# Minimum number of iterations of the L-system
minIterations: 5 # inclusive
# Maximum number of iterations of the L-system
maxIterations: 9 # exclusive
# Density of models in the scene
density: 0.5
# Vary branch angle with height (higher branches point upwards, flattening around tH then pointing down)
heightVaryingAngles: true
# Use pine tree style branching (opposite and recursive)
pineStyleBranches: false
lowLODEdges: 2
lowLODLeafMerges: 1
widenBase: true
maxAge: 200
seedRadiusMultiplier: 2.0
- !TreeTypes$AspenTree
name: Aspen
lSystemParamsLower:
lB: 4.0 # Base length
lS: 0.5 # Side branch length
lSm: 0.2 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.5 # Base width
nT: 10 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 7.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.5 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.35 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.35 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.04 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 50.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 65.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 30.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 115.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 120.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: 40.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards
aS4: 35.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
lS2: 0.33 # Distance ratio for gap between 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS3: 0.33 # Distance ratio for first part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS4: 0.3 # Distance ratio for second part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
tH: 0.7 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 0.5 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 7 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
nB2: 15 # Branching factor of side branches (ignored for pine style branches)
l1: 0.1 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.5 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 1.0 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 0.8 # Density of leaves
e: 0.0 # Elasticity
lSystemParamsUpper:
lB: 9.0 # Base length
lS: 0.8 # Side branch length
lSm: 0.4 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.7 # Base width
nT: 10 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 8.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.6 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.55 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.45 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.04 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 85.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 95.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 30.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 115.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 160.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: 80.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards
aS4: 55.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
lS2: 0.5 # Distance ratio for gap between 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS3: 0.5 # Distance ratio for first part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS4: 0.4 # Distance ratio for second part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
tH: 0.85 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 2.5 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 9 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
nB2: 19 # Branching factor of side branches (ignored for pine style branches)
l1: 0.2 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.5 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 1.0 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 0.9 # Density of leaves
e: 0.001 # Elasticity
numPerIterationSize: 3
scale: 0.9
minScaleFactor: 0.7
maxScaleFactor: 1.1
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.0
leafXScale: 0.28
leafYScale: 0.28
barkTexture:
diffuse: "/textures/Aspen_bark_001_COLOR.jpg"
normal: "/textures/Aspen_bark_001_NORM.jpg"
glossiness: "/textures/Aspen_bark_001_SPEC.jpg"
leafTextures:
frontAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf4/Autumn_leaf_08_1K_front_Base_Color.png"
frontNormal: "/textures/Leaf4/Autumn_leaf_08_1K_front_Normal.png"
frontTranslucency: null
frontHalfLife: null
backAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf4/Autumn_leaf_08_1K_back_Base_Color.png"
backNormal: "/textures/Leaf4/Autumn_leaf_08_1K_back_Normal.png"
backTranslucency: null
backHalfLife: null
leafColourFilter:
colour: [ 1.0, 0.79, 0.1 ]
mixFactor: 0.9
expMix: true
numSides: 6
minIterations: 6 # inclusive
maxIterations: 11 # exclusive
density: 0.5
heightVaryingAngles: true
pineStyleBranches: false
lowLODEdges: 2
lowLODLeafMerges: 1
widenBase: true
maxAge: 200
seedRadiusMultiplier: 2.0
- !TreeTypes$PoplarTree
name: Poplar
lSystemParamsLower:
lB: 0.0 # Base length
lS: 1.1 # Side branch length
lSm: 1.0 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.6 # Base width
nT: 3 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 3.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.25 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.2 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.1 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.2 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 20.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 70.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 0.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 0.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 120.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: 20.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards
