From cd8bbfb17ad0342f13c6384cb6aba141d4317785 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Feb 2023 11:25:50 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 001/182] Created custom callables for different datatypes on
 cmd

Created custom callable classes for handling different datatypes for positional and optional arguments on the command line. Used ArgumentTypeError for exception management instead of ValueError since the former allows allows adding custom error messages.
---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 3a2e843c4a..03093cc4bd 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     module.usage(CMDLINE)
   except AttributeError:
     CMDLINE = None
-    raise
+    raise 
 
   ########################################################################################################################
   # Note that everything after this point will only be executed if the script is designed to operate against the library #
@@ -1101,6 +1101,88 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
            not group == self._positionals and \
            group.title not in ( 'options', 'optional arguments' )
 
+  class TypeBoolean:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      true_var = "True"
+      false_var = "False"
+      converted_value = None
+      if input_value.lower() == true_var.lower():
+        converted_value = True
+      elif input_value.lower() == false_var.lower():
+        converted_value = False
+      else:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not of type boolean')
+      return converted_value
+
+  class TypeIntegerSequence:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      seq_elements = input_value.split(',')
+      int_list = []
+      for i in seq_elements:
+        try:
+          converted_value = int(i)
+          int_list.append(converted_value)
+        except:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not an integer sequence')
+      return int_list
+  
+  class TypeFloatSequence:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      seq_elements = input_value.split(',')
+      float_list = []
+      for i in seq_elements:
+        try:
+          converted_value = float(i)
+          float_list.append(converted_value)
+        except:
+          argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not a float sequence')
+      return float_list
+
+  class TypeInputDirectory:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' does not exist')
+      elif not os.path.isdir(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a directory')
+      else:
+        return input_value
+
+  class TypeOutputDirectory:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+
+  class TypeInputFile:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' path does not exist')
+      elif not os.path.isfile(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a file')
+      else:
+        return input_value
+
+  class TypeOutputFile:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+
+  class TypeInputImage:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+
+  class TypeOutputImage:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+
+  class TypeInputTractogram:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a valid track file')
+      return input_value 
+
+  class TypeOutputTractogram:
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' must use the .tck suffix')
+      return input_value          
 
 
 

From 075db52f9f7c88b6505abc799c50d83d654c53b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Feb 2023 11:39:14 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 002/182] Used callable types in commands - mrtrix_cleanup and
 dwicat

Added newly defined callables (in app.py) for each positional and optional command line argument of mrtrix_cleanup and dwicat
---
 bin/dwicat         | 8 +++++---
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwicat b/bin/dwicat
index 22a135e71c..f8526ccd15 100755
--- a/bin/dwicat
+++ b/bin/dwicat
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ import json, shutil
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app
+
   cmdline.set_author('Lena Dorfschmidt (ld548@cam.ac.uk) and Jakub Vohryzek (jakub.vohryzek@queens.ox.ac.uk) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Concatenating multiple DWI series accounting for differential intensity scaling')
   cmdline.add_description('This script concatenates two or more 4D DWI series, accounting for the '
@@ -29,9 +31,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'This intensity scaling is corrected by determining scaling factors that will '
                           'make the overall image intensities in the b=0 volumes of each series approximately '
                           'equivalent.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index 4b938a1cc9..ee83dc2998 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@ POSTFIXES = [ 'B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB' ]
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app
+
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Clean up residual temporary files & scratch directories from MRtrix3 commands')
   cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location (and in sub-directories thereof) for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, and attempt to delete them.')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
   cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('path', help='Path from which to commence filesystem search')
+  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Path from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test', action='store_true', help='Run script in test mode: will list identified files / directories, but not attempt to delete them')
   cmdline.add_argument('-failed', metavar='file', nargs=1, help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])

From 8d91a38c27bb2340584b4c3ecb5d3c9556dd6096 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2023 12:20:00 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 003/182] Changes done as instructed in the review

Updated the logic for TypeBoolean class for consistency with C++ command-line behaviour
Added new checks in TypeInputTractogram class for file validation
---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 25 ++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 03093cc4bd..c85fd694d8 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1103,16 +1103,13 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
 
   class TypeBoolean:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      true_var = "True"
-      false_var = "False"
-      converted_value = None
-      if input_value.lower() == true_var.lower():
-        converted_value = True
-      elif input_value.lower() == false_var.lower():
-        converted_value = False
+      processed_value = input_value.lower().strip()
+      if processed_value.lower() == 'true' or processed_value == 'yes':
+        return True
+      elif processed_value.lower() == 'false' or processed_value == 'no':
+        return False
       else:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not of type boolean')
-      return converted_value
 
   class TypeIntegerSequence:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -1174,15 +1171,21 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
 
   class TypeInputTractogram:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
+      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' path does not exist')
+      elif not os.path.isfile(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a file')
+      elif not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a valid track file')
-      return input_value 
+      else:
+        return input_value 
 
   class TypeOutputTractogram:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' must use the .tck suffix')
-      return input_value          
+      else:
+        return input_value          
 
 
 

From ebd36cf76ae31041b5560558d9291aeb2905f6f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2023 12:24:33 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 004/182] Used callable types in few more commands

Added callables for each positional and optional command line argument in dwifslpreproc, dwigradcheck, dwishellmath, labelsgmfix, mask2glass, population_template and responsemean
---
 bin/dwifslpreproc       | 6 +++---
 bin/dwigradcheck        | 4 ++--
 bin/dwishellmath        | 4 ++--
 bin/labelsgmfix         | 9 +++++----
 bin/mask2glass          | 5 +++--
 bin/population_template | 5 +++--
 bin/responsemean        | 5 +++--
 7 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 9b982834ea..c5639d6f00 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Zsoldos, E. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images. NeuroImage, 2016, 141, 556-572', condition='If including "--repol" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Drobnjak, I.; Zhang, H.; Filippini, N. & Bastiani, M. Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images: Within volume movement. NeuroImage, 2017, 152, 450-466', condition='If including "--mporder" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812', condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', help='The output corrected image series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar=('PE'), help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
   pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar=('time'), type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index 664ef3c644..0d90dd02f7 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI series to be checked')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
   cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=10000, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
 
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 30ce230c01..15bf20431d 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image, where '
                           'each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), and '
                           'the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', help='The input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input diffusion MRI series')
   cmdline.add_argument('operation', choices=SUPPORTED_OPS, help='The operation to be applied to each shell; this must be one of the following: ' + ', '.join(SUPPORTED_OPS))
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', help='The output image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('To compute the mean diffusion-weighted signal in each b-value shell',
                             'dwishellmath dwi.mif mean shellmeans.mif')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index 0b55bd24ef..a04f7e0e12 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -30,15 +30,16 @@ import math, os
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('In a FreeSurfer parcellation image, replace the sub-cortical grey matter structure delineations using FSL FIRST')
   cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. The effects of SIFT on the reproducibility and biological accuracy of the structural connectome. NeuroImage, 2015, 104, 253-265')
-  cmdline.add_argument('parc',   help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('t1',     help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
-  cmdline.add_argument('lut',    help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', help='The output parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
+  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output parcellation image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', default=False, help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp', action='store_true', default=False, help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
 
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index bcc9b9ce51..353e63839e 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app
   cmdline.set_author('Remika Mito (remika.mito@florey.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Create a glass brain from mask input')
   cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a glass brain image, which can be viewed '
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'also operate on a floating-point image. One way in which this can be exploited is to compute the mean '
                           'of all subject masks within template space, in which case this script will produce a smoother result '
                           'than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', help='The input mask image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', help='The output glass brain image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input mask image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output glass brain image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, default=2, help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
   cmdline.add_argument('-scale', type=float, default=2.0, help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
   cmdline.add_argument('-smooth', type=float, default=1.0, help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index a0dc7aa918..dcdd2c84f8 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ AGGREGATION_MODES = ["mean", "median"]
 IMAGEEXT = 'mif nii mih mgh mgz img hdr'.split()
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app
   cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) & Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) & Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
   cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration (rigid and/or affine, both by default), then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
-  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
-  cmdline.add_argument("template", help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
+  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
+  cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index 115e7557d9..b075e6e8cb 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@ import math, os, sys
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Calculate the mean response function from a set of text files')
   cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')
   cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
   cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', help='The input response functions', nargs='+')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', help='The output mean response function')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='The input response functions file', nargs='+')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputFile(), help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy', action='store_true', help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command \'average_response\': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
 

From 298822949ed067860f208933b6fe96a7bbc5a14a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2023 13:00:51 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 005/182] Python API: Integrate argument types across commands

Co-authored-by: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
---
 bin/dwi2response                       |  8 ++++----
 bin/dwibiascorrect                     |  4 ++--
 bin/dwifslpreproc                      | 18 +++++++++---------
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup                     |  4 ++--
 bin/responsemean                       |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py      |  6 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py             |  8 ++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py             |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            |  6 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py     |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py           |  6 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py    |  8 ++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      |  8 ++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py         |  6 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py          |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py         |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py           |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |  6 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py |  8 ++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     |  8 ++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   | 12 ++++++------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py     |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py      |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      | 10 +++++-----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py |  6 +++---
 28 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 85a18606c5..809928ad5f 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # General options
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
-  common_options.add_argument('-mask', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
-  common_options.add_argument('-voxels', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-shells', help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
+  common_options.add_argument('-voxels', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), metavar='image', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.TypeFloatSequence(), help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.TypeIntegerSequence(), help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
diff --git a/bin/dwibiascorrect b/bin/dwibiascorrect
index 990b311207..e7e2a7d9d6 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/bin/dwibiascorrect
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms')
-  common_options.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', help='Manually provide a mask image for bias field estimation')
-  common_options.add_argument('-bias', metavar='image', help='Output the estimated bias field')
+  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation')
+  common_options.add_argument('-bias', type=app.Prser.TypeOutputImage(), metavar='image', help='Output an image containing the estimated bias field')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index c5639d6f00..42e6f0ade3 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -55,22 +55,22 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar=('PE'), help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
-  pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar=('time'), type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
+  pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
   distcorr_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', metavar=('image'), help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi', action='store_true', help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation, and the DWIs (more information in Description section)')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options', metavar=('" TopupOptions"'), help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_files', metavar=('prefix'), help='Provide files generated by prior execution of the FSL "topup" command to be utilised by eddy')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options', metavar='" TopupOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_files', metavar='prefix', help='Provide files generated by prior execution of the FSL "topup" command to be utilised by eddy')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'se_epi' ], False )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'align_seepi' ], False )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'topup_options' ], False )
   eddy_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for affecting the operation of the FSL "eddy" command')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask', metavar=('image'), help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', metavar=('file'), help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options', metavar=('" EddyOptions"'), help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), metavar='file', help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options', metavar='" EddyOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
   eddyqc_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for utilising EddyQC')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', metavar=('directory'), help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', metavar=('directory'), help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputDirectory(), metavar='directory', help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputDirectory(), metavar='directory', help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'eddyqc_text', 'eddyqc_all' ], False )
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index ee83dc2998..025f400f98 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location (and in sub-directories thereof) for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, and attempt to delete them.')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
   cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Path from which to commence filesystem search')
+  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test', action='store_true', help='Run script in test mode: will list identified files / directories, but not attempt to delete them')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', metavar='file', nargs=1, help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])
 
 
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index b075e6e8cb..662123d9fe 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')
   cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
   cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='The input response functions file', nargs='+')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
   cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputFile(), help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy', action='store_true', help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command \'average_response\': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index cdfbed3717..7832f31f32 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('freesurfer', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate the 5TT image based on a FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'freesurfer\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-lut', help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
+  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index e90e7399cb..00aa4bc1c6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57', is_external=True)
   parser.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
   parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input T1-weighted image')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input T1-weighted image')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fsl\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-t2', metavar='<T2 image>', help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
-  options.add_argument('-mask', help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
+  options.add_argument('-t2', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
+  options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
   options.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', help='Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'mask', 'premasked' ] )
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
index 36b4faf699..25c16e5052 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('gif', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Matteo Mancini (m.mancini@ucl.ac.uk)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate the 5TT image based on a Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
 
 
 def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index 1605d63b48..105c44cce7 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('hsvs', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image based on Hybrid Surface and Volume Segmentation (HSVS), using FreeSurfer and FSL tools')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('-template', help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-hippocampi', choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES))
   parser.add_argument('-thalami', choices=THALAMI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(THALAMI_CHOICES))
   parser.add_argument('-white_stem', action='store_true', help='Classify the brainstem as white matter')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
index 59664bb732..e59f1d2820 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Ricardo Rios (ricardo.rios@cimat.mx)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use AFNI 3dAutomask to derive a brain mask from the DWI mean b=0 image')
   parser.add_citation('RW Cox. AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29:162-173, 1996.', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'afni_3dautomask\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-clfrac', type=float, help='Set the \'clip level fraction\', must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.')
   options.add_argument('-nograd', action='store_true', help='The program uses a \'gradual\' clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
index 48a25475ad..cbdce39dad 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use ANTs Brain Extraction to derive a DWI brain mask')
   parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "ants" algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-template', metavar='TemplateImage MaskImage', nargs=2, help='Provide the template image and corresponding mask for antsBrainExtraction.sh to use; the template image should be T2-weighted.')
+  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image and corresponding mask for antsBrainExtraction.sh to use; the template image should be T2-weighted.')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index 4c3d1ed073..a3ac35ad7d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044',
                       condition='If ANTs software is used for registration',
                       is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "template" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-software', choices=SOFTWARES, help='The software to use for template registration; options are: ' + ','.join(SOFTWARES) + '; default is ' + DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
-  options.add_argument('-template', metavar='TemplateImage MaskImage', nargs=2, help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.')
+  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.')
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the ANTs software for registration')
   ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options', help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)')
   fsl_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the FSL software for registration')
   fsl_options.add_argument('-flirt_options', metavar='" FlirtOptions"', help='Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)')
-  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', metavar='FILE', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
+  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 022d09a5d7..90e40d0046 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('consensus', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a brain mask based on the consensus of all dwi2mask algorithms')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
-  options.add_argument('-masks', help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
-  options.add_argument('-template', metavar='TemplateImage MaskImage', nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
+  options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
+  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
   options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index 4c67cda5a1..17adc014fe 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the FSL Brain Extraction Tool (bet) to generate a brain mask')
   parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping, 2002, 17, 143-155', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=float, help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
   options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=float, help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_c', nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=float, nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
   options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=float, help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
   options.add_argument('-rescale', action='store_true', help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data')
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
index 6b51e397f6..03455ecda6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use HD-BET to derive a brain mask from the DWI mean b=0 image')
   parser.add_citation('Isensee F, Schell M, Tursunova I, Brugnara G, Bonekamp D, Neuberger U, Wick A, Schlemmer HP, Heiland S, Wick W, Bendszus M, Maier-Hein KH, Kickingereder P. Automated brain extraction of multi-sequence MRI using artificial neural networks. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24750', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
index dcba64a179..797d5ef285 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('legacy', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the legacy MRtrix3 dwi2mask heuristic (based on thresholded trace images)')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   parser.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                       type=int,
                       default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
index 30060fdd43..da32b17934 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mean', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a mask based on simply averaging all volumes in the DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'mean\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-shells', help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 823d36f95e..696dc87eca 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('trace', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('A method to generate a brain mask from trace images of b-value shells')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'trace\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', help='Comma separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
+  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.TypeFloatSequence(), help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=int,
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index faaedecd68..ef01c2d11d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Mito, R.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Improved white matter response function estimation for 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, 2019, 555',
                       condition='If -wm_algo option is not used')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='Input DWI dataset')
-  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', help='Output GM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', help='Output CSF response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Input DWI dataset')
+  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Output GM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index 5de851ac12..220321f928 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the old FA-threshold heuristic for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F.; Gadian, D. G. & Connelly, A. Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, 1176-1185')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fa\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
   options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index 0d69b56f12..994e3b9f13 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('manual', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Derive a response function using an input mask image alone (i.e. pre-selected voxels)')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('in_voxels', help='Input voxel selection mask')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='Output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('in_voxels', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Input voxel selection mask')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'manual\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', help='Manually provide the fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 30fe810355..9bcbea22cb 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Derive MSMT-CSD tissue response functions based on a co-registered five-tissue-type (5TT) image')
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Tournier, J.-D.; Dhollander, T.; Connelly, A. & Sijbers, J. Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('in_5tt', help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('out_wm', help='Output WM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', help='Output GM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', help='Output CSF response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('in_5tt', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('out_wm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output WM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output GM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output CSF response text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', help='Manually provide the fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
   options.add_argument('-pvf', type=float, default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, default='tournier', help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + '; default: tournier)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index 33e46f0db7..ddcce2a463 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tax et al. (2014) recursive calibration algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tax, C. M.; Jeurissen, B.; Vos, S. B.; Viergever, M. A. & Leemans, A. Recursive calibration of the fiber response function for spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 86, 67-80')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tax\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=float, default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
   options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 49c31bad0d..8e87a52a91 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tournier et al. (2013) iterative algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. Determination of the appropriate b-value and number of gradient directions for high-angular-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging. NMR Biomedicine, 2013, 26, 1775-1786')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tournier\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
   options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=int, default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
index baf8c7c963..c53df71e0a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for ANTs N4BiasFieldCorrection command')
   for key in sorted(OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION):
     ants_options.add_argument('-ants.'+key, metavar=OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][0], help='N4BiasFieldCorrection option -%s. %s' % (key,OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][1]))
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
index c82ce84707..247aafae4a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57', is_external=True)
   parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
   parser.add_description('The FSL \'fast\' command only estimates the bias field within a brain mask, and cannot extrapolate this smoothly-varying field beyond the defined mask. As such, this algorithm by necessity introduces a hard masking of the input DWI. Since this attribute may interfere with the purpose of using the command (e.g. correction of a bias field is commonly used to improve brain mask estimation), use of this particular algorithm is generally not recommended.')
-  parser.add_argument('input',  help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index 3911833978..a03e5eba67 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Performs a global DWI intensity normalisation on a group of subjects using the median b=0 white matter value as the reference')
   parser.add_description('The white matter mask is estimated from a population average FA template then warped back to each subject to perform the intensity normalisation. Note that bias field correction should be performed prior to this step.')
   parser.add_description('All input DWI files must contain an embedded diffusion gradient table; for this reason, these images must all be in either .mif or .mif.gz format.')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dir', help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dir', help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('fa_template', help='The output population specific FA template, which is threshold to estimate a white matter mask')
-  parser.add_argument('wm_mask', help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dir', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputDirectory(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
+  parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
   parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', default='0.4', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
index 5ac0500d41..5396ef6243 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('individual', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Intensity normalise a DWI series based on the b=0 signal within a supplied mask')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dwi', help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('input_mask', help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dwi', help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dwi', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input_mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dwi', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=float, default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
   parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=int, help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)

From 481462fed9de67bdbed1e0a9105baa3de4c714c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2023 15:33:16 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 006/182] Changed the syntax as per
 https://github.com/ankitasanil/mrtrix3/pull/1#issuecomment-1418494241

Used the new syntax as "type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage()" across all Python API commands
---
 bin/dwicat              | 6 +++---
 bin/dwifslpreproc       | 6 +++---
 bin/dwigradcheck        | 4 ++--
 bin/dwishellmath        | 4 ++--
 bin/labelsgmfix         | 8 ++++----
 bin/mask2glass          | 4 ++--
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup      | 2 +-
 bin/population_template | 4 ++--
 bin/responsemean        | 4 ++--
 9 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwicat b/bin/dwicat
index f8526ccd15..0231d31490 100755
--- a/bin/dwicat
+++ b/bin/dwicat
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'This intensity scaling is corrected by determining scaling factors that will '
                           'make the overall image intensities in the b=0 volumes of each series approximately '
                           'equivalent.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 42e6f0ade3..6c99dbe5dd 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Zsoldos, E. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images. NeuroImage, 2016, 141, 556-572', condition='If including "--repol" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Drobnjak, I.; Zhang, H.; Filippini, N. & Bastiani, M. Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images: Within volume movement. NeuroImage, 2017, 152, 450-466', condition='If including "--mporder" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812', condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar=('PE'), help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
   pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index 0d90dd02f7..1ec976e3c1 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
   cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=10000, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
 
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 15bf20431d..31313a908a 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image, where '
                           'each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), and '
                           'the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input diffusion MRI series')
   cmdline.add_argument('operation', choices=SUPPORTED_OPS, help='The operation to be applied to each shell; this must be one of the following: ' + ', '.join(SUPPORTED_OPS))
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('To compute the mean diffusion-weighted signal in each b-value shell',
                             'dwishellmath dwi.mif mean shellmeans.mif')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index a04f7e0e12..926305467b 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. The effects of SIFT on the reproducibility and biological accuracy of the structural connectome. NeuroImage, 2015, 104, 253-265')
-  cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
-  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
+  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output parcellation image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', default=False, help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp', action='store_true', default=False, help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
 
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index 353e63839e..bb5b1d3d93 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'also operate on a floating-point image. One way in which this can be exploited is to compute the mean '
                           'of all subject masks within template space, in which case this script will produce a smoother result '
                           'than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser().TypeInputImage(), help='The input mask image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='The output glass brain image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input mask image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output glass brain image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, default=2, help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
   cmdline.add_argument('-scale', type=float, default=2.0, help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
   cmdline.add_argument('-smooth', type=float, default=1.0, help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index 025f400f98..a28bafd178 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location (and in sub-directories thereof) for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, and attempt to delete them.')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
   cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
+  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test', action='store_true', help='Run script in test mode: will list identified files / directories, but not attempt to delete them')
   cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index dcdd2c84f8..c15f5b6042 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
   cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration (rigid and/or affine, both by default), then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
-  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
-  cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
+  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
+  cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index 662123d9fe..bb8cca9109 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')
   cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
   cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputFile(), help='The output mean response function file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy', action='store_true', help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command \'average_response\': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
 

From 54bca482ace8b52acd93b374b184cbd99244cbb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2023 16:18:54 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 007/182] Python API: Used Python list comprehension as per
 https://github.com/ankitasanil/mrtrix3/pull/1#discussion_r1096932040

Replaced the traditional for loop with list comprehension in TypeIntegerSequence and TypeFloatSequence classes
---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 22 ++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index c85fd694d8..3f5ee7b5d3 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1113,26 +1113,20 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
 
   class TypeIntegerSequence:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      seq_elements = input_value.split(',')
       int_list = []
-      for i in seq_elements:
-        try:
-          converted_value = int(i)
-          int_list.append(converted_value)
-        except:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not an integer sequence')
+      try:
+        int_list = [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
+      except (ValueError, NameError) as e:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not an integer sequence')
       return int_list
   
   class TypeFloatSequence:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      seq_elements = input_value.split(',')
       float_list = []
-      for i in seq_elements:
-        try:
-          converted_value = float(i)
-          float_list.append(converted_value)
-        except:
-          argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not a float sequence')
+      try:
+        float_list = [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
+      except (ValueError, NameError) as e:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not a float sequence')
       return float_list
 
   class TypeInputDirectory:

From cd339306dda6f992207038901518f56651116d1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 2023 17:17:15 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 008/182] population_template: Refine cmdline interface

---
 bin/population_template | 122 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index c15f5b6042..6d86676c8d 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -28,11 +28,21 @@ DEFAULT_NL_SCALES = [0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0
 DEFAULT_NL_NITER  = [  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5]
 DEFAULT_NL_LMAX   = [  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4]
 
+DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH = 2.0
+DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH = 1.0
+DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP = 0.5
+
 REGISTRATION_MODES = ['rigid', 'affine', 'nonlinear', 'rigid_affine', 'rigid_nonlinear', 'affine_nonlinear', 'rigid_affine_nonlinear']
 
-AGGREGATION_MODES = ["mean", "median"]
+AGGREGATION_MODES = ['mean', 'median']
+
+LINEAR_ESTIMATORS = ['l1', 'l2', 'lp', 'none']
+
+INITIAL_ALIGNMENT = ['mass', 'robust_mass', 'geometric', 'none']
 
-IMAGEEXT = 'mif nii mih mgh mgz img hdr'.split()
+LEAVE_ONE_OUT = ['0', '1', 'auto']
+
+IMAGEEXT = ['mif', 'nii', 'mih', 'mgh', 'mgz', 'img', 'hdr']
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app
@@ -44,43 +54,43 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
 
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause', action='store_true', help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction', action='store_true', help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), Default: None (no robust estimator used)')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly  define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, default='none', help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), Default: None (no robust estimator used)')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
 
   nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', default='2.0', help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default 2.0 x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', default='1.0', help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default 1.0 x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', default='0.5', help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: 0.5)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
-  options.add_argument('-type', help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
-  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma separated values.')
-  options.add_argument('-initial_alignment', default='mass', help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".')
-  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
-  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
-  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-template_mask', help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
+  options.add_argument('-type', choices=REGISTRATION_MODES, help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
+  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+  options.add_argument('-initial_alignment', choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, default='mass', help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".')
+  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
+  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputDirectory(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputDirectory(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
+  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputDirectory(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
   options.add_argument('-noreorientation', action='store_true', help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
-  options.add_argument('-leave_one_out', help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: 0, 1, auto. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) ')
-  options.add_argument('-aggregate', help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: %s. Default: mean' % ', '.join(AGGREGATION_MODES))
-  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', help='Comma separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+  options.add_argument('-leave_one_out', choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT, default='auto', help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: ' + ', '.join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT) + '. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) ')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregate', choices=AGGREGATION_MODES, help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: %s. Default: mean' % ', '.join(AGGREGATION_MODES))
+  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
   options.add_argument('-nanmask', action='store_true', help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
   options.add_argument('-copy_input', action='store_true', help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
   options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files', action='store_true', help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
@@ -268,7 +278,7 @@ class Contrasts:
       isfinite_count: list of str
         filenames of images holding (weighted) number of finite-valued voxels across all images
 
-      mc_weight_<mode>: list of str
+      mc_weight_<mode>: list of floats
         contrast-specific weight used during initialisation / registration
 
       <mode>_weight_option: list of str
@@ -314,7 +324,7 @@ class Contrasts:
       else:
         opt = ["1"] * n_contrasts
       self.__dict__['mc_weight_%s' % mode] = opt
-      self.__dict__['%s_weight_option' % mode] = ' -mc_weights '+','.join(opt)+' ' if n_contrasts > 1 else ''
+      self.__dict__['%s_weight_option' % mode] = ' -mc_weights '+','.join(str(item) for item in opt)+' ' if n_contrasts > 1 else ''
 
     if len(self.templates_out) != n_contrasts:
       raise MRtrixError('number of templates (%i) does not match number of input directories (%i)' %
@@ -629,15 +639,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   voxel_size = None
   if app.ARGS.voxel_size:
-    voxel_size = app.ARGS.voxel_size.split(',')
-    if len(voxel_size) == 1:
-      voxel_size = voxel_size * 3
-    try:
-      if len(voxel_size) != 3:
-        raise ValueError
-      [float(v) for v in voxel_size]  #pylint: disable=expression-not-assigned
-    except ValueError as exception:
-      raise MRtrixError('voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + str(app.ARGS.voxel_size)) from exception
+    voxel_size = app.ARGS.voxel_size
+    if len(voxel_size) not in [1, 3]:
+      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + ',',join(str(item for item in voxel_size)))
 
   agg_measure = 'mean'
   if app.ARGS.aggregate is not None:
@@ -761,7 +765,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # rigid options
   if app.ARGS.rigid_scale:
-    rigid_scales = [float(x) for x in app.ARGS.rigid_scale.split(',')]
+    rigid_scales = app.ARGS.rigid_scale
     if not dorigid:
       raise MRtrixError("rigid_scales option set when no rigid registration is performed")
   else:
@@ -769,7 +773,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.rigid_lmax:
     if not dorigid:
       raise MRtrixError("rigid_lmax option set when no rigid registration is performed")
-    rigid_lmax = [int(x) for x in app.ARGS.rigid_lmax.split(',')]
+    rigid_lmax = app.ARGS.rigid_lmax
     if do_fod_registration and len(rigid_scales) != len(rigid_lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('rigid_scales and rigid_lmax schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, lmax stages: %s' % (len(rigid_scales), len(rigid_lmax)))
   else:
@@ -779,7 +783,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.rigid_niter:
     if not dorigid:
       raise MRtrixError("rigid_niter specified when no rigid registration is performed")
-    rigid_niter = [int(x) for x in app.ARGS.rigid_niter.split(',')]
+    rigid_niter = app.ARGS.rigid_niter
     if len(rigid_niter) == 1:
       rigid_niter = rigid_niter * len(rigid_scales)
     elif len(rigid_scales) != len(rigid_niter):
@@ -787,7 +791,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # affine options
   if app.ARGS.affine_scale:
-    affine_scales = [float(x) for x in app.ARGS.affine_scale.split(',')]
+    affine_scales = app.ARGS.affine_scale
     if not doaffine:
       raise MRtrixError("affine_scale option set when no affine registration is performed")
   else:
@@ -795,7 +799,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.affine_lmax:
     if not doaffine:
       raise MRtrixError("affine_lmax option set when no affine registration is performed")
-    affine_lmax = [int(x) for x in app.ARGS.affine_lmax.split(',')]
+    affine_lmax = app.ARGS.affine_lmax
     if do_fod_registration and len(affine_scales) != len(affine_lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('affine_scales and affine_lmax schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, lmax stages: %s' % (len(affine_scales), len(affine_lmax)))
   else:
@@ -805,7 +809,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.affine_niter:
     if not doaffine:
       raise MRtrixError("affine_niter specified when no affine registration is performed")
-    affine_niter = [int(x) for x in app.ARGS.affine_niter.split(',')]
+    affine_niter = app.ARGS.affine_niter
     if len(affine_niter) == 1:
       affine_niter = affine_niter * len(affine_scales)
     elif len(affine_scales) != len(affine_niter):
@@ -843,7 +847,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if n_contrasts > 1:
     for cid in range(n_contrasts):
       app.console('\tcontrast "%s": %s, ' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid]) +
-                  'objective weight: %s' % cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid])
+                  'objective weight: %s' % ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]))
 
   if dolinear:
     app.console('-' * 60)
@@ -853,9 +857,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
         msg = '\tcontrast "%s": %s' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid])
         if 'rigid' in linear_type:
-          msg += ', objective weight rigid: %s' % cns.mc_weight_rigid[cid]
+          msg += ', objective weight rigid: %s' % ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_rigid[cid])
         if 'affine' in linear_type:
-          msg += ', objective weight affine: %s' % cns.mc_weight_affine[cid]
+          msg += ', objective weight affine: %s' % ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_affine[cid])
         app.console(msg)
 
     if do_fod_registration:
@@ -875,9 +879,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if app.ARGS.warp_dir:
       raise MRtrixError('warp_dir specified when no nonlinear registration is performed')
   else:
-    nl_scales = [float(x) for x in app.ARGS.nl_scale.split(',')] if app.ARGS.nl_scale else DEFAULT_NL_SCALES
-    nl_niter = [int(x) for x in app.ARGS.nl_niter.split(',')] if app.ARGS.nl_niter else DEFAULT_NL_NITER
-    nl_lmax = [int(x) for x in app.ARGS.nl_lmax.split(',')] if app.ARGS.nl_lmax else DEFAULT_NL_LMAX
+    nl_scales = app.ARGS.nl_scale if app.ARGS.nl_scale else DEFAULT_NL_SCALES
+    nl_niter = app.ARGS.nl_niter if app.ARGS.nl_niter else DEFAULT_NL_NITER
+    nl_lmax = app.ARGS.nl_lmax if app.ARGS.nl_lmax else DEFAULT_NL_LMAX
 
     if len(nl_scales) != len(nl_niter):
       raise MRtrixError('nl_scales and nl_niter schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, niter stages: %s' % (len(nl_scales), len(nl_niter)))
@@ -887,7 +891,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.console('-' * 60)
     if n_contrasts > 1:
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-        app.console('\tcontrast "%s": %s, objective weight: %s' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid], cns.mc_weight_nl[cid]))
+        app.console('\tcontrast "%s": %s, objective weight: %s' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid], ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_nl[cid])))
 
     if do_fod_registration:
       if len(nl_scales) != len(nl_lmax):
@@ -1040,9 +1044,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             else:
               run.command('mrconvert ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' robust/template.mif')
           if n_contrasts > 1:
-            cmd = ['mrcalc', inp.ims_path[cid], cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid], '-mult']
+            cmd = ['mrcalc', inp.ims_path[cid], ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]), '-mult']
             for cid in range(1, n_contrasts):
-              cmd += [inp.ims_path[cid], cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid], '-mult', '-add']
+              cmd += [inp.ims_path[cid], ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]), '-mult', '-add']
             contrast_weight_option = ''
             run.command(' '.join(cmd) +
                         ' - | mrfilter - zclean -zlower 3 -zupper 3 robust/image_' + inp.uid + '.mif'
@@ -1362,9 +1366,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                     ' -nl_warp_full ' + os.path.join('warps_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.mif') +
                     ' -transformed ' +
                     ' -transformed '.join([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for cid in range(n_contrasts)]) + ' ' +
-                    ' -nl_update_smooth ' + app.ARGS.nl_update_smooth +
-                    ' -nl_disp_smooth ' + app.ARGS.nl_disp_smooth +
-                    ' -nl_grad_step ' + app.ARGS.nl_grad_step +
+                    ' -nl_update_smooth ' + str(app.ARGS.nl_update_smooth) +
+                    ' -nl_disp_smooth ' + str(app.ARGS.nl_disp_smooth) +
+                    ' -nl_grad_step ' + str(app.ARGS.nl_grad_step) +
                     initialise_option +
                     contrast_weight_option +
                     scale_option +

From 9f3d624a1758497bd468e25555474825712adea0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2023 18:06:34 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 009/182] Change interfaces for robust linear registration
 estimators

Applies to both population-template and mrregister.
Makes "none" a valid selection of robust estimator in both cases.
---
 bin/population_template     | 13 +++++--------
 cmd/mrregister.cpp          | 10 ++++++++--
 src/registration/linear.cpp |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index 6d86676c8d..667e02b7d3 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause', action='store_true', help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction', action='store_true', help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, default='none', help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), Default: None (no robust estimator used)')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.')
   linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
   linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
   linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
@@ -662,11 +662,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('initial_alignment must be one of ' + " ".join(["mass", "robust_mass", "geometric", "none"]) + " provided: " + str(initial_alignment))
 
   linear_estimator = app.ARGS.linear_estimator
-  if linear_estimator and not linear_estimator.lower() == 'none':
-    if not dolinear:
-      raise MRtrixError('linear_estimator specified when no linear registration is requested')
-    if linear_estimator not in ["l1", "l2", "lp"]:
-      raise MRtrixError('linear_estimator must be one of ' + " ".join(["l1", "l2", "lp"]) + " provided: " + str(linear_estimator))
+  if linear_estimator is not None and not dolinear:
+    raise MRtrixError('linear_estimator specified when no linear registration is requested')
 
   use_masks = False
   mask_files = []
@@ -1174,7 +1171,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % (level - 1) if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt'))
           if do_fod_registration:
             lmax_option = ' -rigid_lmax ' + str(lmax)
-          if linear_estimator:
+          if linear_estimator is not None:
             metric_option = ' -rigid_metric.diff.estimator ' + linear_estimator
           if app.VERBOSITY >= 2:
             mrregister_log_option = ' -info -rigid_log ' + os.path.join('log', inp.uid + contrast[cid] + "_" + str(level) + '.log')
@@ -1188,7 +1185,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % (level - 1) if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt'))
           if do_fod_registration:
             lmax_option = ' -affine_lmax ' + str(lmax)
-          if linear_estimator:
+          if linear_estimator is not None:
             metric_option = ' -affine_metric.diff.estimator ' + linear_estimator
           if write_log:
             mrregister_log_option = ' -info -affine_log ' + os.path.join('log', inp.uid + contrast[cid] + "_" + str(level) + '.log')
diff --git a/cmd/mrregister.cpp b/cmd/mrregister.cpp
index df9001abad..78c64d0335 100644
--- a/cmd/mrregister.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrregister.cpp
@@ -445,8 +445,11 @@ void run () {
       case 2:
         rigid_estimator = Registration::LP;
         break;
-      default:
+      case 3:
+        rigid_estimator = Registration::None;
         break;
+      default:
+        assert (false);
     }
   }
 
