RH_RF95.h

// RH_RF95.h
//
// Definitions for HopeRF LoRa radios per:
// http://www.hoperf.com/upload/rf/RFM95_96_97_98W.pdf
// http://www.hoperf.cn/upload/rfchip/RF96_97_98.pdf
//
// Author: Mike McCauley (mikem@airspayce.com)
// Copyright (C) 2014 Mike McCauley
// $Id: RH_RF95.h,v 1.26 2020/06/15 23:39:39 mikem Exp $
// 

#ifndef RH_RF95_h
#define RH_RF95_h

#include <RHSPIDriver.h>

// This is the maximum number of interrupts the driver can support
// Most Arduinos can handle 2, Megas can handle more
#define RH_RF95_NUM_INTERRUPTS 3

// Max number of octets the LORA Rx/Tx FIFO can hold
#define RH_RF95_FIFO_SIZE 255

// This is the maximum number of bytes that can be carried by the LORA.
// We use some for headers, keeping fewer for RadioHead messages
#define RH_RF95_MAX_PAYLOAD_LEN RH_RF95_FIFO_SIZE

// The length of the headers we add.
// The headers are inside the LORA's payload
#define RH_RF95_HEADER_LEN 4

// This is the maximum message length that can be supported by this driver. 
// Can be pre-defined to a smaller size (to save SRAM) prior to including this header
// Here we allow for 1 byte message length, 4 bytes headers, user data and 2 bytes of FCS
#ifndef RH_RF95_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN
 #define RH_RF95_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN (RH_RF95_MAX_PAYLOAD_LEN - RH_RF95_HEADER_LEN)
#endif

// The crystal oscillator frequency of the module
#define RH_RF95_FXOSC 32000000.0

// The Frequency Synthesizer step = RH_RF95_FXOSC / 2^^19
#define RH_RF95_FSTEP  (RH_RF95_FXOSC / 524288)


// Register names (LoRa Mode, from table 85)
#define RH_RF95_REG_00_FIFO                                0x00
#define RH_RF95_REG_01_OP_MODE                             0x01
#define RH_RF95_REG_02_RESERVED                            0x02
#define RH_RF95_REG_03_RESERVED                            0x03
#define RH_RF95_REG_04_RESERVED                            0x04
#define RH_RF95_REG_05_RESERVED                            0x05
#define RH_RF95_REG_06_FRF_MSB                             0x06
#define RH_RF95_REG_07_FRF_MID                             0x07
#define RH_RF95_REG_08_FRF_LSB                             0x08
#define RH_RF95_REG_09_PA_CONFIG                           0x09
#define RH_RF95_REG_0A_PA_RAMP                             0x0a
#define RH_RF95_REG_0B_OCP                                 0x0b
#define RH_RF95_REG_0C_LNA                                 0x0c
#define RH_RF95_REG_0D_FIFO_ADDR_PTR                       0x0d
#define RH_RF95_REG_0E_FIFO_TX_BASE_ADDR                   0x0e
#define RH_RF95_REG_0F_FIFO_RX_BASE_ADDR                   0x0f
#define RH_RF95_REG_10_FIFO_RX_CURRENT_ADDR                0x10
#define RH_RF95_REG_11_IRQ_FLAGS_MASK                      0x11
#define RH_RF95_REG_12_IRQ_FLAGS                           0x12
#define RH_RF95_REG_13_RX_NB_BYTES                         0x13
#define RH_RF95_REG_14_RX_HEADER_CNT_VALUE_MSB             0x14
#define RH_RF95_REG_15_RX_HEADER_CNT_VALUE_LSB             0x15
#define RH_RF95_REG_16_RX_PACKET_CNT_VALUE_MSB             0x16
#define RH_RF95_REG_17_RX_PACKET_CNT_VALUE_LSB             0x17
#define RH_RF95_REG_18_MODEM_STAT                          0x18
#define RH_RF95_REG_19_PKT_SNR_VALUE                       0x19
#define RH_RF95_REG_1A_PKT_RSSI_VALUE                      0x1a
#define RH_RF95_REG_1B_RSSI_VALUE                          0x1b
#define RH_RF95_REG_1C_HOP_CHANNEL                         0x1c
#define RH_RF95_REG_1D_MODEM_CONFIG1                       0x1d
#define RH_RF95_REG_1E_MODEM_CONFIG2                       0x1e
#define RH_RF95_REG_1F_SYMB_TIMEOUT_LSB                    0x1f
#define RH_RF95_REG_20_PREAMBLE_MSB                        0x20
#define RH_RF95_REG_21_PREAMBLE_LSB                        0x21
#define RH_RF95_REG_22_PAYLOAD_LENGTH                      0x22
#define RH_RF95_REG_23_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH                  0x23
#define RH_RF95_REG_24_HOP_PERIOD                          0x24
#define RH_RF95_REG_25_FIFO_RX_BYTE_ADDR                   0x25
#define RH_RF95_REG_26_MODEM_CONFIG3                       0x26

#define RH_RF95_REG_27_PPM_CORRECTION                      0x27
#define RH_RF95_REG_28_FEI_MSB                             0x28
#define RH_RF95_REG_29_FEI_MID                             0x29
#define RH_RF95_REG_2A_FEI_LSB                             0x2a
#define RH_RF95_REG_2C_RSSI_WIDEBAND                       0x2c
#define RH_RF95_REG_31_DETECT_OPTIMIZE                     0x31
#define RH_RF95_REG_33_INVERT_IQ                           0x33
#define RH_RF95_REG_37_DETECTION_THRESHOLD                 0x37
#define RH_RF95_REG_39_SYNC_WORD                           0x39

#define RH_RF95_REG_40_DIO_MAPPING1                        0x40
#define RH_RF95_REG_41_DIO_MAPPING2                        0x41
#define RH_RF95_REG_42_VERSION                             0x42

