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<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
</head>
<body>
<h2 id="ministry-of-the-environment-climate-change-of-reforestation-and-protection-natural-and-forestry-resources">MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE OF REFORESTATION AND PROTECTION NATURAL AND FORESTRY RESOURCES</h2>
<h1 id="expected-contributions-determined-at-level-national-indc">EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINED AT LEVEL NATIONAL (INDC)</h1>
<p><em>September 2015</em></p>
<p><strong>RESUME EXECUTIVE</strong></p>
<p>The Nationally Determined Planned Contributions (CPDN) of the Republic of Benin are based on measures contained in its National Poverty Reduction and Management Programs Climate Change, whose overall objective is to contribute to sustainable development and resilience to climate change by providing adequate solutions to the challenges of climate change.</p>
<p>Based on a participatory and inclusive approach involving different stakeholders (public institutions, private sector, civil society), the CPDN of Benin situates the country's progress in the fight against climate change by 2030 in order to contain The increase in global warming below 2 degrees Celsius as recommended by the international community.</p>
<p>In the area of mitigation, Benin expects to reduce overall cumulative greenhouse gas emissions (excluding forestry) from the business-as-usual scenario by about 21.4% over the period 2021 to 2030.</p>
<p>The share of national efforts is about 16.4% and that of the conditional contribution is 83.6%. Implementation of the envisaged measures could also contribute to increase the cumulative carbon sequestration capacity of Benin compared to the scenario of maintaining the status quo of 5.7% over the period 2021-2030 by reducing the annual rate of deforestation Of natural forests by 41.7%. Under this objective, the unconditional contribution is in the order of 24.6% and the conditional contribution is approximately 75.4%. Moreover, reducing the annual deforestation rate by 41.7% could enable Benin to reduce its cumulative emissions from the forestry sector compared to the business-as-usual scenario of about 110 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> over the period 2021-2030. The share of the unconditional contribution towards achieving this objective is around 20% and that of the conditional contribution is 80%.</p>
<p>Compared to adaptation, the levels of vulnerability of the Republic of Benin at the national level are generally average and sometimes high. All livelihoods and livelihoods are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The main sectors concerned are agriculture, water resources, forestry, coastal zone, human health and energy. The main objectives of the CPDN are to reduce the vulnerability of socio-economic systems and ecosystems to climate variability and change by adopting appropriate policies and measures. It will therefore be necessary to strengthen climate risk and early warning systems for food security in vulnerable agro-ecological zones, to increase the availability of water resources, especially during dry periods, to protect the coastal zone facing Sea level rise and contribute to the financing of adaptation at the local government level through the strengthening of local governance in the planning and budgeting of activities.</p>
<p>In order to realize its ambitions to mitigate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and adapt to the adverse effects of Climate Change, the Republic of Benin will need a global financial envelope of around 30 billion US dollars of which 2.32 billion as contribution of the Government of Benin over the period from 2021 to 2030. The shares that return to the mitigation and adaptation measures are respectively 12, 13 and 18,35 billion dollars US.</p>
<p>This report on the CPDN, which cannot be exhaustive, is dynamic and could therefore be refined in the light of new data and information. The Strategy for Sober Development in Carbon and Resilient to Climate Change being developed as well as the National Adaptation Plan offer opportunities to operationalize the commitments contained in this document.</p>
<h3 id="i.-national-circumstances">I. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES</h3>
<p>The Republic of Benin is located in West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea between latitudes 6°30' and 12°30'N and longitudes 1° and 3°40'E. It covers an area of 114 763 km<sup>2</sup>. With an average annual population growth rate of 3.5%, its population is estimated at about 10.725.000 inhabitants for the year 2015.</p>
<p>Two types of climate govern the country: the subequatorial climate in the South and the continental tropical climate in the North.</p>
<p>Benin is a developing country whose economy relies mainly on agriculture, trade and transport with neighboring countries. This characteristic justifies the high values of GHG emissions estimated for agriculture and transport compared to other sectors in 2000. Despite the economic efforts, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) remains below the minimum rate of 7% required to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).</p>
<p>Climate change is a global phenomenon with consequences at the national and local levels. This phenomenon is a concern of the Government of Benin, which develops actions on the basis of clearly defined objectives and orientations through state structures, local authorities, the private sector and civil society organizations. These actions concern, inter alia:</p>
<ul>
<li>institutional aspects through the creation of the Ministry of the Environment in charge of Managing Climate Change in Reforestation and Protection of Natural and Forest Resources (MECGCCRPRNF), the Directorate General for Climate Change (DGCC), the National Fund For the Environment and Climate (FNEC) and for the establishment of the National Climate Change Management Program (PNGCC), the setting up of the National Committee on Climate Change (CNCC), the setting up of the Commission Economic Modeling of Climate Impacts and Integration of Climate Change in the General Budget of the State (CMEICB);</li>
<li>Operational aspects of adaptation, mitigation and capacity-building at national and local levels.</li>
</ul>
<p>In order to implement the recommendations of the 1992 Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro), Benin created the National Commission for Sustainable Development (CNDD) and developed its National Agenda 21. This national sustainable development policy document includes long-term orientations, actions, objectives and means of implementation to promote sustainable development.</p>
<p>In this regard, Benin has set the following priorities: (i) reducing poverty in close connection with the Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction (PRGS3); (Ii) maintaining a high level of economic growth; (Iii) integrate environmental issues into development policies, strategies, plans, programs and projects.</p>
<p>Like other Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Benin remains a country that is particularly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Through its commitment to the implementation process of the The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as other States Parties, the Republic of Benin has the following objectives:</p>
<ul>
<li>reduce the vulnerability of socio-economic systems and ecosystems to climate variability and change by adopting lower-cost policies and measures;</li>
<li>promote policies and measures to mitigate climate change;</li>
<li>develop initiatives on mitigation and adaptation for sustainable development;</li>
<li>participate in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions;</li>
<li>promoting the transfer of technology and the necessary expertise in adaptation and mitigation to climate change;</li>
