lrbsCatalog.json.js

var catData = [
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/ME7YZNE7",
		"type": "chapter",
		"abstract": "Reflecting on the history and future of the book, the chapter imagines several possible alternatives to electronic texts as we know them today. The terms “platform” and “format” guide a speculative exploration through an archive of extant literary technologies—micrographic prints, Computexts, HyperCards, and ePUBs—and consideration of these distant materialities and their associated practices, interfaces, and affordances. The way in which a book’s spine or a reading chair realign the positions of the back, eye, and hand suggests another type of structuring when reading electronically, within environments made of polymer, rare metals, and liquid crystal. How does one mold the human senses to fit such alien media? The history of electronic books ultimately attests to the process of trans-mediation, contested at the boundary of hardware—paper or silicon—and software—body and code.",
		"container-title": "The Unfinished Book",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "ISBN: 9780198830801\nDOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198830801.013.22",
		"publisher": "Oxford University Press",
		"title": "Reading Platforms: A Concise History of the Electronic Book",
		"URL": "https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198830801.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198830801-e-22",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Tenen",
				"given": "Dennis Yi"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					28
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020",
					12,
					7
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/MVPASSA6",
		"type": "webpage",
		"title": "Digital Book History",
		"URL": "https://digitalbookhistory.com/",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Trettien",
				"given": "Whitney"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					28
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/TUMJLRER",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "A standalone React/Redux web application for for presenting unique printed books and manuscripts in digital facsimile.",
		"genre": "JavaScript",
		"note": "original-date: 2018-10-10T23:37:20Z",
		"source": "GitHub",
		"title": "wtrettien/manicule",
		"URL": "https://github.com/wtrettien/manicule",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Trettien",
				"given": "Whitney"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					28
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020",
					10,
					21
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/6KYMVR5H",
		"type": "post-weblog",
		"container-title": "Scholarly Digital Editions",
		"title": "Scholarly Digital Editions: The history of Collate",
		"title-short": "Scholarly Digital Editions",
		"URL": "http://scholarlydigitaleditions.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-history-of-collate.html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Robinson",
				"given": "Peter"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2014",
					9,
					29
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/ZS42LBRZ",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "This article describes programs (collectively named COLLATE) developed for the simultaneous machine collation of forty-four manuscripts of two Old Norse poems. Preparatory programs dealt with transcription of the manuscripts into electronic form, and with normalisation of their spelling. This yielded a complete frequency table of all variant spellings found in the manuscriptsThe collation itself was designed to cope with widelyvarying texts, with marginalia and with readings tagged as dubious Each reading in each ms was compared in turn with a notional master, and all variants there found in all mss were then tabulated against one another Critical here were two special functions which identified scribal variants and sense variants The accuracy so achieved was estimated at above 99%, including transcription errors. There is no theoretical limit to the number of mss and the length of text COLLATE could process A second article discusses techniques developed to analyse COLLATE's output",
		"container-title": "Literary and Linguistic Computing",
		"DOI": "10.1093/llc/4.2.99",
		"ISSN": "0268-1145",
		"issue": "2",
		"journalAbbreviation": "Literary and Linguistic Computing",
		"page": "99-105",
		"source": "Silverchair",
		"title": "The Collation and Textual Criticism of Icelandic Manuscripts (1): Collation",
		"title-short": "The Collation and Textual Criticism of Icelandic Manuscripts (1)",
		"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/4.2.99",
		"volume": "4",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Robinson",
				"given": "P. M. W."
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"1989",
					1,
					1
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/8DY8NFLI",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "XI, 369 p. : 24 cm; Papers of the 2nd Symposium on the Uses of Computers in Literary Research, held under the auspices of the University of Edinburgh's Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities; Met lit. opg. en index",
		"ISBN": "978-0-85224-232-2",
		"language": "eng",
		"number-of-pages": "394",
		"publisher": "Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press",
		"source": "Internet Archive",
		"title": "The computer and literary studies",
		"URL": "http://archive.org/details/computerliterary0000unse",
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"1973"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/UXFK8SAZ",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"container-title": "Digital Humanities Quarterly",
		"ISSN": "1938-4122",
		"issue": "3",
		"journalAbbreviation": "DHQ",
		"title": "Reassessing the locus of normalization in machine-assisted collation",
		"volume": "014",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Birnbaum",
				"given": "David J."