#define RH_RF95_REG_4B_TCXO                                0x4b
#define RH_RF95_REG_4D_PA_DAC                              0x4d
#define RH_RF95_REG_5B_FORMER_TEMP                         0x5b
#define RH_RF95_REG_61_AGC_REF                             0x61
#define RH_RF95_REG_62_AGC_THRESH1                         0x62
#define RH_RF95_REG_63_AGC_THRESH2                         0x63
#define RH_RF95_REG_64_AGC_THRESH3                         0x64

// RH_RF95_REG_01_OP_MODE                             0x01
#define RH_RF95_LONG_RANGE_MODE                       0x80
#define RH_RF95_ACCESS_SHARED_REG                     0x40
#define RH_RF95_LOW_FREQUENCY_MODE                    0x08
#define RH_RF95_MODE                                  0x07
#define RH_RF95_MODE_SLEEP                            0x00
#define RH_RF95_MODE_STDBY                            0x01
#define RH_RF95_MODE_FSTX                             0x02
#define RH_RF95_MODE_TX                               0x03
#define RH_RF95_MODE_FSRX                             0x04
#define RH_RF95_MODE_RXCONTINUOUS                     0x05
#define RH_RF95_MODE_RXSINGLE                         0x06
#define RH_RF95_MODE_CAD                              0x07

// RH_RF95_REG_09_PA_CONFIG                           0x09
#define RH_RF95_PA_SELECT                             0x80
#define RH_RF95_MAX_POWER                             0x70
#define RH_RF95_OUTPUT_POWER                          0x0f

// RH_RF95_REG_0A_PA_RAMP                             0x0a
#define RH_RF95_LOW_PN_TX_PLL_OFF                     0x10
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP                               0x0f
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_3_4MS                         0x00
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_2MS                           0x01
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_1MS                           0x02
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_500US                         0x03
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_250US                         0x04
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_125US                         0x05
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_100US                         0x06
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_62US                          0x07
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_50US                          0x08
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_40US                          0x09
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_31US                          0x0a
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_25US                          0x0b
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_20US                          0x0c
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_15US                          0x0d
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_12US                          0x0e
#define RH_RF95_PA_RAMP_10US                          0x0f

// RH_RF95_REG_0B_OCP                                 0x0b
#define RH_RF95_OCP_ON                                0x20
#define RH_RF95_OCP_TRIM                              0x1f

// RH_RF95_REG_0C_LNA                                 0x0c
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN                              0xe0
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN_G1                           0x20
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN_G2                           0x40
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN_G3                           0x60                
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN_G4                           0x80
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN_G5                           0xa0
#define RH_RF95_LNA_GAIN_G6                           0xc0
#define RH_RF95_LNA_BOOST_LF                          0x18
#define RH_RF95_LNA_BOOST_LF_DEFAULT                  0x00
#define RH_RF95_LNA_BOOST_HF                          0x03
#define RH_RF95_LNA_BOOST_HF_DEFAULT                  0x00
#define RH_RF95_LNA_BOOST_HF_150PC                    0x03

// RH_RF95_REG_11_IRQ_FLAGS_MASK                      0x11
#define RH_RF95_RX_TIMEOUT_MASK                       0x80
#define RH_RF95_RX_DONE_MASK                          0x40
#define RH_RF95_PAYLOAD_CRC_ERROR_MASK                0x20
#define RH_RF95_VALID_HEADER_MASK                     0x10
#define RH_RF95_TX_DONE_MASK                          0x08
#define RH_RF95_CAD_DONE_MASK                         0x04
#define RH_RF95_FHSS_CHANGE_CHANNEL_MASK              0x02
#define RH_RF95_CAD_DETECTED_MASK                     0x01

// RH_RF95_REG_12_IRQ_FLAGS                           0x12
#define RH_RF95_RX_TIMEOUT                            0x80
#define RH_RF95_RX_DONE                               0x40
#define RH_RF95_PAYLOAD_CRC_ERROR                     0x20
#define RH_RF95_VALID_HEADER                          0x10
#define RH_RF95_TX_DONE                               0x08
#define RH_RF95_CAD_DONE                              0x04
#define RH_RF95_FHSS_CHANGE_CHANNEL                   0x02
#define RH_RF95_CAD_DETECTED                          0x01

// RH_RF95_REG_18_MODEM_STAT                          0x18
#define RH_RF95_RX_CODING_RATE                        0xe0
#define RH_RF95_MODEM_STATUS_CLEAR                    0x10
#define RH_RF95_MODEM_STATUS_HEADER_INFO_VALID        0x08
#define RH_RF95_MODEM_STATUS_RX_ONGOING               0x04
#define RH_RF95_MODEM_STATUS_SIGNAL_SYNCHRONIZED      0x02
#define RH_RF95_MODEM_STATUS_SIGNAL_DETECTED          0x01

// RH_RF95_REG_1C_HOP_CHANNEL                         0x1c
#define RH_RF95_PLL_TIMEOUT                           0x80
#define RH_RF95_RX_PAYLOAD_CRC_IS_ON                  0x40
#define RH_RF95_FHSS_PRESENT_CHANNEL                  0x3f

// RH_RF95_REG_1D_MODEM_CONFIG1                       0x1d
#define RH_RF95_BW                                    0xf0

#define RH_RF95_BW_7_8KHZ                             0x00
#define RH_RF95_BW_10_4KHZ                            0x10
#define RH_RF95_BW_15_6KHZ                            0x20
#define RH_RF95_BW_20_8KHZ                            0x30
#define RH_RF95_BW_31_25KHZ                           0x40
#define RH_RF95_BW_41_7KHZ                            0x50
#define RH_RF95_BW_62_5KHZ                            0x60
#define RH_RF95_BW_125KHZ                             0x70
#define RH_RF95_BW_250KHZ                             0x80
#define RH_RF95_BW_500KHZ                             0x90
#define RH_RF95_CODING_RATE                           0x0e
#define RH_RF95_CODING_RATE_4_5                       0x02
#define RH_RF95_CODING_RATE_4_6                       0x04
#define RH_RF95_CODING_RATE_4_7                       0x06
#define RH_RF95_CODING_RATE_4_8                       0x08
#define RH_RF95_IMPLICIT_HEADER_MODE_ON               0x01