<li>to promote scientific and technological research in the field of adaptation and mitigation to climate change</li>
</ul>
<p>This document has been prepared under the supervision of the Ministry of the Environment in charge of Climate Change Management, Reforestation and Protection of Natural and Forest Resources (MECGCCRPRNF) with the support of the French Development Agency (AFD ) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), using a participatory approach involving a group of national experts from the National Committee on Climate Change and experts from AFD as well as other key actors at the national level. representatives of sector ministries, civil society organizations and the private sector. It integrates data and information collected from these actors and has been validated and adopted by the Council of Ministers.</p>
<p>The document focuses on two main themes, namely Mitigation and Adaptation, including cross-cutting issues.</p>
<h3 id="ii.-mitigation">II. Mitigation</h3>
<p>The Republic of Benin is one of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) whose greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are estimated at about 6.3 Mega tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub>) or about 1 tonne E-CO<sub>2</sub> per capita in 2000, Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry (LULUCF) excluded. These emissions come mainly from the agriculture and energy sectors whose contributions are estimated at 68% and 30% respectively (Figure 1).</p>
<p><img src="img/BEN-1.png" width="545" height="209"/></p>
<figcaption>Figure 1: Contribution of each sector to overall GHG emissions in Benin in 2000.</figcaption>
<p>Taking into account the LULUCF sector, the emission balance (6.3 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub>) and removals (11.3 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>) of GHG shows that Benin is globally a GHG sink with an absorption capacity of 5 , 1 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> in 2000, that is to say that its GHG emissions are largely offset by the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> at the level of its forest cover. Although Benin remains a well, its capacity for carbon sequestration and even CO<sub>2</sub> absorption at the level of its vegetation cover is decreasing, from (-16.5) Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> in 1990 to (-11, 3) Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2000, a decrease of 31%, and at -9.6 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2005, a decrease of 40%.</p>
<p>The assessment of trends in total GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) and emissions in the agriculture and energy sectors in the context of maintaining the status quo on the 2000-2030 time series is reflected in Figure 2 .The trend of global emissions shows an increase of 258.3%, that of the agricultural sector of 178.1% and that of the energy sector of 321.0% during this period. Total cumulative GHG emissions without any intervention over the period 2021-2030 is close to 193 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> (excluding LULUCF).</p>
<p><img src="img/BEN-2.png" width="555" height="331" /></p>
<figcaption>Figure 2: Trends in aggregate emissions and emissions in agriculture and energy (2000-2030)- business as usual scenario.</figcaption>
<p>The trend of global emissions and emissions in key sectors from 2000 onwards shows the need to take mitigation measures without compromising economic and social development priorities (Figure.2). Many opportunities to mitigate GHG emissions have been identified for this purpose.</p>
<p>At the institutional level, the creation of a Department for the Mitigation of Climate Change and Promotion of the Green Economy at the Ministry in charge of Climate Change and the Directorate of New and Renewable Energies at the Ministry in charge of Energy, Offers a technical framework for promoting and coordinating actions. At the operational level, the sectors of agriculture and energy, including transport, carry the main levers of action. Compared to the energy sector, there is a wide margin for improving energy efficiency, converting production sources (natural gas, photovoltaic solar power, hydroelectric power) and energy consumption, Energy and logistics "Transport". There is also a strong potential for improvement of the technical, cultural and forestry routes in the agricultural sector. The "Sustainable Cities", "Light for All" and "Low Carbon Development" projects, in the course of design or development with the support of the AFD and other partners, will constitute additional opportunities when they are implemented. In the LULUCF sector, the implementation of sustainable natural forest management and the strengthening of reforestation / plantation efforts offer opportunities to reduce the regression intensity of the carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystems Forests in Benin.
<p>Based on the above considerations, Benin in its submission presents a contribution to GHG mitigation based on measures contained in strategies, programs and projects for the period 2021-2030 with a specification of the sectors of activity and GHGs considered. The main sector strategies and objectives for contribution development, as well as the methodological assumptions and approaches are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 and illustrated in Figures 3, 4 and 5.</p>
<table>
<caption><strong>Table 1: Measures for planned national contribution to mitigation</strong></caption>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th colspan = "2">Schedules and/or periods of implementation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Implementation schedule</strong></td>
<td>2021-2030</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Reference Year</strong></td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Type of commitment</strong></td>
<td>Contribution based on measures contained in strategies, programs and projects</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<th colspan="2">Aims and Objectives</th>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Overall objective</strong></td>
<td><p>Implementation of the proposed measures is likely to contribute to reducing cumulative GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) compared to the business-as-usual scenario of about 21.4% by 2030 (Figure 3). The unconditional contribution corresponds to a reduction in cumulative GHG emissions compared to the business as usual scenario of 3.5% by 2030. The conditional contribution could allow an additional reduction of cumulative GHG emissions of 17.9% Compared to the business-as-usual scenario of around 3.5% by 2030. Implementation of the envisaged measures could also contribute to Benin's cumulative sequestration capacity compared to the business as usual scenario of 5 , 7% over the period 2021-2030 by reducing the annual rate of deforestation of natural forests by 41.7%. Under this objective, the unconditional contribution is in the order of 1.4% and the contingent contribution is approximately 4.3%. Reducing the annual rate of deforestation could enable Benin to reduce its cumulative emissions from the forestry sector compared to the business-as-usual scenario of around 110 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> over the period 2021-2030. The share of the unconditional contribution towards achieving this objective is around 20% and that of the conditional contribution is 80% </p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Sectoral objectives</strong></td>