@@ -590,8 +593,11 @@ void run () {
       case 2:
         affine_estimator = Registration::LP;
         break;
-      default:
+      case 3:
+        affine_estimator = Registration::None;
         break;
+      default:
+        assert (false);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/registration/linear.cpp b/src/registration/linear.cpp
index e0bb24790a..3c12bc9e04 100644
--- a/src/registration/linear.cpp
+++ b/src/registration/linear.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace MR
     const char* initialisation_rotation_choices[] = { "search", "moments", "none", nullptr };
 
     const char* linear_metric_choices[] = { "diff", "ncc", nullptr };
-    const char* linear_robust_estimator_choices[] = { "l1", "l2", "lp", nullptr };
+    const char* linear_robust_estimator_choices[] = { "l1", "l2", "lp", "none", nullptr };
     const char* linear_optimisation_algo_choices[] = { "bbgd", "gd", nullptr };
     const char* optim_algo_names[] = { "BBGD", "GD", nullptr };
 
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ namespace MR
                                   "l1 (least absolute: |x|), "
                                   "l2 (ordinary least squares), "
                                   "lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), "
+                                  "none (no robust estimator). "
                                   "Default: l2")
         + Argument ("type").type_choice (linear_robust_estimator_choices)
 

From 51ccc67ddd54e0c692602dffa5fa53475c9c36fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2023 13:52:32 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 010/182] Python API: Updated class names as per
 https://github.com/ankitasanil/mrtrix3/pull/1#issuecomment-1420052303

Updated class names across all commands to be in sync with C++ code
---
 bin/dwi2response                       |  8 ++---
 bin/dwibiascorrect                     |  4 +--
 bin/dwicat                             |  6 ++--
 bin/dwifslpreproc                      | 16 ++++-----
 bin/dwigradcheck                       |  4 +--
 bin/dwishellmath                       |  4 +--
 bin/labelsgmfix                        |  8 ++---
 bin/mask2glass                         |  4 +--
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup                     |  4 +--
 bin/population_template                | 46 +++++++++++++-------------
 bin/responsemean                       |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py      |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py             |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py             |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 20 +++++------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py     |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py           |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py    |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py         |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py          |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py         |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py           |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   | 12 +++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py     |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py      |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      | 10 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py |  6 ++--
 35 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 809928ad5f..2cb4794b37 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # General options
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
-  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
-  common_options.add_argument('-voxels', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), metavar='image', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.TypeFloatSequence(), help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.TypeIntegerSequence(), help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
+  common_options.add_argument('-voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.FloatSeq(), help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.IntSeq(), help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
diff --git a/bin/dwibiascorrect b/bin/dwibiascorrect
index e7e2a7d9d6..ba34aa32d4 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/bin/dwibiascorrect
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms')
-  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation')
-  common_options.add_argument('-bias', type=app.Prser.TypeOutputImage(), metavar='image', help='Output an image containing the estimated bias field')
+  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation')
+  common_options.add_argument('-bias', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Output an image containing the estimated bias field')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
diff --git a/bin/dwicat b/bin/dwicat
index 0231d31490..9dd8803291 100755
--- a/bin/dwicat
+++ b/bin/dwicat
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'This intensity scaling is corrected by determining scaling factors that will '
                           'make the overall image intensities in the b=0 volumes of each series approximately '
                           'equivalent.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 6c99dbe5dd..6e50b6deeb 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Zsoldos, E. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images. NeuroImage, 2016, 141, 556-572', condition='If including "--repol" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Drobnjak, I.; Zhang, H.; Filippini, N. & Bastiani, M. Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images: Within volume movement. NeuroImage, 2017, 152, 450-466', condition='If including "--mporder" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812', condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar=('PE'), help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
   pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
   distcorr_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi', action='store_true', help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation, and the DWIs (more information in Description section)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options', metavar='" TopupOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_files', metavar='prefix', help='Provide files generated by prior execution of the FSL "topup" command to be utilised by eddy')
@@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'align_seepi' ], False )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'topup_options' ], False )
   eddy_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for affecting the operation of the FSL "eddy" command')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), metavar='file', help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), metavar='file', help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options', metavar='" EddyOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
   eddyqc_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for utilising EddyQC')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputDirectory(), metavar='directory', help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputDirectory(), metavar='directory', help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'eddyqc_text', 'eddyqc_all' ], False )
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index 1ec976e3c1..dc6eaccdec 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
   cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=10000, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
 
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 31313a908a..58d55e3e5a 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image, where '
                           'each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), and '
                           'the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input diffusion MRI series')
   cmdline.add_argument('operation', choices=SUPPORTED_OPS, help='The operation to be applied to each shell; this must be one of the following: ' + ', '.join(SUPPORTED_OPS))
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output image series')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('To compute the mean diffusion-weighted signal in each b-value shell',
                             'dwishellmath dwi.mif mean shellmeans.mif')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index 926305467b..7485ed0e51 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. The effects of SIFT on the reproducibility and biological accuracy of the structural connectome. NeuroImage, 2015, 104, 253-265')
-  cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
-  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
+  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output parcellation image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', default=False, help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp', action='store_true', default=False, help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
 
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index bb5b1d3d93..193e81319e 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'also operate on a floating-point image. One way in which this can be exploited is to compute the mean '
                           'of all subject masks within template space, in which case this script will produce a smoother result '
                           'than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input mask image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output glass brain image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input mask image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output glass brain image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, default=2, help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
   cmdline.add_argument('-scale', type=float, default=2.0, help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
   cmdline.add_argument('-smooth', type=float, default=1.0, help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index a28bafd178..d82c56d550 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location (and in sub-directories thereof) for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, and attempt to delete them.')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
   cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
+  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test', action='store_true', help='Run script in test mode: will list identified files / directories, but not attempt to delete them')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])
 
 
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index 667e02b7d3..38999c19bd 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -50,47 +50,47 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
   cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration (rigid and/or affine, both by default), then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
-  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
-  cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
+  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
+  cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
 
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause', action='store_true', help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction', action='store_true', help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
 
   nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().TypeIntegerSequence(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
   options.add_argument('-type', choices=REGISTRATION_MODES, help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
-  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser().TypeFloatSequence(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
   options.add_argument('-initial_alignment', choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, default='mass', help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".')
-  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeInputDirectory(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
-  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputDirectory(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputDirectory(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
-  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputDirectory(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser().TypeOutputImage(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
+  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
+  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
+  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser().ImageOut(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
   options.add_argument('-noreorientation', action='store_true', help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
   options.add_argument('-leave_one_out', choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT, default='auto', help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: ' + ', '.join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT) + '. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) ')
   options.add_argument('-aggregate', choices=AGGREGATION_MODES, help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: %s. Default: mean' % ', '.join(AGGREGATION_MODES))
-  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser().TypeInputFile(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser().ArgFileIn(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
   options.add_argument('-nanmask', action='store_true', help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
   options.add_argument('-copy_input', action='store_true', help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
   options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files', action='store_true', help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.voxel_size:
     voxel_size = app.ARGS.voxel_size
     if len(voxel_size) not in [1, 3]:
-      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + ',',join(str(item for item in voxel_size)))
+      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + ','.join(str(item for item in voxel_size)))
 
   agg_measure = 'mean'
   if app.ARGS.aggregate is not None:
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index bb8cca9109..f4c0e3b153 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')
   cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
   cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output mean response function file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy', action='store_true', help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command \'average_response\': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index 7832f31f32..995eb433ff 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('freesurfer', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate the 5TT image based on a FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'freesurfer\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
+  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index 00aa4bc1c6..c3c132fe3d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57', is_external=True)
   parser.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
   parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input T1-weighted image')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input T1-weighted image')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fsl\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-t2', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar='image', help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
-  options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
+  options.add_argument('-t2', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
+  options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
   options.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', help='Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'mask', 'premasked' ] )
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
index 25c16e5052..a0231bebf8 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('gif', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Matteo Mancini (m.mancini@ucl.ac.uk)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate the 5TT image based on a Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
 
 
 def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index 105c44cce7..9fe95b1fa0 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('hsvs', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image based on Hybrid Surface and Volume Segmentation (HSVS), using FreeSurfer and FSL tools')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-hippocampi', choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES))
   parser.add_argument('-thalami', choices=THALAMI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(THALAMI_CHOICES))
   parser.add_argument('-white_stem', action='store_true', help='Classify the brainstem as white matter')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 3f5ee7b5d3..ebd113c61e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       else:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not of type boolean')
 
-  class TypeIntegerSequence:
+  class IntSeq:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       int_list = []
       try:
@@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not an integer sequence')
       return int_list
   
-  class TypeFloatSequence:
+  class FloatSeq:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       float_list = []
       try:
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not a float sequence')
       return float_list
 
-  class TypeInputDirectory:
+  class ArgDirectoryIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not os.path.exists(input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' does not exist')
@@ -1138,11 +1138,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       else:
         return input_value
 
-  class TypeOutputDirectory:
+  class ArgDirectoryOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
-  class TypeInputFile:
+  class ArgFileIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not os.path.exists(input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' path does not exist')
@@ -1151,19 +1151,19 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       else:
         return input_value
 
-  class TypeOutputFile:
+  class ArgFileOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
-  class TypeInputImage:
+  class ImageIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
-  class TypeOutputImage:
+  class ImageOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
-  class TypeInputTractogram:
+  class TracksIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not os.path.exists(input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' path does not exist')
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       else:
         return input_value 
 
-  class TypeOutputTractogram:
+  class TracksOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' must use the .tck suffix')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
index e59f1d2820..e4f7bcc3bd 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Ricardo Rios (ricardo.rios@cimat.mx)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use AFNI 3dAutomask to derive a brain mask from the DWI mean b=0 image')
   parser.add_citation('RW Cox. AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29:162-173, 1996.', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'afni_3dautomask\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-clfrac', type=float, help='Set the \'clip level fraction\', must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.')
   options.add_argument('-nograd', action='store_true', help='The program uses a \'gradual\' clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
index cbdce39dad..64c1649682 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use ANTs Brain Extraction to derive a DWI brain mask')
   parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "ants" algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image and corresponding mask for antsBrainExtraction.sh to use; the template image should be T2-weighted.')
+  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image and corresponding mask for antsBrainExtraction.sh to use; the template image should be T2-weighted.')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index a3ac35ad7d..bd02e416e2 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044',
                       condition='If ANTs software is used for registration',
                       is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "template" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-software', choices=SOFTWARES, help='The software to use for template registration; options are: ' + ','.join(SOFTWARES) + '; default is ' + DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
-  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.')
+  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.')
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the ANTs software for registration')
   ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options', help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)')
   fsl_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the FSL software for registration')
   fsl_options.add_argument('-flirt_options', metavar='" FlirtOptions"', help='Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)')
-  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.TypeInputFile(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
+  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 90e40d0046..372f913d2a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('consensus', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a brain mask based on the consensus of all dwi2mask algorithms')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
-  options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
-  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
+  options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
+  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
   options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index 17adc014fe..4a8cee3995 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the FSL Brain Extraction Tool (bet) to generate a brain mask')
   parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping, 2002, 17, 143-155', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=float, help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
   options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=float, help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
index 03455ecda6..a70be49d1a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use HD-BET to derive a brain mask from the DWI mean b=0 image')
   parser.add_citation('Isensee F, Schell M, Tursunova I, Brugnara G, Bonekamp D, Neuberger U, Wick A, Schlemmer HP, Heiland S, Wick W, Bendszus M, Maier-Hein KH, Kickingereder P. Automated brain extraction of multi-sequence MRI using artificial neural networks. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24750', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
index 797d5ef285..113e51c4dc 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('legacy', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the legacy MRtrix3 dwi2mask heuristic (based on thresholded trace images)')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   parser.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                       type=int,
                       default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
index da32b17934..042dc5ba8b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mean', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a mask based on simply averaging all volumes in the DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'mean\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-shells', help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 696dc87eca..6f6e3d6dfb 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('trace', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('A method to generate a brain mask from trace images of b-value shells')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'trace\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.TypeFloatSequence(), help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
+  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.FloatSeq(), help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=int,
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index ef01c2d11d..c146f57a02 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Mito, R.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Improved white matter response function estimation for 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, 2019, 555',
                       condition='If -wm_algo option is not used')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Input DWI dataset')
-  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Output GM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input DWI dataset')
+  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index 220321f928..fd17765f3f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the old FA-threshold heuristic for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F.; Gadian, D. G. & Connelly, A. Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, 1176-1185')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fa\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
   options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index 994e3b9f13..af2ce7a5de 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('manual', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Derive a response function using an input mask image alone (i.e. pre-selected voxels)')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('in_voxels', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Input voxel selection mask')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('in_voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input voxel selection mask')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'manual\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 9bcbea22cb..4e92dfcd37 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Derive MSMT-CSD tissue response functions based on a co-registered five-tissue-type (5TT) image')
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Tournier, J.-D.; Dhollander, T.; Connelly, A. & Sijbers, J. Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('in_5tt', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('out_wm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output WM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output GM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='Output CSF response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('in_5tt', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('out_wm', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output WM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output GM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
   options.add_argument('-pvf', type=float, default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, default='tournier', help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + '; default: tournier)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index ddcce2a463..c7024e219f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tax et al. (2014) recursive calibration algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tax, C. M.; Jeurissen, B.; Vos, S. B.; Viergever, M. A. & Leemans, A. Recursive calibration of the fiber response function for spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 86, 67-80')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tax\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=float, default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
   options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 8e87a52a91..0dbe589df6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tournier et al. (2013) iterative algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. Determination of the appropriate b-value and number of gradient directions for high-angular-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging. NMR Biomedicine, 2013, 26, 1775-1786')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputFile(), help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tournier\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
   options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=int, default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
index c53df71e0a..d3b2e567f5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for ANTs N4BiasFieldCorrection command')
   for key in sorted(OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION):
     ants_options.add_argument('-ants.'+key, metavar=OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][0], help='N4BiasFieldCorrection option -%s. %s' % (key,OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][1]))
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
index 247aafae4a..95842be1d5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57', is_external=True)
   parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
   parser.add_description('The FSL \'fast\' command only estimates the bias field within a brain mask, and cannot extrapolate this smoothly-varying field beyond the defined mask. As such, this algorithm by necessity introduces a hard masking of the input DWI. Since this attribute may interfere with the purpose of using the command (e.g. correction of a bias field is commonly used to improve brain mask estimation), use of this particular algorithm is generally not recommended.')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index a03e5eba67..7e6f1e8e63 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Performs a global DWI intensity normalisation on a group of subjects using the median b=0 white matter value as the reference')
   parser.add_description('The white matter mask is estimated from a population average FA template then warped back to each subject to perform the intensity normalisation. Note that bias field correction should be performed prior to this step.')
   parser.add_description('All input DWI files must contain an embedded diffusion gradient table; for this reason, these images must all be in either .mif or .mif.gz format.')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dir', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', type=app.Parser.TypeInputDirectory(), help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputDirectory(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
-  parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dir', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryOut(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
+  parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
   parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', default='0.4', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
index 5396ef6243..92716de89c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('individual', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Intensity normalise a DWI series based on the b=0 signal within a supplied mask')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dwi', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('input_mask', type=app.Parser.TypeInputImage(), help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dwi', type=app.Parser.TypeOutputImage(), help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=float, default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
   parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=int, help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)

From 47fec95ef66b99f2f2fcbf8d071a13f1c7560503 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2023 14:33:46 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 011/182] Modifications in existing code to handle new argument
 types

---
 bin/dwi2response               | 4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 2cb4794b37..80cbbf4ed1 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Sanitise some inputs, and get ready for data import
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     try:
-      lmax = [ int(x) for x in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',') ]
+      lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
       if any(lmax_value%2 for lmax_value in lmax):
         raise MRtrixError('Value of lmax must be even')
     except ValueError as exception:
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   shells_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.shells:
     try:
-      shells_values = [ int(round(float(x))) for x in app.ARGS.shells.split(',') ]
+      shells_values = [ int(round(x)) for x in app.ARGS.shells ]
     except ValueError as exception:
       raise MRtrixError('-shells option should provide a comma-separated list of b-values') from exception
     if alg.needs_single_shell() and not len(shells_values) == 1:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index 4a8cee3995..36718f146f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.bet_r is not None:
     cmd_string += ' -r ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_r)
   if app.ARGS.bet_c is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -c ' + ' '.join(app.ARGS.bet_c)
+    cmd_string += ' -c ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_c)
 
   # Running BET command
   run.command(cmd_string)

From b72c2116275ba2661d0241d6032f62b3b8ae3c3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Feb 2023 16:18:41 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 012/182] Modifications in existing code to handle new argument
 types (contd.)

---
 bin/dwi2response                       | 2 +-
 bin/population_template                | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py         | 4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        | 2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   | 2 +-
 10 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 80cbbf4ed1..2e17e2b3a8 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError('-shells option should provide a comma-separated list of b-values') from exception
     if alg.needs_single_shell() and not len(shells_values) == 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single b-value shell for single-shell algorithms')
-    shells_option = ' -shells ' + app.ARGS.shells
+    shells_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.shells)
   singleshell_option = ''
   if alg.needs_single_shell():
     singleshell_option = ' -singleshell -no_bzero'
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index 38999c19bd..c6662b016a 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.voxel_size:
     voxel_size = app.ARGS.voxel_size
     if len(voxel_size) not in [1, 3]:
-      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + ','.join(str(item for item in voxel_size)))
+      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in voxel_size))
 
   agg_measure = 'mean'
   if app.ARGS.aggregate is not None:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index 36718f146f..7c6f2da72a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=float, help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
   options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=float, help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=float, nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.FloatSeq(), nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
   options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=float, help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
   options.add_argument('-rescale', action='store_true', help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data')
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.bet_r is not None:
     cmd_string += ' -r ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_r)
   if app.ARGS.bet_c is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -c ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_c)
+    cmd_string += ' -c ' + ' '.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.bet_c)
 
   # Running BET command
   run.command(cmd_string)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 6f6e3d6dfb..6dc4008372 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   if app.ARGS.shells:
-    run.command('dwiextract input.mif input_shells.mif -shells ' + app.ARGS.shells)
+    run.command('dwiextract input.mif input_shells.mif -shells ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.shells))
     run.command('dwishellmath input_shells.mif mean shell_traces.mif')
   else:
     run.command('dwishellmath input.mif mean shell_traces.mif')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index c146f57a02..54bb769449 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get lmax information (if provided).
   sfwm_lmax = [ ]
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    sfwm_lmax = [ int(x.strip()) for x in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',') ]
+    sfwm_lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if not len(sfwm_lmax) == len(bvalues):
       raise MRtrixError('Number of lmax\'s (' + str(len(sfwm_lmax)) + ', as supplied to the -lmax option: ' + ','.join(map(str,sfwm_lmax)) + ') does not match number of unique b-values.')
     for sfl in sfwm_lmax:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index fd17765f3f..0309d765c6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('Need at least 2 unique b-values (including b=0).')
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + app.ARGS.lmax
+    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
   if not app.ARGS.mask:
     run.command('maskfilter mask.mif erode mask_eroded.mif -npass ' + str(app.ARGS.erode))
     mask_path = 'mask_eroded.mif'
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index af2ce7a5de..1a8acb473c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get lmax information (if provided)
   lmax = [ ]
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax = [ int(x.strip()) for x in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',') ]
+    lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if not len(lmax) == len(shells):
       raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-value shells (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
     for shell_l in lmax:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 4e92dfcd37..d98cd4d77a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get lmax information (if provided)
   wm_lmax = [ ]
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    wm_lmax = [ int(x.strip()) for x in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',') ]
+    wm_lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if not len(wm_lmax) == len(shells):
       raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(wm_lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-values (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
     for shell_l in wm_lmax:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index c7024e219f..eddae00138 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + app.ARGS.lmax
+    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
 
   convergence_change = 0.01 * app.ARGS.convergence
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 0dbe589df6..4f7c0fd8e1 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + app.ARGS.lmax
+    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
 
   if app.ARGS.max_iters < 2:
     raise MRtrixError('Number of iterations must be at least 2')

From 6dcfe5353c171a7a86aa2109b175f667aecf1fb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Feb 2023 16:28:52 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 013/182] Added inheritance for TracksIn checks as per
 (https://github.com/ankitasanil/mrtrix3/pull/1#discussion_r1099607175)

Implemented class inheritance to avoid duplicate checks for tractogram input files. Instead, reused the checks from ArgFileIn type via inheritance.
---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index ebd113c61e..22cabad538 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
            not group == self._positionals and \
            group.title not in ( 'options', 'optional arguments' )
 
-  class TypeBoolean:
+  class Boolean:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       processed_value = input_value.lower().strip()
       if processed_value.lower() == 'true' or processed_value == 'yes':
@@ -1163,13 +1163,10 @@ class ImageOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
-  class TracksIn:
+  class TracksIn(ArgFileIn):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' path does not exist')
-      elif not os.path.isfile(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a file')
-      elif not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
+      super().__call__(input_value)
+      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a valid track file')
       else:
         return input_value 

From 935a8aa2821515ad31fe008ef1cfe9bb10fd49ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Mar 2023 16:49:18 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 014/182] Python API: Ability to handle piped commands

Changes for handling piped images in the Python API scripts. However, this implementation does not include deletion of the temp/piped images at the end of the command execution.
---
 core/signal_handler.cpp | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py      |  5 +++++
 lib/mrtrix3/image.py    |  4 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/run.py      |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/signal_handler.cpp b/core/signal_handler.cpp
index 51f782a361..db3eb75f90 100644
--- a/core/signal_handler.cpp
+++ b/core/signal_handler.cpp
@@ -135,9 +135,25 @@ namespace MR
 
     void mark_file_for_deletion (const std::string& filename)
     {
-      while (!flag.test_and_set());
-      marked_files.push_back (filename);
-      flag.clear();
+      //ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE
+      //ENVVAR This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
+      //ENVVAR should be deleted or retained for further processing.
+      //ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API, 
+      //ENVVAR it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
+      //ENVVAR the piped commands are executed.
+      char* MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE");
+      if (MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE != NULL) {
+        if(strcmp(MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE,"no") != 0) {
+          while (!flag.test_and_set());
+          marked_files.push_back (filename);
+          flag.clear();
+        }
+      }
+      else{
+        while (!flag.test_and_set());
+        marked_files.push_back (filename);
+        flag.clear();
+      }  
     }
 
     void unmark_file_for_deletion (const std::string& filename)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 22cabad538..aa25ce24bf 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1157,6 +1157,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
 
   class ImageIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if(input_value == '-'):
+        if not sys.stdin.isatty():
+          input_value = sys.stdin.read().strip()
+        else:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input unavailable in stdin from command before pipe.')
       return input_value
 
   class ImageOut:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
index 9f0ecc6d86..83becc5c1f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class Header:
   def __init__(self, image_path):
     from mrtrix3 import app, path, run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
     filename = path.name_temporary('json')
-    command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-json_all', filename ]
+    command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-json_all', filename, '-nodelete' ]
     if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
       app.console('Loading header for image file \'' + image_path + '\'')
     app.debug(str(command))
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def check_3d_nonunity(image_in): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 #   form is not performed by this function.
 def mrinfo(image_path, field): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app, run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-' + field ]
+  command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-' + field, '-nodelete' ]
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
     app.console('Command: \'' + ' '.join(command) + '\' (piping data to local storage)')
   with subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=None) as proc:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
index e4d22ad853..572f7f2864 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ def __init__(self):
     self._scratch_dir = None
     self.verbosity = 1
 
+    self.env['MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE'] = 'no'
+
   # Acquire a unique index
   # This ensures that if command() is executed in parallel using different threads, they will
   #   not interfere with one another; but terminate() will also have access to all relevant data

From e749fe92354a7e8abb462ee90508f7cab512b033 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankita Sanil <ankitasanil@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2023 08:49:46 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 015/182] Changes for output image piping

The current implementation is temporary since it doesn't cover all the use-cases. However, it supports a working scenario.
---
 bin/dwishellmath   | 5 +++++
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 58d55e3e5a..01fa108f23 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  import sys
+  
   # check inputs and outputs
   dwi_header = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
   if len(dwi_header.size()) != 4:
@@ -63,6 +65,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # make a 4D image with one volume
     app.warn('Only one unique b-value present in DWI data; command mrmath with -axis 3 option may be preferable')
     run.command('mrconvert ' + files[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output) + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1', mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  
+  if('mrtrix-tmp-' in app.ARGS.output):
+    sys.stdout.write(app.ARGS.output)
 
 
 # Execute the script
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index aa25ce24bf..8fa6779c7c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1166,6 +1166,9 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
 
   class ImageOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if(input_value == '-'):
+        result_str = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for i in range(6))
+        input_value = 'mrtrix-tmp-' + result_str + '.mif'
       return input_value
 
   class TracksIn(ArgFileIn):

From a830bf42a8abd357c64d0390b6e637e252bc43e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 12 Jul 2023 21:17:15 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 016/182] Python CLI: Tweaks to custom types

Primarily renaming of classes to more closely echo the modifier functions that are used in the C++ usage() function rather than the enumeration that is hidden from most developers.
---
 bin/dwi2response                       |  4 +-
 bin/dwifslpreproc                      |  8 +--
 bin/labelsgmfix                        |  2 +-
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup                     |  4 +-
 bin/population_template                | 42 ++++++------
 bin/responsemean                       |  4 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py      |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 93 ++++++++++++--------------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py    |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py         |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   |  6 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      |  6 +-
 19 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 2e17e2b3a8..4429330540 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
   common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
   common_options.add_argument('-voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.FloatSeq(), help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.IntSeq(), help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 6e50b6deeb..135f756953 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812', condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
   cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar=('PE'), help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
   pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'topup_options' ], False )
   eddy_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for affecting the operation of the FSL "eddy" command')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), metavar='file', help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options', metavar='" EddyOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
   eddyqc_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for utilising EddyQC')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'eddyqc_text', 'eddyqc_all' ], False )
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index 7485ed0e51..82affcbc20 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. The effects of SIFT on the reproducibility and biological accuracy of the structural connectome. NeuroImage, 2015, 104, 253-265')
   cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
   cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
-  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
+  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
   cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output parcellation image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', default=False, help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp', action='store_true', default=False, help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index d82c56d550..feb5d63d09 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location (and in sub-directories thereof) for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, and attempt to delete them.')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
   cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
+  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test', action='store_true', help='Run script in test mode: will list identified files / directories, but not attempt to delete them')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])
 
 
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index c6662b016a..42aee18761 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -50,47 +50,47 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
   cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration (rigid and/or affine, both by default), then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
-  cmdline.add_argument("input_dir", nargs='+', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
-  cmdline.add_argument("template", type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input_dir', nargs='+', help='Input directory containing all images used to build the template')
+  cmdline.add_argument('template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Corresponding output template image. For multi-contrast registration, provide multiple paired input_dir and template arguments. Example: WM_dir WM_template.mif GM_dir GM_template.mif')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
 
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause', action='store_true', help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction', action='store_true', help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
 
   nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().IntSeq(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
   options.add_argument('-type', choices=REGISTRATION_MODES, help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
-  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser().FloatSeq(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
   options.add_argument('-initial_alignment', choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, default='mass', help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".')
-  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
-  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
-  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser().ArgDirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryIn(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
+  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
+  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
   options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser().ImageOut(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
   options.add_argument('-noreorientation', action='store_true', help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
   options.add_argument('-leave_one_out', choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT, default='auto', help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: ' + ', '.join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT) + '. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) ')
   options.add_argument('-aggregate', choices=AGGREGATION_MODES, help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: %s. Default: mean' % ', '.join(AGGREGATION_MODES))
-  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser().ArgFileIn(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser().FileIn(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
   options.add_argument('-nanmask', action='store_true', help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
   options.add_argument('-copy_input', action='store_true', help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
   options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files', action='store_true', help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index f4c0e3b153..f0d59f1f8c 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')
   cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
   cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output mean response function file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy', action='store_true', help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command \'average_response\': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index 995eb433ff..2577693d32 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'freesurfer\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
+  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index 9fe95b1fa0..c25e71c067 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('hsvs', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image based on Hybrid Surface and Volume Segmentation (HSVS), using FreeSurfer and FSL tools')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-hippocampi', choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES))
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 8fa6779c7c..dddba926d9 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     module.usage(CMDLINE)
   except AttributeError:
     CMDLINE = None
-    raise 
+    raise
 
   ########################################################################################################################
   # Note that everything after this point will only be executed if the script is designed to operate against the library #
@@ -1101,90 +1101,85 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
            not group == self._positionals and \
            group.title not in ( 'options', 'optional arguments' )
 
-  class Boolean:
+  # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
+  class Bool:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      processed_value = input_value.lower().strip()
-      if processed_value.lower() == 'true' or processed_value == 'yes':
+      processed_value = input_value.strip().lower()
+      if processed_value in ['true', 'yes']:
         return True
-      elif processed_value.lower() == 'false' or processed_value == 'no':
+      if processed_value in ['false', 'no']:
         return False
-      else:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not of type boolean')
+      try:
+        processed_value = int(processed_value)
+      except ValueError:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as boolean value"')
+      return bool(processed_value)
 
-  class IntSeq:
+  class SequenceInt:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      int_list = []
       try:
-        int_list = [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
-      except (ValueError, NameError) as e:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not an integer sequence')
-      return int_list
-  
-  class FloatSeq:
+        return [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
+      except ValueError:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer sequence')
+
+  class SequenceFloat:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      float_list = []
       try:
-        float_list = [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
-      except (ValueError, NameError) as e:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Entered value is not a float sequence')
-      return float_list
+        return [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
+      except ValueError:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point sequence')
 
-  class ArgDirectoryIn:
+  class DirectoryIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' does not exist')
-      elif not os.path.isdir(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a directory')
-      else:
-        return input_value
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input directory "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
+      if not os.path.isdir(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a directory')
+      return input_value
 
-  class ArgDirectoryOut:
+  class DirectoryOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
-  class ArgFileIn:
+  class FileIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' path does not exist')
-      elif not os.path.isfile(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a file')
-      else:
-        return input_value
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input file "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
+      if not os.path.isfile(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a file')
+      return input_value
 
-  class ArgFileOut:
+  class FileOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
 
   class ImageIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if(input_value == '-'):
-        if not sys.stdin.isatty():
-          input_value = sys.stdin.read().strip()
-        else:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input unavailable in stdin from command before pipe.')
+      if input_value == '-':
+        if sys.stdin.isatty():
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input piped image unavailable from stdin')
+        input_value = sys.stdin.read().strip()
       return input_value
 
   class ImageOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if(input_value == '-'):
-        result_str = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for i in range(6))
+      if input_value == '-':
+        result_str = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(6))
         input_value = 'mrtrix-tmp-' + result_str + '.mif'
       return input_value
 
-  class TracksIn(ArgFileIn):
+  class TracksIn(FileIn):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       super().__call__(input_value)
       if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' is not a valid track file')
-      else:
-        return input_value 
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input tractogram file "' + input_value + '" is not a valid track file')
+      return input_value
 
   class TracksOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not input_value.endsWith('.tck'):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(input_value + ' must use the .tck suffix')
-      else:
-        return input_value          
+      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Output tractogram path "' + input_value + '" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
+      return input_value
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index bd02e416e2..1b9420fe25 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options', help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)')
   fsl_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the FSL software for registration')
   fsl_options.add_argument('-flirt_options', metavar='" FlirtOptions"', help='Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)')
-  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.ArgFileIn(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
+  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index 7c6f2da72a..ec34c045d7 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=float, help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
   options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=float, help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.FloatSeq(), nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
   options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=float, help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
   options.add_argument('-rescale', action='store_true', help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data')
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 6dc4008372..7feb0fb0cb 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'trace\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.FloatSeq(), help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
+  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=int,
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index 54bb769449..46e1db08dc 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Mito, R.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Improved white matter response function estimation for 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, 2019, 555',
                       condition='If -wm_algo option is not used')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input DWI dataset')
-  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
   parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
   parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index 0309d765c6..c6dfb86f44 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the old FA-threshold heuristic for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F.; Gadian, D. G. & Connelly, A. Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, 1176-1185')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fa\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
   options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index 1a8acb473c..a2d27271d0 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Derive a response function using an input mask image alone (i.e. pre-selected voxels)')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('in_voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input voxel selection mask')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'manual\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index d98cd4d77a..cfa80fe4da 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Tournier, J.-D.; Dhollander, T.; Connelly, A. & Sijbers, J. Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('in_5tt', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('out_wm', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output WM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output GM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_wm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output WM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index eddae00138..5370dbfb80 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tax et al. (2014) recursive calibration algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tax, C. M.; Jeurissen, B.; Vos, S. B.; Viergever, M. A. & Leemans, A. Recursive calibration of the fiber response function for spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 86, 67-80')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tax\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=float, default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
   options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 4f7c0fd8e1..8e32cea551 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tournier et al. (2013) iterative algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. Determination of the appropriate b-value and number of gradient directions for high-angular-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging. NMR Biomedicine, 2013, 26, 1775-1786')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ArgFileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tournier\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
   options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=int, default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index 7e6f1e8e63..c8263a8bfd 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Performs a global DWI intensity normalisation on a group of subjects using the median b=0 white matter value as the reference')
   parser.add_description('The white matter mask is estimated from a population average FA template then warped back to each subject to perform the intensity normalisation. Note that bias field correction should be performed prior to this step.')
   parser.add_description('All input DWI files must contain an embedded diffusion gradient table; for this reason, these images must all be in either .mif or .mif.gz format.')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dir', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryIn(), help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.ArgDirectoryOut(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
   parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
   parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
   parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', default='0.4', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)')

From 45608808311c0dbd815fc09d9515170005a2787d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 21:22:02 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 017/182] Python CLI: Code cleanup

Addressing multiple comments in PR #2678.
---
 bin/dwi2response                              | 20 ++-----
 bin/dwifslpreproc                             |  4 +-
 bin/dwishellmath                              |  7 +--
 core/signal_handler.cpp                       | 20 +++----
 docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst            |  8 +--
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          | 14 ++---
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst      | 60 +++++++++----------
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst    | 12 ++--
 docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst      |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mrregister.rst        |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst    |  2 +-
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |  8 +--
 docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst      |  4 +-
 docs/reference/environment_variables.rst      |  9 +++
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py             |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py                    |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py                   |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py           |  4 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py             |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py                |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py                  |  4 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py                 |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py        | 18 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py            | 24 ++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py          | 22 +++----
 lib/mrtrix3/run.py                            |  3 +-
 26 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 4429330540..71ad5ec82d 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
   common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
   common_options.add_argument('-voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), metavar='values', help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
@@ -61,21 +61,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Sanitise some inputs, and get ready for data import
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    try:
-      lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
-      if any(lmax_value%2 for lmax_value in lmax):
-        raise MRtrixError('Value of lmax must be even')
-    except ValueError as exception:
-      raise MRtrixError('Parameter lmax must be a number') from exception
-    if alg.needs_single_shell() and not len(lmax) == 1:
+    if any(lmax%2 for lmax in app.ARGS.lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Value(s) of lmax must be even')
+    if alg.needs_single_shell() and not len(app.ARGS.lmax) == 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single lmax value for single-shell algorithms')
   shells_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.shells:
-    try:
-      shells_values = [ int(round(x)) for x in app.ARGS.shells ]
-    except ValueError as exception:
-      raise MRtrixError('-shells option should provide a comma-separated list of b-values') from exception
-    if alg.needs_single_shell() and not len(shells_values) == 1:
+    if alg.needs_single_shell() and len(app.ARGS.shells) != 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single b-value shell for single-shell algorithms')
     shells_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.shells)
   singleshell_option = ''
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 135f756953..41770abc8f 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812', condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed', is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
   cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar=('file'), help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
-  pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar=('PE'), help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
+  pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar='PE', help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
   pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
   distcorr_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 01fa108f23..a59227595c 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  import sys
-  
+
   # check inputs and outputs
   dwi_header = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
   if len(dwi_header.size()) != 4:
@@ -65,9 +64,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # make a 4D image with one volume
     app.warn('Only one unique b-value present in DWI data; command mrmath with -axis 3 option may be preferable')
     run.command('mrconvert ' + files[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output) + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1', mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-  
-  if('mrtrix-tmp-' in app.ARGS.output):
-    sys.stdout.write(app.ARGS.output)
+
 
 
 # Execute the script
diff --git a/core/signal_handler.cpp b/core/signal_handler.cpp
index db3eb75f90..0b48a18ced 100644
--- a/core/signal_handler.cpp
+++ b/core/signal_handler.cpp
@@ -135,25 +135,19 @@ namespace MR
 
     void mark_file_for_deletion (const std::string& filename)
     {
-      //ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE
+      //ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE
       //ENVVAR This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
-      //ENVVAR should be deleted or retained for further processing.
-      //ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API, 
+      //ENVVAR should be preserved rather than the usual behaviour of
+      //ENVVAR deletion at command completion.
+      //ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API,
       //ENVVAR it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
       //ENVVAR the piped commands are executed.
-      char* MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE");
-      if (MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE != NULL) {
-        if(strcmp(MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE,"no") != 0) {
-          while (!flag.test_and_set());
-          marked_files.push_back (filename);
-          flag.clear();
-        }
-      }
-      else{
+      const char* const MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE");
+      if (!MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE || !to<bool>(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)) {
         while (!flag.test_and_set());
         marked_files.push_back (filename);
         flag.clear();
-      }  
+      }
     }
 
     void unmark_file_for_deletion (const std::string& filename)
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
index 7b124209c6..d24ebeb71d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'freesurfer' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-lut** Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)
+- **-lut file** Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)
 
 Options common to all 5ttgen algorithms
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'fsl' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-t2 <T2 image>** Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST
+- **-t2 image** Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST
 
-- **-mask** Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script
+- **-mask image** Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script
 
 - **-premasked** Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image
 
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-- **-template** Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image
+- **-template image** Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image
 
 - **-hippocampi** Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: subfields,first,aseg
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index e05e591318..e9a35ce233 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the -template option is T2-weighted, and can therefore be trivially registered to a mean b=0 image.
+This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the first input to the -template option is T2-weighted, and can therefore be trivially registered to a mean b=0 image.
 