// RH_RF95_REG_1E_MODEM_CONFIG2                       0x1e
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR                      0xf0
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_64CPS                0x60
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_128CPS               0x70
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_256CPS               0x80
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_512CPS               0x90
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_1024CPS              0xa0
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_2048CPS              0xb0
#define RH_RF95_SPREADING_FACTOR_4096CPS              0xc0
#define RH_RF95_TX_CONTINUOUS_MODE                    0x08

#define RH_RF95_PAYLOAD_CRC_ON                        0x04
#define RH_RF95_SYM_TIMEOUT_MSB                       0x03

// RH_RF95_REG_26_MODEM_CONFIG3
#define RH_RF95_MOBILE_NODE                           0x08 // HopeRF term
#define RH_RF95_LOW_DATA_RATE_OPTIMIZE                0x08 // Semtechs term
#define RH_RF95_AGC_AUTO_ON                           0x04

// RH_RF95_REG_4B_TCXO                                0x4b
#define RH_RF95_TCXO_TCXO_INPUT_ON                    0x10

// RH_RF95_REG_4D_PA_DAC                              0x4d
#define RH_RF95_PA_DAC_DISABLE                        0x04
#define RH_RF95_PA_DAC_ENABLE                         0x07


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \class RH_RF95 RH_RF95.h <RH_RF95.h>
/// \brief Driver to send and receive unaddressed, unreliable datagrams via a LoRa 
/// capable radio transceiver.
///
/// For an excellent discussion of LoRa range and modulations, see
/// https://medium.com/home-wireless/testing-lora-radios-with-the-limesdr-mini-part-2-37fa481217ff
///
/// For Semtech SX1276/77/78/79 and HopeRF RF95/96/97/98 and other similar LoRa capable radios.
/// Based on http://www.hoperf.com/upload/rf/RFM95_96_97_98W.pdf
/// and http://www.hoperf.cn/upload/rfchip/RF96_97_98.pdf
/// and http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/LoraDesignGuide_STD.pdf
/// and http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1276.pdf
/// and http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1276_77_78_79.pdf
/// FSK/GFSK/OOK modes are not (yet) supported.
///
/// Works with
/// - the excellent MiniWirelessLoRa from Anarduino http://www.anarduino.com/miniwireless
/// - The excellent Modtronix inAir4 http://modtronix.com/inair4.html 
/// and inAir9 modules http://modtronix.com/inair9.html.
/// - the excellent Rocket Scream Mini Ultra Pro with the RFM95W 
///   http://www.rocketscream.com/blog/product/mini-ultra-pro-with-radio/
/// - Lora1276 module from NiceRF http://www.nicerf.com/product_view.aspx?id=99
/// - Adafruit Feather M0 with RFM95
/// - The very fine Talk2 Whisper Node LoRa boards https://wisen.com.au/store/products/whisper-node-lora
///   an Arduino compatible board, which include an on-board RFM95/96 LoRa Radio (Semtech SX1276), external antenna, 
///   run on 2xAAA batteries and support low power operations. RF95 examples work without modification.
///   Use Arduino Board Manager to install the Talk2 code support. Upload the code with an FTDI adapter set to 5V.
/// - heltec / TTGO ESP32 LoRa OLED https://www.aliexpress.com/item/Internet-Development-Board-SX1278-ESP32-WIFI-chip-0-96-inch-OLED-Bluetooth-WIFI-Lora-Kit-32/32824535649.html
///
/// \par Overview
///
/// This class provides basic functions for sending and receiving unaddressed, 
/// unreliable datagrams of arbitrary length to 251 octets per packet.
///
/// Manager classes may use this class to implement reliable, addressed datagrams and streams, 
/// mesh routers, repeaters, translators etc.
///
/// Naturally, for any 2 radios to communicate that must be configured to use the same frequency and 
/// modulation scheme.
///
/// This Driver provides an object-oriented interface for sending and receiving data messages with Hope-RF
/// RFM95/96/97/98(W), Semtech SX1276/77/78/79 and compatible radio modules in LoRa mode.
///
/// The Hope-RF (http://www.hoperf.com) RFM95/96/97/98(W) and Semtech SX1276/77/78/79 is a low-cost ISM transceiver
/// chip. It supports FSK, GFSK, OOK over a wide range of frequencies and
/// programmable data rates, and it also supports the proprietary LoRA (Long Range) mode, which
/// is the only mode supported in this RadioHead driver.
///
/// This Driver provides functions for sending and receiving messages of up
/// to 251 octets on any frequency supported by the radio, in a range of
/// predefined Bandwidths, Spreading Factors and Coding Rates.  Frequency can be set with
/// 61Hz precision to any frequency from 240.0MHz to 960.0MHz. Caution: most modules only support a more limited
/// range of frequencies due to antenna tuning.
///
/// Up to 2 modules can be connected to an Arduino (3 on a Mega),
/// permitting the construction of translators and frequency changers, etc.
///
/// Support for other features such as transmitter power control etc is
/// also provided.
///
/// Tested on MinWirelessLoRa with arduino-1.0.5
/// on OpenSuSE 13.1. 
/// Also tested with Teensy3.1, Modtronix inAir4 and Arduino 1.6.5 on OpenSuSE 13.1
///
/// \par Packet Format
///
/// All messages sent and received by this RH_RF95 Driver conform to this packet format:
///
/// - LoRa mode:
/// - 8 symbol PREAMBLE
/// - Explicit header with header CRC (default CCITT, handled internally by the radio)
/// - 4 octets HEADER: (TO, FROM, ID, FLAGS)
/// - 0 to 251 octets DATA 
/// - CRC (default CCITT, handled internally by the radio)
///
/// \par Connecting RFM95/96/97/98 and Semtech SX1276/77/78/79 to Arduino
///
/// We tested with Anarduino MiniWirelessLoRA, which is an Arduino Duemilanove compatible with a RFM96W
/// module on-board. Therefore it needs no connections other than the USB
/// programming connection and an antenna to make it work.
///
/// If you have a bare RFM95/96/97/98 that you want to connect to an Arduino, you
/// might use these connections (untested): CAUTION: you must use a 3.3V type
/// Arduino, otherwise you will also need voltage level shifters between the
/// Arduino and the RFM95.  CAUTION, you must also ensure you connect an
/// antenna.
/// 
/// \code
///                 Arduino      RFM95/96/97/98
///                 GND----------GND   (ground in)
///                 3V3----------3.3V  (3.3V in)
/// interrupt 0 pin D2-----------DIO0  (interrupt request out)
///          SS pin D10----------NSS   (CS chip select in)
///         SCK pin D13----------SCK   (SPI clock in)
///        MOSI pin D11----------MOSI  (SPI Data in)
///        MISO pin D12----------MISO  (SPI Data out)
/// \endcode
/// With these connections, you can then use the default constructor RH_RF95().
/// You can override the default settings for the SS pin and the interrupt in
/// the RH_RF95 constructor if you wish to connect the slave select SS to other
/// than the normal one for your Arduino (D10 for Diecimila, Uno etc and D53
/// for Mega) or the interrupt request to other than pin D2 (Caution,
/// different processors have different constraints as to the pins available
/// for interrupts).
///
/// You can connect a Modtronix inAir4 or inAir9 directly to a 3.3V part such as a Teensy 3.1 like
/// this (tested).
/// \code
///                 Teensy      inAir4 inAir9
///                 GND----------0V   (ground in)
///                 3V3----------3.3V  (3.3V in)
/// interrupt 0 pin D2-----------D0   (interrupt request out)
///          SS pin D10----------CS    (CS chip select in)
///         SCK pin D13----------CK    (SPI clock in)
///        MOSI pin D11----------SI    (SPI Data in)
///        MISO pin D12----------SO    (SPI Data out)
/// \endcode
/// With these connections, you can then use the default constructor RH_RF95().
/// you must also set the transmitter power with useRFO:
/// driver.setTxPower(13, true);
///
/// Note that if you are using Modtronix inAir4 or inAir9,or any other module which uses the
/// transmitter RFO pins and not the PA_BOOST pins
/// that you must configure the power transmitter power for -1 to 14 dBm and with useRFO true. 
/// Failure to do that will result in extremely low transmit powers.
///
/// If you have an Arduino M0 Pro from arduino.org, 
/// you should note that you cannot use Pin 2 for the interrupt line 
/// (Pin 2 is for the NMI only). The same comments apply to Pin 4 on Arduino Zero from arduino.cc.
/// Instead you can use any other pin (we use Pin 3) and initialise RH_RF69 like this:
/// \code
/// // Slave Select is pin 10, interrupt is Pin 3
/// RH_RF95 driver(10, 3);
/// \endcode
///
/// If you have a Rocket Scream Mini Ultra Pro with the RFM95W:
/// - Ensure you have Arduino SAMD board support 1.6.5 or later in Arduino IDE 1.6.8 or later.
/// - The radio SS is hardwired to pin D5 and the DIO0 interrupt to pin D2, 
/// so you need to initialise the radio like this:
/// \code
/// RH_RF95 driver(5, 2);
/// \endcode
/// - The name of the serial port on that board is 'SerialUSB', not 'Serial', so this may be helpful at the top of our
///   sample sketches:
/// \code
/// #define Serial SerialUSB
