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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Brazil First NDC 2023 adjustment</title>
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<h1>Brazil's NDC</h1>
<h2>FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)</h2>
<h2>to the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC</h2>
<p>Brasília, 27 October 2023</p>
<p>The Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil is pleased to re-communicate to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its First Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), updated pursuant to relevant CMA decisions and adjusted to clarify its level of ambition.</p>
<p>Through this communication, Brazil confirms its absolute net greenhouse gas emission target in 2025 of 1.32 GtCO2e, consistent with a reduction of 48.4% in comparison with 2005, according to the latest inventory data. Additionally, Brazil commits to an absolute net greenhouse gas emission target in 2030 of 1.20 GtCO2e, consistent with a reduction of 53.1% in comparison with 2005, according to the latest inventory data.</p>
<p>The Government of Brazil further reiterates its long-term objective to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.</p>
<p>By adjusting its NDC, Brazil shows its full commitment to the Paris Agreement. The level of ambition of Brazil’s NDC reflects Brazil’s determination to lead by example. As a developing country, Brazil’s historical contribution to the global problem of climate change has been small if compared to the historical responsibility of developed countries for the increase in the global mean surface temperature resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This NDC therefore largely exceeds the level of ambition expected of a developing country, in terms of equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, under Article 3, paragraph 1, of the UNFCCC, and Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement thereunder.</p>
<p>Pursuant to Articles 4 and 14 of the Paris Agreement and decision 6/CMA.3, Brazil will submit its Second NDC in 2025, informed by the 2023 Global Stocktake (GST).</p>
<h2>Annex</h2>
<h2>Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brazil’s NDC</h2>
<p>1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</p>
<p><strong>(a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s):</strong></p>
<p>The reference year for Brazil’s NDC is 2005.</p>
<p><strong>(b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year:</strong></p>
<p>The quantification of the reference indicator is the total net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the reference year of 2005, as reported in the “National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol”.</p>
<p>According to the latest inventory, net emission levels in 2005 were of 2.56 GtCO2e (GWP AR5) or 2.06 GtCO2e (GTP AR5).<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
<p>The target for the year 2025 is a net GHG emission level of 1.32 GtCO2e (GWP AR5) or 1.06 GtCO2e (GTP AR5)</p>
<p>The target for the year 2030 is a net GHG emission level of 1.20 GtCO2e (GWP AR5) or 0.97 GtCO2e (GTP AR5).</p>
<p><strong>(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information:</strong></p>
<p>Not applicable.</p>
<p><strong>(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction:</strong></p>
<p>Target for 2025 is consistent with a reduction of 48.4%, or 1.24 GtCO2e, in comparison with 2005, according to the latest inventory data.</p>
<p>Target for 2030 is consistent with a reduction of 53.1%, or 1.36GtCO2e, in comparison with 2005, according to the latest inventory data.</p>
<p><strong>(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s):</strong></p>
<p>National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.</p>
<p><strong>(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators:</strong></p>
<p>Information on emissions in 2005 and reference values may be updated and recalculated due to methodological improvements applicable to the inventories.</p>
<p><strong>2. Time frames and/ or periods for implementation:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA):</strong></p>
<p>Net emissions from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 compared with net emissions from 01/01/2025 to 31/12/2025.</p>
<p>Net emissions from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 compared with net emissions from 01/01/2030 to 31/12/2030.</p>
<p>Period for implementation from 01/01/2020 to 31/12/2030.</p>
<p><strong>(b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable:</strong></p>
<p>Single-year targets in 2025 and 2030.</p>
<p><strong>3. Scope and coverage:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) General description of the target:</strong></p>
<p>Economy-wide absolute targets, consistent with the sectors present in the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2025 and 2030. The targets will be translated into policies and measures to be detailed and implemented by the Brazilian Federal government.</p>
<p><strong>(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines:</strong></p>
<p>CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).</p>
<p><strong>(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21:</strong></p>
<p>The same gases previously indicated in the 2015 iNDC and previous NDC communications have been maintained.</p>
<p><strong>(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans:</strong></p>
<p>The Interministerial Committee on Climate Change is currently working on the revision of the National Climate Change Policy, in the light of the Paris Agreement. The revision includes the elaboration of a new Climate Change Plan, composed of a National Mitigation Strategy, with eight sectoral mitigation plans and National Adaptation Strategy, as well as fourteen sectoral/thematic adaptation plans. The new Climate Change Plan will also encompass transversal goals for climate action, including (i) socioeconomic implications of the transition to climate neutrality; (ii) education, research, development and innovation; (iii) means of implementation; (iv) monitoring, evaluation and transparency mechanisms; (v) losses and damages associated with extreme events.</p>