			},
			{
				"family": "Spadini",
				"given": "Elena"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020",
					9,
					25
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/E9JMNKZK",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "Interoperability is the key term within the framework of the European-funded research project Interedition,1 whose aim is ‘to encourage the creators of tools for textual scholarship to make their functionality available to others, and to promote communication between scholars so that we can raise awareness of innovative working methods’. The tools developed by Interedition’s ‘Prototyping’ working group were tested by other research teams, which formulate strategic recommendations. To this purpose, the Centre for Manuscript Genetics (University of Antwerp), the Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands (The Hague), and the University of Würzburg have been working together within the framework of Interedition. One of the concrete results of collaboration is the development and fine-tuning of the text collation tool CollateX.2 In this article, we would like to investigate how the architecture of a digital archive containing modern manuscripts can be designed in such a way that users can autonomously collate textual units of their choice with the help of the collation tool CollateX and thus decide for themselves how efficiently this digital architecture functions—as an archive, as a genetic dossier, or as an edition. The first part introduces CollateX and its internal concepts and heuristics as a tool for digitally supported collation. How this tool can be integrated in the infrastructure of an electronic edition is discussed in part two. The third and final part examines the possibility of deploying CollateX for the collation of modern manuscripts by means of a test case: the Beckett Digital Manuscript Project (www.beckettarchive.org).",
		"container-title": "Digital Scholarship in the Humanities",
		"DOI": "10.1093/llc/fqu007",
		"ISSN": "2055-7671",
		"issue": "3",
		"journalAbbreviation": "Digital Scholarship in the Humanities",
		"page": "452-470",
		"source": "Silverchair",
		"title": "Computer-supported collation of modern manuscripts: CollateX and the Beckett Digital Manuscript Project",
		"title-short": "Computer-supported collation of modern manuscripts",
		"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqu007",
		"volume": "30",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Haentjens Dekker",
				"given": "Ronald"
			},
			{
				"family": "Hulle",
				"given": "Dirk",
				"non-dropping-particle": "van"
			},
			{
				"family": "Middell",
				"given": "Gregor"
			},
			{
				"family": "Neyt",
				"given": "Vincent"
			},
			{
				"family": "Zundert",
				"given": "Joris",
				"non-dropping-particle": "van"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2015",
					9,
					1
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/9IAIELNG",
		"type": "thesis",
		"abstract": "The purpose of the dissertation is to investigate from a theoretical and methodological perspective the different tools that allow automated collation, and study the application of such tools to the creation of a digital critical edition in the context of Classical literature. By doing so, the dissertation examines many foundational but often neglected components of the philological method, such as the definition and wider implication of transcription, reading, and variant. The goal is to provide a reflection on automated collation and the theoretical as well as practical challenges it poses: what is automated collation? How is it performed, and what are the main differences with manual collation? What are the benefits of automated collation? Why has it not been widely adopted yet, despite the fact that it was developed to help scholars? How to process the results of collation programmes? As a case study, a Classical Latin text has been used to test automated collation and to compare the various existing tools. The method I follow in this dissertation is to apply automated collation to a selected text, the Declamations of Calpurnius Flaccus. To this purpose, the manuscript tra-dition, as well as the editio princeps, have been entirely transcribed. Afterwards, the transcriptions have been collated with different collation programmes. The results of the collation with different programmes have been examined and compared, as well as the possibilities offered to scholarly editors for visualising and further processing those results. The content of the thesis is divided into two distinct parts, from theory to practice: a first part discusses the relevance of collation in the broader context of critical editing, introduces automated collation and its various issues, as well as the implications of automated collation for key concepts such as 'witnesses', 'readings' and 'variants'; the second part of the thesis will describe the practical work on the text of Calpurnius Flaccus with automated collation programmes and the visualisation tool that was created to examine the collation results. Each part comprises a short introduction and conclusion which summarises its content and its outcome. In the process of editing a text, the collation of manuscripts and previous scholarly editions is a necessary and fundamental step. The work leading to the production of a critical edition is divided into two phases: the recension of witnesses, followed by the constitution of the text (Chiesa 2002). The editor, therefore, starts with the recension by gathering all the witnesses, manuscripts or editions, bearing a version of the edited text. Collation is the next step: comparing those witnesses to find the differences (or variants) between the versions. Finally, the editor analyses the variants in order to determine the genealogical relationships of the witnesses, if possible, and present those relationships in the form of a stemma codicum. The stemma's purpose is to help the editor produce a text 'as close as possible to the original' (Maas 1958, 1), and decide which variants are accepted as authorial and which variants are rejected as errors that got included in the tradition by the copyists of the manuscripts. After the recension, the editor prepares a critical text, selecting variant readings and making emendations when necessary. Collation is important because it is one of the first stages in the editing process and the data gathered during collation forms the basis upon which the editor will later make critical decisions (Whittaker 1991). Collation is performed because witnesses of a text always contain variant readings, and the editor needs to be in possession of all the alternatives in order to establish the text. As complete collations are not usually published, this represents a regrettable loss of information, especially given the amount of time and effort invested in collation by the editors (West 1973, 63). While collation is an essential part of textual criticism, collation is also a long, tedious and error-prone activity and needs to be checked more than once. For this reason, a new method was created: automated collation, which takes advantage of computers in order to compare texts and find variant readings. Scholars have been developing collation tools since the 1960s, but with limited success at first: what was considered a fairly mechanical process turned out to be more sophisticated than expected (Hockey 2000, 125). Since the pioneering work of Dearing (1962) and Froger (1968), automated collation has been studied for decades and has been constantly improved. In the past 50 years, close to thirty tools have been devised in order to obtain a collation with the support of increasingly complex algorithms. How does automated collation work? To simplify, the tools for automated collation take, as an input, a transcription of each witness that needs to be compared. The transcriptions are then aligned with each other through an alignment algorithm. The task of collation seems to highly benefit from the application of computing methods. The advantages offered by computing methods are various: consistency in the comparison, possibility to reuse the material in order to add new manuscripts to the collation, a common format to share collation data with other scholars. The results of automated collation can also be formatted for further processing, such as building a stemma with a different program or creating a digital scholarly edition. However, automated collation is not completely accepted by the community of scholars, nor is its method fully understood. In 1973, at the beginning of automated collation, scepticism was understandable