/// \endcode
/// - You also need this in setup before radio initialisation  
/// \code
/// // Ensure serial flash is not interfering with radio communication on SPI bus
///  pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
///  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
/// \endcode
/// - and if you have a 915MHz part, you need this after driver/manager intitalisation:
/// \code
/// rf95.setFrequency(915.0);
/// \endcode
/// which adds up to modifying sample sketches something like:
/// \code
/// #include <SPI.h>
/// #include <RH_RF95.h>
/// RH_RF95 rf95(5, 2); // Rocket Scream Mini Ultra Pro with the RFM95W
/// #define Serial SerialUSB
/// 
/// void setup() 
/// {
///   // Ensure serial flash is not interfering with radio communication on SPI bus
///   pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
///   digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
/// 
///   Serial.begin(9600);
///   while (!Serial) ; // Wait for serial port to be available
///   if (!rf95.init())
///     Serial.println("init failed");
///   rf95.setFrequency(915.0);
/// }
/// ...
/// \endcode
///
/// For Adafruit Feather M0 with RFM95, construct the driver like this:
/// \code
/// RH_RF95 rf95(8, 3);
/// \endcode
///
/// If you have a talk2 Whisper Node LoRa board with on-board RF95 radio, 
/// the example rf95_* sketches work without modification. Initialise the radio like
/// with the default constructor:
/// \code
///  RH_RF95 driver;
/// \endcode
///
/// It is possible to have 2 or more radios connected to one Arduino, provided
/// each radio has its own SS and interrupt line (SCK, SDI and SDO are common
/// to all radios)
///
/// Caution: on some Arduinos such as the Mega 2560, if you set the slave
/// select pin to be other than the usual SS pin (D53 on Mega 2560), you may
/// need to set the usual SS pin to be an output to force the Arduino into SPI
/// master mode.
///
/// Caution: Power supply requirements of the RFM module may be relevant in some circumstances: 
/// RFM95/96/97/98 modules are capable of pulling 120mA+ at full power, where Arduino's 3.3V line can
/// give 50mA. You may need to make provision for alternate power supply for
/// the RFM module, especially if you wish to use full transmit power, and/or you have
/// other shields demanding power. Inadequate power for the RFM is likely to cause symptoms such as:
/// - reset's/bootups terminate with "init failed" messages
/// - random termination of communication after 5-30 packets sent/received
/// - "fake ok" state, where initialization passes fluently, but communication doesn't happen
/// - shields hang Arduino boards, especially during the flashing
///
/// \par Interrupts
///
/// The RH_RF95 driver uses interrupts to react to events in the RFM module,
/// such as the reception of a new packet, or the completion of transmission
/// of a packet. The driver configures the radio so the required interrupt is generated by the radio's DIO0 pin.
/// The RH_RF95 driver interrupt service routine reads status from
/// and writes data to the the RFM module via the SPI interface. It is very
/// important therefore, that if you are using the RH_RF95 driver with another
/// SPI based deviced, that you disable interrupts while you transfer data to
/// and from that other device.  Use cli() to disable interrupts and sei() to
/// reenable them.
///
/// \par Memory
///
/// The RH_RF95 driver requires non-trivial amounts of memory. The sample
/// programs all compile to about 8kbytes each, which will fit in the
/// flash proram memory of most Arduinos. However, the RAM requirements are
/// more critical. Therefore, you should be vary sparing with RAM use in
/// programs that use the RH_RF95 driver.
///
/// It is often hard to accurately identify when you are hitting RAM limits on Arduino. 
/// The symptoms can include:
/// - Mysterious crashes and restarts
/// - Changes in behaviour when seemingly unrelated changes are made (such as adding print() statements)
/// - Hanging
/// - Output from Serial.print() not appearing
///
/// \par Range
///
/// We have made some simple range tests under the following conditions:
/// - rf95_client base station connected to a VHF discone antenna at 8m height above ground
/// - rf95_server mobile connected to 17.3cm 1/4 wavelength antenna at 1m height, no ground plane.
/// - Both configured for 13dBm, 434MHz, Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/8, Sf = 4096chips/symbol, CRC on. Slow+long range
/// - Minimum reported RSSI seen for successful comms was about -91
/// - Range over flat ground through heavy trees and vegetation approx 2km.
/// - At 20dBm (100mW) otherwise identical conditions approx 3km.
/// - At 20dBm, along salt water flat sandy beach, 3.2km.
///
/// It should be noted that at this data rate, a 12 octet message takes 2 seconds to transmit.
///
/// At 20dBm (100mW) with Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 128chips/symbol, CRC on. 
/// (Default medium range) in the conditions described above.
/// - Range over flat ground through heavy trees and vegetation approx 2km.
///
/// Caution: the performance of this radio, especially with narrow bandwidths is strongly dependent on the
/// accuracy and stability of the chip clock. HopeRF and Semtech do not appear to 
/// recommend bandwidths of less than 62.5 kHz 
/// unless you have the optional Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO) installed and 
/// enabled on your radio module. See the refernece manual for more data.
/// Also https://lowpowerlab.com/forum/rf-range-antennas-rfm69-library/lora-library-experiences-range/15/
/// and http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/an120014-xo-guidance-lora-modulation.pdf
/// 
/// \par Transmitter Power
///
/// You can control the transmitter power on the RF transceiver
/// with the RH_RF95::setTxPower() function. The argument can be any of
/// +2 to +20 (for modules that use PA_BOOST)
/// 0 to +15 (for modules that use RFO transmitter pin)
/// The default is 13. Eg:
/// \code
/// driver.setTxPower(10); // use PA_BOOST transmitter pin
/// driver.setTxPower(10, true); // use PA_RFO pin transmitter pin instead of PA_BOOST
/// \endcode
///
/// We have made some actual power measurements against
/// programmed power for Anarduino MiniWirelessLoRa (which has RFM96W-433Mhz installed, and which includes an RF power
/// amp for addition 3dBm of power
/// - MiniWirelessLoRa RFM96W-433Mhz, USB power
/// - 30cm RG316 soldered direct to RFM96W module ANT and GND
/// - SMA connector
/// - 12db attenuator
/// - SMA connector
/// - MiniKits AD8307 HF/VHF Power Head (calibrated against Rohde&Schwartz 806.2020 test set)
/// - Tektronix TDS220 scope to measure the Vout from power head
/// \code
/// Program power           Measured Power
///    dBm                         dBm
///      2                           5
///      4                           7
///      6                           8
///      8                          11
///     10                          13
///     12                          15
///     14                          16
///     16                          18
///     17                          20 
///     18                          21 
///     19                          22 
///     20                          23 
/// \endcode
///
/// We have also measured the actual power output from a Modtronix inAir4 http://modtronix.com/inair4.html
/// connected to a Teensy 3.1:
/// Teensy 3.1 this is a 3.3V part, connected directly to:
/// Modtronix inAir4 with SMA antenna connector, connected as above:
/// 10cm SMA-SMA cable
/// - MiniKits AD8307 HF/VHF Power Head (calibrated against Rohde&Schwartz 806.2020 test set)
/// - Tektronix TDS220 scope to measure the Vout from power head
/// \code
/// Program power           Measured Power
///    dBm                         dBm
///      0                         0
///      2                         2
///      3                         4
///      6                         7
///      8                         10
///      10                        13
///     12                         14.2
///     14                         15
///     15                         16
/// \endcode
/// (Caution: we dont claim laboratory accuracy for these power measurements)
/// You would not expect to get anywhere near these powers to air with a simple 1/4 wavelength wire antenna.
class RH_RF95 : public RHSPIDriver
{
public:
    /// \brief Defines register values for a set of modem configuration registers
    ///
    /// Defines register values for a set of modem configuration registers
    /// that can be passed to setModemRegisters() if none of the choices in
    /// ModemConfigChoice suit your need setModemRegisters() writes the
    /// register values from this structure to the appropriate registers
    /// to set the desired spreading factor, coding rate and bandwidth
    typedef struct
    {
	uint8_t    reg_1d;   ///< Value for register RH_RF95_REG_1D_MODEM_CONFIG1
	uint8_t    reg_1e;   ///< Value for register RH_RF95_REG_1E_MODEM_CONFIG2
	uint8_t    reg_26;   ///< Value for register RH_RF95_REG_26_MODEM_CONFIG3
    } ModemConfig;
  