<p>Adaptation policies will be based on the best available science regarding climate change and national circumstances. The <i>AdaptaBrasil</i> system, developed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) is to consolidate and provide information to better understand the impacts of climate change in Brazil, including impacts projected into the future. The Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation started a series of dialogues regarding the climate crisis, which will form the basis of the National Adaptation Strategy, in conjunction with data provided by <i>AdaptaBrasil</i>.</p>
<p><strong>4. Planning processes:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner:</strong></p>
<p>At the governmental level, the Interministerial Committee on Climate Change (CIM), instituted by decree 11,550 of 5 June 2023, sets the institutional framework for the elaboration and implementation of public policies on climate change. CIM is currently working on the revision of the National Climate Change Policy and its sectorial mitigation and adaptation plans, including the regulation of the Brazilian Emissions Trading System,</p>
<p>The institutional dialogue between the Brazilian government and civil society takes place through the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, instituted by decree 9,082, of 26 June 2017. The Forum aims at raising “awareness and mobilize society and to contribute to the discussion of actions needed to deal with global climate change, in accordance with the National Policy on Climate Change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its related international agreements, including the Paris Agreement and Brazil’s Nationally Determined Contributions”.</p>
<p>Articles 5, 231, and 232 of the Brazilian Constitution establish ample rights and guarantees for all Brazilian citizens, paying due attention to the special needs of women and indigenous peoples. Brazil is also a party to the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.</p>
<p><strong>(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</strong></p>
<p><strong>a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication:</strong></p>
<p>With a territory of over 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil has equatorial, tropical, and subtropical climates with rainfall levels that range from 500 mm to 2.000 mm per year, as well as six biomes, namely the <i>Cerrado</i> (savannah), the Amazon (equatorial rainforest), the <i>Caatinga</i> (semi-arid), the Atlantic Forest (tropical rainforest), the <i>Pantanal</i> (seasonal wetlands), and the <i>Pampa</i> (subtropical grasslands). All of the six Brazilian biomes are subject to negative impacts of climate change, which will require the federal government to consider specific policies and measures to address their particularities when implementing this NDC.</p>
<p>Brazil has also signed all major multilateral environmental treaties and has enacted a wide range of laws and public policies regarding sustainable development. It has also worked to implement policies aimed at fighting poverty and reducing vulnerabilities in areas such as health, education, social security and minimum income. Brazil currently ranks 87th among 190 countries in the latest United Nations Human Development Index ranking. Brazilian figures regarding social development point to the need to ensure economic growth while promoting improvements in the life standards of its population.</p>
<p>In 2022, the Brazilian population was 203 million, and national authorities project positive growth rates until 2050, when the country´s population might reach 230 million. Approximately 61% (84.4%) of the Brazilian population lives in urban areas, hence the urgent need for the government to implement specific policies and measures to ensure adequate conditions of sanitation and subsistence. Such concerns must be part of the implementation efforts of this NDC.</p>
<p>The agricultural sector plays a key role in the Brazilian economy and its pursuit of sustainable development. An increase in the global temperature interferes with the water levels and rainfall patterns in the different biomes, which, in turn, has the potential to harm the current levels of productivity and employment. Therefore, the Brazilian government considers it to be of the utmost importance to implement adaptation actions in this sector to tackle the perverse effects of climate change.</p>
<p>The Brazilian electric sector is among those with the highest share of renewable sources in its mix, which is largely due to the employment of hydropower. The negative impacts of climate change, including droughts and decreases in water levels, are taken into account by the federal government in the process of planning for mitigation and action to tackle climate change in the country.</p>
<p><strong>b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution:</strong></p>
<p>The current Brazilian NDC is the result of experience gained and lessons learned from the intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), submitted to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change in 2015, and subsequent updates.</p>
<p><strong>c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable.</strong></p>
<p><strong>d. Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</strong></p>
<p><strong>How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution: Not applicable.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries:</strong></p>
<p>The need to plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change has motivated Brazil to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2016, with the aim of promoting “the reduction and management of climate risks considering the effects of climate change, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change”.</p>
<p>The Interministerial Committee on Climate Change is currently working on the revision of the National Climate Change Policy and its sectorial mitigation and adaptation plans. Thus, Brazil will develop a National Adaptation Strategy and 14 sectoral/thematic plans.</p>
<p><strong>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA:</strong></p>