because of the many restrictions of early tools such as the small number of witnesses collated, or the limitation to comparing lines of poetry. Faced with those limitations, West (1973, 71) stated that 'the time has not yet come when manuscripts can be collated automatically'. Forty years later, in spite of huge technical improvements, opinions have not really changed, to the point that Reeve declared that he was not convinced by computer methods, especially for large manuscript traditions (Reeve 2011, 393). But the computer is indeed supposed to be better at handling large amounts of data, and with more consistency than a human being. In fact, when dealing with large traditions, it is not always possible to sort out the relationships between manuscripts and draw a stemma by hand, yet editors are not keen on turning to electronic methods. Some of the obstacles to the wide adoption of automated collation seem connected to a general misunderstanding. There is a fear that somehow the computer will eventually be replacing the editor, and that editors will lose their right to apply their individual judgement to the texts. Greetham (2007, 23) regrets, for instance, that the role of individual, subjective evaluation 'has not always been recognised, especially by those wishing to emphasise the \"scientific\" aspects of the field'. The importance of individual judgement, and the role of the editor compared to the role of the computer, can be closely related to the black box issue (Sculley and Pasanek 2008): if scholars do not understand what a piece of software does, how can they trust that the programme did not deprive them of making certain choices or applying their own judgement? In the course of my PhD I had several exchanges with colleagues in the field of Classics which have highlighted several underlying misunderstandings on either side. For instance I was once told in an email that 'automated collation is impossible, because computers cannot read manuscripts'. This statement does not recognise, for instance, the fact that computers are collating from transcriptions made by scholars. From this point of view, transcription and collation are strictly connected activities. This statement, however, illustrates perfectly the main tension between traditional, manual collation and automated collation: the difference of methodol-ogy. The confusion arises here because the full transcription of manuscripts is not a part of the traditional heuristics in textual criticism. A generalised lack of tools and guidelines for the production of digital scholarly editions may also explain why automated collation is not the solution of choice.",
		"genre": "Ph.D.",
		"language": "eng",
		"note": "Accepted: 2018",
		"publisher": "King's College London",
		"source": "ethos.bl.uk",
		"title": "Automated collation and digital editions : from theory to practice",
		"title-short": "Automated collation and digital editions",
		"URL": "https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/automated-collation-and-digital-editions(1ffc4aa0-5ad5-4ca1-869a-ab3d528eed4a).html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Nury",
				"given": "Elisa Laure"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2018"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/KMPENB9J",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "This book provides an up-to-date, coherent and comprehensive treatment of digital scholarly editing, organized according to the typical timeline and workflow of the preparation of an edition: from the choice of the object to edit, the editorial work, post-production and publication, the use of the published edition, to long-term issues and the ultimate significance of the published work. The author also examines from a theoretical and methodological point of view the issues and problems that eme",
		"language": "en",
		"publisher": "Routledge",
		"title": "Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods",
		"title-short": "Digital Scholarly Editing",
		"URL": "https://www.routledge.com/Digital-Scholarly-Editing-Theories-Models-and-Methods/Pierazzo/p/book/9780367598600",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Pierazzo",
				"given": "Elena"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2015"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/6MFJJA3T",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "Coding and collation Workshop Repository",
		"genre": "Jupyter Notebook",
		"note": "original-date: 2016-05-30T19:58:36Z",
		"publisher": "DiXiT-eu",
		"source": "GitHub",
		"title": "DiXiT-eu/collatex-tutorial",
		"URL": "https://github.com/DiXiT-eu/collatex-tutorial",
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					5,
					29
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/N2ZR7XEA",
		"type": "webpage",
		"abstract": "DiXiT workshop coding collation",
		"title": "Code and Collation Workshop",
		"URL": "https://sites.google.com/site/dixitcodingcollation/",
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/DGENC268",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "Introduction to automatic collation - Programme doctoral en études numériques - University of Lausanne - 24 & 25.09.2020",
		"genre": "Jupyter Notebook",
		"note": "original-date: 2020-01-29T14:31:24Z",
		"publisher": "automaticCollationLausanne2020",
		"source": "GitHub",
		"title": "automaticCollationLausanne2020/Materials",
		"URL": "https://github.com/automaticCollationLausanne2020/Materials",
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020",
					10,
					1
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/APBTCW2U",
		"type": "webpage",
		"title": "Introduction to automatic collation",
		"URL": "https://automaticcollationlausanne2020.github.io/",
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/WBHJNGQ6",
		"type": "thesis",
		"genre": "Doctoral",
		"publisher": "Universiteit Antwerpen",
		"title": "Mapping Invention in Writing: Digital Infrastructure and the Role of the Genetic Editor",
		"URL": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/docman/irua/e959d6/155676.pdf",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Bleeker",
				"given": "Elli"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2017"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/YW949VBQ",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "As more and more of our cultural heritage migrates into digital form and as increasing amounts of literature and art are created within digital environments, it becomes more important than ever before for us to understand how the medium affects the text. The expert contributors to this volume provide a clear, engrossing and accessible insight into how the texts we read and study are created, shaped and transmitted to us. They outline the theory behind studying texts in many different forms and offer case studies demonstrating key methodologies underlying the vital processes of editing and presenting texts. Through their multiple perspectives they demonstrate the centrality of textual scholarship to current literary studies of all kinds and express the sheer intellectual excitement of a crucial scholarly discipline entering a new phase of its existence.",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "ISBN: 9781139044073 9780521514101 9780521730297\npublisher: Cambridge University Press\nDOI: 10.1017/CCO9781139044073",
		"publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
		"title": "The Cambridge Companion to Textual Scholarship",
		"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-textual-scholarship/F0454F48FD8494FAA1A0CC0AC2EB5D17",
		"editor": [
			{
				"family": "Freistat",
				"given": "Neil"
			},
			{
				"family": "Flanders",
				"given": "Julia"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					25
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2013",
					5
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/CTI639V7",
		"type": "webpage",
		"language": "en-US",
		"title": "Studying Early Printed Books 1450–1800: A Practical Guide",
		"title-short": "Studying Early Printed Books 1450–1800",
		"URL": "https://www.earlyprintedbooks.com/studying-early-printed-books-1450-1800-a-practical-guide/",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Werner",
				"given": "Sarah"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					16
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/VIB8XECE",
		"type": "webpage",
		"title": "The Ark of Studies",
		"URL": "http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503575230-1",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Harrison",
				"given": "Thomas"
			},
			{
				"family": "Cevolini (ed.)",
				"given": "A."