    /// Choices for setModemConfig() for a selected subset of common
    /// data rates. If you need another configuration,
    /// determine the necessary settings and call setModemRegisters() with your
    /// desired settings. It might be helpful to use the LoRa calculator mentioned in 
    /// http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/LoraDesignGuide_STD.pdf
    /// These are indexes into MODEM_CONFIG_TABLE. We strongly recommend you use these symbolic
    /// definitions and not their integer equivalents: its possible that new values will be
    /// introduced in later versions (though we will try to avoid it).
    /// Caution: if you are using slow packet rates and long packets with RHReliableDatagram or subclasses
    /// you may need to change the RHReliableDatagram timeout for reliable operations.
    /// Caution: for some slow rates nad with ReliableDatagrams you may need to increase the reply timeout 
    /// with manager.setTimeout() to
    /// deal with the long transmission times.
    /// Caution: SX1276 family errata suggests alternate settings for some LoRa registers when 500kHz bandwidth
    /// is in use. See the Semtech SX1276/77/78 Errata Note. These are not implemented by RH_RF95.
    typedef enum
    {
	Bw125Cr45Sf128 = 0,	   ///< Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 128chips/symbol, CRC on. Default medium range
	Bw500Cr45Sf128,	           ///< Bw = 500 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 128chips/symbol, CRC on. Fast+short range
	Bw31_25Cr48Sf512,	   ///< Bw = 31.25 kHz, Cr = 4/8, Sf = 512chips/symbol, CRC on. Slow+long range
	Bw125Cr48Sf4096,           ///< Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/8, Sf = 4096chips/symbol, low data rate, CRC on. Slow+long range
	Bw125Cr45Sf2048,           ///< Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 2048chips/symbol, CRC on. Slow+long range
    } ModemConfigChoice;