<td><li><strong>Agriculture Sector</strong><ul><li><strong>Measures relating to the agricultural sector (Table 1 in annex)</strong></li>The measures envisaged include the promotion of improved cropping techniques in crop production. Implementation of these measures will affect source categories such as rice paddies, agricultural soils, burning of agricultural residues, prescribed burning of savannas.<li><strong>Avoided Avoidable Emissions in the Agriculture Sector (Figure 4)</strong></li>Efforts to improve technical routes to limit methane fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions due to nitrification / denitrification in cropping systems would prevent the cumulative emissions of these gases to be approximately 20.9 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> compared to the business as usual scenario, ie a 20.6% reduction by 2030 (conditional contribution).</ul></li>
<li><strong>Energy Sector</strong><ul><li><strong>Measures relating to the energy sector (Table 1 in annex):</strong><ul><li>increasing national electricity generation capacity and promoting the use of natural gas and renewable energies in the production of electricity from (i) bi-fuel (400 MW), (ii) hydroelectric generating stations (four hydroelectric generating stations totaling a capacity to install 396.6 MW); (iii) photovoltaic solar power plants (54.2 MWp);</li><li>promotion of the efficient use of wood energy and the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative cooking energy in households through (i) promoting access to 270,000 households using kerosene to electricity lighting in the localities connected to the Benin Electrical Energy Company (SBEE) networks and (ii) saving wood energy by promoting access to (i) 140,000 new households improved fireplaces and (ii) 275,000 households with cooking equipment.</li></ul><li><strong>Avoided emissions in the energy sector (Figure 5)</strong></li>Implementation of these measures will help to reduce cumulative GHG emissions in this sector compared to the business-as-usual scenario of 19.4 Mt E CO<sub>2</sub> by 2030, or 28.6% of which 18.6% Conditional contribution. The cumulative emissions avoided are broken down as follows: (i) electricity production 63.4% of which 46.9% is conditional; (Ii) promotion of public lighting for kerosene savings 35.1% of which 17.5% is conditional; (iii) saving wood energy by promoting improved households 1.3% of which 1.1% conditional contribution.</ul></li>
<li><strong>LULUCF Sector</strong><ul><li><strong>Measures related to the LULUCF sector (Table 1 in the Annex)</strong></li>Benin is planning to increase the carbon sequestration capacity of its forest ecosystems through the implementation of sustainable natural forest management and the strengthening of reforestation / plantation efforts. The actions envisaged are likely to contribute to:<ul>
<li>protection and conservation of natural forests, thereby reducing and maintaining the deforestation rate to 35,000 ha / year instead of 60,000 ha / year at present;</li>
<li>the implementation of a reforestation plan with the objective of creating 15,000 ha of forest plantation per year.</li></ul><li><strong>Objectives in the LULUCF Sector</strong></li>The expected impact of implementing measures to limit deforestation is estimated for avoided emissions at 110 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> and for carbon sequestration at 32 Mt E-CO<sub>2</sub> during the period 2021-2030.
<ul><li><strong>LULUCF unconditional targets:</strong> </li> <ul><li>reduction in cumulative emissions due to the UTCAFT sector during the period 2021-2030 of 22 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> compared to the scenario maintaining the status quo through the reduction of the annual deforestation rate of 5,000 ha/year.</li>
<li>increased cumulative carbon sequestration of natural forests during the period 2021-2030 by 12.9 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> compared to the scenario maintaining the status quo through the reduction of the annual deforestation rate of 5,000 ha / year and the creation of 15,000 Ha of forest plantations per year.</li>
</ul><li><strong>Conditional LULUCF Objectives:</strong></li>
<ul><li>reduction of cumulative emissions due to the UTCAFT sector during the period 2021-2030 of 88 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> compared to the scenario maintaining the status quo through the reduction of the annual deforestation rate of 20,000 ha / year.</li>
<li>Increase in sequestration of natural forests during the period 2021-2030 of 19.1 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> (cumulative avoided emissions) compared to the scenario maintaining the status quo through the reduction of the annual deforestation rate of 20,000 ha / year.</li></ul></li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th colspan="2">Scope</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Greenhouse gases considered in the contribution</td></p>
<td>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sectors / sources covered by the contribution<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup></td>
<td><p><li>Energy (transport, residential sector, energy industries)</li>
<li>Agriculture (agricultural soils, rice fields, burning of agricultural residues, prescribed burning of savannas).</li>
<li>LULUCF (forest land including natural forests and plantations).</li></td>
</tr></p>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Geographic extent covered by the contribution</td></p>
<td>The whole national territory</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table>
<caption><strong>Table 2: Methodological assumptions and appoaches</strong></caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><p>Methodology for accounting for emissions for the reference year</td></p>
<td>The inventory of the reference year is that of the Second National Communication (DCN) of Benin on Climate Change. The 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (GL 1996), the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management Guidance for National GHG Inventories (GPG 2000) have been used for all sectors except The LULUCF sector.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Approach for LULUCF emissions for the reference year.</td>
<td>The IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003), the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Projection Methodology of the Status Quo Scenario</td></p>
<td><p>Global Emissions: An assessment of the trend in global GHG emissions in a context of maintaining the status quo over the 2000-2030 time series was made by extrapolating from demographic data and per capita GHG emissions. The results obtained from the extrapolation were adjusted to take into account the estimated emissions for the Energy sector over the period 2016-2030 on the basis of GPG 2000 and GL 1996. Annual GHG emissions per inhabitant Estimated at 1 t CO<sub>2</sub> for the year 1990-2010 based on the data presented in the DCN and 1.1 t E-CO<sub>2</sub> for the period 2011-2030<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>.</p>
<p>Energy Sector: Period 1990-2015: The emission trend was assessed by extrapolation based on estimated population and per capita GHG emissions (0.29 t E-CO<sub>2</sub> per capita) On the basis of emissions from the energy sector in 2000 (DCN, 2011); Period 2016-2030: The emission trend was assessed on the basis of GPG 2000 and GL 1996 and data on the quantities of fuel required to meet the country's electricity requirements.</p>
<p>Agriculture Sector: The trend in GHG emissions over the 2000-2030 time series was evaluated by extrapolating from demographic and GHG emission data per capita in the estimated agriculture sector on the basis of sector emissions in 2000 (DCN, 2011).</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Projection Methodology Emissions from the scenario with measures</td></p>
<td><p><strong>Energy Sector:</strong> GPG 2000 and GL 1996</p><p><strong>Agricultural sector:</strong> 500 000 ha of cropland will be affected each year through the implementation of the measures envisaged in Table 1 in the appendix.</p>Implementation of the measures on this 500 000 ha of land will contribute to a global reduction in annual emissions from rice fields, agricultural soils, burning of agricultural residues, prescribed burning of savannas by 30%.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Methodology for projection of emissions from the scenario with measures in the LULUCF sector</td></p>