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					14
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/P6H5HR6U",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "A new examination of mass digitization as an emerging sociopolitical and sociotechnical phenomenon that alters the politics of cultural memory.\n                Today, all of us with internet connections can access millions of digitized cultural artifacts from the comfort of our desks. Institutions and individuals add thousands of new cultural works to the digital sphere every day, creating new central nexuses of knowledge. How does this affect us politically and culturally? In this book, Nanna Bonde Thylstrup approaches mass digitization as an emerging sociopolitical and sociotechnical phenomenon, offering a new understanding of a defining concept of our time. Arguing that digitization has become a global cultural political project, Thylstrup draws on case studies of different forms of mass digitization—including Google Books, Europeana, and the shadow libraries Monoskop, lib.ru, and Ubuweb—to suggest a different approach to the study of digital cultural memory archives. She constructs a new theoretical framework for understanding mass digitization that focuses on notions of assemblage, infrastructure, and infrapolitics. Mass digitization does not consist merely of neutral technical processes, Thylstrup argues, but of distinct subpolitical processes that give rise to new kinds of archives and new ways of interacting with the artifacts they contain. With this book, she offers important and timely guidance on how mass digitization alters the politics of cultural memory to impact our relationship with the past and with one another.",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "publisher: The MIT Press",
		"publisher": "The MIT Press",
		"title": "The Politics of Mass Digitization",
		"URL": "https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/politics-mass-digitization",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Thylstrup",
				"given": "Nanna Bonde"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					23
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2019"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/KAH6JN69",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"container-title": "Milton Studies",
		"issue": "1",
		"page": "1-47",
		"title": "Damaged Type and Areopagitica's Clandestine Printers",
		"URL": "https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:32388/datastreams/CONTENT/content",
		"volume": "62",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Warren",
				"given": "Christopher N"
			},
			{
				"family": "Wiliams",
				"given": "Pierce"
			},
			{
				"family": "Rijhwani",
				"given": "Shruti"
			},
			{
				"family": "G'Sell",
				"given": "Max"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					22
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/7MQ8DVSM",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "Digital humanities research has focused primarily on the analysis of texts. This emphasis stems from the availability of technology to study digitized text. Optical character recognition allows researchers to use keywords to search and analyze digitized texts. However, archives of digitized sources also contain large numbers of images. This article shows how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be used to categorize and analyze digitized historical visual sources. We present three different approaches to using CNNs for gaining a deeper understanding of visual trends in an archive of digitized Dutch newspapers. These include detecting medium-specific features (separating photographs from illustrations), querying images based on abstract visual aspects (clustering visually similar advertisements), and training a neural network based on visual categories developed by domain experts. We argue that CNNs allow researchers to explore the visual side of the digital turn. They allow archivists and researchers to classify and spot trends in large collections of digitized visual sources in radically new ways.",
		"container-title": "Digital Scholarship in the Humanities",
		"DOI": "10.1093/llc/fqy085",
		"ISSN": "2055-7671",
		"issue": "1",
		"journalAbbreviation": "Digital Scholarship in the Humanities",
		"page": "194-207",
		"source": "Silverchair",
		"title": "The visual digital turn: Using neural networks to study historical images",
		"title-short": "The visual digital turn",
		"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy085",
		"volume": "35",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Wevers",
				"given": "Melvin"
			},
			{
				"family": "Smits",
				"given": "Thomas"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					22
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020",
					4,
					1
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/SDLTT5VJ",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "A Wall Street Journal Best Business Book of 2012 A Kirkus Reviews Best Book of 2012  In this revealing account of how the digital universe exploded in the aftermath of World War II, George Dyson illuminates...",
		"edition": "Penguin",
		"language": "en-US",
		"title": "Turing's Cathedral",
		"title-short": "Turing's Cathedral by George Dyson",
		"URL": "https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/44425/turings-cathedral-by-george-dyson/",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Dyson",
				"given": "George"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					18
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2012"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/JTFYLCPY",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "Inside the technological objects, geophysical locations, and material resources that network the world",
		"language": "en",
		"publisher": "University of Illinois Press",
		"title": "Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures",
		"title-short": "UI Press | Edited by Lisa Parks and Nicole Starosielski | Signal Traffic",
		"URL": "https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/26bxm4qd9780252039362.html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Starosielski",
				"given": "Nicole"
			},
			{
				"family": "Parks",
				"given": "Lisa"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					11
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2015"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/7CGVZURQ",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"container-title": "Studies in Bibliography",
		"page": "129-161",
		"title": "\"The Eternal Verities Verified\": Charlton Hinman and the Roots of Mechanical Collation",
		"URL": "http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=StudiesInBiblio/uvaBook/tei/sibv053.xml;chunk.id=vol053.04;toc.depth=1;toc.id=vol053.04;brand=default",
		"volume": "53",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Smith",
				"given": "Steven Escar"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					18
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2000"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/Q4R78LH4",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "Sustained dialogue and collaborative work between art historians and technologists has a great deal to offer both fields of inquiry. In this paper, we propose that effective collaborations in Digital Art History, however, require more than just a humanist and a technologist to succeed. Indeed, we find that there are four different roles that need to be filled: Humanist, Technologist, Data Steward, and Catalyst. Our approach is predicated on a few foundational convictions. First, we believe that art historians and technologists occupy distinct problem spaces. As we will outline, although these realms are distinct they are not of necessity in opposition to one another. Second, we bring to the fore essential questions about the status and function of data that must be addressed by the collaborators: what sort of data are being used? What counts as effective and compelling analysis of this data? Third, we recognize that there are certain structural impediments to collaboration, such as different reward structures and motivations. Finally, we assert that each of the participants must have a deep commitment to their particular engagement with the project, which requires sustained effort and the maintenance of disciplinary respect. We firmly believe that the most effective of these projects will not be based on technological solutionism, but rather will be founded in the most humanistic of tools: empathy and respect.",
		"container-title": "International Journal for Digital Art History",
		"DOI": "10.11588/dah.2018.3.34297",
		"ISSN": "2363-5401",
		"issue": "3",
		"journalAbbreviation": "DAH",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "number: 3",
		"source": "journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de",
		"title": "A Role-Based Model for Successful Collaboration in Digital Art History",
		"URL": "https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/dah/article/view/34297",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Langmead",
				"given": "Alison"
			},
			{
				"family": "Berg-Fulton",
				"given": "Tracey"
			},
			{
				"family": "Lombardi",
				"given": "Thomas"
			},
			{
				"family": "Newbury",