 Command-line option -ants_options can be used with either the "antsquick" or "antsfull" software options. In both cases, image dimensionality is assumed to be 3, and so this should be omitted from the user-specified options.The input can be either a string (encased in double-quotes if more than one option is specified), or a path to a text file containing the requested options. In the case of the "antsfull" software option, one will require the names of the fixed and moving images that are provided to the antsRegistration command: these are "template_image.nii" and "bzero.nii" respectively.
 
@@ -326,12 +326,12 @@ Options applicable when using the FSL software for registration
 
 - **-flirt_options " FlirtOptions"** Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)
 
-- **-fnirt_config FILE** Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration
+- **-fnirt_config file** Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration
 
 Options applicable when using the ANTs software for registration
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-ants_options** Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)
+- **-ants_options " ANTsOptions"** Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)
 
 Options specific to the "template" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm
 
 - **-algorithms** Provide a list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised
 
-- **-masks** Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks
+- **-masks image** Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks
 
 - **-template TemplateImage MaskImage** Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such
 
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ Options specific to the 'fslbet' algorithm
 
 - **-bet_g** Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top
 
-- **-bet_c <x y z>** Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface
+- **-bet_c i,j,k** Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface
 
 - **-bet_r** Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this
 
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'mean' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-shells** Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging
+- **-shells bvalues** Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging
 
 - **-clean_scale** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
 
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ Options for turning 'dwi2mask trace' into an iterative algorithm
 Options specific to the 'trace' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-shells** Comma separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking
+- **-shells bvalues** Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking
 
 - **-clean_scale** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index be87379787..1d69c65c84 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -159,13 +159,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -267,13 +267,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'manual' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-dirs** Manually provide the fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
+- **-dirs image** Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'msmt_5tt' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-dirs** Manually provide the fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
+- **-dirs image** Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
 
 - **-fa** Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)
 
@@ -481,13 +481,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -587,13 +587,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -695,13 +695,13 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 General dwi2response options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
+- **-mask image** Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection
 
-- **-voxels** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
+- **-voxels image** Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)
 
-- **-shells** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values, b=0 must be included explicitly)
+- **-shells bvalues** The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)
 
-- **-lmax** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index 1feee0e948..b9e6b3c231 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask image** Manually provide a mask image for bias field estimation
+- **-mask image** Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation
 
-- **-bias image** Output the estimated bias field
+- **-bias image** Output an image containing the estimated bias field
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask image** Manually provide a mask image for bias field estimation
+- **-mask image** Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation
 
-- **-bias image** Output the estimated bias field
+- **-bias image** Output an image containing the estimated bias field
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask image** Manually provide a mask image for bias field estimation
+- **-mask image** Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation
 
-- **-bias image** Output the estimated bias field
+- **-bias image** Output an image containing the estimated bias field
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
index a228bb5df9..af3b195525 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Usage
 -  *input_dir*: The input directory containing all DWI images
 -  *mask_dir*: Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)
 -  *output_dir*: The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images
--  *fa_template*: The output population specific FA template, which is threshold to estimate a white matter mask
+-  *fa_template*: The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask
 -  *wm_mask*: The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation
 
 Description
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mrregister.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mrregister.rst
index ec2052b0ec..421467d07a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mrregister.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mrregister.rst
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Rigid registration options
 
 -  **-rigid_metric type** valid choices are: diff (intensity differences), Default: diff
 
--  **-rigid_metric.diff.estimator type** Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: \|x\|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: \|x\|^1.2), Default: l2
+-  **-rigid_metric.diff.estimator type** Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: \|x\|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: \|x\|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: l2
 
 -  **-rigid_lmax num** explicitly set the lmax to be used per scale factor in rigid FOD registration. By default FOD registration will use lmax 0,2,4 with default scale factors 0.25,0.5,1.0 respectively. Note that no reorientation will be performed with lmax = 0.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
index cfeb5ffd03..cafaefdf09 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     mrtrix_cleanup path [ options ]
 
--  *path*: Path from which to commence filesystem search
+-  *path*: Directory from which to commence filesystem search
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index 01a9cd10e3..43a4b7fdff 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Input, output and general options
 
 - **-type** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
 
-- **-voxel_size** Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma separated values.
+- **-voxel_size** Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.
 
 - **-initial_alignment** Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Input, output and general options
 
 - **-aggregate** Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: mean, median. Default: mean
 
-- **-aggregation_weights** Comma separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).
+- **-aggregation_weights** Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).
 
 - **-nanmask** Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.
 
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ Options for the linear registration
 
 - **-linear_no_drift_correction** Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations
 
-- **-linear_estimator** Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: \|x\|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: \|x\|^1.2), Default: None (no robust estimator used)
+- **-linear_estimator** Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: \|x\|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: \|x\|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.
 
-- **-rigid_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and affine_scale implicitly  define the number of template levels
+- **-rigid_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels
 
 - **-rigid_lmax** Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
index 4df64f678b..32e8436c7b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ Usage
 
     responsemean inputs output [ options ]
 
--  *inputs*: The input response functions
--  *output*: The output mean response function
+-  *inputs*: The input response function files
+-  *output*: The output mean response function file
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/docs/reference/environment_variables.rst b/docs/reference/environment_variables.rst
index 29f968b6af..bc6f5554ad 100644
--- a/docs/reference/environment_variables.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/environment_variables.rst
@@ -68,6 +68,15 @@ List of MRtrix3 environment variables
      (e.g. [ 0 0 0 1000 ] for a b=1000 acquisition) to b=0 due to
      b-value scaling.
 
+.. envvar:: MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE
+
+     This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
+     should be preserved rather than the usual behaviour of
+     deletion at command completion.
+     For example, in case of piped commands from Python API,
+     it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
+     the piped commands are executed.
+
 .. envvar:: MRTRIX_QUIET
 
      Do not display information messages or progress status. This has
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index 2577693d32..e3a8c6c18e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'freesurfer\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
+  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index c3c132fe3d..e6383f85fe 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fsl\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-t2', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
-  options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
+  options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
   options.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', help='Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'mask', 'premasked' ] )
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index c25e71c067..eb226c328c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image based on Hybrid Surface and Volume Segmentation (HSVS), using FreeSurfer and FSL tools')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-hippocampi', choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES))
   parser.add_argument('-thalami', choices=THALAMI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(THALAMI_CHOICES))
   parser.add_argument('-white_stem', action='store_true', help='Classify the brainstem as white matter')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index 1b9420fe25..44c4942c16 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('b02template', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Register the mean b=0 image to a T2-weighted template to back-propagate a brain mask')
-  parser.add_description('This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the -template option '
+  parser.add_description('This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the first input to the -template option '
                          'is T2-weighted, and can therefore be trivially registered to a mean b=0 image.')
   parser.add_description('Command-line option -ants_options can be used with either the "antsquick" or "antsfull" software options. '
                          'In both cases, image dimensionality is assumed to be 3, and so this should be omitted from the user-specified options.'
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options.add_argument('-software', choices=SOFTWARES, help='The software to use for template registration; options are: ' + ','.join(SOFTWARES) + '; default is ' + DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
   options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.')
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the ANTs software for registration')
-  ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options', help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)')
+  ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options', metavar='" ANTsOptions"', help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)')
   fsl_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the FSL software for registration')
   fsl_options.add_argument('-flirt_options', metavar='" FlirtOptions"', help='Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)')
   fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 372f913d2a..040bc030a2 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
-  options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
+  options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
   options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
   options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index ec34c045d7..fc365fed05 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=float, help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
   options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=float, help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), nargs=3, metavar='<x y z>', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='i,j,k', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
   options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=float, help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
   options.add_argument('-rescale', action='store_true', help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data')
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
index 042dc5ba8b..03d86f290c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'mean\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
+  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=int,
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  run.command(('dwiextract input.mif - -shells ' + app.ARGS.shells + ' | mrmath -' \
+  run.command(('dwiextract input.mif - -shells ' + ','.join(str(f) for f in app.ARGS.shells) + ' | mrmath -' \
                 if app.ARGS.shells \
                 else 'mrmath input.mif')
               + ' mean - -axis 3 |'
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 7feb0fb0cb..d042ed921c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'trace\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
+  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=int,
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index 46e1db08dc..e62dd07d76 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                       condition='If -wm_algo option is not used')
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input DWI dataset')
   parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
@@ -83,18 +83,16 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,bvalues))
 
   # Get lmax information (if provided).
+  sfwm_lmax_option = ''
   sfwm_lmax = [ ]
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     sfwm_lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
-    if not len(sfwm_lmax) == len(bvalues):
+    if len(sfwm_lmax) != len(bvalues):
       raise MRtrixError('Number of lmax\'s (' + str(len(sfwm_lmax)) + ', as supplied to the -lmax option: ' + ','.join(map(str,sfwm_lmax)) + ') does not match number of unique b-values.')
-    for sfl in sfwm_lmax:
-      if sfl%2:
-        raise MRtrixError('Values supplied to the -lmax option must be even.')
-      if sfl<0:
-        raise MRtrixError('Values supplied to the -lmax option must be non-negative.')
-  sfwm_lmax_option = ''
-  if sfwm_lmax:
+    if any(sfl%2 for sfl in sfwm_lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Values supplied to the -lmax option must be even.')
+    if any(sfl<0 for sfl in sfwm_lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Values supplied to the -lmax option must be non-negative.')
     sfwm_lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,sfwm_lmax))
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index a2d27271d0..56af4b58b6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('in_voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input voxel selection mask')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'manual\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
 
 
 
@@ -59,28 +59,24 @@ def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   shells = [ int(round(float(x))) for x in image.mrinfo('dwi.mif', 'shell_bvalues').split() ]
+  bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,shells))
 
   # Get lmax information (if provided)
-  lmax = [ ]
+  lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
-    if not len(lmax) == len(shells):
-      raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-value shells (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
-    for shell_l in lmax:
-      if shell_l % 2:
-        raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be even')
-      if shell_l < 0:
-        raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be non-negative')
+    if len(app.ARGS.lmax) != len(shells):
+      raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(app.ARGS.lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-value shells (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
+    if any(l % 2 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be even')
+    if any(l < 0 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be non-negative')
+    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.lmax))
 
   # Do we have directions, or do we need to calculate them?
   if not os.path.exists('dirs.mif'):
     run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask in_voxels.mif | tensor2metric - -vector dirs.mif')
 
   # Get response function
-  bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,shells))
-  lmax_option = ''
-  if lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,lmax))
   run.command('amp2response dwi.mif in_voxels.mif dirs.mif response.txt' + bvalues_option + lmax_option)
 
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index cfa80fe4da..611f9fee4a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response text file')
   parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
   options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
   options.add_argument('-pvf', type=float, default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, default='tournier', help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + '; default: tournier)')
@@ -88,16 +88,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.warn('Less than three b-values; response functions will not be applicable in resolving three tissues using MSMT-CSD algorithm')
 
   # Get lmax information (if provided)
-  wm_lmax = [ ]
+  sfwm_lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    wm_lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
-    if not len(wm_lmax) == len(shells):
-      raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(wm_lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-values (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
-    for shell_l in wm_lmax:
-      if shell_l % 2:
-        raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be even')
-      if shell_l < 0:
-        raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be non-negative')
+    if len(app.ARGS.lmax) != len(shells):
+      raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(app.ARGS.lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-values (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
+    if any(l % 2 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be even')
+    if any(l < 0 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
+      raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be non-negative')
+    sfwm_lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.lmax))
 
   run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask mask.mif | tensor2metric - -fa fa.mif -vector vector.mif')
   if not os.path.exists('dirs.mif'):
@@ -143,9 +142,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # For each of the three tissues, generate a multi-shell response
   bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,shells))
-  sfwm_lmax_option = ''
-  if wm_lmax:
-    sfwm_lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,wm_lmax))
   run.command('amp2response dwi.mif wm_sf_mask.mif dirs.mif wm.txt' + bvalues_option + sfwm_lmax_option)
   run.command('amp2response dwi.mif gm_mask.mif dirs.mif gm.txt' + bvalues_option + ' -isotropic')
   run.command('amp2response dwi.mif csf_mask.mif dirs.mif csf.txt' + bvalues_option + ' -isotropic')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
index 572f7f2864..3b70dda75b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ def __init__(self):
     self._scratch_dir = None
     self.verbosity = 1
 
-    self.env['MRTRIX_DELETE_TMPFILE'] = 'no'
+    # Ensures that temporary piped images are not deleted automatically by MRtrix3 binary commands
+    self.env['MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE'] = 'yes'
 
   # Acquire a unique index
   # This ensures that if command() is executed in parallel using different threads, they will

From 2894b1dc392dd56aa068b359544ce199cde0422c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2023 15:14:37 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 018/182] Move handling of envvar MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE

---
 core/image_io/pipe.cpp  | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 core/signal_handler.cpp | 16 +++-------------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/image_io/pipe.cpp b/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
index 3ef3e50d3e..99090c16fa 100644
--- a/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
+++ b/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,20 @@ namespace MR
       }
     }
 
-    bool Pipe::delete_piped_images = true;
+    //ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE
+    //ENVVAR This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
+    //ENVVAR should be preserved rather than the usual behaviour of
+    //ENVVAR deletion at command completion.
+    //ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API,
+    //ENVVAR it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
+    //ENVVAR the piped commands are executed.
+    namespace {
+      bool preserve_tmpfile() {
+        const char* const MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE");
+        return (!(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE && to<bool>(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)));
+      }
+    }
+    bool Pipe::delete_piped_images = !preserve_tmpfile();
 
   }
 }
diff --git a/core/signal_handler.cpp b/core/signal_handler.cpp
index 0b48a18ced..51f782a361 100644
--- a/core/signal_handler.cpp
+++ b/core/signal_handler.cpp
@@ -135,19 +135,9 @@ namespace MR
 
     void mark_file_for_deletion (const std::string& filename)
     {
-      //ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE
-      //ENVVAR This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
-      //ENVVAR should be preserved rather than the usual behaviour of
-      //ENVVAR deletion at command completion.
-      //ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API,
-      //ENVVAR it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
-      //ENVVAR the piped commands are executed.
-      const char* const MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE");
-      if (!MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE || !to<bool>(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)) {
-        while (!flag.test_and_set());
-        marked_files.push_back (filename);
-        flag.clear();
-      }
+      while (!flag.test_and_set());
+      marked_files.push_back (filename);
+      flag.clear();
     }
 
     void unmark_file_for_deletion (const std::string& filename)

From 294ea57889381aae3a6b2dcaafecdbefea3a11c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2023 15:50:46 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 019/182] Fix pylint warnings for python_cmd_changes branch

---
 bin/dwicat              | 2 +-
 bin/labelsgmfix         | 2 +-
 bin/mask2glass          | 2 +-
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup      | 2 +-
 bin/population_template | 2 +-
 bin/responsemean        | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwicat b/bin/dwicat
index 9dd8803291..80150be6e1 100755
--- a/bin/dwicat
+++ b/bin/dwicat
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import json, shutil
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   cmdline.set_author('Lena Dorfschmidt (ld548@cam.ac.uk) and Jakub Vohryzek (jakub.vohryzek@queens.ox.ac.uk) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Concatenating multiple DWI series accounting for differential intensity scaling')
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index 82affcbc20..03b8108631 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import math, os
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('In a FreeSurfer parcellation image, replace the sub-cortical grey matter structure delineations using FSL FIRST')
   cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index 193e81319e..665878fab8 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Remika Mito (remika.mito@florey.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Create a glass brain from mask input')
   cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a glass brain image, which can be viewed '
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index feb5d63d09..57ff9bbe3d 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ POSTFIXES = [ 'B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB' ]
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Clean up residual temporary files & scratch directories from MRtrix3 commands')
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index 42aee18761..e30459520d 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ LEAVE_ONE_OUT = ['0', '1', 'auto']
 IMAGEEXT = ['mif', 'nii', 'mih', 'mgh', 'mgz', 'img', 'hdr']
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) & Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) & Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index f0d59f1f8c..f07522e779 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import math, os, sys
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Calculate the mean response function from a set of text files')
   cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')

From 70c154edb26926ef7a5be4dfa3bf25a3b38cb923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2023 15:55:17 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 020/182] Python: Move some functions from path to utils module

In particular, it is desired for function make_temporary() to be accessible from within the app module.
---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/image.py              |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/path.py               | 55 +------------------------------
 lib/mrtrix3/utils.py              | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index c8263a8bfd..b76af7887c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 import os, shlex
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run, utils
 
 
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def __init__(self, filename, prefix, mask_filename = ''):
   app.make_scratch_dir()
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
-  path.make_dir('fa')
+  utils.make_dir('fa')
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Computing FA images', len(input_list))
   for i in input_list:
     run.command('dwi2tensor ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(input_dir, i.filename)) + ' -mask ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(mask_dir, i.mask_filename)) + ' - | tensor2metric - -fa ' + os.path.join('fa', i.prefix + '.mif'))
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ def __init__(self, filename, prefix, mask_filename = ''):
   run.command('mrthreshold fa_template.mif -abs ' +  app.ARGS.fa_threshold + ' template_wm_mask.mif')
 
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Intensity normalising subject images', len(input_list))
-  path.make_dir(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dir, False))
-  path.make_dir('wm_mask_warped')
+  utils.make_dir(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dir, False))
+  utils.make_dir('wm_mask_warped')
   for i in input_list:
     run.command('mrtransform template_wm_mask.mif -interp nearest -warp_full ' + os.path.join('warps', i.prefix + '.mif') + ' ' + os.path.join('wm_mask_warped', i.prefix + '.mif') + ' -from 2 -template ' + os.path.join('fa', i.prefix + '.mif'))
     run.command('dwinormalise individual ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(input_dir, i.filename)) + ' ' + os.path.join('wm_mask_warped', i.prefix + '.mif') + ' temp.mif')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
index 83becc5c1f..37264e7e1f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 # Class for importing header information from an image file for reading
 class Header:
   def __init__(self, image_path):
-    from mrtrix3 import app, path, run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-    filename = path.name_temporary('json')
+    from mrtrix3 import app, run, utils #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+    filename = utils.name_temporary('json')
     command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-json_all', filename, '-nodelete' ]
     if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
       app.console('Loading header for image file \'' + image_path + '\'')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/path.py b/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
index 485730b4b7..cc618fefee 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 
 
 
-import ctypes, errno, inspect, os, random, shlex, shutil, string, subprocess, time
-from mrtrix3 import CONFIG
+import ctypes, inspect, os, shlex, shutil, subprocess, time
 
 
 
@@ -64,58 +63,6 @@ def from_user(filename, escape=True): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 
-# Make a directory if it doesn't exist; don't do anything if it does already exist
-def make_dir(path): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  try:
-    os.makedirs(path)
-    app.debug('Created directory ' + path)
-  except OSError as exception:
-    if exception.errno != errno.EEXIST:
-      raise
-    app.debug('Directory \'' + path + '\' already exists')
-
-
-
-# Make a temporary empty file / directory with a unique name
-# If the filesystem path separator is provided as the 'suffix' input, then the function will generate a new
-#   directory rather than a file.
-def make_temporary(suffix): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  is_directory = suffix in '\\/' and len(suffix) == 1
-  while True:
-    temp_path = name_temporary(suffix)
-    try:
-      if is_directory:
-        os.makedirs(temp_path)
-      else:
-        with open(temp_path, 'a', encoding='utf-8'):
-          pass
-      app.debug(temp_path)
-      return temp_path
-    except OSError as exception:
-      if exception.errno != errno.EEXIST:
-        raise
-
-
-
-# Get an appropriate location and name for a new temporary file / directory
-# Note: Doesn't actually create anything; just gives a unique name that won't over-write anything.
-# If you want to create a temporary file / directory, use the make_temporary() function above.
-def name_temporary(suffix): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  dir_path = CONFIG['TmpFileDir'] if 'TmpFileDir' in CONFIG else (app.SCRATCH_DIR if app.SCRATCH_DIR else os.getcwd())
-  prefix = CONFIG['TmpFilePrefix'] if 'TmpFilePrefix' in CONFIG else 'mrtrix-tmp-'
-  full_path = dir_path
-  suffix = suffix.lstrip('.')
-  while os.path.exists(full_path):
-    random_string = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for x in range(6))
-    full_path = os.path.join(dir_path, prefix + random_string + '.' + suffix)
-  app.debug(full_path)
-  return full_path
-
-
-
 # Determine the name of a sub-directory containing additional data / source files for a script
 # This can be algorithm files in lib/mrtrix3/, or data files in share/mrtrix3/
 # This function appears here rather than in the algorithm module as some scripts may
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py b/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
index 09061497b3..6e76926a86 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 
 
 
-import platform, re
+import errno, os, platform, random, re, string
+from mrtrix3 import CONFIG
 
 
 
@@ -106,3 +107,54 @@ def decode(line):
         else:
           res[name] = var.split()
   return res
+
+
+
+# Get an appropriate location and name for a new temporary file / directory
+# Note: Doesn't actually create anything; just gives a unique name that won't over-write anything.
+# If you want to create a temporary file / directory, use the make_temporary() function above.
+def name_temporary(suffix): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+  dir_path = CONFIG['TmpFileDir'] if 'TmpFileDir' in CONFIG else (app.SCRATCH_DIR if app.SCRATCH_DIR else os.getcwd())
+  prefix = CONFIG['TmpFilePrefix'] if 'TmpFilePrefix' in CONFIG else 'mrtrix-tmp-'
+  full_path = dir_path
+  suffix = suffix.lstrip('.')
+  while os.path.exists(full_path):
+    random_string = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for x in range(6))
+    full_path = os.path.join(dir_path, prefix + random_string + '.' + suffix)
+  app.debug(full_path)
+  return full_path
+
+
+# Make a temporary empty file / directory with a unique name
+# If the filesystem path separator is provided as the 'suffix' input, then the function will generate a new
+#   directory rather than a file.
+def make_temporary(suffix): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+  is_directory = suffix in '\\/' and len(suffix) == 1
+  while True:
+    temp_path = name_temporary(suffix)
+    try:
+      if is_directory:
+        os.makedirs(temp_path)
+      else:
+        with open(temp_path, 'a', encoding='utf-8'):
+          pass
+      app.debug(temp_path)
+      return temp_path
+    except OSError as exception:
+      if exception.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+        raise
+
+
+
+# Make a directory if it doesn't exist; don't do anything if it does already exist
+def make_dir(path): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+  try:
+    os.makedirs(path)
+    app.debug('Created directory ' + path)
+  except OSError as exception:
+    if exception.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+      raise
+    app.debug('Directory \'' + path + '\' already exists')

From e9393d729ee556a096f546402cacaf2664a0a979 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2023 16:55:15 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 021/182] First functional version of image piping with Python
 scripts

---
 bin/dwi2mask                           |  6 ++--
 bin/dwi2response                       | 13 ++++++--
 bin/dwibiascorrect                     |  6 ++--
 bin/dwicat                             | 12 ++++---
 bin/dwifslpreproc                      |  9 ++++--
 bin/dwigradcheck                       |  6 ++--
 bin/dwishellmath                       | 13 ++++++--
 bin/labelsgmfix                        | 16 +++++++---
 bin/mask2glass                         |  6 ++--
 core/image_io/pipe.cpp                 |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py      |  8 +++--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py             | 24 +++++++++-----
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py             |  8 +++--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py |  6 +++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |  5 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     | 11 +++++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   | 11 +++++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |  5 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   |  5 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py     | 10 ++++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py      | 10 ++++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/run.py                     | 15 ++++++---
 25 files changed, 194 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2mask b/bin/dwi2mask
index ec404feddd..f56dc8cd0b 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2mask
+++ b/bin/dwi2mask
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Get input data into the scratch directory
   run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif')
-              + ' -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option)
+              + ' -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   alg.get_inputs()
 
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
@@ -96,7 +97,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output)
               + ' -strides ' + ','.join(str(value) for value in strides),
               mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
-              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 71ad5ec82d..c537506883 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -83,13 +83,20 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get standard input data into the scratch directory
   if alg.needs_single_shell() or shells_option:
     app.console('Importing DWI data (' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ') and selecting b-values...')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' - -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option + ' | dwiextract - ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + shells_option + singleshell_option, show=False)
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' - -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option + ' | '
+                'dwiextract - ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + shells_option + singleshell_option,
+                show=False,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   else: # Don't discard b=0 in multi-shell algorithms
     app.console('Importing DWI data (' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ')...')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option, show=False)
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option,
+                show=False,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
     app.console('Importing mask (' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ')...')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit', show=False)
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+                show=False,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   alg.get_inputs()
 
diff --git a/bin/dwibiascorrect b/bin/dwibiascorrect
index ba34aa32d4..66b0172588 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/bin/dwibiascorrect
@@ -49,9 +49,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.make_scratch_dir()
 
   grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif') + grad_import_option)
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif') + grad_import_option,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   alg.get_inputs()
 
diff --git a/bin/dwicat b/bin/dwicat
index 80150be6e1..d920818376 100755
--- a/bin/dwicat
+++ b/bin/dwicat
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     try:
       if isinstance(dw_scheme[0], list):
         num_grad_lines = len(dw_scheme)
-      elif (isinstance(dw_scheme[0], ( int, float))) and len(dw_scheme) >= 4:
+      elif (isinstance(dw_scheme[0], (int, float))) and len(dw_scheme) >= 4:
         num_grad_lines = 1
       else:
         raise MRtrixError
@@ -95,9 +95,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # import data to scratch directory
   app.make_scratch_dir()
   for index, filename in enumerate(app.ARGS.inputs):
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(filename) + ' ' + path.to_scratch(str(index) + 'in.mif'))
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(filename) + ' ' + path.to_scratch(str(index) + 'in.mif'),
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
   # extract b=0 volumes within each input series
@@ -151,7 +153,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   with open('result_final.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as output_json_file:
     json.dump(keyval, output_json_file)
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval='result_final.json', force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval='result_final.json',
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 41770abc8f..63fdbf7787 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -251,10 +251,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.json_import:
     json_import_option = ' -json_import ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.json_import)
   json_export_option = ' -json_export ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.json', True)
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + grad_import_option + json_import_option + json_export_option)
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + grad_import_option + json_import_option + json_export_option,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.se_epi:
     image.check_3d_nonunity(path.from_user(app.ARGS.se_epi, False))
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.se_epi) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('se_epi.mif'))
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.se_epi) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('se_epi.mif'),
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   if topup_file_userpath:
     run.function(shutil.copyfile, topup_input_movpar, path.to_scratch('field_movpar.txt', False))
     # Can't run field spline coefficients image through mrconvert:
@@ -262,7 +264,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     #   applytopup requires that these be set, but mrconvert will wipe them
     run.function(shutil.copyfile, topup_input_fieldcoef, path.to_scratch('field_fieldcoef.nii' + ('.gz' if topup_input_fieldcoef.endswith('.nii.gz') else ''), False))
   if app.ARGS.eddy_mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddy_mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('eddy_mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddy_mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('eddy_mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index dc6eaccdec..b112cf0671 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.make_scratch_dir()
 
   # Make sure the image data can be memory-mapped
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('data.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1 -datatype float32')
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('data.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1 -datatype float32',
+              preserve_pipes=True)
 
   if app.ARGS.grad:
     shutil.copy(path.from_user(app.ARGS.grad, False), path.to_scratch('grad.b', False))
@@ -61,7 +62,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     shutil.copy(path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[0], False), path.to_scratch('bvecs', False))
     shutil.copy(path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[1], False), path.to_scratch('bvals', False))
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index a59227595c..718ed00cec 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
   # import data and gradient table
   app.make_scratch_dir()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif') + gradimport + ' -strides 0,0,0,1')
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif') + gradimport + ' -strides 0,0,0,1',
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
   # run per-shell operations
   files = []
@@ -59,11 +60,17 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if len(files) > 1:
     # concatenate to output file
     run.command('mrcat -axis 3 ' + ' '.join(files) + ' out.mif')
-    run.command('mrconvert out.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert out.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   else:
     # make a 4D image with one volume
     app.warn('Only one unique b-value present in DWI data; command mrmath with -axis 3 option may be preferable')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + files[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output) + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1', mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + files[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output) + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1',
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index 03b8108631..f7e1673621 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -91,11 +91,16 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.make_scratch_dir()
 
   # Get the parcellation and T1 images into the scratch directory, with conversion of the T1 into the correct format for FSL
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.parc) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('parc.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.parc) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('parc.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if upsample_for_first:
-    run.command('mrgrid ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1) + ' regrid - -voxel 1.0 -interp sinc | mrcalc - 0.0 -max - | mrconvert - ' + path.to_scratch('T1.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3')
+    run.command('mrgrid ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1) + ' regrid - -voxel 1.0 -interp sinc | '
+                'mrcalc - 0.0 -max - | '
+                'mrconvert - ' + path.to_scratch('T1.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   else:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('T1.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('T1.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
@@ -165,7 +170,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Insert the new delineations of all SGM structures in a single call
   # Enforce unsigned integer datatype of output image
   run.command('mrcalc sgm_new_labels.mif 0.5 -gt sgm_new_labels.mif parc.mif -if result.mif -datatype uint32')
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.parc, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.parc, False),
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index 665878fab8..969f0677af 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # import data to scratch directory
   app.make_scratch_dir()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
   dilate_option = ' -npass ' + str(app.ARGS.dilate)
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # create output image
   run.command('mrconvert out.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
               mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
-              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
 
 # Execute the script
 import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
diff --git a/core/image_io/pipe.cpp b/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
index 99090c16fa..ab1e5466ee 100644
--- a/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
+++ b/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ namespace MR
     namespace {
       bool preserve_tmpfile() {
         const char* const MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE");
-        return (!(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE && to<bool>(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)));
+        return (MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE && to<bool>(std::string(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)));
       }
     }
     bool Pipe::delete_piped_images = !preserve_tmpfile();
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index e3a8c6c18e..579a967b51 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.lut:
     run.function(shutil.copyfile, path.from_user(app.ARGS.lut, False), path.to_scratch('LUT.txt', False))
 
@@ -79,4 +80,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   run.command('mrcat cgm.mif sgm.mif wm.mif csf.mif path.mif - -axis 3 | mrconvert - result.mif -datatype float32')
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index e6383f85fe..dc34bce720 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -44,13 +44,16 @@ def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   image.check_3d_nonunity(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit -strides -1,+2,+3')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit -strides -1,+2,+3',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.t2:
     if not image.match(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), path.from_user(app.ARGS.t2, False)):
       raise MRtrixError('Provided T2 image does not match input T1 image')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t2) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('T2.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t2) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('T2.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
@@ -211,7 +214,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   fast_gm_output = fsl.find_image(fast_output_prefix + '_pve_1')
   fast_wm_output = fsl.find_image(fast_output_prefix + '_pve_2')
   # Step 1: Run LCC on the WM image
-  run.command('mrthreshold ' + fast_wm_output + ' - -abs 0.001 | maskfilter - connect - -connectivity | mrcalc 1 - 1 -gt -sub remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -datatype bit')
+  run.command('mrthreshold ' + fast_wm_output + ' - -abs 0.001 | '
+              'maskfilter - connect - -connectivity | '
+              'mrcalc 1 - 1 -gt -sub remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -datatype bit')
   # Step 2: Generate the images in the same fashion as the old 5ttgen binary used to:
   #   - Preserve CSF as-is
   #   - Preserve SGM, unless it results in a sum of volume fractions greater than 1, in which case clamp
@@ -229,6 +234,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.nocrop:
     run.function(os.rename, 'combined_precrop.mif', 'result.mif')
   else:
-    run.command('mrmath combined_precrop.mif sum - -axis 3 | mrthreshold - - -abs 0.5 | mrgrid combined_precrop.mif crop result.mif -mask -')
-
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrmath combined_precrop.mif sum - -axis 3 | '
+                'mrthreshold - - -abs 0.5 | '
+                'mrgrid combined_precrop.mif crop result.mif -mask -')
+
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
index a0231bebf8..daedd67270 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ def check_gif_input(image_path):
 
 def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   check_gif_input(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
@@ -65,4 +66,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   else:
     run.command('mrmath 5tt.mif sum - -axis 3 | mrthreshold - - -abs 0.5 | mrgrid 5tt.mif crop result.mif -mask -')
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index eb226c328c..418ba2d732 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -144,9 +144,11 @@ def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Most freeSurfer files will be accessed in-place; no need to pre-convert them into the temporary directory
   # However convert aparc image so that it does not have to be repeatedly uncompressed
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'), True) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('aparc.mif', True))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'), True) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('aparc.mif', True),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.template:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.template, True) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template.mif', True) + ' -axes 0,1,2')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.template, True) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template.mif', True) + ' -axes 0,1,2',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index dddba926d9..90cc42bc17 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -102,6 +102,14 @@
 
 
 
+# Store any input piped images that need to be deleted upon script completion
+#   rather than when some underlying MRtrix3 command reads them
+_STDIN_IMAGES = []
+# Store output piped images that need to be emitted to stdout upon script completion
+_STDOUT_IMAGES = []
+
+
+
 # Generally preferable to use:
 #   "import mrtrix3"
 #   "mrtrix3.execute()"
@@ -252,6 +260,14 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       if not return_code:
         console('Changing back to original directory (' + WORKING_DIR + ')')
       os.chdir(WORKING_DIR)
+    if _STDIN_IMAGES:
+      debug('Erasing ' + str(len(_STDIN_IMAGES)) + ' piped input images')
+      for item in _STDIN_IMAGES:
+        try:
+          os.remove(item)
+          debug('Successfully erased "' + item + '"')
+        except OSError as exc:
+          debug('Unable to erase "' + item + '": ' + str(exc))
     if SCRATCH_DIR:
       if DO_CLEANUP:
         if not return_code:
@@ -263,6 +279,9 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         SCRATCH_DIR = ''
       else:
         console('Scratch directory retained; location: ' + SCRATCH_DIR)
+    if _STDOUT_IMAGES:
+      debug('Emitting ' + str(len(_STDOUT_IMAGES)) + ' output piped images to stdout')
+      sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(_STDOUT_IMAGES))
   sys.exit(return_code)
 