<td>The annual rate of total deforestation in natural forests is estimated at 60,000 ha; Emission linked to the deforestation of one hectare of natural forest: 120 t E-CO<sub>2</sub>; Sequestration capacity of tropical natural forests 4 t CO<sub>2</sub>/ha/yr; Carbon sequestration capacity of forest plantations 2 t E-CO<sub>2</sub>/ha/yr; Implementation of a reforestation plan with the objective of creating 15,000 ha of forest plantation per year; Protection and conservation of natural forests which would reduce and maintain the rate of deforestation to 35,000 ha/year.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Potential Global Warming (GWP)</td></p>
<td>According to UNFCCC Decision 17 / CP.8 for the preparation of the National Emissions Inventories, the PRG values used are: PRG CO<sub>2</sub> = 1, PRG CH<sub>4</sub> = 21, PRG N<sub>2</sub>O = 310.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Net contribution from international market-based mechanisms</td></p>
<td>No contributions from international credits.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><img src="img/BEN-3.png" width="438" height="286" /></p>
<figcaption>Figure 3: Estimate of global GHG emissions under the status quo and intervention scenarios. </figcaption>
<p><img src="img/BEN-4.png" width="455" height="302" /></p>
<figcaption>Figure 4: Estimated GHG emissions under the status quo scenario and when intervening in the agriculture sector.</figcaption>
<p><img src="img/BEN-5.png" width="455" height="302" /></p>
<figcaption>Figure 5: Estimated GHG Emissions under the Business as Usual Scenario and in the Energy Sector</figcaption>
<h3 id="iii.-adaptation">III. ADAPTATION</h3>
<p>Adaptation in the context of climate change refers to initiatives, measures, actions to reduce the vulnerability of natural systems and socio-economic systems.</p>
<p>In Benin, taking account of adaptation in the CPDN is justified by the fact that it is a national priority in terms of the country's vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change. Moreover, the measures hitherto implemented only concern urgent short-term adaptation actions and are therefore not aimed at the medium and long term.</p>
<p>The overall objective of the CPDN for adaptation in Benin is to increase efforts to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change in human systems, to increase the resilience of ecosystems in the context of global warming Climate change.</p>
<p>Work carried out in the context of the joint assessment of vulnerability to climate change in the most vulnerable geographical areas of Benin (NAPA, 2008)</p>
<ul>
<li>Drought, floods and late and violent rains constitute three major climate risks in Benin;</li>
<li>High; winds and excessive heat are also two climatic risks that may be of great importance in certain localities, in certain situations</li>
<li>The occurrence of localized climatic risks, such as sea-level rise, with little geographical influence but capable of major economic and social impacts</li>
</ul>
<p>In the central and northern agro-ecological zones, (i) watersheds, subsistence agriculture and water resources, and (ii) smallholder farmers, market gardeners and emerging farmers, and fishermen are heavily exposed Climate risks.</p>
<p>In the agro-ecological zones of the south (i), subsistence agriculture, land, water resources, human health and biodiversity, and (ii) smallholder farmers, fishermen and herders are more exposed Climate risks.</p>
<p>It should be noted that all means and livelihoods are affected by climate change, at different scales and levels. All the key sectors of the vulnerability / adaptation problem are: agriculture including livestock and fisheries, forestry, water resources, coastal zones, human health, energy, etc. According to the Second National Communication of Benin on Climate Change (DCN, 2011), the trends observed show that the interannual variability of rainfall during the period 1951-2010 was characterized throughout the country by short deficit periods Alternating with some short excess periods. In the southern region, the largest deficits were recorded almost everywhere in 1977 and 1983 (drought years), while the largest rainfall surpluses date back to 1988, 1997 and 2010 (years of flooding). In the northern region, 1958, 1977 and 1983 had the largest rainfall deficits, while in 1988 and 1998 the greatest rainfall surpluses were recorded in many localities. As for spatial variability, it is generally less pronounced or relatively low in areas outside the coast.</p>
<p>With regard to temperature, the deviations from the mean are substantially in the range of -0.6 ° C to + 0.8 ° C. The pattern of average annual temperatures observed during the period 1961-2010 does not show a clear upward or downward trend.</p>
<p>In sum, while on an annual basis, the analysis of the current climate does not reveal any significant trends in rainfall variations. On the other hand, the seasonal analysis reveals large differences in the post-1971 period.</p>
<p>Over the last three decades, the above-mentioned manifestations of climatic risks have led to numerous impacts, in particular the decline in agricultural yields, the disruption of agricultural calendars, the decline in water levels in drinking water dams, and the prolongation of the low-water period and the submergence of banks.</p>
<ul>
<li>Vulnerability levels at the national level are generally moderate and sometimes high.</li>
<li>As for future impacts, the 2015, 2025, 2050 and 2100 time horizons were chosen to integrate the socio-economic and ecological effects of climate change (DCN, 2011) using appropriate models. Projections include:</li>
<li>A continuous sea-level rise of up to about 0.81m by 2100 with direct effects of coastal flooding and the intrusion of saline waters into watercourses and bodies of water. This could affect human settlements, health, fishing activities;</li>
<li>A probable decrease in runoff of surface water by 2050 over the entire Ouémé River basin under a scenario of reduced rainfall in the north of the country;</li>
<li>A shift in flood times in the Beninese portion of the Niger basin, following a significant decline in seasonal rainfall;</li>
<li>Lower maize yields in some agro-ecological zones;</li>
<li>A decline in the productivity of fishery resources that could lead to a decline in catches and a depletion of fish stocks at the national level</li>
</ul>
<p>The main objectives are to reduce the vulnerability of socio-economic systems and ecosystems to climate variability and change by adopting appropriate policies and measures.</p>
<p>The main targets are vulnerable communities in the country's eight agro-ecological zones.</p>
<p>Initiatives have been implemented through public awareness, development and implementation of adaptation measures such as the establishment of agro-meteorological systems, promotion of agricultural practices resilient to climate change, the implementation of the Early Warning System, the development of low-lying areas and the development of capacities of various stakeholders (national and local levels).</p>
<p>The implementation of these initiatives has received support from several sources, including the National Budget, the National Environment and Climate Fund (FNEC), the LDCF Funds of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), German cooperation, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UMEOA), the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), the United Nations Development Program Research for International Development (IDRC).</p>
<p>The main gaps and barriers to adaptation relate mainly to limited technical expertise, insufficient and high quality data and information, inadequate institutional reforms, inadequate financial resources, virtually non-existence of legislative and regulatory texts Adaptation to climate change, inaccessibility to appropriate technological resources, etc.</p>