				"given": "David"
			},
			{
				"family": "Nygren",
				"given": "Christopher"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					18
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2018",
					7,
					27
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/VVH26VSW",
		"type": "webpage",
		"title": "An Introduction to IIIF",
		"URL": "https://resources.digirati.com/iiif/an-introduction-to-iiif/",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Crane",
				"given": "Tom"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					18
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2017",
					3
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/ZBPBXSVW",
		"type": "webpage",
		"abstract": "The cloud lies under the ocean. Thin cables about as big around as a garden hose traverse the Earth's oceans carrying all our intercontinental internet data.",
		"container-title": "The Conversation",
		"language": "en",
		"title": "In our Wi-Fi world, the internet still depends on undersea cables",
		"URL": "http://theconversation.com/in-our-wi-fi-world-the-internet-still-depends-on-undersea-cables-49936",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Starosielski",
				"given": "Nicole"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					18
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/NH5BP7H9",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"container-title": "Programming Historian",
		"language": "en",
		"source": "programminghistorian.org",
		"title": "Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data",
		"URL": "https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Blaney",
				"given": "Jonathan"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					17
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2017",
					5,
					7
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/WWRULLA2",
		"type": "motion_picture",
		"abstract": "An introduction to linked open data for libraries, archives, and museums (LODLAM) for my MLIS graduate students. Transcript: https://www.dropbox.com/s/uvhu6gcobn5...\n\nImage Sources & Further Reading\n\nHooland, Seth van, and Ruben Verborgh. Linked Data for Libraries, Archives and Museums: How to Clean, Link and Publish Your Metadata. U.S. edition. Chicago: Neal-Schuman, an imprint of the American Library Association, 2014.\n\nThe LODLAM Unconferences. “The LODLAM Unconferences.” Accessed December 8, 2020. https://lodlam.net/.\n\nMeindertsma, Joep. “What’s the Best RDF Serialization Format?” Ontola.io, June 29, 2019. http://ontola.io/blog/rdf-serializati....\n\n“American Art Collaborative Linked Open Data Initiative | Smithsonian American Art Museum.” Accessed December 8, 2020. https://americanart.si.edu/about/amer....\n\nVladimir Alexiev. \"Museum Linked Open Data: Ontologies, Datasets, Projects.\" http://dipp.math.bas.bg/images/2018/0....\n\nLincoln, Matthew. “Using SPARQL to Access Linked Open Data.” Edited by Fred Gibbs. The Programming Historian, no. 4 (November 24, 2015). https://doi.org/10.46430/phen0047.\n\nBlaney, Jonathan. “Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data.” Programming Historian, May 7, 2017. https://programminghistorian.org/en/l....",
		"dimensions": "18:43",
		"source": "YouTube",
		"title": "What is Linked Open Data?",
		"URL": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZBpFiLbi-Y",
		"author": [
			{
				"literal": "Miriam Posner"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					17
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					1,
					7
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/2BA5L4LL",
		"type": "webpage",
		"title": "Linked Data - Design Issues",
		"URL": "https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Berners-Lee",
				"given": "Tim"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					17
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/CS6INDJF",
		"type": "book",
		"publisher": "University of Pennsylvania Press",
		"title": "Bitstreams",
		"URL": "https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/16248.html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Kirschenbaum",
				"given": "Matthew"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/YY298KQ6",
		"type": "webpage",
		"title": "Weaving the Web",
		"URL": "https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Weaving/Overview.html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Berners-Lee",
				"given": "Tim"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					16
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/ZL8XIGCX",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "Cambridge Core - Printing and Publishing History - Old Books and Digital Publishing: Eighteenth-Century Collections Online",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "ISBN: 9781108767415 9781108720694\npublisher: Cambridge University Press",
		"source": "www.cambridge.org",
		"title": "Old Books and Digital Publishing: Eighteenth-Century Collections Online",
		"title-short": "Old Books and Digital Publishing",
		"URL": "10.1017/9781108767415",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Gregg",
				"given": "Stephen H."
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2020"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/GXY5YK4W",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "This book addresses the gap between print and digital scholarly approaches by combining both praxis and theory in a case study of a new international collaborative digital project, the Modernist Archives Publishing Project (MAPP). MAPP is an international collaborative digital project, funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, that uses digital tools to showcase archival traces of twentieth-century publishing. The twenty-first century has witnessed, and is living through, some of the most dynamic changes ever experienced in the publishing industry, arguably altering our very understanding of what it means to read a book. This book brings to both general readers and scholarly researchers a new way of accessing, and thereby assessing, the historical meanings of change within the twentieth-century publication industry by building a resource which organises, interacts with, and uses historical information about book culture to narrate the continuities and discontinuities in reading and publishing over the last century.",
		"ISBN": "978-3-319-47211-9",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "Google-Books-ID: mzckDwAAQBAJ",
		"number-of-pages": "189",
		"publisher": "Springer",
		"source": "Google Books",
		"title": "Scholarly Adventures in Digital Humanities: Making The Modernist Archives Publishing Project",
		"title-short": "Scholarly Adventures in Digital Humanities",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Battershill",
				"given": "Claire"
			},
			{
				"family": "Southworth",
				"given": "Helen"
			},
			{
				"family": "Staveley",
				"given": "Alice"
			},
			{
				"family": "Widner",
				"given": "Michael"
			},
			{
				"family": "Gordon",
				"given": "Elizabeth Willson"
			},
			{
				"family": "Wilson",
				"given": "Nicola"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2017"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/MMAFKNW3",
		"type": "chapter",
		"abstract": "Digital Humanities in Practice - October 2012",
		"container-title": "Digital Humanities in Practice",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "page: 47-70\npublisher: Facet\nDOI: 10.29085/9781856049054.004",
		"publisher": "Facet Publishing",
		"title": "Digitization and digital resources in the humanities",
		"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/digital-humanities-in-practice/digitization-and-digital-resources-in-the-humanities/D82569EC95F1F6C17442F14EDBA357AD",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Terras",
				"given": "Melissa"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					12
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2012"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/M7ADDV2B",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"container-title": "The Seventeenth Century",
		"DOI": "10.1080/0268117X.2004.10555543",
		"ISSN": "0268-117X",
		"issue": "2",
		"note": "publisher: Routledge\n_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0268117X.2004.10555543",
		"page": "196-232",
		"source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM",
		"title": "Thomas Harrison and his ‘Ark of Studies’ An Episode in the History of the Organization of Knowledge",
		"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0268117X.2004.10555543",
		"volume": "19",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Malcolm",
				"given": "Noel"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					14
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2004"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/MCGTLEWU",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "A revealing and surprising look at how classification systems can shape both worldviews and social interactions.What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (w",
		"language": "en",
		"source": "direct.mit.edu",
		"title": "Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences",
		"title-short": "Sorting Things Out",
		"URL": "10.7551/mitpress/6352.001.0001",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Bowker",
				"given": "Geoffrey C."