 
@@ -1111,23 +1130,23 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         return False
       try:
         processed_value = int(processed_value)
-      except ValueError:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as boolean value"')
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as boolean value"') from exc
       return bool(processed_value)
 
   class SequenceInt:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
         return [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
-      except ValueError:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer sequence')
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer sequence') from exc
 
   class SequenceFloat:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
         return [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
-      except ValueError:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point sequence')
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point sequence') from exc
 
   class DirectoryIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -1158,14 +1177,15 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
         if sys.stdin.isatty():
           raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input piped image unavailable from stdin')
-        input_value = sys.stdin.read().strip()
+        input_value = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
+        _STDIN_IMAGES.append(input_value)
       return input_value
 
   class ImageOut:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
-        result_str = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(6))
-        input_value = 'mrtrix-tmp-' + result_str + '.mif'
+        input_value = utils.name_temporary('mif')
+        _STDOUT_IMAGES.append(input_value)
       return input_value
 
   class TracksIn(FileIn):
@@ -1260,4 +1280,9 @@ def handler(signum, _frame):
       SCRATCH_DIR = ''
     else:
       sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.console + 'Scratch directory retained; location: ' + SCRATCH_DIR + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+  for item in _STDIN_IMAGES:
+    try:
+      os.remove(item)
+    except OSError:
+      pass
   os._exit(signum) # pylint: disable=protected-access
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index e62dd07d76..e607186791 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -291,5 +291,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_gm.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_gm, False), show=False)
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_csf.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_csf, False), show=False)
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert check_voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE, show=False)
+    run.command('mrconvert check_voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True,
+                show=False)
   app.console('-------')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index c6dfb86f44..52dab35253 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -76,4 +76,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index 56af4b58b6..aa6cdf50dd 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -41,9 +41,11 @@ def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if os.path.exists(mask_path):
     app.warn('-mask option is ignored by algorithm \'manual\'')
     os.remove(mask_path)
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.in_voxels) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in_voxels.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.in_voxels) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in_voxels.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.dirs:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.dirs) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dirs.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.dirs) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dirs.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
@@ -81,4 +83,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert in_voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert in_voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 611f9fee4a..7d3068385b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -50,9 +50,11 @@ def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.in_5tt) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('5tt.mif'))
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.in_5tt) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('5tt.mif'),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.dirs:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.dirs) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dirs.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1')
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.dirs) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dirs.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1',
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
@@ -152,4 +154,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Generate output 4D binary image with voxel selections; RGB as in MSMT-CSD paper
   run.command('mrcat csf_mask.mif gm_mask.mif wm_sf_mask.mif voxels.mif -axis 3')
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index 5370dbfb80..2dc4d7b60e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -152,4 +152,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 8e32cea551..097e453539 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -146,4 +146,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
index d3b2e567f5..5dea100344 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Common final steps for all algorithms
   run.command('mrcalc in.mif bias.mif -div result.mif')
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.bias:
-    run.command('mrconvert bias.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert bias.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
index 95842be1d5..dd78ad7335 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
@@ -65,6 +65,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Rather than using a bias field estimate of 1.0 outside the brain mask, zero-fill the
   #   output image outside of this mask
   run.command('mrcalc in.mif ' + bias_path + ' -div mask.mif -mult result.mif')
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.bias:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + bias_path + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + bias_path + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias),
+                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+                preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
index 92716de89c..9ed0dc11b5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
@@ -65,10 +65,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   else:
     reference_value = float(run.command('dwiextract ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi) + grad_option + ' -bzero - | ' + \
                                         'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | ' + \
-                                        'mrstats - -mask ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_mask) + ' -output median').stdout)
+                                        'mrstats - -mask ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_mask) + ' -output median',
+                                        preserve_pipes=True).stdout)
   multiplier = app.ARGS.intensity / reference_value
 
   run.command('mrcalc ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi) + ' ' + str(multiplier) + ' -mult - | ' + \
               'mrconvert - ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dwi) + grad_option, \
               mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi, False), \
-              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
+              preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
index 3b70dda75b..75a05c2fab 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -79,9 +79,6 @@ def __init__(self):
     self._scratch_dir = None
     self.verbosity = 1
 
-    # Ensures that temporary piped images are not deleted automatically by MRtrix3 binary commands
-    self.env['MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE'] = 'yes'
-
   # Acquire a unique index
   # This ensures that if command() is executed in parallel using different threads, they will
   #   not interfere with one another; but terminate() will also have access to all relevant data
@@ -233,7 +230,17 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
   show = kwargs.pop('show', True)
   mrconvert_keyval = kwargs.pop('mrconvert_keyval', None)
   force = kwargs.pop('force', False)
-  env = kwargs.pop('env', shared.env)
+  if 'env' in kwargs:
+    env = kwargs.pop('env')
+    if kwargs.pop('preserve_pipes', False):
+      env['MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE'] = 'True'
+  elif 'preserve_pipes' in kwargs:
+    env = dict(shared.env)
+    kwargs.pop('preserve_pipes')
+    env['MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE'] = 'True'
+  else:
+    # Reference rather than copying
+    env = shared.env
   if kwargs:
     raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to run.command(): ' + str(kwargs))
 

From 913ce0009f3372a6f4702ab2a650dfd4b1e53749 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 08:46:03 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 022/182] mrtrix3.app: Terminate if piping image to stdout

---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 90cc42bc17..eb9a5ad27b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -182,9 +182,20 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if hasattr(ARGS, 'config') and ARGS.config:
     for keyval in ARGS.config:
       CONFIG[keyval[0]] = keyval[1]
+
   # ANSI settings may have been altered at the command-line
   setup_ansi()
 
+  # Check compatibility with command-line piping
+  # if _STDIN_IMAGES and sys.stdin.isatty():
+  #   sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Piped input images not available from stdin' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+  #   sys.stderr.flush()
+  #   sys.exit(1)
+  if _STDOUT_IMAGES and sys.stdout.isatty():
+    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Cannot pipe output images as no command connected to stdout' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+    sys.exit(1)
+
   if hasattr(ARGS, 'cont') and ARGS.cont:
     CONTINUE_OPTION = True
     SCRATCH_DIR = os.path.abspath(ARGS.cont[0])
@@ -1175,8 +1186,6 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
   class ImageIn:
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
-        if sys.stdin.isatty():
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input piped image unavailable from stdin')
         input_value = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
         _STDIN_IMAGES.append(input_value)
       return input_value

From 2e1efdbc3a56262e3e48095d061f55b224c6ca4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 12:50:56 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 023/182] mrtrix3.app: Improvements to __print_full_usage__
 behaviour

---
 docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst            |  10 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          |  40 +--
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst      |  28 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst    |  12 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst            |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst     |   4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst      |   4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst      |   8 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst      |   4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst          |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfix.rst       |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst        |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst    |   2 +-
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst      |   2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                            | 278 ++++++++++++------
 16 files changed, 243 insertions(+), 159 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
index d24ebeb71d..13f1f3ab7f 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index e9a35ce233..ca6b2541a5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Options specific to the 'afni_3dautomask' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ Options specific to the "ants" algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ Options specific to the "template" algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ Options specific to the 'fslbet' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ Options specific to the 'mean' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ Options specific to the 'trace' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index 1d69c65c84..f9a6c2abd5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Options for the 'dhollander' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ Options specific to the 'fa' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ Options specific to the 'manual' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ Options specific to the 'msmt_5tt' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ Options specific to the 'tax' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ Options specific to the 'tournier' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index b9e6b3c231..ee537b2fe9 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ Options for ANTs N4BiasFieldCorrection command
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst
index 1c1a354e55..8fea1afe72 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
index a9bf779205..ced787b6f5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Options for specifying the acquisition phase-encoding design; note that one of t
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
index 21dad6a498..399133dc8a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
index af3b195525..287a8ecff9 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
index ed8830669c..5fe5826443 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst b/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
index c2bf86d4aa..b830bb5afe 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfix.rst b/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfix.rst
index 2151928a32..a6a4183029 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfix.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfix.rst
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
index 6dbee1a510..9e00ee0bbd 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
index cafaefdf09..9d170eb1e9 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index 43a4b7fdff..da217eda23 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
index 32e8436c7b..839843cf9f 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index eb9a5ad27b..d2a44ce03f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -592,6 +592,134 @@ def _get_message(self):
 
 class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
 
+
+
+  # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
+  class CustomTypeBase:
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      assert False
+
+  class Bool(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      processed_value = input_value.strip().lower()
+      if processed_value in ['true', 'yes']:
+        return True
+      if processed_value in ['false', 'no']:
+        return False
+      try:
+        processed_value = int(processed_value)
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as boolean value"') from exc
+      return bool(processed_value)
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'BOOL'
+
+  class SequenceInt(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      try:
+        return [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer sequence') from exc
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'ISEQ'
+
+  class SequenceFloat(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      try:
+        return [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point sequence') from exc
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'FSEQ'
+
+  class DirectoryIn(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input directory "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
+      if not os.path.isdir(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a directory')
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'DIRIN'
+
+  class DirectoryOut(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'DIROUT'
+
+  class FileIn(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input file "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
+      if not os.path.isfile(input_value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a file')
+      return input_value
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'FILEIN'
+
+  class FileOut(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'FILEOUT'
+
+  class ImageIn(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if input_value == '-':
+        input_value = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
+        _STDIN_IMAGES.append(input_value)
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'IMAGEIN'
+
+  class ImageOut(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if input_value == '-':
+        input_value = utils.name_temporary('mif')
+        _STDOUT_IMAGES.append(input_value)
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'IMAGEOUT'
+
+  class TracksIn(FileIn):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      super().__call__(input_value)
+      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input tractogram file "' + input_value + '" is not a valid track file')
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'TRACKSIN'
+
+  class TracksOut(FileOut):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Output tractogram path "' + input_value + '" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
+      return input_value
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'TRACKSOUT'
+
+  class Various(CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return input_value
+    @staticmethod
+    def _typestring():
+      return 'VARIOUS'
+
+
+
+
+
   # pylint: disable=protected-access
   def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
     self._author = None
@@ -616,13 +744,13 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
       self.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'info', 'quiet', 'debug' ] )
       standard_options.add_argument('-force', action='store_true', help='force overwrite of output files.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-nthreads', metavar='number', type=int, help='use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-config', action='append', metavar='key value', nargs=2, help='temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-config', action='append', type=str, metavar=('key', 'value'), nargs=2, help='temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-help', action='store_true', help='display this information page and exit.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-version', action='store_true', help='display version information and exit.')
       script_options = self.add_argument_group('Additional standard options for Python scripts')
       script_options.add_argument('-nocleanup', action='store_true', help='do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.')
-      script_options.add_argument('-scratch', metavar='/path/to/scratch/', help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
-      script_options.add_argument('-continue', nargs=2, dest='cont', metavar=('<ScratchDir>', '<LastFile>'), help='continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-scratch', type=Parser.DirectoryOut, metavar='/path/to/scratch/', help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-continue', nargs=2, dest='cont', metavar=('ScratchDir', 'LastFile'), help='continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.')
     module_file = os.path.realpath (inspect.getsourcefile(inspect.stack()[-1][0]))
     self._is_project = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(module_file), os.pardir, 'lib', 'mrtrix3', 'app.py')) != os.path.abspath(__file__)
     try:
@@ -741,6 +869,12 @@ def _check_mutex_options(self, args_in):
         sys.stderr.flush()
         sys.exit(1)
 
+
+
+
+
+
+
   def format_usage(self):
     argument_list = [ ]
     trailing_ellipsis = ''
@@ -921,23 +1055,52 @@ def print_full_usage(self):
           self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices[alg].print_full_usage()
           return
       self.error('Invalid subparser nominated')
+
+    def arg2str(arg):
+      if arg.choices:
+        return 'CHOICE ' + ' '.join(arg.choices)
+      if isinstance(arg.type, int) or arg.type is int:
+        return 'INT'
+      if isinstance(arg.type, float) or arg.type is float:
+        return 'FLOAT'
+      if isinstance(arg.type, str) or arg.type is str or arg.type is None:
+        return 'TEXT'
+      if isinstance(arg.type, Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+        return type(arg.type)._typestring()
+      return arg.type._typestring()
+
+    def allow_multiple(nargs):
+      return '1' if nargs in ('*', '+') else '0'
+
     for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
-      # This will need updating if any scripts allow mulitple argument inputs
-      sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + arg.dest + ' 0 0\n')
+      sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + arg.dest + ' 0 ' + allow_multiple(arg.nargs) + ' ' + arg2str(arg) + '\n')
       sys.stdout.write(arg.help + '\n')
 
     def print_group_options(group):
       for option in group._group_actions:
-        optional = '0' if option.required else '1'
-        allow_multiple = '1' if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction) else '0'
-        sys.stdout.write('OPTION ' + '/'.join(option.option_strings) + ' ' + optional + ' ' + allow_multiple + '\n')
+        sys.stdout.write('OPTION '
+                         + '/'.join(option.option_strings)
+                         + ' '
+                         + ('0' if option.required else '1')
+                         + ' '
+                         + allow_multiple(option.nargs)
+                         + '\n')
         sys.stdout.write(option.help + '\n')
-        if option.metavar:
-          if isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
-            for arg in option.metavar:
-              sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + arg + ' 0 0\n')
-          else:
-            sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + option.metavar + ' 0 0\n')
+        if option.metavar and isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
+          assert len(option.metavar) == option.nargs
+          for arg in option.metavar:
+            sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + arg + ' 0 0 ' + arg2str(option) + '\n')
+        else:
+          multiple = allow_multiple(option.nargs)
+          nargs = 1 if multiple == '1' else (option.nargs if option.nargs is not None else 1)
+          for _ in range(0, nargs):
+            sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT '
+                             + (option.metavar if option.metavar else '/'.join(option.option_strings))
+                             + ' 0 '
+                             + multiple
+                             + ' '
+                             + arg2str(option)
+                             + '\n')
 
     ungrouped_options = self._get_ungrouped_options()
     if ungrouped_options and ungrouped_options._group_actions:
@@ -1131,92 +1294,13 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
            not group == self._positionals and \
            group.title not in ( 'options', 'optional arguments' )
 
-  # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
-  class Bool:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      processed_value = input_value.strip().lower()
-      if processed_value in ['true', 'yes']:
-        return True
-      if processed_value in ['false', 'no']:
-        return False
-      try:
-        processed_value = int(processed_value)
-      except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as boolean value"') from exc
-      return bool(processed_value)
-
-  class SequenceInt:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      try:
-        return [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
-      except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer sequence') from exc
-
-  class SequenceFloat:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      try:
-        return [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
-      except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point sequence') from exc
-
-  class DirectoryIn:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input directory "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
-      if not os.path.isdir(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a directory')
-      return input_value
-
-  class DirectoryOut:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return input_value
-
-  class FileIn:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input file "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
-      if not os.path.isfile(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a file')
-      return input_value
-
-  class FileOut:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return input_value
-
-  class ImageIn:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if input_value == '-':
-        input_value = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
-        _STDIN_IMAGES.append(input_value)
-      return input_value
-
-  class ImageOut:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if input_value == '-':
-        input_value = utils.name_temporary('mif')
-        _STDOUT_IMAGES.append(input_value)
-      return input_value
-
-  class TracksIn(FileIn):
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      super().__call__(input_value)
-      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input tractogram file "' + input_value + '" is not a valid track file')
-      return input_value
-
-  class TracksOut:
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Output tractogram path "' + input_value + '" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
-      return input_value
-
 
 
 # Define functions for incorporating commonly-used command-line options / option groups
 def add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for importing the diffusion gradient table')
-  options.add_argument('-grad', help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format')
-  options.add_argument('-fslgrad', nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
+  options.add_argument('-grad', type=Parser.FileIn, metavar='file', help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format')
+  options.add_argument('-fslgrad', type=Parser.FileIn, nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'grad', 'fslgrad' ] )
 def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
@@ -1232,8 +1316,8 @@ def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for exporting the diffusion gradient table')
-  options.add_argument('-export_grad_mrtrix', metavar='grad', help='Export the final gradient table in MRtrix format')
-  options.add_argument('-export_grad_fsl', nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
+  options.add_argument('-export_grad_mrtrix', type=Parser.FileOut, metavar='grad', help='Export the final gradient table in MRtrix format')
+  options.add_argument('-export_grad_fsl', type=Parser.FileOut, nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'export_grad_mrtrix', 'export_grad_fsl' ] )
 
 

From ff56d40c73d3274d9284fe680c5b6e674dd20b83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 14:47:09 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 024/182] dwibiascorrect ants: Change command-line options

Change to use underscore rather than dot point for better consistency with rest of MRtrix3 software.
---
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst |  6 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py         | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index ee537b2fe9..cbbcb57082 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ Options
 Options for ANTs N4BiasFieldCorrection command
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-ants.b [100,3]** N4BiasFieldCorrection option -b. [initial mesh resolution in mm, spline order] This value is optimised for human adult data and needs to be adjusted for rodent data.
+- **-ants_b [100,3]** N4BiasFieldCorrection option -b: [initial mesh resolution in mm, spline order] This value is optimised for human adult data and needs to be adjusted for rodent data.
 
-- **-ants.c [1000,0.0]** N4BiasFieldCorrection option -c. [numberOfIterations,convergenceThreshold]
+- **-ants_c [1000,0.0]** N4BiasFieldCorrection option -c: [numberOfIterations,convergenceThreshold]
 
-- **-ants.s 4** N4BiasFieldCorrection option -s. shrink-factor applied to spatial dimensions
+- **-ants_s 4** N4BiasFieldCorrection option -s: shrink-factor applied to spatial dimensions
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
index 5dea100344..08928a88d6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 
 OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION = {
     's': ('4','shrink-factor applied to spatial dimensions'),
-    'b':('[100,3]','[initial mesh resolution in mm, spline order] This value is optimised for human adult data and needs to be adjusted for rodent data.'),
-    'c':('[1000,0.0]', '[numberOfIterations,convergenceThreshold]')}
+    'b': ('[100,3]','[initial mesh resolution in mm, spline order] This value is optimised for human adult data and needs to be adjusted for rodent data.'),
+    'c': ('[1000,0.0]', '[numberOfIterations,convergenceThreshold]')}
 
 
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Tustison, N.; Avants, B.; Cook, P.; Zheng, Y.; Egan, A.; Yushkevich, P. & Gee, J. N4ITK: Improved N3 Bias Correction. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2010, 29, 1310-1320', is_external=True)
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for ANTs N4BiasFieldCorrection command')
   for key in sorted(OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION):
-    ants_options.add_argument('-ants.'+key, metavar=OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][0], help='N4BiasFieldCorrection option -%s. %s' % (key,OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][1]))
+    ants_options.add_argument('-ants_'+key, metavar=OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][0], help='N4BiasFieldCorrection option -%s: %s' % (key,OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][1]))
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
 
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('Could not find ANTS program N4BiasFieldCorrection; please check installation')
 
   for key in sorted(OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION):
-    if hasattr(app.ARGS, 'ants.' + key):
-      val = getattr(app.ARGS, 'ants.' + key)
+    if hasattr(app.ARGS, 'ants_' + key):
+      val = getattr(app.ARGS, 'ants_' + key)
       if val is not None:
         OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key] = (val, 'user defined')
   ants_options = ' '.join(['-%s %s' %(k, v[0]) for k, v in OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION.items()])

From a84793857379bdc8fdb350f3d4f9e0fd1e3b8dbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 14:48:05 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 025/182] mrtrix3.app: Fix __print_full_usage__ for subparser
 algorithms

---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index d2a44ce03f..70b07e3e82 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1037,6 +1037,12 @@ def print_group_options(group):
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
   def print_full_usage(self):
+    if self._subparsers and len(sys.argv) == 3:
+      for alg in self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices:
+        if alg == sys.argv[1]:
+          self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices[alg].print_full_usage()
+          return
+      self.error('Invalid subparser nominated')
     sys.stdout.write(self._synopsis + '\n')
     if self._description:
       if isinstance(self._description, list):
@@ -1049,12 +1055,6 @@ def print_full_usage(self):
       if example[2]:
         sys.stdout.write('; ' + example[2])
       sys.stdout.write('\n')
-    if self._subparsers and len(sys.argv) == 3:
-      for alg in self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices:
-        if alg == sys.argv[1]:
-          self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices[alg].print_full_usage()
-          return
-      self.error('Invalid subparser nominated')
 
     def arg2str(arg):
       if arg.choices:
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ def print_group_options(group):
           nargs = 1 if multiple == '1' else (option.nargs if option.nargs is not None else 1)
           for _ in range(0, nargs):
             sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT '
-                             + (option.metavar if option.metavar else '/'.join(option.option_strings))
+                             + (option.metavar if option.metavar else '/'.join(opt.lstrip('-') for opt in option.option_strings))
                              + ' 0 '
                              + multiple
                              + ' '

From 94abafabfc22003b6b05f33e32ca242fb584219c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 14:51:10 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 026/182] Docs: Improved metavar usage in Python scripts

---
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst | 36 ++++++++++++------------
 docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py   | 10 +++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py           |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py     |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py          |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py     |  8 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py        |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py   |  4 +--
 9 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index f9a6c2abd5..db2486f16d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -137,15 +137,15 @@ Options
 Options for the 'dhollander' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-erode** Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)
+- **-erode passes** Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)
 
-- **-fa** FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)
+- **-fa threshold** FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)
 
-- **-sfwm** Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)
+- **-sfwm percentage** Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)
 
-- **-gm** Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)
+- **-gm percentage** Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)
 
-- **-csf** Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)
+- **-csf percentage** Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)
 
 - **-wm_algo algorithm** Use external dwi2response algorithm for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: fa, tax, tournier) (default: built-in Dhollander 2019)
 
@@ -251,11 +251,11 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'fa' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-erode** Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)
+- **-erode passes** Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)
 
-- **-number** The number of highest-FA voxels to use
+- **-number voxels** The number of highest-FA voxels to use
 
-- **-threshold** Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels
+- **-threshold value** Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -463,13 +463,13 @@ Options specific to the 'msmt_5tt' algorithm
 
 - **-dirs image** Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
 
-- **-fa** Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)
+- **-fa value** Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)
 
-- **-pvf** Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)
+- **-pvf fraction** Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)
 
 - **-wm_algo algorithm** dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: fa, tax, tournier; default: tournier)
 
-- **-sfwm_fa_threshold** Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)
+- **-sfwm_fa_threshold value** Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -571,11 +571,11 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'tax' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-peak_ratio** Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold
+- **-peak_ratio value** Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold
 
-- **-max_iters** Maximum number of iterations
+- **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations
 
-- **-convergence** Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating
+- **-convergence percentage** Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -677,13 +677,13 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'tournier' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-number** Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function
+- **-number voxels** Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function
 
-- **-iter_voxels** Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)
+- **-iter_voxels voxels** Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)
 
-- **-dilate** Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration
+- **-dilate passes** Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration
 
-- **-max_iters** Maximum number of iterations
+- **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
index 287a8ecff9..0df71f38e5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ All input DWI files must contain an embedded diffusion gradient table; for this
 Options
 -------
 
-- **-fa_threshold** The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)
+- **-fa_threshold value** The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -192,9 +192,9 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-- **-intensity** Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: 1000)
+- **-intensity value** Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: 1000)
 
-- **-percentile** Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value
+- **-percentile value** Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index e607186791..fa71259bf5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
   parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
-  options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
-  options.add_argument('-sfwm', type=float, default=0.5, help='Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-gm', type=float, default=2.0, help='Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-csf', type=float, default=10.0, help='Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
+  options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, metavar='threshold', default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
+  options.add_argument('-sfwm', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-gm', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=2.0, help='Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-csf', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=10.0, help='Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, help='Use external dwi2response algorithm for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + ') (default: built-in Dhollander 2019)')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index 52dab35253..d1ec976e1a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fa\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
-  options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
-  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, help='Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels')
+  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
+  options.add_argument('-number', type=int, metavar='voxels', default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
+  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, metavar='value', help='Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'number', 'threshold' ] )
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 7d3068385b..895cf21ff5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
-  options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
-  options.add_argument('-pvf', type=float, default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
+  options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, metavar='value', default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
+  options.add_argument('-pvf', type=float, metavar='fraction', default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, default='tournier', help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + '; default: tournier)')
-  options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold', type=float, help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
+  options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold', type=float, metavar='value', help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index 2dc4d7b60e..294555c4c5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tax\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=float, default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
-  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations')
-  options.add_argument('-convergence', type=float, default=0.5, help='Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating')
+  options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=float, metavar='value', default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
+  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, metavar='iterations', default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations')
+  options.add_argument('-convergence', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 097e453539..6411bf073d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tournier\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
-  options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=int, default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
-  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, default=1, help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
-  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=10, help='Maximum number of iterations')
+  options.add_argument('-number', type=int, metavar='voxels', default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
+  options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=int, metavar='voxels', default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
+  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, metavar='passes', default=1, help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
+  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, metavar='iterations', default=10, help='Maximum number of iterations')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index b76af7887c..6c824211b9 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
   parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
   parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
-  parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', default='0.4', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)')
+  parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', default='0.4', metavar='value', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
index 9ed0dc11b5..5f32bc9f7c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/individual.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('input_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
   parser.add_argument('output_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=float, default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
-  parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=int, help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
+  parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=float, metavar='value', default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
+  parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=int, metavar='value', help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)
 
 

From 1a9759ebbf16b2d1341dacfbc40afb732aeac260 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 15:34:58 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 027/182] dwi2mask consensus: Generalise -algorithm interface

Allow user input to -algorithm command-line option to be either a space-separated list (which involves argparse consuming multiple arguments), or a single string as a comma-separated list (which is more consistent with the rest of MRtrix3).
In addition, do not prevent execution due to the absence of template image information if there is no algorithm included in the list to execute that requires the use of such image data.
---
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py    | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index 00d00ed0fe..5600dc884a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-algorithms** Provide a list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised
+- **-algorithms** Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised
 
 - **-masks image** Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index fbdc82fab0..2d6889c0b6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
+import os
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
 from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, path, run
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
+  options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
   options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
   options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
   options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
@@ -43,9 +44,6 @@ def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                 + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
     run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
                 + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
-  else:
-    raise MRtrixError('No template image information available from '
-                      'either command-line or MRtrix configuration file(s)')
 
 
 
@@ -66,15 +64,18 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
   if app.ARGS.algorithms:
-    if 'consensus' in app.ARGS.algorithms:
+    user_algorithms = app.ARGS.algorithms
+    if len(user_algorithms) == 1:
+      user_algorithms = user_algorithms[0].split(',')
+    if 'consensus' in user_algorithms:
       raise MRtrixError('Cannot provide "consensus" in list of dwi2mask algorithms to utilise')
-    invalid_algs = [entry for entry in app.ARGS.algorithms if entry not in algorithm_list]
+    invalid_algs = [entry for entry in user_algorithms if entry not in algorithm_list]
     if invalid_algs:
       raise MRtrixError('Requested dwi2mask algorithm'
                         + ('s' if len(invalid_algs) > 1 else '')
                         + ' not available: '
                         + str(invalid_algs))
-    algorithm_list = app.ARGS.algorithms
+    algorithm_list = user_algorithms
 
   # For "template" algorithm, can run twice with two different softwares
   # Ideally this would be determined based on the help page,
@@ -86,6 +87,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     algorithm_list.append('b02template -software fsl')
   app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
+  if any(any(item in alg for item in ('ants', 'b02template')) for alg in algorithm_list) \
+      and not os.path.isfile('template_image.nii'):
+    raise MRtrixError('Cannot include within consensus algorithms that necessitate use of a template image '
+                      'if no template image is provided via command-line or configuration file')
+
   mask_list = []
   for alg in algorithm_list:
     alg_string = alg.replace(' -software ', '_')
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not mask_list:
     raise MRtrixError('No dwi2mask algorithms were successful; cannot generate mask')
   if len(mask_list) == 1:
-    app.warn('Only one dwi2mask algorithm was successful; output mask will be this result and not a consensus')
+    app.warn('Only one dwi2mask algorithm was successful; output mask will be this result and not a "consensus"')
     if app.ARGS.masks:
       run.command('mrconvert ' + mask_list[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.masks),
                   mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),

From a22382f88559f12511fac9376e93f858df86d436 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 2023 15:40:48 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 028/182] dwi2mask legacy: Make use of Python command image
 piping

---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
index 113e51c4dc..c417a1cc82 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
@@ -46,10 +46,9 @@ def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  run.command('mrcalc input.mif 0 -max input_nonneg.mif')
-  run.command('dwishellmath input_nonneg.mif mean trace.mif')
-  app.cleanup('input_nonneg.mif')
-  run.command('mrthreshold trace.mif - -comparison gt | '
+  run.command('mrcalc input.mif 0 -max - | '
+              'dwishellmath - mean - | '
+              'mrthreshold - - -comparison gt | '
               'mrmath - max -axis 3 - | '
               'maskfilter - median - | '
               'maskfilter - connect -largest - | '

From 4208d2e96c2817685913f578e3b200fe074ad60f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:14:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 029/182] Initial support for macOS app bundles for GUI apps

This can absorb some of the logic around this currently found in https://github.com/MRtrix3/macos-installer/ and/or https://github.com/MRtrix3/mrtrix3/tree/app_bundles
---
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index 10d0593600..36a6ba44e4 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
         $<IF:$<BOOL:${IS_GUI}>,mrtrix::gui,mrtrix::headless>
         mrtrix::exec-version-lib
     )
-    set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES 
+    set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES
+        MACOSX_BUNDLE ${IS_GUI}
+        MACOSX_BUNDLE_ICON_FILE mrview.icns
         LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin
     )
-    install(TARGETS ${CMD_NAME} RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+    install(TARGETS ${CMD_NAME} RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR} BUNDLE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
 endfunction()
 
 
@@ -30,4 +32,4 @@ if(MRTRIX_BUILD_GUI)
     foreach(CMD ${GUI_CMD_SRCS})
         add_cmd(${CMD} TRUE)
     endforeach(CMD)
-endif()
\ No newline at end of file
+endif()

From ee13d9d05a11f13d622c8c0fc33ea2581c915e92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 11:08:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 030/182] Clean up app bundle generation

---
 CMakeLists.txt               |   3 +
 cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in | 156 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in |  20 +++++
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt           |   7 +-
 4 files changed, 184 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in
 create mode 100644 cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 841f322a13..1207d802ed 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)
 project(mrtrix3 VERSION 3.0.4)
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 
+set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET "10.15.0")
+string(TIMESTAMP CURRENT_YEAR "%Y")
+
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
 set(MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION "${CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION}")
diff --git a/cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in b/cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af08829e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>  <string>6.0</string>
+    <key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>      <string>en</string>
+    <key>CFBundleName</key>                   <string>MRView</string>
+    <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>            <string>MRView</string>
+    <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>             <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
+    <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>               <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}.icns</string>
+    <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>             <string>org.mrtrix.${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
+    <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>            <string>APPL</string>
+    <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>     <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
+    <key>CFBundleVersion</key>                <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
+    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) 2008-${CURRENT_YEAR} the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
+    <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>         <string>${CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}</string>
+    <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
+    <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>
+
+    <key>CFBundleURLTypes</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleURLName</key>
+        <string>MRView file</string>
+        <key>CFBundleURLSchemes</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
+        </array>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+
+    <key>CFBundleDocumentTypes</key>
+    <array>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>gz</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>MRtrix of NIfTI image (compressed)</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>mif</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>MRtrix image</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>mih</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>MRtrix image header</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>mif.gz</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>MRtrix image (compressed)</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>nii</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>NIfTI image</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>nii.gz</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>NIfTI image (compressed)</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>mgh</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>MGH image</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>mgz</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>MGH image (compressed)</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+      <dict>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
+        <array>
+          <string>img</string>
+        </array>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
+        <string>Analyze image</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
+        <string>Viewer</string>
+        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
+        <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}_doc.icns</string>
+      </dict>
+
+    </array>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in b/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dda4d4474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>  <string>6.0</string>
+    <key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>      <string>en</string>
+    <key>CFBundleName</key>                   <string>MRView</string>
+    <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>            <string>MRView</string>
+    <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>             <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
+    <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>               <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}.icns</string>
+    <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>             <string>org.mrtrix.${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
+    <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>            <string>APPL</string>
+    <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>     <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
+    <key>CFBundleVersion</key>                <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
+    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) 2008-${CURRENT_YEAR} the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
+    <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>         <string>${CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}</string>
+    <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
+    <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index 36a6ba44e4..afc701eeb9 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
     )
     set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES
         MACOSX_BUNDLE ${IS_GUI}
-        MACOSX_BUNDLE_ICON_FILE mrview.icns
+        MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_PLIST ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/bundle/${CMD_NAME}.plist.in
         LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin
     )
-    install(TARGETS ${CMD_NAME} RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR} BUNDLE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+    install(TARGETS ${CMD_NAME}
+        RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+        BUNDLE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+    )
 endfunction()
 
 

From 1f846cfb2c2579e7739a56c20dce31b4d7ef6ec3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 11:16:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 031/182] Add macos icons

---
 icons/macos/mrview.icns     | Bin 0 -> 232623 bytes
 icons/macos/mrview_doc.icns | Bin 0 -> 177431 bytes
 icons/macos/shview.icns     | Bin 0 -> 232623 bytes
 3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 icons/macos/mrview.icns
 create mode 100644 icons/macos/mrview_doc.icns
 create mode 100644 icons/macos/shview.icns

diff --git a/icons/macos/mrview.icns b/icons/macos/mrview.icns
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..542cf14c271ad43fd1aa3620eefbefe32727ac8a
GIT binary patch
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zc(^UKnu&zL(CC~``HKV}x&wtoFhW5=grj^%K2{jb_H$cEz|TNW3@;3c%bn!Ix6*2d
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hDHi_u{D*-E6b6SwO}TT@0Ca+Z;M*R(ul)C=e*jT6mGb}q

literal 0
HcmV?d00001


From 17ce4167f558300a14356b51810d9a42e5a7ca2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 11:53:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 032/182] This should probably be defined when calling cmake
 instead

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 1207d802ed..2bef0007ae 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)
 project(mrtrix3 VERSION 3.0.4)
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 
-set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET "10.15.0")
 string(TIMESTAMP CURRENT_YEAR "%Y")
 
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")

From dc81d103e582ca5650fed302a08e05466e967408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 11:54:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 033/182] Fix typo

---
 cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in b/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in
index 4dda4d4474..0004423b15 100644
--- a/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in
+++ b/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   <dict>
     <key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>  <string>6.0</string>
     <key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>      <string>en</string>
-    <key>CFBundleName</key>                   <string>MRView</string>
-    <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>            <string>MRView</string>
+    <key>CFBundleName</key>                   <string>SHView</string>
+    <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>            <string>SHView</string>
     <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>             <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
     <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>               <string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}.icns</string>
     <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>             <string>org.mrtrix.${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
     <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
     <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>
   </dict>
-</plist>
\ No newline at end of file
+</plist>

From 659ebbf6d59be405434dfb41369c9e4325a22f5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 11:28:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 034/182] Include application icons with app bundle

---
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index afc701eeb9..ef0afd1b0d 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,9 +14,17 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
         $<IF:$<BOOL:${IS_GUI}>,mrtrix::gui,mrtrix::headless>
         mrtrix::exec-version-lib
     )
+    if (IS_GUI)
+        set(mrtrix_icon_macos "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/icons/macos/${CMD_NAME}.icns")
+        set_source_files_properties(${mrtrix_icon_macos} PROPERTIES 
+            MACOSX_PACKAGE_LOCATION "Resources"
+        )
+        target_sources(${CMD_NAME} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
+    endif ()
     set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES
         MACOSX_BUNDLE ${IS_GUI}
         MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_PLIST ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/bundle/${CMD_NAME}.plist.in
+        MACOSX_BUNDLE_ICON_FILE "${CMD_NAME}.icns"
         LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin
     )

From 15bb65f7d4af8788c13985d07dad6966e0e7a217 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 11:35:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 035/182] Include file association icons with app bundle

---
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index ef0afd1b0d..b15836f071 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -20,11 +20,17 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
             MACOSX_PACKAGE_LOCATION "Resources"
         )
         target_sources(${CMD_NAME} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
+        if (${CMD_NAME} STREQUAL mrview)
+            set(mrtrix_icon_macos "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/icons/macos/${CMD_NAME}_doc.icns")
+            set_source_files_properties(${mrtrix_icon_macos} PROPERTIES
+                MACOSX_PACKAGE_LOCATION "Resources"
+            )
+            target_sources(${CMD_NAME} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
+        endif ()
     endif ()
     set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES
         MACOSX_BUNDLE ${IS_GUI}
         MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_PLIST ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/bundle/${CMD_NAME}.plist.in
-        MACOSX_BUNDLE_ICON_FILE "${CMD_NAME}.icns"
         LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin
     )

From 52f876946223133bf59f2ae1a1674c32e0b8ddb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 11:50:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 036/182] Only add app bundle icons on macos

---
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index b15836f071..9046d5832e 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
         $<IF:$<BOOL:${IS_GUI}>,mrtrix::gui,mrtrix::headless>
         mrtrix::exec-version-lib
     )
-    if (IS_GUI)
+    if (IS_GUI AND (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Darwin"))
         set(mrtrix_icon_macos "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/icons/macos/${CMD_NAME}.icns")
         set_source_files_properties(${mrtrix_icon_macos} PROPERTIES 
             MACOSX_PACKAGE_LOCATION "Resources"

From 7f27e89c70b94db1eaf87b6be667748336136845 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 11:10:32 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 037/182] Python API: Ranged integers and floats