<p>Brazil will update its national inventories for the historical series based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or any subsequent guidelines that may come to replace them.</p>
<p><strong>(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution:</strong></p>
<p>Brazil will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs).</p>
<p><strong>(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate: See 5 (a) above.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals:</strong></p>
<p>Emissions of gases covered by Brazil’s NDC will be calculated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The methodological tier to be employed will depend on the availability of data in the different sectors. Brazil will make an effort to apply at least tier 2 methodologies for the key categories identified.</p>
<p>Emissions of the covered gases will be aggregated in terms of the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP-100), on the basis of the values stipulated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, or 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values subsequently determined by the IPCC, as agreed by the CMA.</p>
<p>Consistent with Decision 18/CMA.1, Brazil will also continue to employ the global temperature potential (GTP), which is a more accurate metric for assessing the contribution of different gases to climate change.</p>
<p><strong>(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands:</strong></p>
<p>This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed.</p>
<p><strong>Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products:</strong></p>
<p>Brazil will use the production approach, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.</p>
<p><strong>(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests:</strong></p>
<p>This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed.</p>
<p><strong>(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used:</strong></p>
<p>Brazil has not used any other assumptions or methodological approaches.</p>
<p><strong>(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable:</strong> Not applicable.</p>
<p><strong>For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated:</strong> Not applicable.</p>
<p><strong>Further technical information, as necessary:</strong> Not applicable.</p>
<p><strong>(g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable:</strong></p>
<p>Brazil will strive to achieve its NDC through domestic measures to be coordinated and implemented by the federal government. The Brazilian government does not rule out the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), as defined in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, to complement national efforts in the achievement of the Brazilian NDC. Brazil can also consider the possibility of transferring international mitigation outcomes generated within its national territory. Any international transfers of mitigation outcomes obtained within the Brazilian territory will be subject to prior and formal consent by the federal government, in accordance with the terms and conditions, including legislation, to be nationally developed to that end.</p>
<p><strong>6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</strong></p>
<p>Brazil is a developing country and, as such, faces challenges associated with poverty eradication, the need to improve its development indexes in areas that include education, public health, employment rates, housing and social inclusion. In spite of its challenges, Brazil has contributed greatly with the global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, thus proving that it is possible to decouple economic growth and emissions.</p>
<p>In the pre-2020 period, the Brazilian government has voluntarily committed to implementing sectoral initiatives that taken together could reduce the projection of Brazilian emissions by 36.1-38.9% in 2020. In most of these sectors, Brazil has exceeded its expectations, having substantially increased the share of renewable sources in its energy mix and almost doubled the restored area of degraded lands.</p>
<p>The Brazilian NDC is one of the most ambitious in the world. Besides its targets, Brazil is one of the few countries that adopted a commitment for 2025 as well as 2030, which will provide for a better monitoring of the mitigation efforts throughout the decade. Brazil therefore understands that it is making an important contribution to international efforts to combat climate change in both absolute and relative terms.</p>
<p>Currently, 30% of the Brazilian territory is covered by protected areas, such as conservation units and indigenous lands. Brazilian environmental laws are among the most advanced in the world, given that they require landowners to preserve 20-80% of their lands and that they establish additional protective measures for fragile ecosystems. Together with the protected areas established under the Brazilian Forest Code, approximately 50-60% of the Brazilian territory is under some kind of protection. Despite this, the Brazilian government has chosen to go even beyond existing laws and policies and commit to reach zero deforestation by 2030, according to the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm). The Permanent Interministerial Commission for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation, established by the Decree 11,367/2023, will define and coordinate interministerial actions to reduce deforestation rates in the national territory. Action Plans for each of the Brazilian biomes will be defined, having as reference PPCDAm, which is in its 5th phase of implementation.</p>
<p>Still regarding the land use sector, the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC Plan) has already channeled R$ 17 billion to implement a vast range of mitigation measures, which include recovering degraded lands, projects of nitrogen fixation, increased accumulation of organic matter (carbon) in the soil, no-till farming, the integration of forest, crops and cattle breeding, agroforestry and forest planting. By 2020, the ABC Plan had exceeded its goals by 155%, and is to be continued, from 2020 to 2030, through the Sectoral Adaptation Plan for a Low Carbon Agriculture for Sustainable Development (Plan ABC+). It is a key policy among Brazilian sectoral efforts to tackle climate change.</p>