			},
			{
				"family": "Star",
				"given": "Susan Leigh"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					9
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2000"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/3XGN3CV2",
		"type": "book",
		"edition": "Second Edition",
		"event-place": "San Francisco, California, USA",
		"ISBN": "978-1-55860-924-2",
		"note": "Open Library ID: OL26310015M",
		"publisher": "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
		"publisher-place": "San Francisco, California, USA",
		"source": "The Open Library",
		"title": "Understanding Digital Libraries",
		"URL": "https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17708708W/Understanding_Digital_Libraries",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Lesk",
				"given": "Michael"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2005"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/K95NKGGI",
		"type": "webpage",
		"container-title": "On Computing Machines",
		"title": "On Computing Machines",
		"URL": "https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Turing_Paper_1936.pdf",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Turing",
				"given": "Alan"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
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	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/8DB2UIK2",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "\"Chapter 6  Cataloging: From a Dusty Backroom to the World Wide Web\" published on 18 Oct 2019 by Brill.",
		"ISBN": "978-90-04-40035-1",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "page: 175-226\ncontainer-title: Among Digitized Manuscripts. Philology, Codicology, Paleography in a Digital World\nsection: Among Digitized Manuscripts. Philology, Codicology, Paleography in a Digital World\nDOI: 10.1163/9789004400351_008",
		"publisher": "Brill",
		"source": "brill.com",
		"title": "Cataloging: From a Dusty Backroom to the World Wide Web",
		"title-short": "Cataloging",
		"URL": "https://brill.com/view/book/9789004400351/BP000015.xml",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Lit",
				"given": "L. W. C.",
				"dropping-particle": "van"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
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					"2021",
					6,
					14
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					"2019",
					10,
					18
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	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/R8C7XU5L",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "Charting the evolution of practicing digital history",
		"language": "en",
		"publisher": "University of Illinois Press",
		"title": "Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age",
		"title-short": "UI Press | Adam Crymble | Technology and the Historian",
		"URL": "https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/57hxp7wr9780252043710.html",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Crymble",
				"given": "Adam"
			}
		],
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					"2021",
					6,
					14
				]
			]
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		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
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					"2021"
				]
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		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/A35KG86F",
		"type": "book",
		"title": "The Undersea Network",
		"URL": "https://www.dukeupress.edu/The-Undersea-Network/",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Starosielski",
				"given": "Nicole"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
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					"2021",
					6,
					11
				]
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	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/FCWKPDVT",
		"type": "speech",
		"title": "Computer Vision and the History of Printing",
		"URL": "http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/172658/JSC_Poster_v3.pdf",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Chung",
				"given": "Joon Son"
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/SFTPKCVX",
		"type": "paper-conference",
		"container-title": "Computer Vision-ECCV 2014 Workshops",
		"page": "85–100",
		"publisher": "Springer",
		"source": "Google Scholar",
		"title": "Re-presentations of Art Collections",
		"URL": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16178-5_6",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Chung",
				"given": "Joon Son"
			},
			{
				"family": "Arandjelović",
				"given": "Relja"
			},
			{
				"family": "Bergel",
				"given": "Giles"
			},
			{
				"family": "Franklin",
				"given": "Alexandra"
			},
			{
				"family": "Zisserman",
				"given": "Andrew"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2016",
					5,
					16
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2014"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/FSZGENGC",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"source": "Google Scholar",
		"title": "Content-based image recognition on printed broadside ballads: The Bodleian Libraries' ImageMatch Tool",
		"title-short": "Content-based image recognition on printed broadside ballads",
		"URL": "http://library.ifla.org/209",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Bergel",
				"given": "Giles"
			},
			{
				"family": "Franklin",
				"given": "Alexandra"
			},
			{
				"family": "Heaney",
				"given": "Michael"
			},
			{
				"family": "Arandjelovic",
				"given": "Relja"
			},
			{
				"family": "Zisserman",
				"given": "Andrew"
			},
			{
				"family": "Funke",
				"given": "Donata"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2016",
					1,
					22
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2013"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/WDJIY8RD",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "This study proposes an archaeology as a means of exploring the practices by which digitally encoded resources are generated, circulated, and received. The discussion grapples with the ambiguous relationship between digitizations and their exemplars in the well-known database, Early English Books Online (EEBO), and suggests ways in which digitizations might be analyzed as witnesses of current perceptions about the past and used accordingly in scholarly research. The article therefore offers a critical reading of EEBO and its digitizations as part of a broader effort to investigate the role of digitally encoded resources in the transmission of ideas and the production of cultural heritage.",
		"container-title": "Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology",
		"DOI": "10.1002/asi.23061",
		"ISSN": "2330-1643",
		"issue": "8",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "_eprint: https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/asi.23061",
		"page": "1515-1526",
		"source": "Wiley Online Library",
		"title": "Archaeology of a digitization",
		"URL": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23061",
		"volume": "65",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Mak",
				"given": "Bonnie"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2014"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/UDKWR5NI",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "Within the context of long-term access to digital objects in general this dissertation takes the longevity of digital surrogates of historical photographs into consideration. For memory institutes digitisation of analogue source material, such as historical photographs, is an exciting way to open up and exploit their holdings. The focus on the digital durability of this specific type of digital object enables the investigation of available building blocks for digital preservation, such as strategies, guidelines, standards, procedures and tools. A benchmarked digital capture process, the unambiguous formulation of preservation metadata and the application of persistent identifiers for digital objects, all based on open standards are important building blocks for the realisation of durable digital surrogates of historical photographs. Three methods for creating durable digital objects are assessed in detail. These are the application of a standardised digital image file format, the relevance of the application-independent XML data format for the encoding of a digital image, and unambiguous formulation of preservation metadata with the help of an international standard (ISO/IEC 11179). The research can be considered as a case-study in digital archiving and contributes to the improvement of the durability of digital objects in general.",
		"language": "en",
		"source": "repository.tudelft.nl",
		"title": "Permanent pixels: Building blocks for the longevity of digital surrogates of historical photographs",
		"title-short": "Permanent pixels",
		"URL": "https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Aa6f87376-f084-4f33-bcfc-ced18c6c0fc4",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Van Horik",
				"given": "M. P. M."