    /// Constructor. You can have multiple instances, but each instance must have its own
    /// interrupt and slave select pin. After constructing, you must call init() to initialise the interface
    /// and the radio module. A maximum of 3 instances can co-exist on one processor, provided there are sufficient
    /// distinct interrupt lines, one for each instance.
    /// \param[in] slaveSelectPin the Arduino pin number of the output to use to select the RH_RF22 before
    /// accessing it. Defaults to the normal SS pin for your Arduino (D10 for Diecimila, Uno etc, D53 for Mega, D10 for Maple)
    /// \param[in] interruptPin The interrupt Pin number that is connected to the RFM DIO0 interrupt line. 
    /// Defaults to pin 2, as required by Anarduino MinWirelessLoRa module.
    /// Caution: You must specify an interrupt capable pin.
    /// On many Arduino boards, there are limitations as to which pins may be used as interrupts.
    /// On Leonardo pins 0, 1, 2 or 3. On Mega2560 pins 2, 3, 18, 19, 20, 21. On Due and Teensy, any digital pin.
    /// On Arduino Zero from arduino.cc, any digital pin other than 4.
    /// On Arduino M0 Pro from arduino.org, any digital pin other than 2.
    /// On other Arduinos pins 2 or 3. 
    /// See http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/attachInterrupt for more details.
    /// On Chipkit Uno32, pins 38, 2, 7, 8, 35.
    /// On other boards, any digital pin may be used.
    /// \param[in] spi Pointer to the SPI interface object to use. 
    ///                Defaults to the standard Arduino hardware SPI interface
    RH_RF95(uint8_t slaveSelectPin = SS, uint8_t interruptPin = 2, RHGenericSPI& spi = hardware_spi);
    
    /// Initialise the Driver transport hardware and software.
    /// Leaves the radio in idle mode,
    /// with default configuration of: 434.0MHz, 13dBm, Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 128chips/symbol, CRC on
    /// \return true if initialisation succeeded.
    virtual bool    init();

    /// Prints the value of all chip registers
    /// to the Serial device if RH_HAVE_SERIAL is defined for the current platform
    /// For debugging purposes only.
    /// \return true on success
    bool printRegisters();

    /// Sets all the registers required to configure the data modem in the radio, including the bandwidth, 
    /// spreading factor etc. You can use this to configure the modem with custom configurations if none of the 
    /// canned configurations in ModemConfigChoice suit you.
    /// \param[in] config A ModemConfig structure containing values for the modem configuration registers.
    void           setModemRegisters(const ModemConfig* config);

    /// Select one of the predefined modem configurations. If you need a modem configuration not provided 
    /// here, use setModemRegisters() with your own ModemConfig.
    /// Caution: the slowest protocols may require a radio module with TCXO temperature controlled oscillator
    /// for reliable operation.
    /// \param[in] index The configuration choice.
    /// \return true if index is a valid choice.
    bool        setModemConfig(ModemConfigChoice index);

    /// Tests whether a new message is available from the Driver. 
    /// On most drivers, this will also put the Driver into RHModeRx mode until
    /// a message is actually received by the transport, when it will be returned to RHModeIdle.
    /// This can be called multiple times in a timeout loop
    /// \return true if a new, complete, error-free uncollected message is available to be retreived by recv()
    virtual bool    available();