aS4: -30.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
lS2: 0.25 # Distance ratio for gap between 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS3: 0.2 # Distance ratio for first part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS4: 0.2 # Distance ratio for second part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
tH: 1.0 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 0.6 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 2 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
nB2: 20 # Branching factor of side branches (ignored for pine style branches)
l1: 0.45 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.0 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 1.0 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 0.9 # Density of leaves
e: -0.01 # Elasticity
lSystemParamsUpper:
lB: 0.5 # Base length
lS: 1.2 # Side branch length
lSm: 1.2 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.9 # Base width
nT: 3 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 3.5 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.3 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.4 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.3 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.2 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 35.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 90.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 0.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 0.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 160.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: 40.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards
aS4: -10.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
lS2: 0.4 # Distance ratio for gap between 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS3: 0.35 # Distance ratio for first part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
lS4: 0.35 # Distance ratio for second part of 3rd level branches (ignored for pine style branches)
tH: 1.0 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 1.8 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 2 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
nB2: 30 # Branching factor of side branches (ignored for pine style branches)
l1: 0.55 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.0 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 1.0 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 1.1 # Density of leaves
e: -0.01 # Elasticity
numPerIterationSize: 3
scale: 0.7
minScaleFactor: 0.7
maxScaleFactor: 1.1
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.0
leafXScale: 0.15
leafYScale: 0.15
barkTexture:
diffuse: "/textures/Bark_06_BaseColor.jpg"
normal: "/textures/Bark_06_Normal.jpg"
glossiness: "/textures/Bark_06_Glossiness.jpg"
leafTextures:
frontAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_front.tga"
frontNormal: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_normals_front.tga"
frontTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_front_t.tga"
frontHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_halflife_front_t.tga"
backAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_back.tga"
backNormal: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_normals_back.tga"
backTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_back_t.tga"
backHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf2/Leaf2_halflife_back_t.tga"
leafColourFilter:
colour: [ 0.055, 0.21, 0.055 ]
mixFactor: 0.7
expMix: false
numSides: 6
minIterations: 6 # inclusive
maxIterations: 18 # exclusive
density: 0.5
heightVaryingAngles: false
pineStyleBranches: false
lowLODEdges: 2
lowLODLeafMerges: 1
widenBase: true
maxAge: 200
seedRadiusMultiplier: 2.75
- !TreeTypes$PineTree
name: Pine Tree
lSystemParamsLower:
lB: 0.6 # Base length
lS: 0.4 # Side branch length
lSm: 0.02 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.15 # Base width
nT: 5 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 5.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.4 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.2 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.7 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.25 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 70.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 50.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 0.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 115.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: -5.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: -55.0 # 3rd level side branch angle downwards
aS4: 35.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
tH: 1.0 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 1.5 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 6 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
l1: 0.0 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.4 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.5 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 0.92 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 1.1 # Density of leaves
e: 0.0 # Elasticity
lSystemParamsUpper:
lB: 2.8 # Base length
lS: 0.8 # Side branch length
lSm: 0.03 # Min ratio for side branch length (of ls) and width (of ws)
wB: 0.5 # Base width
nT: 5 # Number of steps in taper
tP: 6.0 # Falloff power for taper
tF: 0.45 # Taper widest width as a factor of wB
wS: 0.4 # Side branch width
wS2: 0.9 # 3rd level side branch width
vr: 0.25 # Width of start of side branch
aB: 100.0 # Branch angle to trunk
aS: 70.0 # Branch angle around trunk
aMin: 0.0 # Minimum varying angle
aMax: 115.0 # Maximum varying angle
aS2: 5.0 # 3rd level side branch angle
