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Vagrant QEMU Provider

This is a Vagrant plugin that adds a simple QEMU provider to Vagrant, allowing Vagrant to control and provision machines using QEMU.

Notes: test with Apple Silicon / M1 and CentOS / Ubuntu aarch64 image

Compatible with

Tested:

  • MacOS >= 12.4
  • QEMU >= 7.0.0
  • CentOS (centos-7-aarch64-2009-4K)
  • Ubuntu (see Wiki for detais)
  • Debian buster64 on x86_64 (see Wiki for detais)

Others:

  • (MacOS < 12.4) + (QEMU >= 7.0.0) : update OS, or use QEMU 6.x
  • QEMU 6.x: use following config: 
    config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
  qe.machine = "virt,accel=hvf,highmem=off"
  qe.cpu = "cortex-a72"
end

Features

  • Import from a Libvirt vagrant box or qcow2 image
    • To use box for Paralles or VMware Fusion, see Wiki for details
    • Libvirt box v2 format support is experimental
  • Start VM without GUI
  • SSH into VM
  • Provision the instances with any built-in Vagrant provisioner
  • Synced folder support via SMB
  • Basic operation: up, ssh, halt, destroy
  • Basic suport to forwarded ports, see vagrant doc for details

Usage

Make sure QEMU is installed, if not:

brew install qemu

Install plugin:

vagrant plugin install vagrant-qemu

Prepare a Vagrantfile, see Example, and start:

vagrant up --provider qemu

Notes:

  • may need password to setup SMB on Mac, see vagrant doc for details
  • need username/password to access shared folder

Box format

Same as vagrant-libvirt version-1:

  • qcow2 image file named box.img
  • metadata.json file describing box image (provider, virtual_size, format)
  • Vagrantfile that does default settings

Configuration

Options

This provider exposes a few provider-specific configuration options:

  • basic
    • ssh_port - The SSH port number used to access VM, default: 50022
    • arch - The architecture of VM, default: aarch64
    • machine - The machine type of VM, default: virt,accel=hvf,highmem=off
    • cpu - The cpu model of VM, default: cortex-a72
    • smp - The smp setting (Simulate an SMP system with n CPUs) of VM, default: 2
    • memory - The memory setting of VM, default: 4G
  • debug/expert
    • ssh_host - The SSH IP used to access VM, default: 127.0.0.1
    • net_device - The network device, default: virtio-net-device
    • mac_address - The MAC address, default is nil value. (nil means automatically set)
    • socket_fd - The file descriptor for socket networking, default is nil value. (nil means no socket)
    • drive_interface - The interface type for the main drive, default virtio
    • image_path - The path (or array of paths) to qcow2 image for box-less VM, default is nil value
    • qemu_dir - The path to QEMU's install dir, default: /opt/homebrew/share/qemu
    • extra_qemu_args - The raw list of additional arguments to pass to QEMU. Use with extreme caution. (see "Force Multicore" below as example)
    • extra_netdev_args - extra, comma-separated arguments to pass to the -netdev parameter. Use with caution. (see "Force Local IP" below as example)
    • control_port - The port number used to control vm from vagrant, default is nil value. (nil means use unix socket)
    • debug_port - The port number used to export serial port of the vm for debug, default is nil value. (nil means use unix socket, see "Debug" below for details)
    • no_daemonize - Disable the "daemonize" mode of QEMU, default is false. (see "Windows host" below as example)
    • firmware_format - The format of aarch64 firmware images (edk2-aarch64-code.fd and edk2-arm-vars.fd) loaded from qemu_dir, default: raw
    • other_default - The other default arguments used by this plugin, default: %W(-parallel null -monitor none -display none -vga none)

Usage

These can be set like typical provider-specific configuration:

# Basic Vagrant config (API version 2)
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
  # ... other stuff

  config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
    qe.memory = "8G"
  end
end

With nil value

To be able to custom the result qemu command deeply, you can set some config options to nil value to skip related qemu arguments.

  • machine: skip -machine xxx
  • cpu: skip -cpu xxx
  • smp: skip -smp xxx
  • memory: skip -m xxx
  • net_device: skip all network related arguments:
    • -device xxx,netdev=net0
    • -netdev user,id=net0,xxx
    • NOTES: there will be no network, ssh won't work
  • drive_interface: skip drive for the main image, -drive if=xxx,xxx
  • firmware_format: skip firmware setup for aarch64, -drive if=pflash,xxx

With other_default = [], all default arguments will be skipped.