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2005"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/24ZB6G8R",
		"type": "book",
		"edition": "3rd",
		"title": "Digital Image Processing",
		"URL": "http://web.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/fmasci/home/astro_refs/Digital_Image_Processing_3rdEd_truncated.pdf",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "González",
				"given": "Rafael C."
			},
			{
				"family": "Woods",
				"given": "Richard"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2008"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/XT2K5NG9",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "The proliferation of developments in digital technology makes choosing the right method of digitizing resources an increasingly complex process for information organizations. This technology is a key way forward in the twenty-first century, but it is important to develop a strategy to fully assess the costs and benefits of going ahead with a digitization project, and to know when it is the right or the wrong time to do so.  This book presents information managers with all the strategic and practical issues to consider when making the decision to digitize their collections. It runs through the digitization process step by step, outlines the different techniques available to deal with a wide range of library resources, and explores the opportunities offered by a collaborative approach to digitization. Fully case- and evidence-based, the text is supported by examples of digitization projects carried out in various types of libraries around the world, and by an extensive list of sources of further information. Divided into two main sections, 'Strategic Decision Making' and 'Digitizing Collections', the chapters include:  Why digitize? The costs and benefits of digitization Selecting materials for digitization Intellectual property, copyright and other legal issues The institutional framework The importance of collaboration Project planning and funding Managing a digitization project Digitization of rare and fragile materials Digitization of audio and moving image collections Digitization of text and images.    Readership: This key international text offers information managers the benefit of a fully strategic approach to digitization and substantial experience drawn from leading digitization projects. It is also essential reading for managers in heritage institutions such as museums, galleries and local archives, and for students of information science.",
		"ISBN": "978-1-85604-466-0",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "Google-Books-ID: vtMqDgAAQBAJ",
		"number-of-pages": "345",
		"publisher": "Facet Publishing",
		"source": "Google Books",
		"title": "Digitizing Collections: Strategic Issues for the Information Manager",
		"title-short": "Digitizing Collections",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Hughes",
				"given": "Lorna M."
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2004"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/I4Y724HT",
		"type": "webpage",
		"note": "This online article first appeared in Towards the Digital Library: The British Library's 'Initiatives for Access' Programme. Editors Leona Carpenter, Simon Shaw and Andrew Prescott. London: British Library Publications, 1998. 30-49.",
		"title": "Constructing the Electronic Beowulf",
		"URL": "http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeo_archives/articles90s/ajp-tdl.htm",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Prescott",
				"given": "Andrew"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/HEL4SFJ6",
		"type": "chapter",
		"abstract": "Among the colleagues during the twenty years I worked at the British Library who profoundly influenced me was the historian of the English language, bibliographer and librarian, Robin Alston (1933–2011). Robin's great scholarly achievement was his twenty-volume Bibliography of the English Language from the Invention of Printing to the Year 1800, but the range of his achievements and interests stretched far beyond this. While he was a lecturer at the University of Leeds, he founded Scolar Press to provide cheap facsimiles of historical and literary texts for his students. As editor- in-chief of the Eighteenth Century Short Title Catalogue, which afterwards became the English Short Title Catalogue or ESTC, Robin profoundly influenced the way in which we use printed books from the hand press period. Robin's insistence that this new catalogue should be machine readable and his energy in driving forward the ESTC laid the foundations of such current digital resources as Early English Books Online and Eighteenth- Century Collections Online. Robin was one of the pioneers who shaped the modern digital research environment for humanities scholars.\n\nIn 1990, Robin was appointed Professor of Library and Information Studies at University College London, and he gave his inaugural lecture at UCL, entitled ‘The Battle of the Books’, on 16 February 1993. I attended, with many others from the British Library. The atmosphere was electric.\n\nRobin was known as a charismatic, entertaining and thought-provoking lecturer who provided remarkable insights into current and future developments. He did not fail on this occasion. Robin took his starting point Jonathan Swift's satire, A Full and True Account of the Battle Fought Last Friday between the Ancient and the Modern Books in St James's Library, appended to the Tale of a Tub (1704). Swift imagined the books in the Royal Library joining in the conflict between those who revered classical learning and those who stressed the need for up-to-date modern learning. Swift described solitary volumes of classical learning being threatened by the massed ranks of thousands of modern books.",
		"container-title": "Slow Scholarship: Medieval Research and the Neoliberal University",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "DOI: 10.1017/9781787447042.008",
		"page": "143-162",
		"publisher": "Boydell & Brewer",
		"title": "Slow Digitisation and the Battle of the Books",
		"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/slow-scholarship/slow-digitisation-and-the-battle-of-the-books/5FA19D7FDA4AC78BDF508E38378D2CB2",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Prescott",
				"given": "Andrew"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2019",
					9