<p>In view of the gaps and barriers mentioned above, the needs for the implementation of adaptation activities across all sectors relate mainly to strengthening technical expertise on methodologies and tools for assessing impacts and vulnerability and The formulation of adaptive responses, improvement of institutional capacities, technological needs (climate monitoring and prediction system, appropriate adaptation technologies in various socio-economic sectors, etc.), and financial resources. The main strategies and plans / programs adopted by Benin to reduce its vulnerability under the CPDN are set out in Table 2 in the Annex.</p>
<p>In the area of monitoring and reporting, a list of indicators will be established and a monitoring mechanism will be put in place to periodically inform these indicators and to assess progress in meeting the adaptation targets. The NAP process offers the opportunity to make the monitoring and evaluation elements concrete.</p>
<h4 id="iv.-ambition-and-equity">IV. AMBITION AND EQUITY</h4>
<p>The Republic of Benin is one of the least developed countries (LDCs) whose GHG emissions are estimated at about 1 t CO<sub>2</sub> per capita in 2000 and largely offset by carbon sequestration at national forest cover. Its emissions are therefore insignificant compared to global emissions. In spite of this a very negligible responsibility in global warming and its situation in LDCs, Benin has adopted a climate change management program that includes all actions in the field of climate change management. Through the implementation of its contribution, Benin will strengthen its potential for carbon sequestration at national forest cover while its cumulative emissions will be regressing compared to the reference year by 2030. Efforts are under way to combat atmospheric pollution through the improvement of traffic fluidity (construction of specific works of type exchangers at major intersections, development of cycle paths, development of pedestrian ways) particularly in the city of Cotonou, exemption from tax and customs duties on 4T motorcycles and their parts detached to the detriment of 2T motorcycles, the rehabilitation and modernization of the existing rail network for the development of public transport despite the pressure exerted by these measures on its budget. In the energy sector, biomass energy (fuelwood, charcoal) is the most consumed form of energy in Benin. The country depends on the outside for its supply of commercial energies (petroleum products and electricity). The measures envisaged in the CPDN, while at the same time targeting the welfare of populations, are directed towards less polluting energies and energy saving, in particular energy efficiency, electricity production from sources Renewable energies despite the additional costs they generate.</p>
<h3 id="v.-institutional-framework-for-implementation">V. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION</h3>
<p>The contribution of Benin will be implemented under the aegis of the Ministry in charge of Climate ChangeWhich assumes the role of National Focal Point of the United Nations Framework Convention on Changes Climate change with the effective participation of all stakeholders (sectoral ministries, local authorities, private sector, civil society, etc.)</p>
<p>The National Committee on Climate Change (CNCC) and the Commission for Economic Modeling of the Impacts of Climate and the Integration of Climate Change in the General Budget of the State (CMEICB) constitute decision-making bodies and Monitoring of the implementation of the CPDN.</p>
<p>Benin, in its National Climate Change Management Program, has developed a level of organization for monitoring and evaluation of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in order to equip the program with a national steering committee (CNCC), A departmental and communal guidance committee and intersectoral technical commissions, which provide general guidance, monitoring of climate vulnerability and adaptation / mitigation actions to climate change.</p>
<h3 id="vi.-means-of-implementation">VI. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION</h3>
<p>The activities envisaged in the framework of the implementation of the CPDN of Benin require financial means, technological and capacity building.</p>
<h4 id="technology-transfer-requirements">6.1- Technology Transfer Requirements:</h4>
<p>With regard to technological resources, emphasis will be placed on endogenous technologies and South-South and North-South transfers, including the necessary know-how. The main identified technology transfer needs are in the agriculture / forestry, energy, waste and transport sectors (Table 3).</p>
<table>
<caption><strong>Table 3: Needs for technology transfer.</strong></caption>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><strong>Energy Sector</strong></th>
<th><strong>Agroforestry sector</strong></th>
<th><strong>Waste Sector</strong></th>
<th><strong>Transportation sector</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><ul><li>Low consumption vehicle and generator motor</li>
<li>Energy efficient fireplace and pressure cooker</li>
<li>Butane gas and associated equipment;</li>
<li>Promotion of renewable energies</li>
<li>Promotion of energy efficiency (residential and industrial sectors)</li></ul></td>
<td><ul><li>Agroforestry</li>
<li>Production of biogas</li>
<li>Densification of residues and agricultural waste in briquettes</li>
<li>rops with a short cycle and less demanding water</li>
<li>Composting by heap</li>
<li>Improved carbonization practice (Casamance wheel)</li>
<li>Sustainable forest management</li></ul></td>
<td><ul><li>Environmentally sound management of waste by sector</li>
<li>Processing technology CALCIOR</li>
<li>Waste recycling technique by ECOSAN process</li></ul></td>
<td>Promotion of public transit and clean vehicles</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="capacity-building">6.2- Capacity Building:</h4>
<p>Capacity-building will include skills development and institutional capacity-building (Table 4).</p>
<table>
<caption><strong>Table 4: Capacity building needs.</strong></caption>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Priority sectors/areas</th>
<th>Capacity building needs</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3">Climate Observation and Monitoring System</td>
<td>Establishment of a reliable climate observation and monitoring system covering the entire climate system, including the Earth, Ocean and Atmosphere components.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Reinforcement of air pollution measurement stations.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Establishment of capacities for monitoring and forecasting of fluctuations and atmospheric changes, early warning systems and assessment of socio-economic, environmental and other impacts</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Institutional framework Agriculture</td>
<td>Reinforcement of existing structures in the field of atmospheric protection. Creation or strengthening of structures dealing with adaptation issues. Establishment or strengthening of structures dealing with mitigation issues. Definition of national climate plans and strengthening of the consideration of climate change in development programs / strategy.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="8">Agriculture</td>