- New callable types for argparse that enforce minimal and maximal values at time of command-line parsing. This is also done in such a way that these bounds can be interrogated outside of the parsing process itself; eg. such that they can appear in the output of __print_full_usage__.
- Add typing to command-line arguments and options for new scripts and algorithms added in #2604.
- For dwi2mask synthstrip, -border option changed from integer to float.
- dwi2response tax and dwi2response tournier: permit number of iterations to be 0, in which case processing continues until convergence is achieved.
- dwinormalise group: Change -fa_threshold from string to float.
---
 bin/dwibiasnormmask                    |  8 ++---
 bin/dwifslpreproc                      |  2 +-
 bin/dwigradcheck                       |  2 +-
 bin/mask2glass                         |  6 ++--
 bin/population_template                |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py     | 12 +++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py         |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py         |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py           |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py         |  8 +++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py     |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py | 10 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |  8 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   | 13 +++-----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py   |  5 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py     |  6 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py     |  9 +++--
 23 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index d3a18e6dcd..e71c42144e 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -94,21 +94,21 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                               help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_tissuesum', metavar='image',
                               help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask')
-  output_options.add_argument('-reference', type=float, metavar='value', default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
+  output_options.add_argument('-reference', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), metavar='value', default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
                               help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series (default: ' + str(REFERENCE_INTENSITY) + ')')
   internal_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options relevant to the internal optimisation procedure')
-  internal_options.add_argument('-dice', type=float, default=DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT, metavar='value',
+  internal_options.add_argument('-dice', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT, metavar='value',
                                 help='Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations that will '
                                      'result in termination due to convergence; default = ' + str(DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT))
   internal_options.add_argument('-init_mask', metavar='image',
                                  help='Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm '
                                       '(if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
-  internal_options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS, metavar='count',
+  internal_options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(0), default=DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS, metavar='count',
                                 help='The maximum number of iterations (see Description); default is ' + str(DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS) + '; '
                                      'set to 0 to proceed until convergence')
   internal_options.add_argument('-mask_algo', choices=MASK_ALGOS, metavar='algorithm',
                                 help='The algorithm to use for mask estimation, potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description); default: ' + MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT)
-  internal_options.add_argument('-lmax', metavar='values',
+  internal_options.add_argument('-lmax', metavar='values', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
                                 help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                                      'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 80155e5846..baa83fe169 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar='PE', help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
-  pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=float, help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
+  pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
   distcorr_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi', action='store_true', help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation, and the DWIs (more information in Description section)')
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index 362081e0d3..f11ad6c1cd 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
   cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
   cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=10000, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), default=10000, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
 
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index 969f0677af..56efdd8c9c 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
   cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input mask image')
   cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output glass brain image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, default=2, help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-scale', type=float, default=2.0, help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-smooth', type=float, default=1.0, help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-dilate', type=app.Parser.Int(0), default=2, help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-scale', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=2.0, help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=1.0, help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index 9cb3300b92..8775ef5f67 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=float, default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
   options.add_argument('-type', choices=REGISTRATION_MODES, help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 8d71b2ab5d..b3746b54c5 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -616,6 +616,46 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
     def _typestring():
       return 'BOOL'
 
+  def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None):
+    assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, int)
+    assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, int)
+    assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
+    class Checker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+      def __call__(self, input_value):
+        try:
+          value = int(input_value)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer value') from exc
+        if min_value is not None and value < min_value:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' less than minimum permissible value ' + str(min_value))
+        if max_value is not None and value > max_value:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' greater than maximum permissible value ' + str(max_value))
+        return value
+      @staticmethod
+      def _typestring():
+        return 'INT ' + ('-9223372036854775808' if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + ('9223372036854775807' if max_value is None else str(max_value))
+    return Checker
+
+  def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None):
+    assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, float)
+    assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, float)
+    assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
+    class Checker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+      def __call__(self, input_value):
+        try:
+          value = float(input_value)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point value') from exc
+        if min_value is not None and value < min_value:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' less than minimum permissible value ' + str(min_value))
+        if max_value is not None and value > max_value:
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' greater than maximum permissible value ' + str(max_value))
+        return value
+      @staticmethod
+      def _typestring():
+        return 'FLOAT ' + ('-inf' if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + ('inf' if max_value is None else str(max_value))
+    return Checker
+
   class SequenceInt(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
@@ -743,7 +783,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
       standard_options.add_argument('-debug', action='store_true', help='display debugging messages.')
       self.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'info', 'quiet', 'debug' ] )
       standard_options.add_argument('-force', action='store_true', help='force overwrite of output files.')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-nthreads', metavar='number', type=int, help='use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-nthreads', metavar='number', type=Parser.Int(0), help='use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).')
       standard_options.add_argument('-config', action='append', type=str, metavar=('key', 'value'), nargs=2, help='temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-help', action='store_true', help='display this information page and exit.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-version', action='store_true', help='display version information and exit.')
@@ -1059,10 +1099,6 @@ def print_full_usage(self):
     def arg2str(arg):
       if arg.choices:
         return 'CHOICE ' + ' '.join(arg.choices)
-      if isinstance(arg.type, int) or arg.type is int:
-        return 'INT'
-      if isinstance(arg.type, float) or arg.type is float:
-        return 'FLOAT'
       if isinstance(arg.type, str) or arg.type is str or arg.type is None:
         return 'TEXT'
       if isinstance(arg.type, Parser.CustomTypeBase):
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
index e4f7bcc3bd..a42b39ed22 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'afni_3dautomask\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-clfrac', type=float, help='Set the \'clip level fraction\', must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.')
+  options.add_argument('-clfrac', type=app.Parser.Float(0.1, 0.9), help='Set the \'clip level fraction\', must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.')
   options.add_argument('-nograd', action='store_true', help='The program uses a \'gradual\' clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
-  options.add_argument('-peels', type=float, help='Peel (erode) the mask n times, then unpeel (dilate).')
-  options.add_argument('-nbhrs', type=int, help='Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded.  It should be between 6 and 26.')
+  options.add_argument('-peels', type=app.Parser.Int(0), help='Peel (erode) the mask n times, then unpeel (dilate).')
+  options.add_argument('-nbhrs', type=app.Parser.Int(6, 26), help='Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded.  It should be between 6 and 26.')
   options.add_argument('-eclip', action='store_true', help='After creating the mask, remove exterior voxels below the clip threshold.')
-  options.add_argument('-SI', type=float, help='After creating the mask, find the most superior voxel, then zero out everything more than SI millimeters inferior to that. 130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).')
-  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, help='Dilate the mask outwards n times')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, help='Erode the mask outwards n times')
+  options.add_argument('-SI', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), help='After creating the mask, find the most superior voxel, then zero out everything more than SI millimeters inferior to that. 130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).')
+  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=app.Parser.Int(0), help='Dilate the mask outwards n times')
+  options.add_argument('-erode', type=app.Parser.Int(0), help='Erode the mask outwards n times')
 
   options.add_argument('-NN1', action='store_true', help='Erode and dilate based on mask faces')
   options.add_argument('-NN2', action='store_true', help='Erode and dilate based on mask edges')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 2d6889c0b6..5997117f61 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
   options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
   options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
-  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
+  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index fc365fed05..e439e71c54 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=float, help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=float, help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=app.Parser.Float(-1.0, 1.0), help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
   options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='i,j,k', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=float, help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
   options.add_argument('-rescale', action='store_true', help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
index c417a1cc82..324d7230fe 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   parser.add_argument('-clean_scale',
-                      type=int,
+                      type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                       default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
                       help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts '
                            'bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting '
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
index 03d86f290c..da2342f82a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'mean\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
-                       type=int,
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
                        help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts '
                             'bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting '
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index 340e923723..03c34b67b4 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -45,19 +45,21 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn, help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut, help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-init_mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn,
                        metavar='image',
                        help='Provide an initial brain mask, which will constrain the response function estimation '
                             '(if omitted, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
   options.add_argument('-threshold',
-                       type=float,
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
                        metavar='value',
                        default=THRESHOLD_DEFAULT,
                        help='the threshold on the total tissue density sum image used to derive the brain mask; default is ' + str(THRESHOLD_DEFAULT))
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
index d02070ee94..9608f6594c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options=parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'Synthstrip\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-stripped', help='The output stripped image')
   options.add_argument('-gpu', action='store_true', default=False, help='Use the GPU')
-  options.add_argument('-model', metavar='file', help='Alternative model weights')
+  options.add_argument('-model', type=app.Parser.FileIn, metavar='file', help='Alternative model weights')
   options.add_argument('-nocsf', action='store_true', default=False, help='Compute the immediate boundary of brain matter excluding surrounding CSF')
-  options.add_argument('-border', type=int, help='Control the boundary distance from the brain')
+  options.add_argument('-border', type=app.Parser.Float(), help='Control the boundary distance from the brain')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index d042ed921c..bd82610a6c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'trace\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
-                       type=int,
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
                        help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts '
                             'bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting '
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index fa71259bf5..135e4b6ef8 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
   parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
-  options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, metavar='threshold', default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
-  options.add_argument('-sfwm', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-gm', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=2.0, help='Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-csf', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=10.0, help='Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-erode', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
+  options.add_argument('-fa', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='threshold', default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
+  options.add_argument('-sfwm', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-gm', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='percentage', default=2.0, help='Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-csf', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='percentage', default=10.0, help='Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, help='Use external dwi2response algorithm for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + ') (default: built-in Dhollander 2019)')
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index d1ec976e1a..b0710bc0fd 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fa\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=int, metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
-  options.add_argument('-number', type=int, metavar='voxels', default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
-  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, metavar='value', help='Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels')
+  options.add_argument('-erode', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
+  options.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), metavar='voxels', default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
+  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', help='Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'number', 'threshold' ] )
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 895cf21ff5..50037f0622 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
-  options.add_argument('-fa', type=float, metavar='value', default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
-  options.add_argument('-pvf', type=float, metavar='fraction', default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
+  options.add_argument('-fa', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
+  options.add_argument('-pvf', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='fraction', default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
   options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, default='tournier', help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + '; default: tournier)')
-  options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold', type=float, metavar='value', help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
+  options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index 294555c4c5..dbab94380d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tax\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=float, metavar='value', default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
-  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, metavar='iterations', default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations')
-  options.add_argument('-convergence', type=float, metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating')
+  options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
+  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='iterations', default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)')
+  options.add_argument('-convergence', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating')
 
 
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Optimising')
 
   iteration = 0
-  while iteration < app.ARGS.max_iters:
+  while iteration < app.ARGS.max_iters or not app.ARGS.max_iters:
     prefix = 'iter' + str(iteration) + '_'
 
     # How to initialise response function?
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 6411bf073d..e6fb866c16 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
   parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tournier\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-number', type=int, metavar='voxels', default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
-  options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=int, metavar='voxels', default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
-  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=int, metavar='passes', default=1, help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
-  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, metavar='iterations', default=10, help='Maximum number of iterations')
+  options.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), metavar='voxels', default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
+  options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='voxels', default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
+  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=app.Parser.Int(1), metavar='passes', default=1, help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
+  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='iterations', default=10, help='Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)')
 
 
 
@@ -59,9 +59,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
 
-  if app.ARGS.max_iters < 2:
-    raise MRtrixError('Number of iterations must be at least 2')
-
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Optimising')
 
   iter_voxels = app.ARGS.iter_voxels
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError ('Number of selected voxels (-iter_voxels) must be greater than number of voxels desired (-number)')
 
   iteration = 0
-  while iteration < app.ARGS.max_iters:
+  while iteration < app.ARGS.max_iters or not app.ARGS.max_iters:
     prefix = 'iter' + str(iteration) + '_'
 
     if iteration == 0:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index dbbcd5350c..08fa2dca0b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -44,10 +44,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Tabbara, R.; Rosnarho-Tornstrand, J.; Tournier, J.-D.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Multi-tissue log-domain intensity and inhomogeneity normalisation for quantitative apparent fibre density. '
                       'In Proc. ISMRM, 2021, 29, 2472')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn, help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut, help='The output corrected image series')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index 3a99805b61..7be4759902 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run, utils
 
 
+FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT = 0.4
+
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('group', parents=[base_parser])
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
   parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
   parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
-  parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', default='0.4', metavar='value', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: 0.4)')
+  parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT, metavar='value', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: ' + str(FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT) + ')')
 
 
 
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ def __init__(self, filename, prefix, mask_filename = ''):
               + ('' if app.DO_CLEANUP else ' -nocleanup'))
 
   app.console('Generating WM mask in template space')
-  run.command('mrthreshold fa_template.mif -abs ' +  app.ARGS.fa_threshold + ' template_wm_mask.mif')
+  run.command('mrthreshold fa_template.mif -abs ' +  str(app.ARGS.fa_threshold) + ' template_wm_mask.mif')
 
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Intensity normalising subject images', len(input_list))
   utils.make_dir(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dir, False))
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
index 7f339e3dba..c2b311fa5a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('input_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('input_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
   parser.add_argument('output_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=float, metavar='value', default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
-  parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=int, metavar='value', help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
+  parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), metavar='value', default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
+  parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='value', help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)
 
 
@@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     grad_option = ' -fslgrad ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[0]) + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[1])
 
   if app.ARGS.percentile:
-    if app.ARGS.percentile < 0.0 or app.ARGS.percentile > 100.0:
-      raise MRtrixError('-percentile value must be between 0 and 100')
     intensities = [float(value) for value in run.command('dwiextract ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi) + grad_option + ' -bzero - | ' + \
                                                          'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | ' + \
                                                          'mrdump - -mask ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_mask)).stdout.splitlines()]
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index 7f9c5a7589..d8a49a96b6 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -49,24 +49,27 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The normalised DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn, help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut, help='The normalised DWI series')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
   options.add_argument('-mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn,
                        metavar='image',
                        help='Provide a mask image for relevant calculations '
                             '(if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   options.add_argument('-reference',
-                       type=float,
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                        metavar='value',
                        default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
                        help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series '
                             '(default: ' + str(REFERENCE_INTENSITY) + ')')
   options.add_argument('-scale',
+                       app.Parser.FileOut,
                        metavar='file',
                        help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)

From 18e685014256d2f65d73ae3ed268e6fc90a40090 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 10:33:03 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 038/182] Python: Broad fixing of typed command-line argument
 usage

---
 bin/dwibiasnormmask                           |  2 +-
 bin/population_template                       | 40 +++++++++----------
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          |  8 ++--
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst      |  4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst    |  8 ++--
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst   |  4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst      |  6 +--
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                            | 36 ++++++++++-------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py                |  8 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py            | 10 ++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py                 |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py          |  6 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py            |  1 -
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py            | 10 ++---
 15 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index e71c42144e..2d62b3b65e 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                      'set to 0 to proceed until convergence')
   internal_options.add_argument('-mask_algo', choices=MASK_ALGOS, metavar='algorithm',
                                 help='The algorithm to use for mask estimation, potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description); default: ' + MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT)
-  internal_options.add_argument('-lmax', metavar='values', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
+  internal_options.add_argument('-lmax', metavar='values', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                                 help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                                      'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index 8775ef5f67..c6d91edc65 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -59,43 +59,43 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'with the pairs corresponding to different contrasts provided sequentially.')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
 
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause', action='store_true', help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction', action='store_true', help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
 
   nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser().SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
   options.add_argument('-type', choices=REGISTRATION_MODES, help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
-  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser().SequenceFloat(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
   options.add_argument('-initial_alignment', choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, default='mass', help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".')
-  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryIn(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
-  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
-  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser().DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser().ImageOut(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
+  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
+  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
+  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
   options.add_argument('-noreorientation', action='store_true', help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
   options.add_argument('-leave_one_out', choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT, default='auto', help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: ' + ', '.join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT) + '. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) ')
   options.add_argument('-aggregate', choices=AGGREGATION_MODES, help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: %s. Default: mean' % ', '.join(AGGREGATION_MODES))
-  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser().FileIn(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
   options.add_argument('-nanmask', action='store_true', help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
   options.add_argument('-copy_input', action='store_true', help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
   options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files', action='store_true', help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index 5600dc884a..9cd7420212 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ Options specific to the 'Synthstrip' algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index db2486f16d..c352fdfd46 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ Options specific to the 'tax' algorithm
 
 - **-peak_ratio value** Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold
 
-- **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations
+- **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)
 
 - **-convergence percentage** Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating
 
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ Options specific to the 'tournier' algorithm
 
 - **-dilate passes** Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration
 
-- **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations
+- **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index bf41865725..19f9d2716d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -336,16 +336,16 @@ Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
 Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mask image** Manually provide a mask image for bias field estimation
+- **-mask image** Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation
 
-- **-bias image** Output the estimated bias field
+- **-bias image** Output an image containing the estimated bias field
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
index 0df9e89030..73875ec8d4 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
index 130cb050b3..8c179645b3 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ dwinormalise manual
 Synopsis
 --------
 
-Intensity normalise a DWI series based on the b=0 signal within a manually-supplied supplied mask
+Intensity normalise a DWI series based on the b=0 signal within a supplied mask
 
 Usage
 -----
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Options
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-grad** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
+- **-grad file** Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format
 
 - **-fslgrad bvecs bvals** Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format
 
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
-- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index 4889845c8e..dd96d9ebfa 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     population_template input_dir template [ options ]
 
--  *input_dir*: Directory containing all input images of a given contrast
+-  *input_dir*: Input directory containing all images of a given contrast
 -  *template*: Output template image
 
 Description
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index b3746b54c5..7d2360d71f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ def _get_message(self):
 
 
 # The Parser class is responsible for setting up command-line parsing for the script.
-#   This includes proper CONFIGuration of the argparse functionality, adding standard options
+#   This includes proper configuration of the argparse functionality, adding standard options
 #   that are common for all scripts, providing a custom help page that is consistent with the
 #   MRtrix3 binaries, and defining functions for exporting the help page for the purpose of
 #   automated self-documentation.
@@ -616,11 +616,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
     def _typestring():
       return 'BOOL'
 
-  def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None):
+  def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, int)
     assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, int)
     assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
-    class Checker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+    class IntChecker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
       def __call__(self, input_value):
         try:
           value = int(input_value)
@@ -633,14 +633,14 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         return value
       @staticmethod
       def _typestring():
-        return 'INT ' + ('-9223372036854775808' if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + ('9223372036854775807' if max_value is None else str(max_value))
-    return Checker
+        return 'INT ' + (str(-sys.maxsize - 1) if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + (str(sys.maxsize) if max_value is None else str(max_value))
+    return IntChecker()
 
-  def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None):
+  def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, float)
     assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, float)
     assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
-    class Checker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+    class FloatChecker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
       def __call__(self, input_value):
         try:
           value = float(input_value)
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       @staticmethod
       def _typestring():
         return 'FLOAT ' + ('-inf' if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + ('inf' if max_value is None else str(max_value))
-    return Checker
+    return FloatChecker()
 
   class SequenceInt(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -701,6 +701,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       if not os.path.isfile(input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a file')
       return input_value
+    @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'FILEIN'
 
@@ -743,9 +744,11 @@ def _typestring():
 
   class TracksOut(FileOut):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
+      super().__call__(input_value)
       if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Output tractogram path "' + input_value + '" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
       return input_value
+    @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'TRACKSOUT'
 
@@ -789,8 +792,8 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
       standard_options.add_argument('-version', action='store_true', help='display version information and exit.')
       script_options = self.add_argument_group('Additional standard options for Python scripts')
       script_options.add_argument('-nocleanup', action='store_true', help='do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.')
-      script_options.add_argument('-scratch', type=Parser.DirectoryOut, metavar='/path/to/scratch/', help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
-      script_options.add_argument('-continue', nargs=2, dest='cont', metavar=('ScratchDir', 'LastFile'), help='continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-scratch', type=Parser.DirectoryOut(), metavar='/path/to/scratch/', help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-continue', type=Parser.Various(), nargs=2, dest='cont', metavar=('ScratchDir', 'LastFile'), help='continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.')
     module_file = os.path.realpath (inspect.getsourcefile(inspect.stack()[-1][0]))
     self._is_project = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(module_file), os.pardir, 'lib', 'mrtrix3', 'app.py')) != os.path.abspath(__file__)
     try:
@@ -1099,6 +1102,10 @@ def print_full_usage(self):
     def arg2str(arg):
       if arg.choices:
         return 'CHOICE ' + ' '.join(arg.choices)
+      if isinstance(arg.type, int) or arg.type is int:
+        return 'INT ' + str(-sys.maxsize - 1) + ' ' + str(sys.maxsize)
+      if isinstance(arg.type, float) or arg.type is float:
+        return 'FLOAT -inf inf'
       if isinstance(arg.type, str) or arg.type is str or arg.type is None:
         return 'TEXT'
       if isinstance(arg.type, Parser.CustomTypeBase):
@@ -1335,9 +1342,10 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
 # Define functions for incorporating commonly-used command-line options / option groups
 def add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for importing the diffusion gradient table')
-  options.add_argument('-grad', type=Parser.FileIn, metavar='file', help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format')
-  options.add_argument('-fslgrad', type=Parser.FileIn, nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
+  options.add_argument('-grad', type=Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format')
+  options.add_argument('-fslgrad', type=Parser.FileIn(), nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'grad', 'fslgrad' ] )
+
 def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   assert ARGS
@@ -1352,8 +1360,8 @@ def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for exporting the diffusion gradient table')
-  options.add_argument('-export_grad_mrtrix', type=Parser.FileOut, metavar='grad', help='Export the final gradient table in MRtrix format')
-  options.add_argument('-export_grad_fsl', type=Parser.FileOut, nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
+  options.add_argument('-export_grad_mrtrix', type=Parser.FileOut(), metavar='grad', help='Export the final gradient table in MRtrix format')
+  options.add_argument('-export_grad_fsl', type=Parser.FileOut(), nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'export_grad_mrtrix', 'export_grad_fsl' ] )
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index 03c34b67b4..a1f4c88301 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -45,16 +45,16 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn, help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut, help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-init_mask',
-                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn,
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        metavar='image',
                        help='Provide an initial brain mask, which will constrain the response function estimation '
                             '(if omitted, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
index 9608f6594c..f8f2296587 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_description('This algorithm requires that the SynthStrip method be installed and available via PATH; '
                          'this could be via Freesufer 7.3.0 or later, or the dedicated Singularity container.')
   parser.add_citation('A. Hoopes, J. S. Mora, A. V. Dalca, B. Fischl, M. Hoffmann. SynthStrip: Skull-Stripping for Any Brain Image. NeuroImage, 2022, 260, 119474', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
   options=parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'Synthstrip\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-stripped', help='The output stripped image')
+  options.add_argument('-stripped', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output stripped image')
   options.add_argument('-gpu', action='store_true', default=False, help='Use the GPU')
-  options.add_argument('-model', type=app.Parser.FileIn, metavar='file', help='Alternative model weights')
+  options.add_argument('-model', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Alternative model weights')
   options.add_argument('-nocsf', action='store_true', default=False, help='Compute the immediate boundary of brain matter excluding surrounding CSF')
-  options.add_argument('-border', type=app.Parser.Float(), help='Control the boundary distance from the brain')
+  options.add_argument('-border', type=float, help='Control the boundary distance from the brain')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index bd82610a6c..99b38a050a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   iter_options.add_argument('-iterative',
                             action='store_true',
                             help='(EXPERIMENTAL) Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images prior to thresholding')
-  iter_options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=int, default=DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS, help='Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS) + ')')
+  iter_options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(1), default=DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS, help='Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS) + ')')
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index 08fa2dca0b..5a7276a068 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Tabbara, R.; Rosnarho-Tornstrand, J.; Tournier, J.-D.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Multi-tissue log-domain intensity and inhomogeneity normalisation for quantitative apparent fibre density. '
                       'In Proc. ISMRM, 2021, 29, 2472')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn, help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut, help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
index c2b311fa5a..61dffd009c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 import math
-from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
 from mrtrix3 import app, path, run
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index d8a49a96b6..38f1a1f091 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn, help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut, help='The normalised DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The normalised DWI series')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt,
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
   options.add_argument('-mask',
-                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn,
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        metavar='image',
                        help='Provide a mask image for relevant calculations '
                             '(if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series '
                             '(default: ' + str(REFERENCE_INTENSITY) + ')')
   options.add_argument('-scale',
-                       app.Parser.FileOut,
+                       type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
                        metavar='file',
                        help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)

From d511e3d0765c380986b1fbfd2d2c2671a7034612 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 18:29:15 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 039/182] Python API: Multiple related changes

- For command-line arguments that involve filesystem paths, perform immediate translation to absolute filesystem path for the contents of app.ARGS. Further, store such information using a custom type that will add shell escape double-quotes if contributing to an F-string.
- Utilise Python3 F-strings throughout code base, both for readability and to mitigate chances of developers using string addition operation on filesystem paths (whether user-specified or absolute paths to the scratch directory or its contents) that may contain whitespace.
- Remove some code that provided functionality for versions of Python that do not support F-strings, since those Python versions will no longer be supported.
- Remove functions app.make_scratch_dir() and app.goto_scratch_dir(); instead, new function app.activate_scratch_dir() will both create that directory and change the current working directory to that location. This change coincides with the immediate translation of user-specified filesystem paths to absolute paths, such that a change in working directory should not be consequential for executed commands.
- Perform some line wrapping of Python code to improve readability.
- Remove many checks of user inputs that are made redundant by the enforcement of values at the time of command-line parsing.
- Remove functions path.from_user() and path.to_scratch(). The former is obviated by the immediate translation of user-specified filesystem paths to absolute paths; the second is obviated by changing the current working directory to the scratch directory upon creation, such that simple string file names can be specified. Class app.ScratchPath can nevertheless be instantiated if one wants an absolute path to a location within the scratch directory.
- For some flags provided by algorithms to the corresponding interface commands, change those flags from functions to const variables.
- Improve conformation of use of single-quotes for Python strings (particularly in population_template).
---
 bin/5ttgen                             |  30 +-
 bin/blend                              |  16 +-
 bin/dwi2mask                           |  35 +-
 bin/dwi2response                       |  84 ++-
 bin/dwibiascorrect                     |  40 +-
 bin/dwibiasnormmask                    | 259 ++++---
 bin/dwicat                             |  70 +-
 bin/dwifslpreproc                      | 762 +++++++++++--------
 bin/dwigradcheck                       |  77 +-
 bin/dwinormalise                       |   7 +-
 bin/dwishellmath                       |  50 +-
 bin/for_each                           | 191 +++--
 bin/labelsgmfix                        |  98 ++-
 bin/mask2glass                         |  64 +-
 bin/mrtrix_cleanup                     |  55 +-
 bin/population_template                | 972 +++++++++++++++----------
 bin/responsemean                       |  60 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py      |  69 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py             | 185 +++--
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py             |  46 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            | 412 ++++++-----
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 619 +++++++++-------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py     | 113 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py           |  64 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py    | 348 +++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      | 108 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py         |  69 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py          |  36 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py         |  29 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py           |  47 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py         | 115 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py     |  74 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |  83 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py | 242 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |  79 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     |  74 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   | 154 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        | 124 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   | 149 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py     |  67 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py      |  60 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py   |  93 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      | 129 ++--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py     |  59 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py     |  97 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py                     |  48 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/image.py                   |  71 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py                  |  43 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/path.py                    |  53 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py           |  20 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/run.py                     | 104 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/utils.py                   |  15 +-
 testing/pylint.rc                      |   2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask         |   2 +-
 54 files changed, 3969 insertions(+), 3003 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/5ttgen b/bin/5ttgen
index 8fc341f1f3..ccb5522d56 100755
--- a/bin/5ttgen
+++ b/bin/5ttgen
@@ -22,13 +22,26 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image suitable for ACT')
-  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. Anatomically-constrained tractography: Improved diffusion MRI streamlines tractography through effective use of anatomical information. NeuroImage, 2012, 62, 1924-1938')
-  cmdline.add_description('5ttgen acts as a \'master\' script for generating a five-tissue-type (5TT) segmented tissue image suitable for use in Anatomically-Constrained Tractography (ACT). A range of different algorithms are available for completing this task. When using this script, the name of the algorithm to be used must appear as the first argument on the command-line after \'5ttgen\'. The subsequent compulsory arguments and options available depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available also has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the \'fsl\' algorithm, type \'5ttgen fsl\'.')
+  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. '
+                       'Anatomically-constrained tractography: Improved diffusion MRI streamlines tractography through effective use of anatomical information. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2012, 62, 1924-1938')
+  cmdline.add_description('5ttgen acts as a "master" script for generating a five-tissue-type (5TT) segmented tissue image suitable for use in Anatomically-Constrained Tractography (ACT). '
+                          'A range of different algorithms are available for completing this task. '
+                          'When using this script, the name of the algorithm to be used must appear as the first argument on the command-line after "5ttgen". '
+                          'The subsequent compulsory arguments and options available depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available also has its own help page, including necessary references; '
+                          'e.g. to see the help page of the "fsl" algorithm, type "5ttgen fsl".')
 
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all 5ttgen algorithms')
-  common_options.add_argument('-nocrop', action='store_true', default=False, help='Do NOT crop the resulting 5TT image to reduce its size (keep the same dimensions as the input image)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp', action='store_true', default=False, help='Represent the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter in the 5TT image')
+  common_options.add_argument('-nocrop',
+                              action='store_true',
+                              default=False,
+                              help='Do NOT crop the resulting 5TT image to reduce its size '
+                                   '(keep the same dimensions as the input image)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp',
+                              action='store_true',
+                              default=False,
+                              help='Represent the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter in the 5TT image')
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
   algorithm.usage(cmdline)
@@ -41,12 +54,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
   alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
 
-  alg.check_output_paths()
-
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-  alg.get_inputs()
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
+  # TODO Have algorithm return path to image to check
   alg.execute()
 
   stderr = run.command('5ttcheck result.mif').stderr
diff --git a/bin/blend b/bin/blend
index ebe03f07cd..fe0d86332f 100755
--- a/bin/blend
+++ b/bin/blend
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ import sys
 if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
   sys.stderr.write('A script to blend two sets of movie frames together with a desired overlap.\n')
   sys.stderr.write('The input arguments are two folders containing the movie frames '
-                   '(eg. output from the MRview screenshot tool), and the desired number '
-                   'of overlapping frames.\n')
+                   '(eg. output from the MRview screenshot tool), '
+                   'and the desired number of overlapping frames.\n')
   sys.stderr.write('eg: blend folder1 folder2 20 output_folder\n')
   sys.exit(1)
 
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ if not os.path.exists(OUTPUT_FOLDER):
 
 NUM_OUTPUT_FRAMES = len(FILE_LIST_1) + len(FILE_LIST_2) - NUM_OVERLAP
 for i in range(NUM_OUTPUT_FRAMES):
-  file_name = 'frame' + '%0*d' % (5, i) + '.png'
+  file_name = f'frame{i:%05d}.png'
   if i <= len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP:
-    os.system('cp -L ' + INPUT_FOLDER_1 + '/' + FILE_LIST_1[i] + ' ' + OUTPUT_FOLDER + '/' + file_name)
+    os.system(f'cp -L {INPUT_FOLDER_1}/{FILE_LIST_1[i]} {OUTPUT_FOLDER}/{file_name}')
   if len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP < i < len(FILE_LIST_1):
     i2 = i - (len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP) - 1
     blend_amount = 100 * float(i2 + 1) / float(NUM_OVERLAP)
-    os.system('convert ' + INPUT_FOLDER_1 + '/' + FILE_LIST_1[i] + ' ' + INPUT_FOLDER_2 \
-        + '/' + FILE_LIST_2[i2] + ' -alpha on -compose blend  -define compose:args=' \
-        + str(blend_amount) + ' -gravity South  -composite ' + OUTPUT_FOLDER + '/' + file_name)
+    os.system(f'convert {INPUT_FOLDER_1}/{FILE_LIST_1[i]} {INPUT_FOLDER_2}/{FILE_LIST_2[i2]} '
+              '-alpha on -compose blend '
+              f'-define compose:args={blend_amount} -gravity South -composite {OUTPUT_FOLDER}/{file_name}')
   if i >= (len(FILE_LIST_1)):
     i2 = i - (len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP) - 1
-    os.system('cp -L ' + INPUT_FOLDER_2 + '/' + FILE_LIST_2[i2] + ' ' + OUTPUT_FOLDER + '/' + file_name)
+    os.system(f'cp -L {INPUT_FOLDER_2}/{FILE_LIST_2[i2]} {OUTPUT_FOLDER}/{file_name}')
diff --git a/bin/dwi2mask b/bin/dwi2mask
index 485a224e51..703575731e 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2mask
+++ b/bin/dwi2mask
@@ -23,9 +23,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generate a binary mask from DWI data')
   cmdline.add_description('This script serves as an interface for many different algorithms that generate a binary mask from DWI data in different ways. '
-                          'Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the \'fslbet\' algorithm, type \'dwi2mask fslbet\'.')
+                          'Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; '
+                          'e.g. to see the help page of the "fslbet" algorithm, type "dwi2mask fslbet".')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
 
   # General options
   #common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2mask options')
@@ -38,32 +39,25 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
   alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
 
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-  input_header = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
+  input_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.input)
   image.check_3d_nonunity(input_header)
   grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
   if not grad_import_option and 'dw_scheme' not in input_header.keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('Script requires diffusion gradient table: '
                       'either in image header, or using -grad / -fslgrad option')
 
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   # Get input data into the scratch directory
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif')
-              + ' -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option,
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} input.mif -strides 0,0,0,1 {grad_import_option}',
               preserve_pipes=True)
-  alg.get_inputs()
-
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
   # Generate a mean b=0 image (common task in many algorithms)
-  if alg.needs_mean_bzero():
+  if alg.NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO:
     run.command('dwiextract input.mif -bzero - | '
                 'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | '
                 'mrconvert - bzero.nii -strides +1,+2,+3')
@@ -79,6 +73,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   #   if the input DWI is volume-contiguous
   strides = image.Header('input.mif').strides()[0:3]
   strides = [(abs(value) + 1 - min(abs(v) for v in strides)) * (-1 if value < 0 else 1) for value in strides]
+  strides = ','.join(map(str, strides))
 
   # From here, the script splits depending on what algorithm is being used
   # The return value of the execute() function should be the name of the
@@ -89,15 +84,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   #   the DWI data are valid
   #   (want to ensure that no algorithm includes any voxels where
   #   there is no valid DWI data, regardless of how they operate)
-  run.command('mrcalc '
-              + mask_path
-              + ' input_pos_mask.mif -mult -'
-              + ' |'
-              + ' mrconvert - '
-              + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output)
-              + ' -strides ' + ','.join(str(value) for value in strides)
-              + ' -datatype bit',
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {mask_path} input_pos_mask.mif -mult - | '
+              f'mrconvert - {app.ARGS.output} -strides {strides} -datatype bit',
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
 
diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 6dd9f46d5d..94c7b0ca59 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -22,21 +22,39 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Estimate response function(s) for spherical deconvolution')
-  cmdline.add_description('dwi2response offers different algorithms for performing various types of response function estimation. The name of the algorithm must appear as the first argument on the command-line after \'dwi2response\'. The subsequent arguments and options depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the \'fa\' algorithm, type \'dwi2response fa\'.')
+  cmdline.add_description('dwi2response offers different algorithms for performing various types of response function estimation. '
+                          'The name of the algorithm must appear as the first argument on the command-line after "dwi2response". '
+                          'The subsequent arguments and options depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; '
+                          'e.g. to see the help page of the "fa" algorithm, type "dwi2response fa".')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on response function estimation for spherical deconvolution can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/constrained_spherical_deconvolution/response_function_estimation.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/constrained_spherical_deconvolution/response_function_estimation.html')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
                           'derive an initial voxel exclusion mask. '
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: '
-                          'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
 
   # General options
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
-  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
-  common_options.add_argument('-voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)')
-  common_options.add_argument('-lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), metavar='values', help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation (comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-mask',
+                              type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                              metavar='image',
+                              help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
+  common_options.add_argument('-voxels',
+                              type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                              metavar='image',
+                              help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-shells',
+                              type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                              metavar='bvalues',
+                              help='The b-value(s) to use in response function estimation '
+                                   '(comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values; '
+                                   'b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)')
+  common_options.add_argument('-lmax',
+                              type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                              metavar='values',
+                              help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation '
+                                   '(comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
@@ -49,60 +67,51 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
   alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
 