    /// Turns the receiver on if it not already on.
    /// If there is a valid message available, copy it to buf and return true
    /// else return false.
    /// If a message is copied, *len is set to the length (Caution, 0 length messages are permitted).
    /// You should be sure to call this function frequently enough to not miss any messages
    /// It is recommended that you call it in your main loop.
    /// \param[in] buf Location to copy the received message
    /// \param[in,out] len Pointer to available space in buf. Set to the actual number of octets copied.
    /// \return true if a valid message was copied to buf
    virtual bool    recv(uint8_t* buf, uint8_t* len);

    /// Waits until any previous transmit packet is finished being transmitted with waitPacketSent().
    /// Then optionally waits for Channel Activity Detection (CAD) 
    /// to show the channnel is clear (if the radio supports CAD) by calling waitCAD().
    /// Then loads a message into the transmitter and starts the transmitter. Note that a message length
    /// of 0 is permitted. 
    /// \param[in] data Array of data to be sent
    /// \param[in] len Number of bytes of data to send
    /// specify the maximum time in ms to wait. If 0 (the default) do not wait for CAD before transmitting.
    /// \return true if the message length was valid and it was correctly queued for transmit. Return false
    /// if CAD was requested and the CAD timeout timed out before clear channel was detected.
    virtual bool    send(const uint8_t* data, uint8_t len);

    /// Sets the length of the preamble
    /// in bytes. 
    /// Caution: this should be set to the same 
    /// value on all nodes in your network. Default is 8.
    /// Sets the message preamble length in RH_RF95_REG_??_PREAMBLE_?SB
    /// \param[in] bytes Preamble length in bytes.  
    void           setPreambleLength(uint16_t bytes);

    /// Returns the maximum message length 
    /// available in this Driver.
    /// \return The maximum legal message length
    virtual uint8_t maxMessageLength();

    /// Sets the transmitter and receiver 
    /// centre frequency.
    /// \param[in] centre Frequency in MHz. 137.0 to 1020.0. Caution: RFM95/96/97/98 comes in several
    /// different frequency ranges, and setting a frequency outside that range of your radio will probably not work
    /// \return true if the selected frquency centre is within range
    bool        setFrequency(float centre);

    /// If current mode is Rx or Tx changes it to Idle. If the transmitter or receiver is running, 
    /// disables them.
    void           setModeIdle();

    /// If current mode is Tx or Idle, changes it to Rx. 
    /// Starts the receiver in the RF95/96/97/98.
    void           setModeRx();

    /// If current mode is Rx or Idle, changes it to Rx. F
    /// Starts the transmitter in the RF95/96/97/98.
    void           setModeTx();

    /// Sets the transmitter power output level, and configures the transmitter pin.
    /// Be a good neighbour and set the lowest power level you need.
    /// Some SX1276/77/78/79 and compatible modules (such as RFM95/96/97/98) 
    /// use the PA_BOOST transmitter pin for high power output (and optionally the PA_DAC)
    /// while some (such as the Modtronix inAir4 and inAir9) 
    /// use the RFO transmitter pin for lower power but higher efficiency.
    /// You must set the appropriate power level and useRFO argument for your module.
    /// Check with your module manufacturer which transmtter pin is used on your module
    /// to ensure you are setting useRFO correctly. 
    /// Failure to do so will result in very low 
    /// transmitter power output.
    /// Caution: legal power limits may apply in certain countries.
    /// After init(), the power will be set to 13dBm, with useRFO false (ie PA_BOOST enabled).
    /// \param[in] power Transmitter power level in dBm. For RFM95/96/97/98 LORA with useRFO false, 
    /// valid values are from +2 to +20. For 18, 19 and 20, PA_DAC is enabled, 
    /// For Modtronix inAir4 and inAir9 with useRFO true (ie RFO pins in use), 
    /// valid values are from 0 to 15.
    /// \param[in] useRFO If true, enables the use of the RFO transmitter pins instead of
    /// the PA_BOOST pin (false). Choose the correct setting for your module.
    void           setTxPower(int8_t power, bool useRFO = false);

    /// Sets the radio into low-power sleep mode.
    /// If successful, the transport will stay in sleep mode until woken by 
    /// changing mode it idle, transmit or receive (eg by calling send(), recv(), available() etc)
    /// Caution: there is a time penalty as the radio takes a finite time to wake from sleep mode.
    /// \return true if sleep mode was successfully entered.
    virtual bool    sleep();

    // Bent G Christensen (bentor@gmail.com), 08/15/2016
    /// Use the radio's Channel Activity Detect (CAD) function to detect channel activity.
    /// Sets the RF95 radio into CAD mode and waits until CAD detection is complete.
    /// To be used in a listen-before-talk mechanism (Collision Avoidance)
    /// with a reasonable time backoff algorithm.
    /// This is called automatically by waitCAD().
    /// \return true if channel is in use.  
    virtual bool    isChannelActive();

    /// Enable TCXO mode
    /// Call this immediately after init(), to force your radio to use an external
    /// frequency source, such as a Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO), if available.
    /// See the comments in the main documentation about the sensitivity of this radio to
    /// clock frequency especially when using narrow bandwidths.
    /// Leaves the module in sleep mode.
    /// Caution: the TCXO model radios are not low power when in sleep (consuming
    /// about ~600 uA, reported by Phang Moh Lim.<br>
    /// Caution: if you enable TCXO and there is no exernal TCXO signal connected to the radio
    /// or if the exerrnal TCXO is not
    /// powered up, the radio <b>will not work<\b>
    /// \param[in] on If true (the default) enables the radio to use the external TCXO.
    void enableTCXO(bool on = true);

    /// Returns the last measured frequency error.
    /// The LoRa receiver estimates the frequency offset between the receiver centre frequency
    /// and that of the received LoRa signal. This function returns the estimates offset (in Hz) 
    /// of the last received message. Caution: this measurement is not absolute, but is measured 
    /// relative to the local receiver's oscillator. 
    /// Apparent errors may be due to the transmitter, the receiver or both.
    /// \return The estimated centre frequency offset in Hz of the last received message. 
    /// If the modem bandwidth selector in 
    /// register RH_RF95_REG_1D_MODEM_CONFIG1 is invalid, returns 0.
    int frequencyError();