aS3: -35.0 # 3rd level side branch angle downwards
aS4: 55.0 # 3rd level side branch angle upwards for 2nd part
aS5: 0.0 # Initial angle of rotation around branch for 3rd level side branches
tH: 1.0 # Threshold for switching expansion/contraction (1 = bottom, 0 = top)
aU: 3.5 # Angle to curve the side branches upwards
nB: 6 # Number of side branches (and trunk height segments) per iteration
l1: 0.01 # Length of trunk sections between branches
l2: 0.6 # Length of trunk sections after branches
lr: 0.5 # Offset of side branches from centre
lr2: 0.98 # Ratio of decrease of l2
dL: 1.4 # Density of leaves
e: 0.0 # Elasticity
numPerIterationSize: 3
scale: 1.9
minScaleFactor: 0.7
maxScaleFactor: 1.1
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.0
leafXScale: 0.035
leafYScale: 0.4
barkTexture:
diffuse: "/textures/Bark_02_2K_Base_Color.png"
normal: "/textures/Bark_02_2K_Normal.png"
glossiness: "/textures/Bark_Pine_glossiness.jpg"
leafTextures:
frontAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_front.tga"
frontNormal: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_normals_front.tga"
frontTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_front_t.tga"
frontHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_halflife_front_t.tga"
backAlbedo: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_back.tga"
backNormal: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_normals_back.tga"
backTranslucency: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_back_t.tga"
backHalfLife: "/textures/Leaf3/Leaf3_halflife_back_t.tga"
numSides: 6
minIterations: 6 # inclusive
maxIterations: 16 # exclusive
density: 0.5
heightVaryingAngles: true
pineStyleBranches: true
lowLODEdges: 2
lowLODLeafMerges: 1
widenBase: true
maxAge: 200
seedRadiusMultiplier: 2.0
twigs:
# Number of different twig models per terrain quad
typesPerQuad: 2
texture:
diffuse: "/textures/Bark_Pine_baseColor.jpg"
normal: "/textures/Bark_Pine_normal.jpg"
glossiness: null
numSides: 5
# Size scalar for the models
scale: 0.05
# minimum factor of s for each instance's scale
minScaleFactor: 0.75
# maximum factor of s for each instance's scale
maxScaleFactor: 1.2
# vertical offset of world position (height above/below the terrain)
yOffset: 0.1
# variability in the x-z angle of each instance
pitchVariability: 0.1
density: 1.0
externalModels:
# Path to model (.obj) file
- modelPath: "/models/Rock1/Rock1.obj"
# Path to directory containing model textures defined in material file (.mtl)
texturesDir: "/models/Rock1"
# Texture to overwrite the model texture with (default = <null, null>)
scale: 0.3
minScaleFactor: 0.75
maxScaleFactor: 1.2
yOffset: -0.1
pitchVariability: 0.1
density: 1.0
crossedBillboards:
# texture to use on the billboards
- texture:
diffuse: "/textures/grass2.png"
normal: null
# the number of intersecting boards to generate
numBoards: 4
# width scalar of each board
xScale: 1.0
# height scalar of each board
yScale: 0.35
# overall scalar for the model
scale: 0.7
minScaleFactor: 0.75
maxScaleFactor: 1.2
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.1
density: 20.0
- texture:
diffuse: "/textures/fern1_rotated.png"
normal: null
numBoards: 4
xScale: 1.2
yScale: 1.2
# overall scalar for the model
scale: 0.7
minScaleFactor: 0.75
maxScaleFactor: 1.2
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.1
density: 0.2
- texture:
diffuse: "/textures/fern2_rotated.png"
normal: null
numBoards: 4
xScale: 1.2
yScale: 1.2
# overall scalar for the model
scale: 0.7
minScaleFactor: 0.75
maxScaleFactor: 1.2
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.1
density: 0.2
fallenLeaves:
density: 1.0
scale: 0.7
minScaleFactor: 0.75
maxScaleFactor: 1.2
yOffset: 0.0
pitchVariability: 0.1
lighting:
# Strength of the ambient lighting in the scene
ambientStrength: 0.4
# Power to use in the specular calcualtion
specularPower: 16
hdr:
enabled: true
# The exposure value to use in the tone mapping algorithm (larger = more light)
exposure: 0.6
gammaCorrection:
enabled: true
# The gamma value to use for gamma correction
gamma: 2.2
sun:
# Display a polygon representation of the sun
display: false
# Automatically determine the sun's position from the sky HDR
autoPosition: true
# Number of sides to use in the polygon
numSides: 10
# Strength (and colour) of sun to use in lighting calculations
strength: [ 3.8, 3.3, 3.2 ]
# Position of the sun polygon and for use in lighting calculations (Currently overwritten by the HDR image)
position: [ 50.0, 200.0, -50.0 ]
# Scale of the sun polygon
scale: 20.0
sky:
# Path to HDR file
hdrFile: "textures/gamrig_8k.hdr"
# Resolution of generated cubemap face textures
resolution: 2048
ssao:
enabled: true
# Number of samples in the kernel
kernelSize: 32
# Radius of samples
radius: 0.5
# Bias for depth test
bias: 0.025
translucency:
enabled: true
# Scalar for leaf translucency (larger = brighter impact from translucency)
factor: 0.1
shadows:
enabled: true
# Resolution of the shadow map (larger scenes will need a larger resolution to avoid pixelation artefacts/missing details at the cost of GPU memory)
resolution: 4096
# Bias to avoid shadow acne, reduce if shadows are detached from objects, increase if quantization errors (stripes) appear
bias: 0.005
volumetricScattering:
enabled: true
# Number of samples along each light ray (larger = higher resolution)
numSamples: 100
# Density of samples along each light ray (higher = samples taken from a smaller area = shorter, brighter rays)
sampleDensity: 1.3
# Impact decay of each sample (lower = greater fall-off)
decay: 0.99 # range [0.0, 1.0)
# Scalar for brightness of each ray (higher = brighter)
exposure: 0.0015
# Brightness value to clamp samples at
maxBrightness: 100.0