<td>Establishment of agro-climatic risk management and crisis units and establishment of a coordination and monitoring committee for the implementation of the UNFCCC in the agricultural sector.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Integration of Climate Change issues into agricultural development policies, plans and programs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Training of rural development agents on the problem of climate - agriculture relations.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Training of actors (technicians, farmers, local authorities) through the design of development projects focused on climate - agricultural relations.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Development of technologies (agricultural practices, seeds or crop varieties adapted to the modified climate context, agricultural biotechnology, irrigation and water-saving techniques, appropriation of mechanisms for implementing early warning systems in Crises).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Use of models in agro-climatology (capacity building in modeling of agro-climatic risks, familiarity with DSSAT, SARRAH, etc.).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Extension of local knowledge in the field of risk management or agro-climatic crises.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Monitoring and evaluation of agricultural and hydro-agricultural development projects.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3">Energy</td>
<td><br>Promotion and improvement of access to renewable energy sources to safeguard forest resources and reduce the vulnerability of populations to the effects of climate change.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Capacity building on energy-saving initiatives and measures in the domestic sector.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adoption of labels and standards for efficient lamps and air conditioners.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="5">Water Resources</td>
<td><br>Strengthening the capacities of the decentralized services of the General Directorate of Water to foresee the risks and to manage the hydro-climatic crises.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Capacity-building for addressing climate change issues in water resource management policies.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Training of technical managers in the field of vulnerability of water systems to Climate Change and on the methodology for studying the vulnerability of water resources to climate change.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Development of integrated water resources management projects in the context of Climate Change.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Hydro-climatic modeling (hydrological functioning of watersheds, hydrogeological functioning of aquifers, saline intrusion process in catchment areas in the coastal zone).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="8">Biodiversity</td>
<td><br>Establishment of cells responsible for climate change issues in relation to biodiversity.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Taking into account the problem of climate change in the management of biological resources.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Training of stakeholders (decision makers, technicians, farmers, local authorities) in the development of integrated projects for the conservation of biological resources in a modified climate situation and in ex situ and in situ conservation methodology.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Extension of local knowledge in the management of biological resources.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Implementation of information systems and warnings on the adverse effects of climate change on biodiversity</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Valorisation of traditional knowledge in relation to climate - biological diversity.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Development and dissemination in local languages of laws and regulations relating to the management of biodiversity.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Enhancement of traditional biodiversity knowledge for strengthening carbon sequestration wells.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="8">Human Establishment</td>
<td><br>Integration of Climate Change issues into strategic human development plans.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Training and information for stakeholders (decision makers, health workers, populations, local authorities) on the adverse effects of climate change on human settlements.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Protection of socio-economic systems against the degradation of the coastal environment and the rise of the sea level</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Participatory development and monitoring and evaluation of human development projects integrating Climate Change issues.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>
Capacity building at different levels to interpret and communicate relevant climate information and advise local communities.
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Strengthening the institutional and technical capacity of the Administration, civil society organizations and communities to assess local risks and vulnerabilities and to formulate climate-sensitive development plans and policies.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Promotion of practical adaptation solutions to climate variability and future risks of climate change.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Promotion of capacity building and knowledge sharing on climate change, through awareness-raising, risk management and gender-sensitive policy development.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Health</td>
<td><br>Training of stakeholders in the health pyramid on climate change and its impacts on health.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Establishment of a monitoring and information system on the impact of climate change on health.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Waste</td>
<td><br>Environmentally sound management of waste by sector</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="financing">6-3-Financing:</h4>
<p>External financial support (bilateral or multilateral) will be supplemented by the resources of the National Budget.</p>
<p>The estimated total cost of implementing plans, programs and projects under the CPDN of Benin is US $30.13 billion, of which US $2.32 billion is an unconditional option and US $27.81 billion Of US dollars as a conditional option. The share of mitigation and adaptation measures is 12.13 and 18 billion US dollars, respectively. This estimate is based on the country's current experiences in the implementation of mitigation and adaptation projects.</p>
<p>In order to measure the progress made in the implementation of these activities, monitoring and evaluation systems will be put in place. The system (Measurement, Notification and Verification) will be of assistance in this regard.</p>
<h3 id="annexes">ANNEXES</h3>
<h4 id="annexe-1">Annexe 1</h4>
<table>
<caption><strong>Table 1: Summary of mitigation measures for planned contributions determined at the national level</strong></caption>
<thead>
<tr class=header>
<th rowspan="2"><strong>Sectoral strategies</strong></th>
<th rowspan="2"><strong>Objectives of the proposed measure</strong></th>
<th rowspan="2"><strong>Quantified objective (horizon 2030)</strong></th>
<th colspan="5"><strong>Options and Costs</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr class="header">
<th>Unconditional*</th>
<th>Total cost in US $ billion</th>
<th>Conditional *</th>
<th>Cost in US $ billions</th>
<th>Cost in billions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="17"><p id="energy-sector">Energy Sector</p></td>
<td>Promote public solar photovoltaic lighting in rural and peri-urban environments;</td>
<td>1,000,000 solar lamps and torches in households</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.151</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.151</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Promoting the construction of solar power plants</td>
<td>Construction of solar power plants 40 MW</td>
<td>50 %</td>
<td>0.04</td>
<td>50%</td>
<td>0.04</td>
<td>0.08</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Increase hydroelectric production</td>