Example

  1. Try with a sample box
vagrant init ppggff/centos-7-aarch64-2009-4K
vagrant up --provider qemu
  1. With a local box
# Basic Vagrant config (API version 2)
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
  config.vm.box = "test-box"
  config.vm.box_url = "file:///Users/xxx/test.box"
  config.vm.box_check_update = false
end
  1. With a local qcow2
# Basic Vagrant config (API version 2)
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
  config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe, override|
    override.ssh.username = "xxx"
    override.ssh.password = "vagrant"

    qe.image_path = "/Users/xxx/test.qcow2"
  end
end
  1. Work with a x86_64 box (basic config)
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
  config.vm.box = "centos/7"

  config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
    qe.arch = "x86_64"
    qe.machine = "q35"
    qe.cpu = "qemu64"
    qe.net_device = "virtio-net-pci"
  end
end
  1. Forwarded ports
# Basic Vagrant config (API version 2)
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
  # ... other stuff

  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
end
  1. Force Multicore (x86)

Thanks to taraszka for providing this config.

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "centos/7"

  config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
    qe.arch = "x86_64"
    qe.machine = "q35"
    qe.cpu = "max"
    qe.smp = "cpus=2,sockets=1,cores=2,threads=1"
    qe.net_device = "virtio-net-pci"
    qe.extra_qemu_args = %w(-accel tcg,thread=multi,tb-size=512)
    qe.qemu_dir = "/usr/local/share/qemu"
  end
end
  1. Force Local IP
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "debian/bullseye64"

  config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
    qe.extra_netdev_args = "net=192.168.51.0/24,dhcpstart=192.168.51.10"
  end
end
  1. Windows host

Windows version QEMU doesn't support daemonize mode and unix socket (Notes: not tested)

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # ... other stuff

  config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
    qe.no_daemonize = true
    qe.control_port = 33333
    qe.debug_port = 33334
  end
end

Debug

Serial port is exported to unix socket: <user_home>/.vagrant.d/tmp/vagrant-qemu/<id>/qemu_socket_serial, or debug_port.

To debug and login to the GuestOS from serial port:

  • unix socket
    1. Get the id: .vagrant/machines/default/qemu/id in same directory with Vagrantfile
    2. Get the path to qemu_socket_serial
    3. Use nc to connect: nc -U /Users/.../qemu_socket_serial
  • debug_port (for example: 33334)
    • Use nc to connect: nc localhost 33334

To send ctrl+c to GuestOS from nc, try:

  • unix socket
    • echo 03 | xxd -r -p | nc -U /Users/.../qemu_socket_serial
  • debug_port (for example: 33334)
    • echo 03 | xxd -r -p | nc localhost 33334

Build

To build the vagrant-qemu plugin, clone this repository out, and use Bundler to get the dependencies:

bundle

Once you have the dependencies, build with rake:

bundle exec rake build

Known issue / Troubleshooting

1. failed to create shared folder

We couldn't detect an IP address that was routable to this
machine from the guest machine! Please verify networking is properly
setup in the guest machine and that it is able to access this
host.

As another option, you can manually specify an IP for the machine
to mount from using the `smb_host` option to the synced folder.

The reason is that the user mode of qemu currently in use does not support ping. smb_host needs to be explicitly specified. For example:

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # ... other stuff

  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "smb", smb_host: "10.0.2.2"
end

2. netcat does not support the -U parameter

I had netcat installed through home brew and it does not support the -U parameter.

I fixed it by uninstalling netcat in home brew brew uninstall netcat

Thanks @kjeldahl fix this at issue #6

3. Vagrant SMB synced folders require the account password to be stored in an NT compatible format

If you get this error when running vagrant up

  1. On your M1 Mac, go to System Preferences > Sharing > File Sharing > Options...
  2. Tick "Share Files and Folders using SMB"
  3. Tick your username
  4. Click Done
  5. Run vagrant up again

4. The box you're using with the QEMU provider ('default') is invalid

This may cause by invalid default qemu dir (/opt/homebrew/share/qemu).

You can find the correct one by:

echo `brew --prefix`/share/qemu

And then set it (for example /usr/local/share/qemu) in the Vagrantfile as:

config.vm.provider "qemu" do |qe|
  qe.qemu_dir = "/usr/local/share/qemu"
end

TODO

  • Support NFS shared folder
  • Support package VM to box
  • More configures
  • Better error messages
  • Network
  • GUI mode