    /// Returns the Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the last received message, as measured
    /// by the receiver.
    /// \return SNR of the last received message in dB
    int lastSNR();

    /// brian.n.norman@gmail.com 9th Nov 2018
    /// Sets the radio spreading factor.
    /// valid values are 6 through 12.
    /// Out of range values below 6 are clamped to 6
    /// Out of range values above 12 are clamped to 12
    /// See Semtech DS SX1276/77/78/79 page 27 regarding SF6 configuration.
    ///
    /// \param[in] uint8_t sf (spreading factor 6..12)
    /// \return nothing
    void     setSpreadingFactor(uint8_t sf);
 	
    /// brian.n.norman@gmail.com 9th Nov 2018
    /// Sets the radio signal bandwidth
    /// sbw ranges and resultant settings are as follows:-
    /// sbw range    actual bw (kHz)
    /// 0-7800       7.8
    /// 7801-10400   10.4
    /// 10401-15600  15.6
    /// 15601-20800  20.8
    /// 20801-31250  31.25
    /// 31251-41700	 41.7
    /// 41701-62500	 62.5
    /// 62501-12500  125.0
    /// 12501-250000 250.0
    /// >250000      500.0
    /// NOTE caution Earlier - Semtech do not recommend BW below 62.5 although, in testing
    /// I managed 31.25 with two devices in close proximity.
    /// \param[in] sbw long, signal bandwidth e.g. 125000
    void     setSignalBandwidth(long sbw);
 	
    /// brian.n.norman@gmail.com 9th Nov 2018
    /// Sets the coding rate to 4/5, 4/6, 4/7 or 4/8.
    /// Valid denominator values are 5, 6, 7 or 8. A value of 5 sets the coding rate to 4/5 etc.
    /// Values below 5 are clamped at 5
    /// values above 8 are clamped at 8.
    /// Default for all standard modem config options is 4/5.
    /// \param[in] denominator uint8_t range 5..8
    void     setCodingRate4(uint8_t denominator);
 	
    /// brian.n.norman@gmail.com 9th Nov 2018
    /// sets the low data rate flag if symbol time exceeds 16ms
    /// ref: https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/a-point-to-note-lora-low-data-rate-optimisation-flag/12007
    /// called by setBandwidth() and setSpreadingfactor() since these affect the symbol time.
    void 	 setLowDatarate();
 	
    /// brian.n.norman@gmail.com 9th Nov 2018
    /// Allows the CRC to be turned on/off. Default is true (enabled)
    /// When true, RH_RF95 sends a CRC in outgoing packets and requires a valid CRC to be
    /// present and correct on incoming packets.
    /// When false, does not send CRC in outgoing packets and does not require a CRC to be
    /// present on incoming packets. However if a CRC is present, it must be correct.
    /// Normally this should be left on (the default)
    /// so that packets with a bad CRC are rejected. If turned off you wil be much more likely to receive
    /// false noise packets.
    /// \param[in] on bool, true enables CRCs in incoming and outgoing packets, false disables them
    void setPayloadCRC(bool on);

    /// tilman_1@gloetzner.net
    /// Returns device version from register 42
    /// \param none
    /// \return uint8_t deviceID
    uint8_t getDeviceVersion();
    
protected:
    /// This is a low level function to handle the interrupts for one instance of RH_RF95.
    /// Called automatically by isr*()
    /// Should not need to be called by user code.
    void           handleInterrupt();

    /// Examine the revceive buffer to determine whether the message is for this node
    void validateRxBuf();

    /// Clear our local receive buffer
    void clearRxBuf();

    /// Called by RH_RF95 when the radio mode is about to change to a new setting.
    /// Can be used by subclasses to implement antenna switching etc.
    /// \param[in] mode RHMode the new mode about to take effect
    /// \return true if the subclasses changes successful
    virtual bool modeWillChange(RHMode) {return true;}
    
    /// False if the PA_BOOST transmitter output pin is to be used.
    /// True if the RFO transmitter output pin is to be used.
    bool                _useRFO;
    
private:
    /// Low level interrupt service routine for device connected to interrupt 0
    static void         isr0();

    /// Low level interrupt service routine for device connected to interrupt 1
    static void         isr1();

    /// Low level interrupt service routine for device connected to interrupt 1
    static void         isr2();

    /// Array of instances connected to interrupts 0 and 1
    static RH_RF95*     _deviceForInterrupt[];

    /// Index of next interrupt number to use in _deviceForInterrupt
    static uint8_t      _interruptCount;

    /// The configured interrupt pin connected to this instance
    uint8_t             _interruptPin;

    /// The index into _deviceForInterrupt[] for this device (if an interrupt is already allocated)
    /// else 0xff
    uint8_t             _myInterruptIndex;

    /// Number of octets in the buffer
    volatile uint8_t    _bufLen;
    
    /// The receiver/transmitter buffer
    uint8_t             _buf[RH_RF95_MAX_PAYLOAD_LEN];

    /// True when there is a valid message in the buffer
    volatile bool       _rxBufValid;

    /// True if we are using the HF port (779.0 MHz and above)
    bool                _usingHFport;

    /// Last measured SNR, dB
    int8_t              _lastSNR;

    /// If true, sends CRCs in every packet and requires a valid CRC in every received packet
    bool                _enableCRC;

    /// device ID
    uint8_t		_deviceVersion = 0x00;
    
};

/// @example rf95_client.pde
/// @example rf95_server.pde
/// @example rf95_encrypted_client.pde
/// @example rf95_encrypted_server.pde
/// @example rf95_reliable_datagram_client.pde
/// @example rf95_reliable_datagram_server.pde

#endif