<td>Construction of hydroelectric dams 259.9 MW</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.892</td>
<td>0.892</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Electrification of localities (overall objective: 1000 localities)</td>
<td>30%</td>
<td>0.105</td>
<td>70%</td>
<td>0.245</td>
<td>0.35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Promotion of household access to low-energy lamps (target:<br />
1,200,000 lamps</td>
<td>33.33</td>
<td>0.00096</td>
<td>66.67</td>
<td>0.00192</td>
<td>0.00288</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Support SBEE's acquisition of 200,000 household hook-up kits</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.044</td>
<td>0.044</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Promote household access to butane gas cooking equipment;</td>
<td>275 000 households and subsidies to 35% of gas refills</td>
<td>0.63</td>
<td>0.00125</td>
<td>99.36%</td>
<td>0.197</td>
<td>0.19825</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Increase electricity production from natural gas</td>
<td>Construction of oil / gas power station (400MW)</td>
<td>42.82%</td>
<td>0.0145</td>
<td>57.18</td>
<td>0.1936</td>
<td>0.3386</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Construct a liquefied natural gas storage and regasification unit at the port of Cotonou + gas pipeline pipeline</td>
<td>Gas storage and regasification unit</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>0.33</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Promoting economic households.</td>
<td>140,000 improved fireplaces</td>
<td>28.73%</td>
<td>0.000125</td>
<td>71.27%</td>
<td>0.00031</td>
<td>0.000435</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Promoting high-efficiency carbonization furnaces</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.0048</td>
<td>0.0048</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Create wood-energy plantations.</td>
<td>5000 ha</td>
<td>1%</td>
<td>0.01</td>
<td>99%</td>
<td>0.99</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Develop a river-lagoon transport system on Benin's navigable plans and waterways;</td>
<td>The five (5) Lacustre / Riparian communes of Lake Nokoue</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.002</td>
<td>0.002</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Develop a river-lagoon transport system on Benin's navigable plans and waterways;</td>
<td>Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Parakou</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>2.7853</td>
<td>2.7853</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Introduce differential taxation for used vehicles up to five (5) years old;</td>
<td> </td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.001</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Introduce the tax exemption for transit vehicles</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.001</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Continue to promote 4T four-cycle mopeds to the detriment of 2T mopeds (exemption from tax and customs duties on 4T motorcycles and their spare parts);</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.001</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="5"><strong><br />
Forest sector</strong></td>
<td>Promoting state, communal and private plantations</td>
<td>Area of 100 000 ha</td>
<td>8%</td>
<td>0.08</td>
<td>92%</td>
<td>0.92</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Restoring degraded natural forests</td>
<td>532 961 ha</td>
<td>2.56%</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>97.44%</td>
<td>0.76</td>
<td>0.78</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Rationalizing the exploitation of forest resources</td>
<td>Over an area of at least 1 330 000 ha;</td>
<td>3.84%</td>
<td>0.001</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Securing the boundaries of state forest estates;</td>
<td>2 664 805 ha</td>
<td>8.57%</td>
<td>0.03</td>
<td>91.43%</td>
<td>0.32</td>
<td>0.35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Promote alternative activities to the exploitation of forest resources.</td>
<td>At the national level,</td>
<td>4.65%</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>95.35%</td>
<td>0.41</td>
<td>0.43</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Agriculture Sector</strong></td>
<td>Promote specific fertilizers and other organic organic inputs for sustainable soil fertility management.</td>
<td>Large agricultural areas</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.23755</td>
<td>0.23755</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="8"><strong>Waste and Sewage Sector</strong></td>
<td>Develop and implement master sanitation plans;</td>
<td>All municipalities</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.001</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0.216</td>
<td>0.217</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Promote waste management based on an increase in recovery capacity by biodegradable and non-biodegradable sector;</td>
<td>All municipalities</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.488372</td>
<td>0.488372</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Optimize waste collection systems;</td>
<td>All municipalities</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.04712</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.04712</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Establish a decentralized waste management system at the national level.</td>
<td>All municipalities</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.15</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Provide municipalities in Benin with controlled landfills;</td>
<td>77 communes</td>
<td>33.33%</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>66.67%</td>
<td>0.04</td>
<td>0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Limiting the negative impacts of solid waste on the environment in municipalities;</td>
<td>All municipalities</td>
<td>25%</td>
<td>0.002</td>
<td>75%</td>
<td>0.006</td>
<td>0.008</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Improving the technical capacity and management of pre-collection NGOs</td>
<td>At the national level,</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.06</td>
<td>0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Increase the pre-collection and collection rate in municipalities (currently ranging from 2 to 30% in some municipalities to around 60% by 2030)</td>
<td>All municipalities</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="7"><strong><br />
Institutional and Regulatory Framework</strong></td>
<td>Promoting production systems that are resilient to climate change</td>
<td> </td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.06</td>
<td>0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>To acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes and practical skills needed for mitigation and adaptation to climate change;</td>
<td> </td>
<td>2.44%</td>
<td>0.01</td>
<td>97.56%</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>0.41</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Protect ecosystems and human settlements from the risks of climate change;</td>
<td> </td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td>0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Contributing to the prevention and management of natural disaster risks at the national level;</td>
<td> </td>
<td>50%</td>
<td>0.07</td>
<td>50%</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td>0.17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Strengthen the institutional and regulatory framework of the Climate Change Management sub-sector</td>
<td> </td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.009</td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.007</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Promote scientific, technical and technological research on adaptation and mitigation to climate change;</td>