-  # Check for prior existence of output files, and grab any input files, used by the particular algorithm
-  if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.voxels)
-  alg.check_output_paths()
-
   # Sanitise some inputs, and get ready for data import
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     if any(lmax%2 for lmax in app.ARGS.lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('Value(s) of lmax must be even')
-    if alg.needs_single_shell() and not len(app.ARGS.lmax) == 1:
+    if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL and not len(app.ARGS.lmax) == 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single lmax value for single-shell algorithms')
   shells_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.shells:
-    if alg.needs_single_shell() and len(app.ARGS.shells) != 1:
+    if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL and len(app.ARGS.shells) != 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single b-value shell for single-shell algorithms')
-    shells_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.shells)
+    shells_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.shells))
   singleshell_option = ''
-  if alg.needs_single_shell():
+  if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL:
     singleshell_option = ' -singleshell -no_bzero'
 
   grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  if not grad_import_option and 'dw_scheme' not in image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False)).keyval():
-    raise MRtrixError('Script requires diffusion gradient table: either in image header, or using -grad / -fslgrad option')
-
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
+  if not grad_import_option and 'dw_scheme' not in image.Header(app.ARGS.input).keyval():
+    raise MRtrixError('Script requires diffusion gradient table: '
+                      'either in image header, or using -grad / -fslgrad option')
 
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   # Get standard input data into the scratch directory
-  if alg.needs_single_shell() or shells_option:
-    app.console('Importing DWI data (' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ') and selecting b-values...')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' - -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option + ' | '
-                'dwiextract - ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + shells_option + singleshell_option,
+  if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL or shells_option:
+    app.console(f'Importing DWI data ({app.ARGS.input}) and selecting b-values...')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} - -strides 0,0,0,1 {grad_import_option} | '
+                f'dwiextract - dwi.mif {shells_option} {singleshell_option}',
                 show=False,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   else: # Don't discard b=0 in multi-shell algorithms
-    app.console('Importing DWI data (' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ')...')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1' + grad_import_option,
+    app.console(f'Importing DWI data ({app.ARGS.input})...')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} dwi.mif -strides 0,0,0,1 {grad_import_option}',
                 show=False,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    app.console('Importing mask (' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ')...')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+    app.console(f'Importing mask ({app.ARGS.mask})...')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.mask} mask.mif -datatype bit',
                 show=False,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-  alg.get_inputs()
-
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
-
-  if alg.supports_mask():
+  if alg.SUPPORTS_MASK:
     if app.ARGS.mask:
       # Check that the brain mask is appropriate
       mask_header = image.Header('mask.mif')
@@ -111,8 +120,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       if not (len(mask_header.size()) == 3 or (len(mask_header.size()) == 4 and mask_header.size()[3] == 1)):
         raise MRtrixError('Provided mask image needs to be a 3D image')
     else:
-      app.console('Computing brain mask (dwi2mask)...')
-      run.command('dwi2mask ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'] + ' dwi.mif mask.mif', show=False)
+      dwi2mask_algo = CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm']
+      app.console(f'Computing brain mask (dwi2mask {dwi2mask_algo})...')
+      run.command(f'dwi2mask {dwi2mask_algo} dwi.mif mask.mif', show=False)
 
     if not image.statistics('mask.mif', mask='mask.mif').count:
       raise MRtrixError(('Provided' if app.ARGS.mask else 'Generated') + ' mask image does not contain any voxels')
diff --git a/bin/dwibiascorrect b/bin/dwibiascorrect
index 5c0e9f6cbb..910df34216 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/bin/dwibiascorrect
@@ -21,13 +21,20 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform B1 field inhomogeneity correction for a DWI volume series')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, '
+                          'the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
                           'derive a mask that will be passed to the relevant bias field estimation command. '
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms')
-  common_options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation')
-  common_options.add_argument('-bias', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Output an image containing the estimated bias field')
+  common_options.add_argument('-mask',
+                              type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                              metavar='image',
+                              help='Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation')
+  common_options.add_argument('-bias',
+                              type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                              metavar='image',
+                              help='Output an image containing the estimated bias field')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
@@ -37,43 +44,38 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
   alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
 
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.bias)
-  alg.check_output_paths()
-
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif') + grad_import_option,
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} in.mif {grad_import_option}',
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-  alg.get_inputs()
-
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
-
   # Make sure it's actually a DWI that's been passed
   dwi_header = image.Header('in.mif')
   if len(dwi_header.size()) != 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
   if 'dw_scheme' not in dwi_header.keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('No valid DW gradient scheme provided or present in image header')
-  if len(dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme']) != dwi_header.size()[3]:
-    raise MRtrixError('DW gradient scheme contains different number of entries (' + str(len(dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme'])) + ' to number of volumes in DWIs (' + dwi_header.size()[3] + ')')
+  dwscheme_rows = len(dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme'])
+  if dwscheme_rows != dwi_header.size()[3]:
+    raise MRtrixError(f'DW gradient scheme contains different number of entries'
+                      f' ({dwscheme_rows})'
+                      f' to number of volumes in DWIs'
+                      f' ({dwi_header.size()[3]})')
 
   # Generate a brain mask if required, or check the mask if provided by the user
   if app.ARGS.mask:
     if not image.match('in.mif', 'mask.mif', up_to_dim=3):
       raise MRtrixError('Provided mask image does not match input DWI')
   else:
-    run.command('dwi2mask ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'] + ' in.mif mask.mif')
+    run.command(['dwi2mask', CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'], 'in.mif', 'mask.mif'])
 
   # From here, the script splits depending on what estimation algorithm is being used
   alg.execute()
diff --git a/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index 2d62b3b65e..86762d9e47 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -84,58 +84,75 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Tabbara, R.; Rosnarho-Tornstrand, J.; Tournier, J.-D.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                        'Multi-tissue log-domain intensity and inhomogeneity normalisation for quantitative apparent fibre density. '
                        'In Proc. ISMRM, 2021, 29, 2472')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output_dwi', help='The output corrected DWI series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output_mask', help='The output DWI mask')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output_dwi',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output corrected DWI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output_mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output DWI mask')
   output_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options that modulate the outputs of the script')
-  output_options.add_argument('-output_bias', metavar='image',
+  output_options.add_argument('-output_bias',
+                              type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
                               help='Export the final estimated bias field to an image')
-  output_options.add_argument('-output_scale', metavar='file',
+  output_options.add_argument('-output_scale',
+                              type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
                               help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
-  output_options.add_argument('-output_tissuesum', metavar='image',
+  output_options.add_argument('-output_tissuesum',
+                              type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
                               help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask')
-  output_options.add_argument('-reference', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), metavar='value', default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
-                              help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series (default: ' + str(REFERENCE_INTENSITY) + ')')
+  output_options.add_argument('-reference',
+                              type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                              metavar='value',
+                              default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
+                              help=f'Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series (default: {REFERENCE_INTENSITY})')
   internal_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options relevant to the internal optimisation procedure')
-  internal_options.add_argument('-dice', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT, metavar='value',
-                                help='Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations that will '
-                                     'result in termination due to convergence; default = ' + str(DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT))
-  internal_options.add_argument('-init_mask', metavar='image',
+  internal_options.add_argument('-dice',
+                                type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                                default=DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT,
+                                metavar='value',
+                                help=f'Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations that will '
+                                     f'result in termination due to convergence; default = {DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT}')
+  internal_options.add_argument('-init_mask',
+                                type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                                  help='Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm '
                                       '(if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
-  internal_options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(0), default=DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS, metavar='count',
-                                help='The maximum number of iterations (see Description); default is ' + str(DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS) + '; '
-                                     'set to 0 to proceed until convergence')
-  internal_options.add_argument('-mask_algo', choices=MASK_ALGOS, metavar='algorithm',
-                                help='The algorithm to use for mask estimation, potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description); default: ' + MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT)
-  internal_options.add_argument('-lmax', metavar='values', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+  internal_options.add_argument('-max_iters',
+                                type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                                default=DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS,
+                                metavar='count',
+                                help=f'The maximum number of iterations (see Description); default is {DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS}; '
+                                     f'set to 0 to proceed until convergence')
+  internal_options.add_argument('-mask_algo',
+                                choices=MASK_ALGOS,
+                                metavar='algorithm',
+                                help=f'The algorithm to use for mask estimation, '
+                                     f'potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description); '
+                                     f'default: {MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT}')
+  internal_options.add_argument('-lmax',
+                                metavar='values',
+                                type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                                 help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
-                                     'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
+                                     f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
+                                     f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError  #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, matrix, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, matrix, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   # Check user inputs
-  if app.ARGS.max_iters < 0:
-    raise MRtrixError('Maximum number of iterations must be a non-negative integer')
   lmax = None
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    try:
-      lmax = [int(i) for i in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',')]
-    except ValueError as exc:
-      raise MRtrixError('Values provided to -lmax option must be a comma-separated list of integers') from exc
+    lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if any(value < 0 or value % 2 for value in lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('lmax values must be non-negative even integers')
     if len(lmax) not in [2, 3]:
       raise MRtrixError('Length of lmax vector expected to be either 2 or 3')
-  if app.ARGS.dice <= 0.0 or app.ARGS.dice > 1.0:
-    raise MRtrixError('Dice coefficient for convergence detection must lie in the range (0.0, 1.0]')
-  if app.ARGS.reference <= 0.0:
-    raise MRtrixError('Reference intensity must be positive')
 
   # Check what masking agorithm is going to be used
   mask_algo = MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT
@@ -144,29 +161,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   elif 'DwibiasnormmaskMaskAlgorithm' in CONFIG:
     mask_algo = CONFIG['DwibiasnormmaskMaskAlgorithm']
     if not mask_algo in MASK_ALGOS:
-      raise MRtrixError('Invalid masking algorithm selection "%s" in MRtrix config file' % mask_algo)
-    app.console('"%s" algorithm will be used for brain masking during iteration as specified in config file' % mask_algo)
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Invalid masking algorithm selection "{mask_algo}" in MRtrix config file')
+    app.console(f'"{mask_algo}" algorithm will be used for brain masking during iteration as specified in config file')
   else:
-    app.console('Default "%s" algorithm will be used for brain masking during iteration' % MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT)
+    app.console(f'Default "{MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT}" algorithm will be used for brain masking during iteration')
 
   # Check mask algorithm, including availability of external software if necessary
   for mask_algo, software, command in [('fslbet', 'FSL', 'bet'), ('hdbet', 'HD-BET', 'hd-bet'), ('synthstrip', 'FreeSurfer', 'mri_synthstrip')]:
     if app.ARGS.mask_algo == mask_algo and not shutil.which(command):
-      raise MRtrixError(software + ' command "' + command + '" not found; cannot use for internal mask calculations')
-
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output_dwi)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output_mask)
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
+      raise MRtrixError(f'{software} command "{command}" not found; cannot use for internal mask calculations')
 
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' '
-              + path.to_scratch('input.mif') + grad_import_option)
-
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} input.mif {grad_import_option}')
   if app.ARGS.init_mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.init_mask) + ' '
-                + path.to_scratch('dwi_mask_init.mif') + ' -datatype bit')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.init_mask} dwi_mask_init.mif -datatype bit')
 
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
 
   # Check inputs
@@ -176,10 +186,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
   if 'dw_scheme' not in dwi_header.keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('No valid DW gradient scheme provided or present in image header')
-  if len(dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme']) != dwi_header.size()[3]:
-    raise MRtrixError('DW gradient scheme contains different number of entries ('
-                      + str(len(dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme']))
-                      + ' to number of volumes in DWIs (' + dwi_header.size()[3] + ')')
+  dwscheme_rows = len(dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme'])
+  if dwscheme_rows != dwi_header.size()[3]:
+    raise MRtrixError(f'DW gradient scheme contains different number of entries'
+                      f' ({dwscheme_rows})'
+                      f' to number of volumes in DWIs'
+                      f' ({dwi_header.size()[3]})')
 
   # Determine whether we are working with single-shell or multi-shell data
   bvalues = [
@@ -190,7 +202,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
-    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, but input DWI is not multi-shell')
+    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, '
+                      'but input DWI is not multi-shell')
+  lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str, lmax))
 
   # Create a mask of voxels where the input data contain positive values;
   #   we want to make sure that these never end up included in the output mask
@@ -203,9 +217,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError('Provided mask image does not match input DWI')
   else:
     app.debug('Performing intial DWI brain masking')
-    run.command('dwi2mask '
-                + CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm']
-                + ' input.mif dwi_mask_init.mif')
+    run.command(['dwi2mask', CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'], 'input.mif', 'dwi_mask_init.mif'])
 
   # Combined RF estimation / CSD / mtnormalise / mask revision
   class Tissue(object): #pylint: disable=useless-object-inheritance
@@ -216,9 +228,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       self.fod_init = 'FODinit_' + name + iter_string + '.mif'
       self.fod_norm = 'FODnorm_' + name + iter_string + '.mif'
 
-
-  app.debug('Commencing iterative DWI bias field correction and brain masking with '
-            + ('a maximum of ' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters) if app.ARGS.max_iters else 'no limit on number of ') + ' iterations')
+  iteration_message = f'a maximum of {app.ARGS.max_iters}' \
+                      if app.ARGS.max_iters \
+                      else 'no limit on number of '
+  app.debug('Commencing iterative DWI bias field correction and brain masking '
+            f'with {iteration_message} iterations')
 
   dwi_image = 'input.mif'
   dwi_mask_image = 'dwi_mask_init.mif'
@@ -230,8 +244,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   total_scaling_factor = 1.0
 
   def msg():
-    return 'Iteration {0}; {1} step; previous Dice coefficient {2}' \
-            .format(iteration, step, prev_dice_coefficient)
+    return f'Iteration {iteration}; {step} step; previous Dice coefficient {prev_dice_coefficient}'
   progress = app.ProgressBar(msg)
 
   iteration = 1
@@ -243,11 +256,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
     step = 'dwi2response'
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('dwi2response dhollander '
-                + dwi_image
-                + ' -mask '
-                + dwi_mask_image
-                + ' '
+    run.command(f'dwi2response dhollander {dwi_image} -mask {dwi_mask_image} '
                 + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues))
 
 
@@ -258,18 +267,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
     step = 'dwi2fod'
     progress.increment()
-    app.debug('Performing CSD with lmax values: ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in lmax))
-    run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd '
-                + dwi_image
-                + ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in lmax)
-                + ' '
-                + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf + ' ' + tissue.fod_init
-                           for tissue in tissues))
+    app.debug('Performing CSD with lmax values: ' + ','.join(map(str, lmax)))
+    run.command(f'dwi2fod msmt_csd {dwi_image} {lmax_option} '
+                + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf + ' ' + tissue.fod_init for tissue in tissues))
 
     step = 'maskfilter'
     progress.increment()
     eroded_mask = os.path.splitext(dwi_mask_image)[0] + '_eroded.mif'
-    run.command('maskfilter ' + dwi_mask_image + ' erode ' + eroded_mask)
+    run.command(f'maskfilter {dwi_mask_image} erode {eroded_mask}')
 
     step = 'mtnormalise'
     progress.increment()
@@ -277,18 +282,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     bias_field_image = 'field' + iter_string + '.mif'
     factors_path = 'factors' + iter_string + '.txt'
 
-    run.command('mtnormalise -balanced'
-                + ' -mask ' + eroded_mask
-                + ' -check_norm ' + bias_field_image
-                + ' -check_factors ' + factors_path
-                + ' '
+    run.command(f'mtnormalise -balanced -mask {eroded_mask} -check_norm {bias_field_image} -check_factors {factors_path} '
                 + ' '.join(tissue.fod_init + ' ' + tissue.fod_norm
                            for tissue in tissues))
     app.cleanup([tissue.fod_init for tissue in tissues])
     app.cleanup(eroded_mask)
 
-    app.debug('Iteration ' + str(iteration) + ', '
-                + 'applying estimated bias field and appropiate scaling factor...')
+    app.debug(f'Iteration {iteration}, applying estimated bias field and appropiate scaling factor...')
     csf_rf = matrix.load_matrix(tissues[-1].tissue_rf)
     csf_rf_bzero_lzero = csf_rf[0][0]
     app.cleanup([tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues])
@@ -297,74 +297,60 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.cleanup(factors_path)
     scale_multiplier = (app.ARGS.reference * math.sqrt(4.0*math.pi)) / \
                        (csf_rf_bzero_lzero / csf_balance_factor)
-    new_dwi_image = 'dwi' + iter_string + '.mif'
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + dwi_image + ' '
-                + bias_field_image + ' -div '
-                + str(scale_multiplier) + ' -mult '
-                + new_dwi_image)
+    new_dwi_image = f'dwi{iter_string}.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {dwi_image} {bias_field_image} -div {scale_multiplier} -mult {new_dwi_image}')
 
     old_dwi_image = dwi_image
     dwi_image = new_dwi_image
 
     old_tissue_sum_image = tissue_sum_image
-    tissue_sum_image = 'tissue_sum' + iter_string + '.mif'
+    tissue_sum_image = f'tissue_sum{iter_string}.mif'
 
-    app.debug('Iteration ' + str(iteration) + ', '
-                + 'revising brain mask...')
+    app.debug(f'Iteration {iteration}, revising brain mask...')
     step = 'masking'
     progress.increment()
 
-    run.command('mrconvert '
-                + tissues[0].fod_norm
-                + ' -coord 3 0 - |'
-                + ' mrmath - '
-                + ' '.join(tissue.fod_norm for tissue in tissues[1:])
-                + ' sum - | '
-                + 'mrcalc - ' + str(math.sqrt(4.0 * math.pi)) + ' -mult '
-                + tissue_sum_image)
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {tissues[0].fod_norm} -coord 3 0 - | ' \
+                f'mrmath - {" ".join(tissue.fod_norm for tissue in tissues[1:])} sum - | '
+                f'mrcalc - {math.sqrt(4.0 * math.pi)} -mult {tissue_sum_image}')
     app.cleanup([tissue.fod_norm for tissue in tissues])
 
-    new_dwi_mask_image = 'dwi_mask' + iter_string + '.mif'
+    new_dwi_mask_image = f'dwi_mask{iter_string}.mif'
     tissue_sum_image_nii = None
     new_dwi_mask_image_nii = None
     if mask_algo in ['fslbet', 'hdbet', 'synthstrip']:
-      tissue_sum_image_nii = os.path.splitext(tissue_sum_image)[0] + '.nii'
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + tissue_sum_image + ' ' + tissue_sum_image_nii)
-      new_dwi_mask_image_nii = os.path.splitext(new_dwi_mask_image)[0] + '.nii'
+      tissue_sum_image_nii = f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_sum_image)[0]}.nii'
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {tissue_sum_image} {tissue_sum_image_nii}')
+      new_dwi_mask_image_nii = f'{os.path.splitext(new_dwi_mask_image)[0]}.nii'
     if mask_algo == 'dwi2mask':
-      run.command('dwi2mask ' + CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskAlgorithm', 'legacy') + ' ' + new_dwi_image + ' ' + new_dwi_mask_image)
+      run.command(['dwi2mask', CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskAlgorithm', 'legacy'), new_dwi_image, new_dwi_mask_image])
     elif mask_algo == 'fslbet':
-      run.command('bet ' + tissue_sum_image_nii + ' ' + new_dwi_mask_image_nii + ' -R -m')
+      run.command(f'bet {tissue_sum_image_nii} {new_dwi_mask_image_nii} -R -m')
       app.cleanup(fsl.find_image(os.path.splitext(new_dwi_mask_image_nii)[0]))
       new_dwi_mask_image_nii = fsl.find_image(os.path.splitext(new_dwi_mask_image_nii)[0] + '_mask')
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + new_dwi_mask_image_nii + ' input_pos_mask.mif -mult ' + new_dwi_mask_image)
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {new_dwi_mask_image_nii} input_pos_mask.mif -mult {new_dwi_mask_image}')
     elif mask_algo == 'hdbet':
       try:
-        run.command('hd-bet -i ' + tissue_sum_image_nii)
+        run.command(f'hd-bet -i {tissue_sum_image_nii}')
       except run.MRtrixCmdError as e_gpu:
         try:
-          run.command('hd-bet -i ' + tissue_sum_image_nii + ' -device cpu -mode fast -tta 0')
+          run.command(f'hd-bet -i {tissue_sum_image_nii} -device cpu -mode fast -tta 0')
         except run.MRtrixCmdError as e_cpu:
           raise run.MRtrixCmdError('hd-bet', 1, e_gpu.stdout + e_cpu.stdout, e_gpu.stderr + e_cpu.stderr)
       new_dwi_mask_image_nii = os.path.splitext(tissue_sum_image)[0] + '_bet_mask.nii.gz'
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + new_dwi_mask_image_nii + ' input_pos_mask.mif -mult ' + new_dwi_mask_image)
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {new_dwi_mask_image_nii} input_pos_mask.mif -mult {new_dwi_mask_image}')
     elif mask_algo in ['mrthreshold', 'threshold']:
       mrthreshold_abs_option = ' -abs 0.5' if mask_algo == 'threshold' else ''
-      run.command('mrthreshold '
-                  + tissue_sum_image
-                  + mrthreshold_abs_option
-                  + ' - |'
-                  + ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
-                  + ' mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit |'
-                  + ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
-                  + ' mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit |'
-                  + ' maskfilter - clean - |'
-                  + ' mrcalc - input_pos_mask.mif -mult '
-                  + new_dwi_mask_image
-                  + ' -datatype bit')
+      run.command(f'mrthreshold {tissue_sum_image} {mrthreshold_abs_option} - |'
+                  f' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
+                  f' mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit |'
+                  f' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
+                  f' mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit |'
+                  f' maskfilter - clean - |'
+                  f' mrcalc - input_pos_mask.mif -mult {new_dwi_mask_image} -datatype bit')
     elif mask_algo == 'synthstrip':
-      run.command('mri_synthstrip -i ' + tissue_sum_image_nii + ' --mask ' + new_dwi_mask_image_nii)
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + new_dwi_mask_image_nii + ' input_pos_mask.mif -mult ' + new_dwi_mask_image)
+      run.command(f'mri_synthstrip -i {tissue_sum_image_nii} --mask {new_dwi_mask_image_nii}')
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {new_dwi_mask_image_nii} input_pos_mask.mif -mult {new_dwi_mask_image}')
     else:
       assert False
     if tissue_sum_image_nii:
@@ -378,24 +364,25 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                           mask=dwi_mask_image).count
     dwi_new_mask_count = image.statistics(new_dwi_mask_image,
                                           mask=new_dwi_mask_image).count
-    app.debug('Old mask voxel count: ' + str(dwi_old_mask_count))
-    app.debug('New mask voxel count: ' + str(dwi_new_mask_count))
-    dwi_mask_overlap_image = 'dwi_mask_overlap' + iter_string + '.mif'
-    run.command(['mrcalc', dwi_mask_image, new_dwi_mask_image, '-mult', dwi_mask_overlap_image])
+    app.debug(f'Old mask voxel count: {dwi_old_mask_count}')
+    app.debug(f'New mask voxel count: {dwi_new_mask_count}')
+    dwi_mask_overlap_image = f'dwi_mask_overlap{iter_string}.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {dwi_mask_image} {new_dwi_mask_image} -mult {dwi_mask_overlap_image}')
 
     old_dwi_mask_image = dwi_mask_image
     dwi_mask_image = new_dwi_mask_image
 
     mask_overlap_count = image.statistics(dwi_mask_overlap_image,
                                           mask=dwi_mask_overlap_image).count
-    app.debug('Mask overlap voxel count: ' + str(mask_overlap_count))
+    app.debug(f'Mask overlap voxel count: {mask_overlap_count}')
 
     new_dice_coefficient = 2.0 * mask_overlap_count / \
                            (dwi_old_mask_count + dwi_new_mask_count)
 
     if iteration == app.ARGS.max_iters:
       progress.done()
-      app.console('Terminating due to reaching maximum %d iterations; final Dice coefficient = %f' % (iteration, new_dice_coefficient))
+      app.console(f'Terminating due to reaching maximum {iteration} iterations; '
+                  f'final Dice coefficient = {new_dice_coefficient}')
       app.cleanup(old_dwi_image)
       app.cleanup(old_dwi_mask_image)
       app.cleanup(old_bias_field_image)
@@ -405,7 +392,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
     if new_dice_coefficient > app.ARGS.dice:
       progress.done()
-      app.console('Exiting loop after %d iterations due to mask convergence (Dice coefficient = %f)' % (iteration, new_dice_coefficient))
+      app.console(f'Exiting loop after {iteration} iterations due to mask convergence '
+                  f'(Dice coefficient = {new_dice_coefficient})')
       app.cleanup(old_dwi_image)
       app.cleanup(old_dwi_mask_image)
       app.cleanup(old_bias_field_image)
@@ -415,8 +403,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
     if new_dice_coefficient < prev_dice_coefficient:
       progress.done()
-      app.warn('Mask divergence at iteration %d (Dice coefficient = %f); ' % (iteration, new_dice_coefficient)
-               + ' using mask from previous iteration')
+      app.warn(f'Mask divergence at iteration {iteration} '
+               f'(Dice coefficient = {new_dice_coefficient}); '
+               f' using mask from previous iteration')
       app.cleanup(dwi_image)
       app.cleanup(dwi_mask_image)
       app.cleanup(bias_field_image)
@@ -431,28 +420,28 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     prev_dice_coefficient = new_dice_coefficient
 
 
-  run.command(['mrconvert', dwi_image, path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dwi, False)],
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', dwi_image, app.ARGS.output_dwi],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_bias:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', bias_field_image, path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_bias, False)],
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', bias_field_image, app.ARGS.output_bias],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_mask:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', dwi_mask_image, path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_mask, False)],
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', dwi_mask_image, app.ARGS.output_mask],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_scale:
-    matrix.save_vector(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_scale, False),
+    matrix.save_vector(app.ARGS.output_scale,
                        [total_scaling_factor],
                        force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_tissuesum:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_sum_image, path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_tissuesum, False)],
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_sum_image, app.ARGS.output_tissuesum],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwicat b/bin/dwicat
index d920818376..e7ede9a896 100755
--- a/bin/dwicat
+++ b/bin/dwicat
@@ -24,22 +24,32 @@ import json, shutil
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  cmdline.set_author('Lena Dorfschmidt (ld548@cam.ac.uk) and Jakub Vohryzek (jakub.vohryzek@queens.ox.ac.uk) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Lena Dorfschmidt (ld548@cam.ac.uk) '
+                     'and Jakub Vohryzek (jakub.vohryzek@queens.ox.ac.uk) '
+                     'and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Concatenating multiple DWI series accounting for differential intensity scaling')
   cmdline.add_description('This script concatenates two or more 4D DWI series, accounting for the '
                           'fact that there may be differences in intensity scaling between those series. '
                           'This intensity scaling is corrected by determining scaling factors that will '
                           'make the overall image intensities in the b=0 volumes of each series approximately '
                           'equivalent.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', nargs='+', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs',
+                       nargs='+',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='Multiple input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask',
+                       metavar='image',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   num_inputs = len(app.ARGS.inputs)
   if num_inputs < 2:
@@ -48,9 +58,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # check input data
   def check_header(header):
     if len(header.size()) > 4:
-      raise MRtrixError('Image "' + header.name() + '" contains more than 4 dimensions')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{header.name()}" contains more than 4 dimensions')
     if not 'dw_scheme' in header.keyval():
-      raise MRtrixError('Image "' + header.name() + '" does not contain a gradient table')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{header.name()}" does not contain a gradient table')
     dw_scheme = header.keyval()['dw_scheme']
     try:
       if isinstance(dw_scheme[0], list):
@@ -60,22 +70,24 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       else:
         raise MRtrixError
     except (IndexError, MRtrixError):
-      raise MRtrixError('Image "' + header.name() + '" contains gradient table of unknown format') # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{header.name()}" contains gradient table of unknown format') # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
     if len(header.size()) == 4:
       num_volumes = header.size()[3]
       if num_grad_lines != num_volumes:
-        raise MRtrixError('Number of lines in gradient table for image "' + header.name() + '" (' + str(num_grad_lines) + ') does not match number of volumes (' + str(num_volumes) + ')')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Number of lines in gradient table for image "{header.name()}" ({num_grad_lines}) '
+                          f'does not match number of volumes ({num_volumes})')
     elif not (num_grad_lines == 1 and len(dw_scheme) >= 4 and dw_scheme[3] <= float(CONFIG.get('BZeroThreshold', 10.0))):
-      raise MRtrixError('Image "' + header.name() + '" is 3D, and cannot be validated as a b=0 volume')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{header.name()}" is 3D, and cannot be validated as a b=0 volume')
 
-  first_header = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.inputs[0], False))
+  first_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.inputs[0])
   check_header(first_header)
   warn_protocol_mismatch = False
   for filename in app.ARGS.inputs[1:]:
-    this_header = image.Header(path.from_user(filename, False))
+    this_header = image.Header(filename)
     check_header(this_header)
     if this_header.size()[0:3] != first_header.size()[0:3]:
-      raise MRtrixError('Spatial dimensions of image "' + filename + '" do not match those of first image "' + first_header.name() + '"')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Spatial dimensions of image "{filename}" '
+                        f'do not match those of first image "{first_header.name()}"')
     for field_name in [ 'EchoTime', 'RepetitionTime', 'FlipAngle' ]:
       first_value = first_header.keyval().get(field_name)
       this_value = this_header.keyval().get(field_name)
@@ -85,29 +97,25 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.warn('Mismatched protocol acquisition parameters detected between input images; ' + \
              'the assumption of equivalent intensities between b=0 volumes of different inputs underlying operation of this script may not be valid')
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    mask_header = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask, False))
+    mask_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.mask)
     if mask_header.size()[0:3] != first_header.size()[0:3]:
-      raise MRtrixError('Spatial dimensions of mask image "' + app.ARGS.mask + '" do not match those of first image "' + first_header.name() + '"')
-
-  # check output path
-  app.check_output_path(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Spatial dimensions of mask image "{app.ARGS.mask}" do not match those of first image "{first_header.name()}"')
 
   # import data to scratch directory
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   for index, filename in enumerate(app.ARGS.inputs):
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(filename) + ' ' + path.to_scratch(str(index) + 'in.mif'),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', filename, f'{index}in.mif'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
   # extract b=0 volumes within each input series
   for index in range(0, num_inputs):
-    infile = str(index) + 'in.mif'
-    outfile = str(index) + 'b0.mif'
+    infile = f'{index}in.mif'
+    outfile = f'{index}b0.mif'
     if len(image.Header(infile).size()) > 3:
-      run.command('dwiextract ' + infile + ' ' + outfile + ' -bzero')
+      run.command(f'dwiextract {infile} {outfile} -bzero')
     else:
       run.function(shutil.copyfile, infile, outfile)
 
@@ -125,7 +133,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   #         based on the resulting matrix of optimal scaling factors
   filelist = [ '0in.mif' ]
   for index in range(1, num_inputs):
-    stderr_text = run.command('mrhistmatch scale ' + str(index) + 'b0.mif 0b0.mif ' + str(index) + 'rescaledb0.mif' + mask_option).stderr
+    stderr_text = run.command(f'mrhistmatch scale {index}b0.mif 0b0.mif {index}rescaledb0.mif {mask_option}').stderr
     scaling_factor = None
     for line in stderr_text.splitlines():
       if 'Estimated scale factor is' in line:
@@ -136,13 +144,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         break
     if scaling_factor is None:
       raise MRtrixError('Unable to extract scaling factor from mrhistmatch output')
-    filename = str(index) + 'rescaled.mif'
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + str(index) + 'in.mif ' + str(scaling_factor) + ' -mult ' + filename)
+    filename = f'{index}rescaled.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {index}in.mif {scaling_factor} -mult {filename}')
     filelist.append(filename)
 
   # concatenate all series together
-  run.command('mrcat ' + ' '.join(filelist) + ' - -axis 3 | ' + \
-              'mrconvert - result.mif -json_export result_init.json -strides 0,0,0,1')
+  run.command(['mrcat', filelist, '-', '-axis', '3', '|',
+               'mrconvert', '-', 'result.mif', '-json_export', 'result_init.json', '-strides', '0,0,0,1'])
 