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/9Z4NYQXZ",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "This title offers a cutting-edge and comprehensive introduction to this vibrant and increasingly important global field drawing together a broad spectrum of disciplines. Each chapter interweaves the expert commentary of leading academics, analysis of current research and practice and several exciting international case studies, exploring the possibilities and challenges that occur when culture and digital technologies intersect. It covers key topics that include: social media and crowd sourcing; digital images and digitisation; 3D scanning and museums; studying users and readers; electronic text and corpora; archaeology and GIS; open access and online teaching of digital humanities; and, books, texts and digital editing. This is an essential practical guide for academics, researchers, librarians and professionals involved in the digital humanities. It will also be core reading for all humanities students and those taking courses in the digital humanities in particular.",
		"ISBN": "978-1-85604-766-1",
		"note": "DOI: 10.29085/9781856049054",
		"publisher": "Facet",
		"source": "Cambridge University Press",
		"title": "Digital Humanities in Practice",
		"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/digital-humanities-in-practice/4BCAD84F87BA8BCB3E0010FB1BFC333A",
		"editor": [
			{
				"family": "Warwick",
				"given": "Claire"
			},
			{
				"family": "Terras",
				"given": "Melissa"
			},
			{
				"family": "Nyhan",
				"given": "Julianne"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2012"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/XP3CE2VN",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"abstract": "Early English Books Online (EEBO) is a key electronic resource for scholars working on pre-1700 British literature and history. This article provides a brief history of this resource from its origins as a microfilm project and its relationship with other bibliographical and electronic resources. It also considers the problems inherent in representing a three-dimensional object, a book, as a two-dimensional image.",
		"container-title": "Literature Compass",
		"DOI": "10.1111/j.1741-4113.2009.00632.x",
		"ISSN": "1741-4113",
		"issue": "3",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2009.00632.x",
		"page": "680-692",
		"source": "Wiley Online Library",
		"title": "The Use and Misuse of Early English Books Online",
		"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2009.00632.x",
		"volume": "6",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Gadd",
				"given": "Ian"
			}
		],
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2021",
					6,
					10
				]
			]
		},
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2009"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/UNGPMDT4",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "Between the end of the Middle Ages and the eighteenth century, what methods were used to monitor and control the increasing number of texts—from the early handwritten books to the later, printed volumes—that were being put into circulation?  In The Order of Books, Chartier examines the different systems required to regulate the world of writing through the centuries, from the registration of titles to the classification of works. The modern world has, he argues, directly inherited the products of this labor: the basic principle of referring to texts, the dream of a universal library, real or imaginary, containing all the works ever written, and the emergence of a new definition of the book leading to some of the innovations that transformed the relationship of the reader to the text.  The Order of Books will be welcomed by students and researchers of cultural history, and the history of reading in particular.",
		"ISBN": "978-0-8047-2267-4",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "Google-Books-ID: EFnsA3AvNZ0C",
		"number-of-pages": "152",
		"publisher": "Stanford University Press",
		"source": "Google Books",
		"title": "The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe Between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries",
		"title-short": "The Order of Books",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Chartier",
				"given": "Roger"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"1994"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/Q82UKZQU",
		"type": "paper-conference",
		"abstract": "Much of traditional book cataloging is influenced by a touch-it-once mentality, where work is completed in as few steps as possible. By avoiding unnecessary revision, libraries can process materials quickly and benefit from economies of scale. Valuable staff time is preserved to process additional materials. However, the touch-it-once mentality is problematic when dealing with special collections materials, since they often differ between manifestations and are primary sources for research that informs their description. This paper discusses the idea of “progressive bibliography,” or proceeding from minimal to fuller descriptions, as an intellectually valid and pragmatically essential methodology. It examines some already . . .",
		"DOI": "10.5860/RBM.10.2.321",
		"source": "Semantic Scholar",
		"title": "Progressing Toward Bibliography; or: Organic Growth in the Bibliographic Record",
		"title-short": "Progressing Toward Bibliography; or",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Ascher",
				"given": "James P."
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2009"
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "http://zotero.org/groups/4293914/items/E7WM28TE",
		"type": "book",
		"abstract": "A New York Times Notable BookA Los Angeles Times and Cleveland Plain Dealer Best Book of the YearWinner of the PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing AwardFrom the bestselling author of the acclaimed Chaos and Genius comes a thoughtful and provocative exploration of the big ideas of the modern era: Information, communication, and information theory.  Acclaimed science writer James Gleick presents an eye-opening vision of how our relationship to information has transformed the very nature of human consciousness. A fascinating intellectual journey through the history of communication and information, from the language of Africa's talking drums to the invention of written alphabets; from the electronic transmission of code to the origins of information theory, into the new information age and the current deluge of news, tweets, images, and blogs. Along the way, Gleick profiles key innovators, including Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Samuel Morse, and Claude Shannon, and reveals how our understanding of information is transforming not only how we look at the world, but how we live.",
		"ISBN": "978-1-4000-9623-7",
		"language": "en",
		"note": "Google-Books-ID: 7ztdygAACAAJ",
		"number-of-pages": "546",
		"publisher": "Vintage Books",
		"source": "Google Books",
		"title": "The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood",
		"title-short": "The Information",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Gleick",
				"given": "James"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2012"
				]
			]
		}
	}
]