<p>Brazil has one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world. In 2020, renewable sources accounted for 48.4% of the total demand for energy, three times the world average. In the electricity demand mix, the share of renewables accounted for 84.8%. As for the transport mix, it represents 25% of the sources. The production of biofuels for the transport sector has substantially increased due to RenovaBio, which uses market incentives to promote the decarbonisation of the sector and to incentivize these kinds of fuels. The use of hydropower to generate electricity accounts for 60% of the national installed capacity and has proven to be the best available technology to compensate for the intermittency and seasonality that affect other sources of renewable sources, such as wind and solar energy, as well as biomass. Brazil has also made significant investments, nonetheless, in solar and wind energy and biomass, which already account for 20% of the country´s energy mix and are experiencing rapid growth.</p>
<p>Regarding the issue of means of implementation, the Brazilian NDC remains unconditional, yet it welcomes support from developed countries, as well as South-South cooperation initiatives on a complimentary basis, with a view to generate global benefits. The policies, measures and actions to achieve this contribution will be implemented without prejudice to the use of the financial mechanism of the Convention or of any other modalities of climate finance, international cooperation and support.</p>
<p>Specifically concerning the forest sector, the implementation of REDD+ activities and the permanence of results achieved require the provision, on a continuous basis, of adequate and predictable results-based payments in accordance with the decisions referred to in Article 5, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement.</p>
<p><strong>(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity:</strong></p>
<p>Most of the current concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of emissions that have taken place since the Industrial Revolution (the post-1750 period). Current generations are bearing the costs of past interference with the global climate system, resulting from human activities and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by developed countries, during the last two and a half centuries. In order to build a fair global response to climate change, it is therefore of central importance to establish a connection between cause (anthropogenic emissions) and effect (temperature increase and climate change).</p>
<p>The average increase in the global temperature due to anthropogenic emissions is an objective criterion to measure climate change, serving the purpose of establishing upper limits to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system. The relative contribution of any individual actor to global climate change can be determined using the average increase in the global temperature as an indicator. The contribution of each individual actor to temperature increases should take into account differences in terms of starting points, population, approaches, economic structures, natural resources, the need to maintain sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances.</p>
<p>The reconstruction of the historical series of net anthropogenic emissions allows for the estimation of the relative share of the temperature increase attributable to each individual country, including in per capita terms. The relative responsibility of a given country in relation to the average increase in the global temperature can be estimated with a high level of confidence. Hence, the marginal relative contribution to the global average surface temperature increase is a relevant measure for evaluating the level of each party’s responsibility in the collective effort to “[h]olding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, in accordance with Article 2.1 (a) of the Paris Agreement.</p>
<p><strong>(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
<p>The mitigation targets of Brazil surpass previous communications of its NDC, representing a progression over time and its highest possible ambition. Brazil's mitigation efforts are of a type, scope and scale that surpasses those of developed countries who are most responsible for climate change. While consistent with its national circumstances and capabilities, the level of ambition of this NDC is far more ambitious than what would correspond to Brazil's marginal relative responsibility for the global average temperature increase.</p>
<p><strong>(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
<p>Despite being a developing country, Brazil has already adopted an absolute, economy-wide target since it presented its iNDC.</p>
<p><strong>(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable.</strong></p>
<p><strong>7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</strong></p>
<p>By presenting one of the most ambitious NDCs in the world, Brazil understands it is significantly contributing to the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”, consistent with Article 2 of the UNFCCC.</p>
<p>By the same token, Brazil believes to be contributing to the collective effort to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, consistent with Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement.</p>
<p><strong>(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
<p>As per Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, Brazil presents a sizeable emission reduction target, which largely exceeds any goals related to peaking emissions. Brazil’s NDC is compatible with its long-term objective of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050.</p>
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<li id="fn1">BRAZIL. <i>Fourth National Communication of Brazil to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</i>. Brasília: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations, 2021. Table 2.3, p. 96.<a href="#fnref1">↩</a></li>
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