   # remove current contents of command_history, since there's no sensible
   #   way to choose from which input image the contents should be taken;
@@ -153,7 +161,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   with open('result_final.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as output_json_file:
     json.dump(keyval, output_json_file)
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
               mrconvert_keyval='result_final.json',
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index baa83fe169..f600e8af70 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -24,61 +24,216 @@ import glob, itertools, json, math, os, shutil, sys, shlex
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform diffusion image pre-processing using FSL\'s eddy tool; including inhomogeneity distortion correction using FSL\'s topup tool if possible')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script is intended to provide convenience of use of the FSL software tools topup and eddy for performing DWI pre-processing, by encapsulating some of the surrounding image data and metadata processing steps. It is intended to simply these processing steps for most commonly-used DWI acquisition strategies, whilst also providing support for some more exotic acquisitions. The "example usage" section demonstrates the ways in which the script can be used based on the (compulsory) -rpe_* command-line options.')
-  cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the dwifslpreproc command can be found at the following link: \nhttps://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/dwifslpreproc.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy", which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters and possibly also the classification of outlier slices. If FSL command "topup" is used to estimate a susceptibility field, then dwi2mask will be executed on the resuts of running FSL command "applytopup" to the input DWIs; otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs. Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask. More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy. The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL; users can interrogate such by querying the help pages of the installed software, and/or the FSL online documentation: (topup) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/topup/TopupUsersGuide ; (eddy) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/eddy/UsersGuide')
-  cmdline.add_description('The script will attempt to run the CUDA version of eddy; if this does not succeed for any reason, or is not present on the system, the CPU version will be attempted instead. By default, the CUDA eddy binary found that indicates compilation against the most recent version of CUDA will be attempted; this can be over-ridden by providing a soft-link "eddy_cuda" within your path that links to the binary you wish to be executed.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, guaranteeing alignment. But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle (note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).')
+  cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform diffusion image pre-processing using FSL\'s eddy tool; '
+                       'including inhomogeneity distortion correction using FSL\'s topup tool if possible')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script is intended to provide convenience of use of the FSL software tools topup and eddy for performing DWI pre-processing, '
+                          'by encapsulating some of the surrounding image data and metadata processing steps. '
+                          'It is intended to simply these processing steps for most commonly-used DWI acquisition strategies, '
+                          'whilst also providing support for some more exotic acquisitions. '
+                          'The "example usage" section demonstrates the ways in which the script can be used based on the (compulsory) -rpe_* command-line options.')
+  cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the dwifslpreproc command can be found at the following link: \n'
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/dwifslpreproc.html')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy", '
+                          'which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters and possibly also the classification of outlier slices. '
+                          'If FSL command "topup" is used to estimate a susceptibility field, '
+                          'then dwi2mask will be executed on the resuts of running FSL command "applytopup" to the input DWIs; '
+                          'otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs. '
+                          'Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask. '
+                          'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: '
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+  cmdline.add_description('The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy. '
+                          'The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL; '
+                          'users can interrogate such by querying the help pages of the installed software, '
+                          'and/or the FSL online documentation: '
+                          '(topup) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/topup/TopupUsersGuide ; '
+                          '(eddy) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/eddy/UsersGuide')
+  cmdline.add_description('The script will attempt to run the CUDA version of eddy; '
+                          'if this does not succeed for any reason, or is not present on the system, '
+                          'the CPU version will be attempted instead. '
+                          'By default, the CUDA eddy binary found that indicates compilation against the most recent version of CUDA will be attempted; '
+                          'this can be over-ridden by providing a soft-link "eddy_cuda" within your path that links to the binary you wish to be executed.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, '
+                          'and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. '
+                          'In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. '
+                          'Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, '
+                          'which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, '
+                          'guaranteeing alignment. '
+                          'But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option '
+                          'must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: '
+                          'this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle '
+                          '(note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('A basic DWI acquisition, where all image volumes are acquired in a single protocol with fixed phase encoding',
                             'dwifslpreproc DWI_in.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_none -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.55',
                             'Due to use of a single fixed phase encoding, no EPI distortion correction can be applied in this case.')
-  cmdline.add_example_usage('DWIs all acquired with a single fixed phase encoding; but additionally a pair of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding to estimate the inhomogeneity field',
-                            'mrcat b0_ap.mif b0_pa.mif b0_pair.mif -axis 3; dwifslpreproc DWI_in.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_pair -se_epi b0_pair.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.72 -align_seepi',
-                            'Here the two individual b=0 volumes are concatenated into a single 4D image series, and this is provided to the script via the -se_epi option. Note that with the -rpe_pair option used here, which indicates that the SE-EPI image series contains one or more pairs of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding, the FIRST HALF of the volumes in the SE-EPI series must possess the same phase encoding as the input DWI series, while the second half are assumed to contain the opposite phase encoding direction but identical total readout time. Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated as long as its use is valid (more information in the Description section).')
-  cmdline.add_example_usage('All DWI directions & b-values are acquired twice, with the phase encoding direction of the second acquisition protocol being reversed with respect to the first',
-                            'mrcat DWI_lr.mif DWI_rl.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_all -pe_dir lr -readout_time 0.66',
-                            'Here the two acquisition protocols are concatenated into a single DWI series containing all acquired volumes. The direction indicated via the -pe_dir option should be the direction of phase encoding used in acquisition of the FIRST HALF of volumes in the input DWI series; ie. the first of the two files that was provided to the mrcat command. In this usage scenario, the output DWI series will contain the same number of image volumes as ONE of the acquired DWI series (ie. half of the number in the concatenated series); this is because the script will identify pairs of volumes that possess the same diffusion sensitisation but reversed phase encoding, and perform explicit recombination of those volume pairs in such a way that image contrast in regions of inhomogeneity is determined from the stretched rather than the compressed image.')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('DWIs all acquired with a single fixed phase encoding; '
+                            'but additionally a pair of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding to estimate the inhomogeneity field',
+                            'mrcat b0_ap.mif b0_pa.mif b0_pair.mif -axis 3; '
+                            'dwifslpreproc DWI_in.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_pair -se_epi b0_pair.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.72 -align_seepi',
+                            'Here the two individual b=0 volumes are concatenated into a single 4D image series, '
+                            'and this is provided to the script via the -se_epi option. '
+                            'Note that with the -rpe_pair option used here, '
+                            'which indicates that the SE-EPI image series contains one or more pairs of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding, '
+                            'the FIRST HALF of the volumes in the SE-EPI series must possess the same phase encoding as the input DWI series, '
+                            'while the second half are assumed to contain the opposite phase encoding direction but identical total readout time. '
+                            'Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated as long as its use is valid '
+                            '(more information in the Description section).')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('All DWI directions & b-values are acquired twice, '
+                            'with the phase encoding direction of the second acquisition protocol being reversed with respect to the first',
+                            'mrcat DWI_lr.mif DWI_rl.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; '
+                            'dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_all -pe_dir lr -readout_time 0.66',
+                            'Here the two acquisition protocols are concatenated into a single DWI series containing all acquired volumes. '
+                            'The direction indicated via the -pe_dir option should be the direction of '
+                            'phase encoding used in acquisition of the FIRST HALF of volumes in the input DWI series; '
+                            'ie. the first of the two files that was provided to the mrcat command. '
+                            'In this usage scenario, '
+                            'the output DWI series will contain the same number of image volumes as ONE of the acquired DWI series '
+                            '(ie. half of the number in the concatenated series); '
+                            'this is because the script will identify pairs of volumes that possess the same diffusion sensitisation but reversed phase encoding, '
+                            'and perform explicit recombination of those volume pairs in such a way that image contrast in '
+                            'regions of inhomogeneity is determined from the stretched rather than the compressed image.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Any acquisition scheme that does not fall into one of the example usages above',
-                            'mrcat DWI_*.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; mrcat b0_*.mif b0_all.mif -axis 3; dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_header -se_epi b0_all.mif -align_seepi',
-                            'With this usage, the relevant phase encoding information is determined entirely based on the contents of the relevant image headers, and dwifslpreproc prepares all metadata for the executed FSL commands accordingly. This can therefore be used if the particular DWI acquisition strategy used does not correspond to one of the simple examples as described in the prior examples. This usage is predicated on the headers of the input files containing appropriately-named key-value fields such that MRtrix3 tools identify them as such. In some cases, conversion from DICOM using MRtrix3 commands will automatically extract and embed this information; however this is not true for all scanner vendors and/or software versions. In the latter case it may be possible to manually provide these metadata; either using the -json_import command-line option of dwifslpreproc, or the -json_import or one of the -import_pe_* command-line options of MRtrix3\'s mrconvert command (and saving in .mif format) prior to running dwifslpreproc.')
-  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. NeuroImage, 2015, 125, 1063-1078', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Skare, S. & Bammer, R. Jacobian weighting of distortion corrected EPI data. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2010, 5063', condition='If performing recombination of diffusion-weighted volume pairs with opposing phase encoding directions', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L.; Skare, S. & Ashburner, J. How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging. NeuroImage, 2003, 20, 870-888', condition='If performing EPI susceptibility distortion correction', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Zsoldos, E. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images. NeuroImage, 2016, 141, 556-572', condition='If including "--repol" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Drobnjak, I.; Zhang, H.; Filippini, N. & Bastiani, M. Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images: Within volume movement. NeuroImage, 2017, 152, 450-466', condition='If including "--mporder" in -eddy_options input', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812', condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+                            'mrcat DWI_*.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; '
+                            'mrcat b0_*.mif b0_all.mif -axis 3; '
+                            'dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_header -se_epi b0_all.mif -align_seepi',
+                            'With this usage, '
+                            'the relevant phase encoding information is determined entirely based on the contents of the relevant image headers, '
+                            'and dwifslpreproc prepares all metadata for the executed FSL commands accordingly. '
+                            'This can therefore be used if the particular DWI acquisition strategy used does not correspond to one of the simple examples as described in the prior examples. '
+                            'This usage is predicated on the headers of the input files containing appropriately-named key-value fields such that MRtrix3 tools identify them as such. '
+                            'In some cases, conversion from DICOM using MRtrix3 commands will automatically extract and embed this information; '
+                            'however this is not true for all scanner vendors and/or software versions. '
+                            'In the latter case it may be possible to manually provide these metadata; '
+                            'either using the -json_import command-line option of dwifslpreproc, '
+                            'or the -json_import or one of the -import_pe_* command-line options of MRtrix3\'s mrconvert command '
+                            '(and saving in .mif format) '
+                            'prior to running dwifslpreproc.')
+  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. '
+                       'An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2015, 125, 1063-1078',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. '
+                       'Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Skare, S. & Bammer, R. '
+                       'Jacobian weighting of distortion corrected EPI data. '
+                       'Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2010, 5063',
+                       condition='If performing recombination of diffusion-weighted volume pairs with opposing phase encoding directions',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L.; Skare, S. & Ashburner, J. '
+                       'How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: '
+                       'application to diffusion tensor imaging. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2003, 20, 870-888',
+                       condition='If performing EPI susceptibility distortion correction',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Zsoldos, E. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. '
+                       'Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2016, 141, 556-572',
+                       condition='If including "--repol" in -eddy_options input',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. R.; Graham, M. S.; Drobnjak, I.; Zhang, H.; Filippini, N. & Bastiani, M. '
+                       'Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images: '
+                       'Within volume movement. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2017, 152, 450-466',
+                       condition='If including "--mporder" in -eddy_options input',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Bastiani, M.; Cottaar, M.; Fitzgibbon, S.P.; Suri, S.; Alfaro-Almagro, F.; Sotiropoulos, S.N.; Jbabdi, S.; Andersson, J.L.R. '
+                       'Automated quality control for within and between studies diffusion MRI data using a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2019, 184, 801-812',
+                       condition='If using -eddyqc_text or -eddyqc_all option and eddy_quad is installed',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_argument('input',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The input DWI series to be corrected')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output corrected image series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-json_import',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       metavar='file',
+                       help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file '
+                            '(may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
-  pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir', metavar='PE', help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
-  pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time', metavar='time', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
+  pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir',
+                          metavar='PE',
+                          help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; '
+                               'can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), '
+                               'an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), '
+                               'or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
+  pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time',
+                          type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                          metavar='time',
+                          help='Manually specify the total readout time of the input series (in seconds)')
   distcorr_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi', action='store_true', help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation, and the DWIs (more information in Description section)')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options', metavar='" TopupOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
-  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_files', metavar='prefix', help='Provide files generated by prior execution of the FSL "topup" command to be utilised by eddy')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi',
+                                type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                                metavar='image',
+                                help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, '
+                                     'which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field '
+                                     '(i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi',
+                                action='store_true',
+                                help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation and the DWIs '
+                                     '(more information in Description section)')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options',
+                                metavar='" TopupOptions"',
+                                help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command '
+                                     '(provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, '
+                                     'even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
+  distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_files',
+                                metavar='prefix',
+                                help='Provide files generated by prior execution of the FSL "topup" command to be utilised by eddy')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'se_epi' ], False )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'align_seepi' ], False )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'topup_files', 'topup_options' ], False )
   eddy_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for affecting the operation of the FSL "eddy" command')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
-  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options', metavar='" EddyOptions"', help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask',
+                            type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                            metavar='image',
+                            help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, '
+                                 'instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec',
+                            type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                            metavar='file',
+                            help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
+  eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options',
+                            metavar='" EddyOptions"',
+                            help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command '
+                                 '(provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, '
+                                 'even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
   eddyqc_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for utilising EddyQC')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
-  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), metavar='directory', help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text',
+                              type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                              metavar='directory',
+                              help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, '
+                                   'and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), '
+                                   'into an output directory')
+  eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all',
+                              type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                              metavar='directory',
+                              help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), '
+                                   'and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), '
+                                   'into an output directory')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'eddyqc_text', 'eddyqc_all' ], False )
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
-  rpe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for specifying the acquisition phase-encoding design; note that one of the -rpe_* options MUST be provided')
-  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_none', action='store_true', help='Specify that no reversed phase-encoding image data is being provided; eddy will perform eddy current and motion correction only')
-  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_pair', action='store_true', help='Specify that a set of images (typically b=0 volumes) will be provided for use in inhomogeneity field estimation only (using the -se_epi option)')
-  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_all', action='store_true', help='Specify that ALL DWIs have been acquired with opposing phase-encoding')
-  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_header', action='store_true', help='Specify that the phase-encoding information can be found in the image header(s), and that this is the information that the script should use')
+  rpe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for specifying the acquisition phase-encoding design; '
+                                           'note that one of the -rpe_* options MUST be provided')
+  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_none',
+                           action='store_true',
+                           help='Specify that no reversed phase-encoding image data is being provided; '
+                                'eddy will perform eddy current and motion correction only')
+  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_pair',
+                           action='store_true',
+                           help='Specify that a set of images (typically b=0 volumes) will be provided for use in inhomogeneity field estimation only '
+                                '(using the -se_epi option)')
+  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_all',
+                           action='store_true',
+                           help='Specify that ALL DWIs have been acquired with opposing phase-encoding')
+  rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_header',
+                           action='store_true',
+                           help='Specify that the phase-encoding information can be found in the image header(s), '
+                                'and that this is the information that the script should use')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_none', 'rpe_pair', 'rpe_all', 'rpe_header' ], True )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_none', 'se_epi' ], False ) # May still technically provide -se_epi even with -rpe_all
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_pair', 'topup_files'] ) # Would involve two separate sources of inhomogeneity field information
@@ -93,12 +248,12 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, matrix, path, phaseencoding, run, utils #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, matrix, phaseencoding, run, utils #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   if utils.is_windows():
     raise MRtrixError('Script cannot run on Windows due to FSL dependency')
 
-  image.check_3d_nonunity(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
+  image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.input)
 
   pe_design = ''
   if app.ARGS.rpe_none:
@@ -106,7 +261,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   elif app.ARGS.rpe_pair:
     pe_design = 'Pair'
     if not app.ARGS.se_epi:
-      raise MRtrixError('If using the -rpe_pair option, the -se_epi option must be used to provide the spin-echo EPI data to be used by topup')
+      raise MRtrixError('If using the -rpe_pair option, '
+                        'the -se_epi option must be used to provide the spin-echo EPI data to be used by topup')
   elif app.ARGS.rpe_all:
     pe_design = 'All'
   elif app.ARGS.rpe_header:
@@ -124,42 +280,28 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not pe_design == 'None':
     topup_config_path = os.path.join(fsl_path, 'etc', 'flirtsch', 'b02b0.cnf')
     if not os.path.isfile(topup_config_path):
-      raise MRtrixError('Could not find necessary default config file for FSL topup command (expected location: ' + topup_config_path + ')')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find necessary default config file for FSL topup command '
+                        f'(expected location: {topup_config_path})')
     topup_cmd = fsl.exe_name('topup')
 
   if not fsl.eddy_binary(True) and not fsl.eddy_binary(False):
     raise MRtrixError('Could not find any version of FSL eddy command')
   fsl_suffix = fsl.suffix()
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
 
   # Export the gradient table to the path requested by the user if necessary
   grad_export_option = app.read_dwgrad_export_options()
 
 
-  eddyqc_path = None
   eddyqc_files = [ 'eddy_parameters', 'eddy_movement_rms', 'eddy_restricted_movement_rms', \
                    'eddy_post_eddy_shell_alignment_parameters', 'eddy_post_eddy_shell_PE_translation_parameters', \
                    'eddy_outlier_report', 'eddy_outlier_map', 'eddy_outlier_n_stdev_map', 'eddy_outlier_n_sqr_stdev_map', \
                    'eddy_movement_over_time' ]
+  eddyqc_path = None
   if app.ARGS.eddyqc_text:
-    eddyqc_path = path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddyqc_text, False)
+    eddyqc_path = app.ARGS.eddyqc_text
   elif app.ARGS.eddyqc_all:
-    eddyqc_path = path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddyqc_all, False)
+    eddyqc_path = app.ARGS.eddyqc_all
     eddyqc_files.extend([ 'eddy_outlier_free_data.nii.gz', 'eddy_cnr_maps.nii.gz', 'eddy_residuals.nii.gz' ])
-  if eddyqc_path:
-    if os.path.exists(eddyqc_path):
-      if os.path.isdir(eddyqc_path):
-        if any(os.path.exists(os.path.join(eddyqc_path, filename)) for filename in eddyqc_files):
-          if app.FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-            app.warn('Output eddy QC directory already contains relevant files; these will be overwritten on completion')
-          else:
-            raise MRtrixError('Output eddy QC directory already contains relevant files (use -force to override)')
-      else:
-        if app.FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-          app.warn('Target for eddy QC output is not a directory; it will be overwritten on completion')
-        else:
-          raise MRtrixError('Target for eddy QC output exists, and is not a directory (use -force to override)')
-
 
   eddy_manual_options = []
   topup_file_userpath = None
@@ -168,11 +310,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     eddy_manual_options = app.ARGS.eddy_options.strip().split()
     # Check for erroneous usages before we perform any data importing
     if any(entry.startswith('--mask=') for entry in eddy_manual_options):
-      raise MRtrixError('Cannot provide eddy processing mask via -eddy_options "--mask=..." as manipulations are required; use -eddy_mask option instead')
+      raise MRtrixError('Cannot provide eddy processing mask via -eddy_options "--mask=..." as manipulations are required; '
+                        'use -eddy_mask option instead')
     if any(entry.startswith('--slspec=') for entry in eddy_manual_options):
-      raise MRtrixError('Cannot provide eddy slice specification file via -eddy_options "--slspec=..." as manipulations are required; use -eddy_slspec option instead')
+      raise MRtrixError('Cannot provide eddy slice specification file via -eddy_options "--slspec=..." as manipulations are required; '
+                        'use -eddy_slspec option instead')
     if '--resamp=lsr' in eddy_manual_options:
-      raise MRtrixError('dwifslpreproc does not currently support least-squares reconstruction; this cannot be simply passed via -eddy_options')
+      raise MRtrixError('dwifslpreproc does not currently support least-squares reconstruction; '
+                        'this cannot be simply passed via -eddy_options')
     eddy_topup_entry = [entry for entry in eddy_manual_options if entry.startswith('--topup=')]
     if len(eddy_topup_entry) > 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Input to -eddy_options contains multiple "--topup=" entries')
@@ -181,14 +326,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       #   pre-calculated topup output files were provided this way instead
       if app.ARGS.se_epi:
         raise MRtrixError('Cannot use both -eddy_options "--topup=" and -se_epi')
-      topup_file_userpath = path.from_user(eddy_topup_entry[0][len('--topup='):], False)
+      topup_file_userpath = app.UserPath(eddy_topup_entry[0][len('--topup='):])
       eddy_manual_options = [entry for entry in eddy_manual_options if not entry.startswith('--topup=')]
 
 
-  # Don't import slspec file directly; just make sure it exists
-  if app.ARGS.eddy_slspec and not os.path.isfile(path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddy_slspec, False)):
-    raise MRtrixError('Unable to find file \"' + app.ARGS.eddy_slspec + '\" provided via -eddy_slspec option')
-
 
   # Attempt to find pre-generated topup files before constructing the scratch directory
   topup_input_movpar = None
@@ -196,7 +337,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.topup_files:
     if topup_file_userpath:
       raise MRtrixError('Cannot use -topup_files option and also specify "... --topup=<prefix> ..." within content of -eddy_options')
-    topup_file_userpath = path.from_user(app.ARGS.topup_files, False)
+    topup_file_userpath = app.ARGS.topup_files
 
   execute_applytopup = pe_design != 'None' or topup_file_userpath
   if execute_applytopup:
@@ -209,75 +350,65 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # - Path prefix including the underscore
     # - Path prefix omitting the underscore
 
-    def check_movpar():
-      if not os.path.isfile(topup_input_movpar):
-        raise MRtrixError('No topup movement parameter file found based on path "' + topup_file_userpath + '" (expected location: ' + topup_input_movpar + ')')
-
     def find_fieldcoef(fieldcoef_prefix):
-      fieldcoef_candidates = glob.glob(fieldcoef_prefix + '_fieldcoef.nii*')
+      fieldcoef_candidates = glob.glob(f'{fieldcoef_prefix}_fieldcoef.nii*')
       if not fieldcoef_candidates:
-        raise MRtrixError('No topup field coefficient image found based on path "' + topup_file_userpath + '"')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'No topup field coefficient image found based on path "{topup_file_userpath}"')
       if len(fieldcoef_candidates) > 1:
-        raise MRtrixError('Multiple topup field coefficient images found based on path "' + topup_file_userpath + '": ' + str(fieldcoef_candidates))
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Multiple topup field coefficient images found based on path "{topup_file_userpath}": {fieldcoef_candidates}')
       return fieldcoef_candidates[0]
 
     if os.path.isfile(topup_file_userpath):
       if topup_file_userpath.endswith('_movpar.txt'):
-        topup_input_movpar = topup_file_userpath
-        topup_input_fieldcoef = find_fieldcoef(topup_file_userpath[:-len('_movpar.txt')])
-      elif topup_file_userpath.endswith('_fieldcoef.nii') or topup_file_userpath.endswith('_fieldcoef.nii.gz'):
-        topup_input_fieldcoef = topup_file_userpath
-        topup_input_movpar = topup_file_userpath
-        if topup_input_movpar.endswith('.gz'):
-          topup_input_movpar = topup_input_movpar[:-len('.gz')]
-        topup_input_movpar = topup_input_movpar[:-len('_fieldcoef.nii')] + '_movpar.txt'
-        check_movpar()
+        topup_input_movpar = app.Parser.FileIn(topup_file_userpath)
+        topup_input_fieldcoef = app.Parser.ImageIn(find_fieldcoef(topup_file_userpath[:-len('_movpar.txt')]))
+      elif any(str(topup_file_userpath).endswith(postfix) for postfix in ('_fieldcoef.nii', '_fieldcoef.nii.gz')):
+        topup_input_fieldcoef = app.Parser.ImageIn(topup_file_userpath)
+        topup_input_movpar = topup_file_userpath[:-len('.gz')] if topup_file_userpath.endswith('.gz') else topup_file_userpath
+        topup_input_movpar = app.Parser.FileIn(topup_input_movpar[:-len('_fieldcoef.nii')] + '_movpar.txt')
       else:
-        raise MRtrixError('Unrecognised file "' + topup_file_userpath + '" specified as pre-calculated topup susceptibility field')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Unrecognised file "{topup_file_userpath}" specified as pre-calculated topup susceptibility field')
     else:
-      topup_input_movpar = topup_file_userpath
-      if topup_input_movpar[-1] == '_':
-        topup_input_movpar = topup_input_movpar[:-1]
-      topup_input_movpar += '_movpar.txt'
-      check_movpar()
-      topup_input_fieldcoef = find_fieldcoef(topup_input_movpar[:-len('_movpar.txt')])
+      if topup_file_userpath[-1] == '_':
+        topup_file_userpath = topup_file_userpath[:-1]
+      topup_input_movpar = app.Parser.FileIn(f'{topup_file_userpath}_movpar.txt')
+      topup_input_fieldcoef = app.Parser.ImageIn(find_fieldcoef(topup_file_userpath))
 
 
   # Convert all input images into MRtrix format and store in scratch directory first
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
   json_import_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.json_import:
-    json_import_option = ' -json_import ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.json_import)
-  json_export_option = ' -json_export ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.json', True)
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dwi.mif') + grad_import_option + json_import_option + json_export_option,
+    json_import_option = f' -json_import {app.ARGS.json_import}'
+  json_export_option = ' -json_export dwi.json'
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} dwi.mif {grad_import_option} {json_import_option} {json_export_option}',
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.se_epi:
-    image.check_3d_nonunity(path.from_user(app.ARGS.se_epi, False))
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.se_epi) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('se_epi.mif'),
+    image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.se_epi)
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.se_epi} se_epi.mif',
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   if topup_file_userpath:
-    run.function(shutil.copyfile, topup_input_movpar, path.to_scratch('field_movpar.txt', False))
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile, topup_input_movpar, 'field_movpar.txt')
     # Can't run field spline coefficients image through mrconvert:
     #   topup encodes voxel sizes within the three NIfTI intent parameters, and
     #   applytopup requires that these be set, but mrconvert will wipe them
-    run.function(shutil.copyfile, topup_input_fieldcoef, path.to_scratch('field_fieldcoef.nii' + ('.gz' if topup_input_fieldcoef.endswith('.nii.gz') else ''), False))
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile,
+                 topup_input_fieldcoef,
+                 'field_fieldcoef.nii' + ('.gz' if str(topup_input_fieldcoef).endswith('.nii.gz') else ''))
   if app.ARGS.eddy_mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddy_mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('eddy_mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.eddy_mask, 'eddy_mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
-
 
   # Get information on the input images, and check their validity
   dwi_header = image.Header('dwi.mif')
   if not len(dwi_header.size()) == 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input DWI must be a 4D image')
   dwi_num_volumes = dwi_header.size()[3]
-  app.debug('Number of DWI volumes: ' + str(dwi_num_volumes))
+  app.debug(f'Number of DWI volumes: {dwi_num_volumes}')
   dwi_num_slices = dwi_header.size()[2]
-  app.debug('Number of DWI slices: ' + str(dwi_num_slices))
+  app.debug(f'Number of DWI slices: {dwi_num_slices}')
   dwi_pe_scheme = phaseencoding.get_scheme(dwi_header)
   if app.ARGS.se_epi:
     se_epi_header = image.Header('se_epi.mif')
@@ -289,7 +420,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('No diffusion gradient table found')
   grad = dwi_header.keyval()['dw_scheme']
   if not len(grad) == dwi_num_volumes:
-    raise MRtrixError('Number of lines in gradient table (' + str(len(grad)) + ') does not match input image (' + str(dwi_num_volumes) + ' volumes); check your input data')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Number of lines in gradient table ({len(grad)}) '
+                      f'does not match input image ({dwi_num_volumes} volumes); '
+                      f'check your input data')
 
 
   # Deal with slice timing information for eddy slice-to-volume correction
@@ -300,7 +433,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       slice_encoding_direction = dwi_header.keyval()['SliceEncodingDirection']
       app.debug('Slice encoding direction: ' + slice_encoding_direction)
       if not slice_encoding_direction.startswith('k'):
-        raise MRtrixError('DWI header indicates that 3rd spatial axis is not the slice axis; this is not yet compatible with --mporder option in eddy, nor supported in dwifslpreproc')
+        raise MRtrixError('DWI header indicates that 3rd spatial axis is not the slice axis; '
+                          'this is not yet compatible with --mporder option in eddy, nor supported in dwifslpreproc')
       slice_encoding_direction = image.axis2dir(slice_encoding_direction)
     else:
       app.console('No slice encoding direction information present; assuming third axis corresponds to slices')
@@ -312,31 +446,32 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     #   to the scratch directory...
     if app.ARGS.eddy_slspec:
       try:
-        slice_groups = matrix.load_numeric(path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddy_slspec, False), dtype=int)
-        app.debug('Slice groups: ' + str(slice_groups))
+        slice_groups = matrix.load_numeric(app.ARGS.eddy_slspec, dtype=int)
+        app.debug(f'Slice groups: {slice_groups}')
       except ValueError:
         try:
-          slice_timing = matrix.load_numeric(path.from_user(app.ARGS.eddy_slspec, False), dtype=float)
-          app.debug('Slice timing: ' + str(slice_timing))
-          app.warn('\"slspec\" file provided to FSL eddy is supposed to contain slice indices for slice groups; '
-                   'contents of file \"' + app.ARGS.eddy_slspec + '\" appears to instead be slice timings; '
-                   'these data have been imported and will be converted to the appropriate format')
+          slice_timing = matrix.load_numeric(app.ARGS.eddy_slspec, dtype=float)
+          app.debug('Slice timing: {slice_timing}')
+          app.warn(f'"slspec" file provided to FSL eddy is supposed to contain slice indices for slice groups; '
+                   f'contents of file "{app.ARGS.eddy_slspec}" appears to instead be slice timings; '
+                   f'these data have been imported and will be converted to the appropriate format')
           if len(slice_timing) != dwi_num_slices:
-            raise MRtrixError('Cannot use slice timing information from file \"' + app.ARGS.eddy_slspec + '\" for slice-to-volume correction: ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-                              'number of entries (' + str(len(slice_timing)) + ') does not match number of slices (' + str(dwi_num_slices) + ')')
+            raise MRtrixError(f'Cannot use slice timing information from file "{app.ARGS.eddy_slspec}" for slice-to-volume correction: ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                              f'number of entries ({len(slice_timing)}) does not match number of slices ({dwi_num_slices})')
         except ValueError:
-          raise MRtrixError('Error parsing eddy \"slspec\" file \"' + app.ARGS.eddy_slspec + '\" ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-                            '(please see FSL eddy help page, specifically the --slspec option)')
+          raise MRtrixError(f'Error parsing eddy "slspec" file "{app.ARGS.eddy_slspec}" ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                            f'(please see FSL eddy help page, specifically the --slspec option)')
     else:
       if 'SliceTiming' not in dwi_header.keyval():
         raise MRtrixError('Cannot perform slice-to-volume correction in eddy: '
-                          '-eddy_slspec option not specified, and no slice timing information present in input DWI header')
+                          '-eddy_slspec option not specified, '
+                          'and no slice timing information present in input DWI header')
       slice_timing = dwi_header.keyval()['SliceTiming']
-      app.debug('Initial slice timing contents from header: ' + str(slice_timing))
+      app.debug(f'Initial slice timing contents from header: {slice_timing}')
       if slice_timing in ['invalid', 'variable']:
-        raise MRtrixError('Cannot use slice timing information in image header for slice-to-volume correction: '
-                          'data flagged as "' + slice_timing + '"')
-      # Fudges necessary to maniupulate nature of slice timing data in cases where
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Cannot use slice timing information in image header for slice-to-volume correction: '
+                          f'data flagged as "{slice_timing}"')
+      # Fudges necessary to manipulate nature of slice timing data in cases where
       #   bad JSON formatting has led to the data not being simply a list of floats
       #   (whether from MRtrix3 DICOM conversion or from anything else)
       if isinstance(slice_timing, str):
@@ -362,8 +497,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'data are not numeric') from exception
       app.debug('Re-formatted slice timing contents from header: ' + str(slice_timing))
       if len(slice_timing) != dwi_num_slices:
-        raise MRtrixError('Cannot use slice timing information in image header for slice-to-volume correction: '
-                          'number of entries (' + str(len(slice_timing)) + ') does not match number of slices (' + str(dwi_header.size()[2]) + ')')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Cannot use slice timing information in image header for slice-to-volume correction: '
+                          f'number of entries ({len(slice_timing)}) does not match number of slices ({dwi_header.size()[2]})')
   elif app.ARGS.eddy_slspec:
     app.warn('-eddy_slspec option provided, but "--mporder=" not provided via -eddy_options; '
              'slice specification file not imported as it would not be utilised by eddy')
@@ -380,12 +515,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if len(shell_bvalues) == len(shell_asymmetries) + 1:
       shell_bvalues = shell_bvalues[1:]
     elif len(shell_bvalues) != len(shell_asymmetries):
-      raise MRtrixError('Number of b-values reported by mrinfo (' + str(len(shell_bvalues)) + ') does not match number of outputs provided by dirstat (' + str(len(shell_asymmetries)) + ')')
-    for bvalue, asymmetry in zip(shell_bvalues, shell_asymmetries):
-      if asymmetry >= 0.1:
-        app.warn('sampling of b=' + str(bvalue) + ' shell is ' + ('strongly' if asymmetry >= 0.4 else 'moderately') + \
-                 ' asymmetric; distortion correction may benefit from use of: ' + \
-                 '-eddy_options " ... --slm=linear ... "')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of b-values reported by mrinfo ({len(shell_bvalues)}) '
+                        f'does not match number of outputs provided by dirstat ({len(shell_asymmetries)})')
+    peak_asymmetry = max(shell_asymmetries)
+    if peak_asymmetry >= 0.1:
+      severity = 'Strongly' if peak_asymmetry >= 0.4 else 'Moderately'
+      app.warn(f'{severity} unbalanced diffusion sensitisation gradient scheme detected; '
+               'eddy current distortion correction may benefit from '
+               'presence of second-level model, eg.: '
+               '-eddy_options " ... --slm=linear ... "')
 
 
   # Since we want to access user-defined phase encoding information regardless of whether or not
@@ -393,11 +531,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   manual_pe_dir = None
   if app.ARGS.pe_dir:
     manual_pe_dir = [ float(i) for i in phaseencoding.direction(app.ARGS.pe_dir) ]
-  app.debug('Manual PE direction: ' + str(manual_pe_dir))
+  app.debug(f'Manual PE direction: {manual_pe_dir}')
   manual_trt = None
   if app.ARGS.readout_time:
     manual_trt = float(app.ARGS.readout_time)
-  app.debug('Manual readout time: ' + str(manual_trt))
+  app.debug(f'Manual readout time: {manual_trt}')
 
 
   # Utilise the b-value clustering algorithm in src/dwi/shells.*
@@ -456,14 +594,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       line = list(manual_pe_dir)
       line.append(trt)
       dwi_manual_pe_scheme = [ line ] * dwi_num_volumes
-      app.debug('Manual DWI PE scheme for \'None\' PE design: ' + str(dwi_manual_pe_scheme))
+      app.debug(f'Manual DWI PE scheme for "None" PE design: {dwi_manual_pe_scheme}')
 
     # With 'Pair', also need to construct the manual scheme for SE EPIs
     elif pe_design == 'Pair':
       line = list(manual_pe_dir)
       line.append(trt)
       dwi_manual_pe_scheme = [ line ] * dwi_num_volumes
-      app.debug('Manual DWI PE scheme for \'Pair\' PE design: ' + str(dwi_manual_pe_scheme))
+      app.debug(f'Manual DWI PE scheme for "Pair" PE design: {dwi_manual_pe_scheme}')
       if len(se_epi_header.size()) != 4:
         raise MRtrixError('If using -rpe_pair option, image provided using -se_epi must be a 4D image')
       se_epi_num_volumes = se_epi_header.size()[3]
@@ -475,7 +613,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       line = [ (-i if i else 0.0) for i in manual_pe_dir ]
       line.append(trt)
       se_epi_manual_pe_scheme.extend( [ line ] * int(se_epi_num_volumes/2) )
-      app.debug('Manual SEEPI PE scheme for \'Pair\' PE design: ' + str(se_epi_manual_pe_scheme))
+      app.debug(f'Manual SEEPI PE scheme for "Pair" PE design: {se_epi_manual_pe_scheme}')
 
     # If -rpe_all, need to scan through grad and figure out the pairings
     # This will be required if relying on user-specified phase encode direction
@@ -491,7 +629,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         raise MRtrixError('If using -rpe_all option, input image must contain an even number of volumes')
       grads_matched = [ dwi_num_volumes ] * dwi_num_volumes
       grad_pairs = [ ]
-      app.debug('Commencing gradient direction matching; ' + str(dwi_num_volumes) + ' volumes')
+      app.debug(f'Commencing gradient direction matching; {dwi_num_volumes} volumes')
       for index1 in range(int(dwi_num_volumes/2)):
         if grads_matched[index1] == dwi_num_volumes: # As yet unpaired
           for index2 in range(int(dwi_num_volumes/2), dwi_num_volumes):
@@ -500,10 +638,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                 grads_matched[index1] = index2
                 grads_matched[index2] = index1
                 grad_pairs.append([index1, index2])
-                app.debug('Matched volume ' + str(index1) + ' with ' + str(index2) + ': ' + str(grad[index1]) + ' ' + str(grad[index2]))
+                app.debug(f'Matched volume {index1} with {index2}: {grad[index1]} {grad[index2]}')
                 break
           else:
-            raise MRtrixError('Unable to determine matching reversed phase-encode direction volume for DWI volume ' + str(index1))
+            raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to determine matching reversed phase-encode direction volume for DWI volume {index1}')
       if not len(grad_pairs) == dwi_num_volumes/2:
         raise MRtrixError('Unable to determine complete matching DWI volume pairs for reversed phase-encode combination')
       # Construct manual PE scheme here:
@@ -516,7 +654,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           line = [ (-i if i else 0.0) for i in line ]
         line.append(trt)
         dwi_manual_pe_scheme.append(line)
-      app.debug('Manual DWI PE scheme for \'All\' PE design: ' + str(dwi_manual_pe_scheme))
+      app.debug(f'Manual DWI PE scheme for "All" PE design: {dwi_manual_pe_scheme}')
 
   else: # No manual phase encode direction defined
 
@@ -550,12 +688,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       #   relying on earlier code having successfully generated the 'appropriate'
       #   PE scheme for the input volume based on the diffusion gradient table
       if not scheme_dirs_match(dwi_pe_scheme, dwi_manual_pe_scheme):
-        app.warn('User-defined phase-encoding direction design does not match what is stored in DWI image header; proceeding with user specification')
+        app.warn('User-defined phase-encoding direction design does not match what is stored in DWI image header; '
+                 'proceeding with user specification')
         overwrite_dwi_pe_scheme = True
     if manual_trt:
       # Compare manual specification to that read from the header
       if not scheme_times_match(dwi_pe_scheme, dwi_manual_pe_scheme):
-        app.warn('User-defined total readout time does not match what is stored in DWI image header; proceeding with user specification')
+        app.warn('User-defined total readout time does not match what is stored in DWI image header; '
+                 'proceeding with user specification')
         overwrite_dwi_pe_scheme = True
     if overwrite_dwi_pe_scheme:
       dwi_pe_scheme = dwi_manual_pe_scheme # May be used later for triggering volume recombination
@@ -568,7 +708,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if not manual_pe_dir:
       raise MRtrixError('No phase encoding information provided either in header or at command-line')
     if dwi_auto_trt_warning:
-      app.console('Total readout time not provided at command-line; assuming sane default of ' + str(auto_trt))
+      app.console(f'Total readout time not provided at command-line; '
+                  f'assuming sane default of {auto_trt}')
     dwi_pe_scheme = dwi_manual_pe_scheme # May be needed later for triggering volume recombination
 
   # This may be required by -rpe_all for extracting b=0 volumes while retaining phase-encoding information
@@ -587,7 +728,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if line[3] <= bzero_threshold:
       break
     dwi_first_bzero_index += 1
-  app.debug('Index of first b=0 image in DWIs is ' + str(dwi_first_bzero_index))
+  app.debug(f'Index of first b=0 image in DWIs is {dwi_first_bzero_index}')
 
 
   # Deal with the phase-encoding of the images to be fed to topup (if applicable)
@@ -604,7 +745,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       app.console('DWIs and SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation are defined on different image grids; '
                   'the latter will be automatically re-gridded to match the former')
       new_se_epi_path = 'se_epi_regrid.mif'
-      run.command('mrtransform ' + se_epi_path + ' - -reorient_fod no -interp sinc -template dwi.mif | mrcalc - 0.0 -max ' + new_se_epi_path)
+      run.command(f'mrtransform {se_epi_path} - -reorient_fod no -interp sinc -template dwi.mif | '
+                  f'mrcalc - 0.0 -max {new_se_epi_path}')
       app.cleanup(se_epi_path)
       se_epi_path = new_se_epi_path
       se_epi_header = image.Header(se_epi_path)
@@ -624,11 +766,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       if se_epi_pe_scheme:
         if manual_pe_dir:
           if not scheme_dirs_match(se_epi_pe_scheme, se_epi_manual_pe_scheme):
-            app.warn('User-defined phase-encoding direction design does not match what is stored in SE EPI image header; proceeding with user specification')
+            app.warn('User-defined phase-encoding direction design does not match what is stored in SE EPI image header; '
+                     'proceeding with user specification')
             overwrite_se_epi_pe_scheme = True
         if manual_trt:
           if not scheme_times_match(se_epi_pe_scheme, se_epi_manual_pe_scheme):
-            app.warn('User-defined total readout time does not match what is stored in SE EPI image header; proceeding with user specification')
+            app.warn('User-defined total readout time does not match what is stored in SE EPI image header; '
+                     'proceeding with user specification')
             overwrite_se_epi_pe_scheme = True
         if overwrite_se_epi_pe_scheme:
           se_epi_pe_scheme = se_epi_manual_pe_scheme
@@ -646,7 +790,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       #     - Don't have enough information to proceed
       #     - Is this too harsh? (e.g. Have rules by which it may be inferred from the DWI header / command-line)
       if not se_epi_pe_scheme:
-        raise MRtrixError('If explicitly including SE EPI images when using -rpe_all option, they must come with their own associated phase-encoding information in the image header')
+        raise MRtrixError('If explicitly including SE EPI images when using -rpe_all option, '
+                          'they must come with their own associated phase-encoding information in the image header')
 
     elif pe_design == 'Header':
       # Criteria:
@@ -662,10 +807,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       se_epi_pe_scheme_has_contrast = 'pe_scheme' in se_epi_header.keyval()
       if not se_epi_pe_scheme_has_contrast:
         if app.ARGS.align_seepi:
-          app.console('No phase-encoding contrast present in SE-EPI images; will examine again after combining with DWI b=0 images')
+          app.console('No phase-encoding contrast present in SE-EPI images; '
+                      'will examine again after combining with DWI b=0 images')
           new_se_epi_path = os.path.splitext(se_epi_path)[0] + '_dwibzeros.mif'
           # Don't worry about trying to produce a balanced scheme here
-          run.command('dwiextract dwi.mif - -bzero | mrcat - ' + se_epi_path + ' ' + new_se_epi_path + ' -axis 3')
+          run.command(f'dwiextract dwi.mif - -bzero | '
+                      f'mrcat - {se_epi_path} {new_se_epi_path} -axis 3')
           se_epi_header = image.Header(new_se_epi_path)
           se_epi_pe_scheme_has_contrast = 'pe_scheme' in se_epi_header.keyval()
           if se_epi_pe_scheme_has_contrast:
@@ -676,10 +823,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             # Delay testing appropriateness of the concatenation of these images
             #   (i.e. differences in contrast) to later
           else:
-            raise MRtrixError('No phase-encoding contrast present in SE-EPI images, even after concatenating with b=0 images due to -align_seepi option; '
+            raise MRtrixError('No phase-encoding contrast present in SE-EPI images, '
+                              'even after concatenating with b=0 images due to -align_seepi option; '
                               'cannot perform inhomogeneity field estimation')
         else:
-          raise MRtrixError('No phase-encoding contrast present in SE-EPI images; cannot perform inhomogeneity field estimation')
+          raise MRtrixError('No phase-encoding contrast present in SE-EPI images; '
+                            'cannot perform inhomogeneity field estimation')
 
     if app.ARGS.align_seepi:
 
@@ -689,9 +838,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         dwi_value = dwi_header.keyval().get(field_name)
         se_epi_value = se_epi_header.keyval().get(field_name)
         if dwi_value and se_epi_value and dwi_value != se_epi_value:
-          app.warn('It appears that the spin-echo EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation have a different ' + description + ' to the DWIs being corrected. '
-                   'This may cause issues in estimation of the field, as the first DWI b=0 volume will be added to the input series to topup '
-                   'due to use of the -align_seepi option.')
+          app.warn(f'It appears that the spin-echo EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation '
+                   f'have a different {description} to the DWIs being corrected; '
+                   f'this may cause issues in estimation of the field, '
+                   f'as the first DWI b=0 volume will be added to the input series to topup '
+                   f'due to use of the -align_seepi option.')
 
