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Natural Language Understanding (NLU) refers to the machine comprehension of language without human intervention; the machine receives language as input, and produces some action as output. The type of action ranges from robots carrying out a task (Trott, Appriou, Feldman, & Janin, 2015) to a machine performing metaphor analysis and inference about economic policies (Narayanan 1997).
We have devised a general, modular system for natural language understanding (see below). The language-side (left-hand side) receives language as input, and produces a structured semantic representation of language called an n-tuple. This n-tuple is sent to the action-side (right-hand side), which uses it to carry out some sort of task for a given application. The nature of the task of application-specific, and thus