<td> </td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.423256</td>
<td>0.423256</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Promote the transfer of technology and know-how in adaptation and mitigation to climate change.</td>
<td> </td>
<td>0%</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>100%</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>TOTAL</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><strong>33.79</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.795455</strong></td>
<td><strong>66.21</strong></td>
<td><strong>11.337108</strong></td>
<td><strong>12.132563</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>ANNEXE 2</strong></p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<table>
<caption><strong>Table 2: Summary of adaptation measures for planned contributions determined at the national level</strong></caption>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th rowspan="2">N°</th>
<th rowspan="2"><strong>Strategies / Adaptation Programs for Climate Change</strong></th>
<th rowspan="2"><strong>Aims and Objectives</strong></th>
<th rowspan="2"><strong>Observations / Implementation Status</strong></th>
<td colspan="5"><strong>Options and costs</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Unconditional</strong></td>
<td><strong>Cost in billions of dollars</strong></td>
<td><strong>Conditional</strong></td>
<td><strong>Cost in billions of dollars</strong></td>
<td><strong>Cost in billions of dollars</strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>1</strong></td>
<td>Strengthening of the Climate Risk Prediction and Early Warning System for Food Security in Vulnerable Agro-Ecological Zones</td>
<td>Provide advice and warnings to actors and farming communities in the event of significant weather and climate events, which are harmful to production systems
<ul><li>Promote appropriate agricultural production systems for climate change adaptation for food and nutritional security</li>
<li>Develop new agricultural schedules enabling the actors of the agricultural and pastoral economy to plan and execute production operations with good safety</li>
<li>Contributing to food security and strong and inclusive economic growth in Benin</li></ul></td>
<td><ul><li>Integrated program for adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector in 4 vulnerable agro-ecological zones (2011-2015). Scaling is envisaged.</li><li>
Integrated Program for Adaptation to Climate Change through the Development of Agriculture, River Transport and Tourism in the Niger Valley in Benin (PIACC-DAT-Niger Valley in Benin) not yet implemented</li>
<li>Project to adapt agricultural schedules to the new context of climate change not yet implemented</li>
<li>Project for Infrastructure Support in the Ouémé Valley (PAIA-VO) in the process of being implemented (2013-2020)</li>
<li>Socioeconomic Infrastructure and Food Security Development Project (PDISSA) (To develop 750 ha of irrigated perimeters in the Niger basin) not yet implemented</li></ul></td>
<td><strong>09.52%</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.0</strong></td>
<td><strong>90.48%</strong></td>
<td><strong>9.5</strong></td>
<td><strong>10.5</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<thead>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>2</strong></td>
<td>Mobilization of surface water for adaptation to climate change (micro-dams)</td>
<td>Strengthen the availability of water during dry periods for the adaptation of populations to climate change; Promoting integrated water resources management</td>
<td>Measure identified in PANA, 2008 and DCN, 2011
<ul><li>National Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management (PANGIRE) (2011-2015) in the process of being updated</li>
<li>Master Plan for the Management and Management of Waters of the Ouémé Basin (2013-2025)</li></ul></td>
<td><strong>11.11%</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.35</strong></td>
<td><strong>88.89%</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.80</strong></td>
<td><strong>3.15</strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>3</strong></td>
<td>Reducing the vulnerability of pregnant women and children under five to climate-related diseases in Benin</td>
<td>Contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to malaria and other diseases related to climate risks in Benin.</td>
<td>Measure identified under NAPA but not yet implemented</td>
<td><strong>2.08%</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>97.92%</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.35</strong></td>
<td><strong>2.40</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>4</strong></td>
<td>Protection of the coastal zone in the face of sea level rise / coastal erosion.</td>
<td><ul><li>Correct the sedimentary imbalance, the de-migrating and the recoil of the beach,</li>
<li>Restore fragile ecosystems (mangroves) and promote an improved salt extraction technology combining solar and wind.</li></ul></td>
<td>Measure identified under NAPA but not yet implemented
<ul><li>Coastal Protection Project East of Cotonou (2009-2015)</li>
<li>Project to protect the coast between Hilacondji and Grand Popo (2012-2018)</li></ul></td>
<td><strong>21.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.04</strong></td>
<td><strong>78.95%</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.46</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>5</strong></td>
<td>Strengthening Local Governance in Financing Adaptation to Climate Change</td>
<td>Contribute to addressing the funding gap in adaptation to climate change at the local government level while developing their institutional and technical capacity to address climate risks and challenges in the local development process.</td>
<td>A pilot project is being implemented in 03 of the 77 municipalities in the country (2014-2016). It is therefore necessary to extend it to the other 77 municipalities.</td>
<td><strong>07.32%</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.03</strong></td>
<td><strong>92.68%</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.38</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.45</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<thead>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>6</strong></td>
<td>Capacity Building for Climate Observing</td>
<td>Strengthening monitoring capacities, early warning systems and the availability of climate change information to address climate shocks and planning for adaptation to climate change in Benin</td>
<td>A pilot project is being implemented in 03 of the 77 communes in the country (2014-2016). There is therefore a need to extend it to the 77 other communes.<ul><li>Climate Information Enhancement Project and Early Warning System in Africa for Climate-Resilient Development and Adaptation to Climate Change (SAP-Benin) under implementation (2013-2017)</li>
<li>Project to strengthen the observing system for better monitoring of climate and its variability in the national portion of the Niger River not yet implemented</li></ul></td>
<td><strong>03.70%</strong></td>
<td><strong>0.05</strong></td>
<td><strong>96.30%</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.30</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.35</strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td> </td>
<td><strong>Total</strong></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><strong>8.44%</strong></td>
<td><strong>1.52</strong></td>
<td><strong>91.56</strong></td>
<td><strong>16.83</strong></td>
<td><strong>18.35</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr/>
<ol><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item">The areas recommended by the IPCC Technical Guidelines for the Establishment of National GHG Inventories<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item">http://cait.wri.org/profile/Benin<a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></li>
</ol>
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