       # If we are using the -se_epi option, and hence the input images to topup have not come from the DWIs themselves,
       #   we need to insert the first b=0 DWI volume to the start of the topup input image. Otherwise, the field estimated
@@ -705,13 +856,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
       if dwi_first_bzero_index == len(grad) and not dwi_bzero_added_to_se_epi:
 
-        app.warn('Unable to find b=0 volume in input DWIs to provide alignment between topup and eddy; script will proceed as though the -align_seepi option were not provided')
+        app.warn('Unable to find b=0 volume in input DWIs to provide alignment between topup and eddy; '
+                 'script will proceed as though the -align_seepi option were not provided')
 
       # If b=0 volumes from the DWIs have already been added to the SE-EPI image due to an
       #   absence of phase-encoding contrast in the latter, we don't need to perform the following
       elif not dwi_bzero_added_to_se_epi:
 
-        run.command('mrconvert dwi.mif dwi_first_bzero.mif -coord 3 ' + str(dwi_first_bzero_index) + ' -axes 0,1,2')
+        run.command(f'mrconvert dwi.mif dwi_first_bzero.mif -coord 3 {dwi_first_bzero_index} -axes 0,1,2')
         dwi_first_bzero_pe = dwi_manual_pe_scheme[dwi_first_bzero_index] if overwrite_dwi_pe_scheme else dwi_pe_scheme[dwi_first_bzero_index]
 
         se_epi_pe_sum = [ 0, 0, 0 ]
@@ -722,8 +874,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             se_epi_volume_to_remove = index
         new_se_epi_path = os.path.splitext(se_epi_path)[0] + '_firstdwibzero.mif'
         if (se_epi_pe_sum == [ 0, 0, 0 ]) and (se_epi_volume_to_remove < len(se_epi_pe_scheme)):
-          app.console('Balanced phase-encoding scheme detected in SE-EPI series; volume ' + str(se_epi_volume_to_remove) + ' will be removed and replaced with first b=0 from DWIs')
-          run.command('mrconvert ' + se_epi_path + ' - -coord 3 ' + ','.join([str(index) for index in range(len(se_epi_pe_scheme)) if not index == se_epi_volume_to_remove]) + ' | mrcat dwi_first_bzero.mif - ' + new_se_epi_path + ' -axis 3')
+          app.console(f'Balanced phase-encoding scheme detected in SE-EPI series; '
+                      f'volume {se_epi_volume_to_remove} will be removed and replaced with first b=0 from DWIs')
+          seepi_volumes_to_preserve = ','.join(str(index) for index in range(len(se_epi_pe_scheme)) if not index == se_epi_volume_to_remove)
+          run.command(f'mrconvert {se_epi_path} - -coord 3 {seepi_volumes_to_preserve} | '
+                      f'mrcat dwi_first_bzero.mif - {new_se_epi_path} -axis 3')
           # Also need to update the phase-encoding scheme appropriately if it's being set manually
           #   (if embedded within the image headers, should be updated through the command calls)
           if se_epi_manual_pe_scheme:
@@ -737,10 +892,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             se_epi_manual_pe_scheme = new_se_epi_manual_pe_scheme
         else:
           if se_epi_pe_sum == [ 0, 0, 0 ] and se_epi_volume_to_remove == len(se_epi_pe_scheme):
-            app.console('Phase-encoding scheme of -se_epi image is balanced, but could not find appropriate volume with which to substitute first b=0 volume from DWIs; first b=0 DWI volume will be inserted to start of series, resulting in an unbalanced scheme')
+            app.console('Phase-encoding scheme of -se_epi image is balanced, '
+                        'but could not find appropriate volume with which to substitute first b=0 volume from DWIs; '
+                        'first b=0 DWI volume will be inserted to start of series, '
+                        'resulting in an unbalanced scheme')
           else:
-            app.console('Unbalanced phase-encoding scheme detected in series provided via -se_epi option; first DWI b=0 volume will be inserted to start of series')
-          run.command('mrcat dwi_first_bzero.mif ' + se_epi_path + ' ' + new_se_epi_path + ' -axis 3')
+            app.console('Unbalanced phase-encoding scheme detected in series provided via -se_epi option; '
+                        'first DWI b=0 volume will be inserted to start of series')
+          run.command(f'mrcat dwi_first_bzero.mif {se_epi_path} {new_se_epi_path} -axis 3')
           # Also need to update the phase-encoding scheme appropriately
           if se_epi_manual_pe_scheme:
             first_line = list(manual_pe_dir)
@@ -765,7 +924,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # Preferably also make sure that there's some phase-encoding contrast in there...
     # With -rpe_all, need to write inferred phase-encoding to file and import before using dwiextract so that the phase-encoding
     #   of the extracted b=0's is propagated to the generated b=0 series
-    run.command('mrconvert dwi.mif' + import_dwi_pe_table_option + ' - | dwiextract - ' + se_epi_path + ' -bzero')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert dwi.mif {import_dwi_pe_table_option} - | '
+                f'dwiextract - {se_epi_path} -bzero')
     se_epi_header = image.Header(se_epi_path)
 
     # If there's no contrast remaining in the phase-encoding scheme, it'll be written to
@@ -773,9 +933,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # In this scenario, we will be unable to run topup, or volume recombination
     if 'pe_scheme' not in se_epi_header.keyval():
       if pe_design == 'All':
-        raise MRtrixError('DWI header indicates no phase encoding contrast between b=0 images; cannot proceed with volume recombination-based pre-processing')
-      app.warn('DWI header indicates no phase encoding contrast between b=0 images; proceeding without inhomogeneity field estimation')
+        raise MRtrixError('DWI header indicates no phase encoding contrast between b=0 images; '
+                          'cannot proceed with volume recombination-based pre-processing')
+      app.warn('DWI header indicates no phase encoding contrast between b=0 images; '
+               'proceeding without inhomogeneity field estimation')
       execute_topup = False
+      execute_applytopup = False
       run.function(os.remove, se_epi_path)
       se_epi_path = None
       se_epi_header = None
@@ -788,11 +951,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   #   then this volume permutation will need to be taken into account
   if not topup_file_userpath:
     if dwi_first_bzero_index == len(grad):
-      app.warn("No image volumes were classified as b=0 by MRtrix3; no permutation of order of DWI volumes can occur " + \
-              "(do you need to adjust config file entry BZeroThreshold?)")
+      app.warn('No image volumes were classified as b=0 by MRtrix3; '
+               'no permutation of order of DWI volumes can occur ' + \
+              '(do you need to adjust config file entry BZeroThreshold?)')
     elif dwi_first_bzero_index:
-      app.console('First b=0 volume in input DWIs is volume index ' + str(dwi_first_bzero_index) + '; '
-                  'this will be permuted to be the first volume (index 0) when eddy is run')
+      app.console(f'First b=0 volume in input DWIs is volume index {dwi_first_bzero_index}; '
+                  f'this will be permuted to be the first volume (index 0) when eddy is run')
       dwi_permvols_preeddy_option = ' -coord 3 ' + \
                                             str(dwi_first_bzero_index) + \
                                             ',0' + \
@@ -805,8 +969,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                             (',' + str(dwi_first_bzero_index+1) if dwi_first_bzero_index < dwi_num_volumes-1 else '') + \
                                             (':' + str(dwi_num_volumes-1) if dwi_first_bzero_index < dwi_num_volumes-2 else '')
       app.debug('mrconvert options for axis permutation:')
-      app.debug('Pre: ' + str(dwi_permvols_preeddy_option))
-      app.debug('Post: ' + str(dwi_permvols_posteddy_option))
+      app.debug(f'Pre: {dwi_permvols_preeddy_option}')
+      app.debug(f'Post: {dwi_permvols_posteddy_option}')
 
 
 
@@ -841,19 +1005,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       if int(axis_size%2):
         odd_axis_count += 1
     if odd_axis_count:
-      app.console(str(odd_axis_count) + ' spatial ' + ('axes of DWIs have' if odd_axis_count > 1 else 'axis of DWIs has') + ' non-even size; '
-                  'this will be automatically padded for compatibility with topup, and the extra slice' + ('s' if odd_axis_count > 1 else '') + ' erased afterwards')
+      app.console(f'{odd_axis_count} spatial {"axes of DWIs have" if odd_axis_count > 1 else "axis of DWIs has"} non-even size; '
+                  f'this will be automatically padded for compatibility with topup, '
+                  f'and the extra {"slices" if odd_axis_count > 1 else "slice"} erased afterwards')
       for axis, axis_size in enumerate(dwi_header.size()[:3]):
         if int(axis_size%2):
-          new_se_epi_path = os.path.splitext(se_epi_path)[0] + '_pad' + str(axis) + '.mif'
-          run.command('mrconvert ' + se_epi_path + ' -coord ' + str(axis) + ' ' + str(axis_size-1) + ' - | mrcat ' + se_epi_path + ' - ' + new_se_epi_path + ' -axis ' + str(axis))
+          new_se_epi_path = f'{os.path.splitext(se_epi_path)[0]}_pad{axis}.mif'
+          run.command(f'mrconvert {se_epi_path} -coord {axis} {axis_size-1} - | '
+                      f'mrcat {se_epi_path} - {new_se_epi_path} -axis {axis}')
           app.cleanup(se_epi_path)
           se_epi_path = new_se_epi_path
-          new_dwi_path = os.path.splitext(dwi_path)[0] + '_pad' + str(axis) + '.mif'
-          run.command('mrconvert ' + dwi_path + ' -coord ' + str(axis) + ' ' + str(axis_size-1) + ' -clear dw_scheme - | mrcat ' + dwi_path + ' - ' + new_dwi_path + ' -axis ' + str(axis))
+          new_dwi_path = f'{os.path.splitext(dwi_path)[0]}_pad{axis}.mif'
+          run.command(f'mrconvert {dwi_path} -coord {axis} {axis_size-1} -clear dw_scheme - | '
+                      f'mrcat {dwi_path} - {new_dwi_path} -axis {axis}')
           app.cleanup(dwi_path)
           dwi_path = new_dwi_path
-          dwi_post_eddy_crop_option += ' -coord ' + str(axis) + ' 0:' + str(axis_size-1)
+          dwi_post_eddy_crop_option += f' -coord {axis} 0:{axis_size-1}'
           if axis == slice_encoding_axis:
             slice_padded = True
             dwi_num_slices += 1
@@ -877,19 +1044,21 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
     # Do the conversion in preparation for topup
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + se_epi_path + ' topup_in.nii' + se_epi_manual_pe_table_option + ' -strides -1,+2,+3,+4 -export_pe_table topup_datain.txt')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {se_epi_path} topup_in.nii {se_epi_manual_pe_table_option} -strides -1,+2,+3,+4 -export_pe_table topup_datain.txt')
     app.cleanup(se_epi_path)
 
     # Run topup
     topup_manual_options = ''
     if app.ARGS.topup_options:
       topup_manual_options = ' ' + app.ARGS.topup_options.strip()
-    topup_output = run.command(topup_cmd + ' --imain=topup_in.nii --datain=topup_datain.txt --out=field --fout=field_map' + fsl_suffix + ' --config=' + topup_config_path + ' --verbose' + topup_manual_options)
+    topup_output = run.command(f'{topup_cmd} --imain=topup_in.nii --datain=topup_datain.txt --out=field '
+                               f'--fout=field_map{fsl_suffix} --config={topup_config_path} --verbose {topup_manual_options}')
+    topup_terminal_output = topup_output.stdout + '\n' + topup_output.stderr + '\n'
     with open('topup_output.txt', 'wb') as topup_output_file:
-      topup_output_file.write((topup_output.stdout + '\n' + topup_output.stderr + '\n').encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
+      topup_output_file.write(topup_terminal_output.encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
     if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
       app.console('Output of topup command:')
-      sys.stderr.write(topup_output.stdout + '\n' + topup_output.stderr + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(topup_terminal_output)
 
   if execute_applytopup:
 
@@ -897,9 +1066,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # applytopup can't receive the complete DWI input and correct it as a whole, because the phase-encoding
     #   details may vary between volumes
     if dwi_manual_pe_scheme:
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + dwi_path + import_dwi_pe_table_option + ' - | mrinfo - -export_pe_eddy applytopup_config.txt applytopup_indices.txt')
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {dwi_path} {import_dwi_pe_table_option} - | '
+                  f'mrinfo - -export_pe_eddy applytopup_config.txt applytopup_indices.txt')
     else:
-      run.command('mrinfo ' + dwi_path + ' -export_pe_eddy applytopup_config.txt applytopup_indices.txt')
+      run.command(f'mrinfo {dwi_path} -export_pe_eddy applytopup_config.txt applytopup_indices.txt')
 
     # Call applytopup separately for each unique phase-encoding
     # This should be the most compatible option with more complex phase-encoding acquisition designs,
@@ -910,20 +1080,21 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     applytopup_config = matrix.load_matrix('applytopup_config.txt')
     applytopup_indices = matrix.load_vector('applytopup_indices.txt', dtype=int)
     applytopup_volumegroups = [ [ index for index, value in enumerate(applytopup_indices) if value == group ] for group in range(1, len(applytopup_config)+1) ]
-    app.debug('applytopup_config: ' + str(applytopup_config))
-    app.debug('applytopup_indices: ' + str(applytopup_indices))
-    app.debug('applytopup_volumegroups: ' + str(applytopup_volumegroups))
+    app.debug(f'applytopup_config: {applytopup_config}')
+    app.debug(f'applytopup_indices: {applytopup_indices}')
+    app.debug(f'applytopup_volumegroups: {applytopup_volumegroups}')
     for index, group in enumerate(applytopup_volumegroups):
-      prefix = os.path.splitext(dwi_path)[0] + '_pe_' + str(index)
-      input_path = prefix + '.nii'
-      json_path = prefix + '.json'
-      temp_path = prefix + '_applytopup.nii'
-      output_path = prefix + '_applytopup.mif'
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + dwi_path + ' ' + input_path + ' -coord 3 ' + ','.join(str(value) for value in group) + ' -strides -1,+2,+3,+4 -json_export ' + json_path)
-      run.command(applytopup_cmd + ' --imain=' + input_path + ' --datain=applytopup_config.txt --inindex=' + str(index+1) + ' --topup=field --out=' + temp_path + ' --method=jac')
+      prefix = f'{os.path.splitext(dwi_path)[0]}_pe{index}'
+      input_path = f'{prefix}.nii'
+      json_path = f'{prefix}.json'
+      temp_path = f'{prefix}_applytopup.nii'
+      output_path = f'{prefix}_applytopup.mif'
+      volumes = ','.join(map(str, group))
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {dwi_path} {input_path} -coord 3 {volumes} -strides -1,+2,+3,+4 -json_export {json_path}')
+      run.command(f'{applytopup_cmd} --imain={input_path} --datain=applytopup_config.txt --inindex={index+1} --topup=field --out={temp_path} --method=jac')
       app.cleanup(input_path)
       temp_path = fsl.find_image(temp_path)
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + temp_path + ' ' + output_path + ' -json_import ' + json_path)
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {temp_path} {output_path} -json_import {json_path}')
       app.cleanup(json_path)
       app.cleanup(temp_path)
       applytopup_image_list.append(output_path)
@@ -937,9 +1108,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         dwi2mask_in_path = applytopup_image_list[0]
       else:
         dwi2mask_in_path = 'dwi2mask_in.mif'
-        run.command('mrcat ' + ' '.join(applytopup_image_list) + ' ' + dwi2mask_in_path + ' -axis 3')
-      run.command('dwi2mask ' + dwi2mask_algo + ' ' + dwi2mask_in_path + ' ' + dwi2mask_out_path)
-      run.command('maskfilter ' + dwi2mask_out_path + ' dilate - | mrconvert - eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -strides -1,+2,+3')
+        run.command(['mrcat', applytopup_image_list, dwi2mask_in_path, '-axis', '3'])
+      run.command(['dwi2mask', dwi2mask_algo, dwi2mask_in_path, dwi2mask_out_path])
+      run.command(f'maskfilter {dwi2mask_out_path} dilate - | '
+                  f'mrconvert - eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -strides -1,+2,+3')
       if len(applytopup_image_list) > 1:
         app.cleanup(dwi2mask_in_path)
       app.cleanup(dwi2mask_out_path)
@@ -953,8 +1125,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # Generate a processing mask for eddy based on the uncorrected input DWIs
     if not app.ARGS.eddy_mask:
       dwi2mask_out_path = 'dwi2mask_out.mif'
-      run.command('dwi2mask ' + dwi2mask_algo + ' ' + dwi_path + ' ' + dwi2mask_out_path)
-      run.command('maskfilter ' + dwi2mask_out_path + ' dilate - | mrconvert - eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -strides -1,+2,+3')
+      run.command(['dwi2mask', dwi2mask_algo, dwi_path, dwi2mask_out_path])
+      run.command(f'maskfilter {dwi2mask_out_path} dilate - | '
+                  f'mrconvert - eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -strides -1,+2,+3')
       app.cleanup(dwi2mask_out_path)
 
 
@@ -964,9 +1137,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       run.command('mrconvert eddy_mask.mif eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -stride -1,+2,+3')
     else:
       app.warn('User-provided processing mask for eddy does not match DWI voxel grid; resampling')
-      run.command('mrtransform eddy_mask.mif - -template ' + dwi_path + ' -interp linear | '
-                  + 'mrthreshold - -abs 0.5 - | '
-                  + 'mrconvert - eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -stride -1,+2,+3')
+      run.command(f'mrtransform eddy_mask.mif - -template {dwi_path} -interp linear | '
+                  f'mrthreshold - -abs 0.5 - | '
+                  f'mrconvert - eddy_mask.nii -datatype float32 -stride -1,+2,+3')
     app.cleanup('eddy_mask.mif')
 
   # Generate the text file containing slice timing / grouping information if necessary
@@ -980,8 +1153,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       if sum(slice_encoding_direction) < 0:
         slice_timing = reversed(slice_timing)
       slice_groups = [ [ x[0] for x in g ] for _, g in itertools.groupby(sorted(enumerate(slice_timing), key=lambda x:x[1]), key=lambda x:x[1]) ] #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-      app.debug('Slice timing: ' + str(slice_timing))
-      app.debug('Resulting slice groups: ' + str(slice_groups))
+      app.debug(f'Slice timing: {slice_timing}')
+      app.debug(f'Resulting slice groups: {slice_groups}')
     # Variable slice_groups may have already been defined in the correct format.
     #   In that instance, there's nothing to do other than write it to file;
     #   UNLESS the slice encoding direction is known to be reversed, in which case
@@ -993,8 +1166,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       for group in new_slice_groups:
         new_slice_groups.append([ dwi_num_slices-index for index in group ])
       app.debug('Slice groups reversed due to negative slice encoding direction')
-      app.debug('Original: ' + str(slice_groups))
-      app.debug('New: ' + str(new_slice_groups))
+      app.debug(f'Original: {slice_groups}')
+      app.debug(f'New: {new_slice_groups}')
       slice_groups = new_slice_groups
 
     matrix.save_numeric('slspec.txt', slice_groups, add_to_command_history=False, fmt='%d')
@@ -1006,66 +1179,48 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
   # Prepare input data for eddy
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + dwi_path + import_dwi_pe_table_option + dwi_permvols_preeddy_option + ' eddy_in.nii -strides -1,+2,+3,+4 -export_grad_fsl bvecs bvals -export_pe_eddy eddy_config.txt eddy_indices.txt')
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {dwi_path} {import_dwi_pe_table_option} {dwi_permvols_preeddy_option} eddy_in.nii '
+              f'-strides -1,+2,+3,+4 -export_grad_fsl bvecs bvals -export_pe_eddy eddy_config.txt eddy_indices.txt')
   app.cleanup(dwi_path)
 
   # Run eddy
   # If a CUDA version is in PATH, run that first; if it fails, re-try using the non-CUDA version
-  eddy_all_options = '--imain=eddy_in.nii --mask=eddy_mask.nii --acqp=eddy_config.txt --index=eddy_indices.txt --bvecs=bvecs --bvals=bvals' + eddy_in_topup_option + eddy_manual_options + ' --out=dwi_post_eddy --verbose'
+  eddy_all_options = f'--imain=eddy_in.nii --mask=eddy_mask.nii --acqp=eddy_config.txt --index=eddy_indices.txt ' \
+                     f'--bvecs=bvecs --bvals=bvals ' \
+                     f'{eddy_in_topup_option} {eddy_manual_options} --out=dwi_post_eddy --verbose'
   eddy_cuda_cmd = fsl.eddy_binary(True)
   eddy_openmp_cmd = fsl.eddy_binary(False)
   if eddy_cuda_cmd:
     # If running CUDA version, but OpenMP version is also available, don't stop the script if the CUDA version fails
     try:
-      eddy_output = run.command(eddy_cuda_cmd + ' ' + eddy_all_options)
+      eddy_output = run.command(f'{eddy_cuda_cmd} {eddy_all_options}')
     except run.MRtrixCmdError as exception_cuda:
       if not eddy_openmp_cmd:
         raise
       with open('eddy_cuda_failure_output.txt', 'wb') as eddy_output_file:
         eddy_output_file.write(str(exception_cuda).encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
-      app.console('CUDA version of \'eddy\' was not successful; attempting OpenMP version')
+      app.console('CUDA version of "eddy" was not successful; '
+                  'attempting OpenMP version')
       try:
         eddy_output = run.command(eddy_openmp_cmd + ' ' + eddy_all_options)
       except run.MRtrixCmdError as exception_openmp:
         with open('eddy_openmp_failure_output.txt', 'wb') as eddy_output_file:
           eddy_output_file.write(str(exception_openmp).encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
         # Both have failed; want to combine error messages
-        eddy_cuda_header = ('=' * len(eddy_cuda_cmd)) \
-                           + '\n' \
-                           + eddy_cuda_cmd \
-                           + '\n' \
-                           + ('=' * len(eddy_cuda_cmd)) \
-                           + '\n'
-        eddy_openmp_header = ('=' * len(eddy_openmp_cmd)) \
-                             + '\n' \
-                             + eddy_openmp_cmd \
-                             + '\n' \
-                             + ('=' * len(eddy_openmp_cmd)) \
-                             + '\n'
-        exception_stdout = eddy_cuda_header \
-                           + exception_cuda.stdout \
-                           + '\n\n' \
-                           + eddy_openmp_header \
-                           + exception_openmp.stdout \
-                           + '\n\n'
-        exception_stderr = eddy_cuda_header \
-                           + exception_cuda.stderr \
-                           + '\n\n' \
-                           + eddy_openmp_header \
-                           + exception_openmp.stderr \
-                           + '\n\n'
-        raise run.MRtrixCmdError('eddy* ' + eddy_all_options,
-                                 1,
-                                 exception_stdout,
-                                 exception_stderr)
+        eddy_cuda_header = f'{"="*len(eddy_cuda_cmd)}\n{eddy_cuda_cmd}\n{"="*len(eddy_cuda_cmd)}\n'
+        eddy_openmp_header = f'{"="*len(eddy_openmp_cmd)}\n{eddy_openmp_cmd}\n{"="*len(eddy_openmp_cmd)}\n'
+        exception_stdout = f'{eddy_cuda_header}{exception_cuda.stdout}\n\n{eddy_openmp_header}{exception_openmp.stdout}\n\n'
+        exception_stderr = f'{eddy_cuda_header}{exception_cuda.stderr}\n\n{eddy_openmp_header}{exception_openmp.stderr}\n\n'
+        raise run.MRtrixCmdError(f'eddy* {eddy_all_options}', 1, exception_stdout, exception_stderr)
 
   else:
-    eddy_output = run.command(eddy_openmp_cmd + ' ' + eddy_all_options)
+    eddy_output = run.command(f'{eddy_openmp_cmd} {eddy_all_options}')
+  eddy_terminal_output = eddy_output.stdout + '\n' + eddy_output.stderr + '\n'
   with open('eddy_output.txt', 'wb') as eddy_output_file:
-    eddy_output_file.write((eddy_output.stdout + '\n' + eddy_output.stderr + '\n').encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
+    eddy_output_file.write(eddy_terminal_output.encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
     app.console('Output of eddy command:')
-    sys.stderr.write(eddy_output.stdout + '\n' + eddy_output.stderr + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(eddy_terminal_output)
   app.cleanup('eddy_in.nii')
 
   eddy_output_image_path = fsl.find_image('dwi_post_eddy')
@@ -1075,7 +1230,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   #   if it has, import this into the output image
   bvecs_path = 'dwi_post_eddy.eddy_rotated_bvecs'
   if not os.path.isfile(bvecs_path):
-    app.warn('eddy has not provided rotated bvecs file; using original gradient table. Recommend updating FSL eddy to version 5.0.9 or later.')
+    app.warn('eddy has not provided rotated bvecs file; '
+             'using original gradient table. '
+             'Recommend updating FSL eddy to version 5.0.9 or later.')
     bvecs_path = 'bvecs'
 
 
@@ -1096,32 +1253,32 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         for eddy_filename in eddyqc_files:
           if os.path.isfile('dwi_post_eddy.' + eddy_filename):
             if slice_padded and eddy_filename in [ 'eddy_outlier_map', 'eddy_outlier_n_sqr_stdev_map', 'eddy_outlier_n_stdev_map' ]:
-              with open('dwi_post_eddy.' + eddy_filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f_eddyfile:
+              with open(f'dwi_post_eddy.{eddy_filename}', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f_eddyfile:
                 eddy_data = f_eddyfile.readlines()
               eddy_data_header = eddy_data[0]
               eddy_data = eddy_data[1:]
               for line in eddy_data:
                 line = ' '.join(line.strip().split(' ')[:-1])
-              with open('dwi_post_eddy_unpad.' + eddy_filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f_eddyfile:
+              with open(f'dwi_post_eddy_unpad.{eddy_filename}', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f_eddyfile:
                 f_eddyfile.write(eddy_data_header + '\n')
                 f_eddyfile.write('\n'.join(eddy_data) + '\n')
             elif eddy_filename.endswith('.nii.gz'):
-              run.command('mrconvert dwi_post_eddy.' + eddy_filename + ' dwi_post_eddy_unpad.' + eddy_filename + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option)
+              run.command(f'mrconvert dwi_post_eddy.{eddy_filename} dwi_post_eddy_unpad.{eddy_filename} {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option}')
             else:
-              run.function(os.symlink, 'dwi_post_eddy.' + eddy_filename, 'dwi_post_eddy_unpad.' + eddy_filename)
-            app.cleanup('dwi_post_eddy.' + eddy_filename)
+              run.function(os.symlink, f'dwi_post_eddy.{eddy_filename}', f'dwi_post_eddy_unpad.{eddy_filename}')
+            app.cleanup(f'dwi_post_eddy.{eddy_filename}')
           progress.increment()
 
         if eddy_mporder and slice_padded:
-          app.debug('Current slice groups: ' + str(slice_groups))
-          app.debug('Slice encoding direction: ' + str(slice_encoding_direction))
+          app.debug(f'Current slice groups: {slice_groups}')
+          app.debug(f'Slice encoding direction: {slice_encoding_direction}')
           # Remove padded slice from slice_groups, write new slspec
           if sum(slice_encoding_direction) < 0:
             slice_groups = [ [ index-1 for index in group if index ] for group in slice_groups ]
           else:
             slice_groups = [ [ index for index in group if index != dwi_num_slices-1 ] for group in slice_groups ]
           eddyqc_slspec = 'slspec_unpad.txt'
-          app.debug('Slice groups after removal: ' + str(slice_groups))
+          app.debug(f'Slice groups after removal: {slice_groups}')
           try:
             # After this removal, slspec should now be a square matrix
             assert all(len(group) == len(slice_groups[0]) for group in slice_groups[1:])
@@ -1130,39 +1287,41 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             matrix.save_numeric(eddyqc_slspec, slice_groups, add_to_command_history=False, fmt='%d')
             raise
 
-        run.command('mrconvert eddy_mask.nii eddy_mask_unpad.nii' + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option)
+        run.command(f'mrconvert eddy_mask.nii eddy_mask_unpad.nii {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option}')
         eddyqc_mask = 'eddy_mask_unpad.nii'
         progress.increment()
-        run.command('mrconvert ' + fsl.find_image('field_map') + ' field_map_unpad.nii' + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option)
+        field_map_image = fsl.find_image('field_map')
+        run.command('mrconvert {field_map_image} field_map_unpad.nii {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option}')
         eddyqc_fieldmap = 'field_map_unpad.nii'
         progress.increment()
-        run.command('mrconvert ' + eddy_output_image_path + ' dwi_post_eddy_unpad.nii.gz' + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option)
+        run.command(f'mrconvert {eddy_output_image_path} dwi_post_eddy_unpad.nii.gz {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option}')
         eddyqc_prefix = 'dwi_post_eddy_unpad'
         progress.done()
 
-      eddyqc_options = ' -idx eddy_indices.txt -par eddy_config.txt -b bvals -m ' + eddyqc_mask
-      if os.path.isfile(eddyqc_prefix + '.eddy_residuals.nii.gz'):
-        eddyqc_options += ' -g ' + bvecs_path
+      eddyqc_options = f' -idx eddy_indices.txt -par eddy_config.txt -b bvals -m {eddyqc_mask}'
+      if os.path.isfile(f'{eddyqc_prefix}.eddy_residuals.nii.gz'):
+        eddyqc_options += f' -g {bvecs_path}'
       if execute_topup:
-        eddyqc_options += ' -f ' + eddyqc_fieldmap
+        eddyqc_options += f' -f {eddyqc_fieldmap}'
       if eddy_mporder:
-        eddyqc_options += ' -s ' + eddyqc_slspec
+        eddyqc_options += f' -s {eddyqc_slspec}'
       if app.VERBOSITY > 2:
         eddyqc_options += ' -v'
       try:
-        run.command('eddy_quad ' + eddyqc_prefix + eddyqc_options)
+        run.command(f'eddy_quad {eddyqc_prefix} {eddyqc_options}')
       except run.MRtrixCmdError as exception:
         with open('eddy_quad_failure_output.txt', 'wb') as eddy_quad_output_file:
           eddy_quad_output_file.write(str(exception).encode('utf-8', errors='replace'))
         app.debug(str(exception))
-        app.warn('Error running automated EddyQC tool \'eddy_quad\'; QC data written to "' + eddyqc_path + '" will be files from "eddy" only')
+        app.warn(f'Error running automated EddyQC tool "eddy_quad"; '
+                 f'QC data written to "{eddyqc_path}" will be files from "eddy" only')
         # Delete the directory if the script only made it partway through
         try:
-          shutil.rmtree(eddyqc_prefix + '.qc')
+          shutil.rmtree(f'{eddyqc_prefix}.qc')
         except OSError:
           pass
     else:
-      app.console('Command \'eddy_quad\' not found in PATH; skipping')
+      app.console('Command "eddy_quad" not found in PATH; skipping')
 
 
   # Have to retain these images until after eddyQC is run
@@ -1184,7 +1343,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # The phase-encoding scheme needs to be checked also
   volume_matchings = [ dwi_num_volumes ] * dwi_num_volumes
   volume_pairs = [ ]
-  app.debug('Commencing gradient direction matching; ' + str(dwi_num_volumes) + ' volumes')
+  app.debug(f'Commencing gradient direction matching; {dwi_num_volumes} volumes')
   for index1 in range(dwi_num_volumes):
     if volume_matchings[index1] == dwi_num_volumes: # As yet unpaired
       for index2 in range(index1+1, dwi_num_volumes):
@@ -1194,9 +1353,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             volume_matchings[index1] = index2
             volume_matchings[index2] = index1
             volume_pairs.append([index1, index2])
-            app.debug('Matched volume ' + str(index1) + ' with ' + str(index2) + '\n' +
-                      'Phase encoding: ' + str(dwi_pe_scheme[index1]) + ' ' + str(dwi_pe_scheme[index2]) + '\n' +
-                      'Gradients: ' + str(grad[index1]) + ' ' + str(grad[index2]))
+            app.debug(f'Matched volume {index1} with {index2}\n'
+                      f'Phase encoding: {dwi_pe_scheme[index1]} {dwi_pe_scheme[index2]}\n'
+                      f'Gradients: {grad[index1]} {grad[index2]}')
             break
 
 
@@ -1207,11 +1366,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       app.cleanup(fsl.find_image('field_map'))
 
     # Convert the resulting volume to the output image, and re-insert the diffusion encoding
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + eddy_output_image_path + ' result.mif' + dwi_permvols_posteddy_option + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option + stride_option + ' -fslgrad ' + bvecs_path + ' bvals')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {eddy_output_image_path} result.mif '
+                f'{dwi_permvols_posteddy_option} {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option} {stride_option} -fslgrad {bvecs_path} bvals')
     app.cleanup(eddy_output_image_path)
 
   else:
-    app.console('Detected matching DWI volumes with opposing phase encoding; performing explicit volume recombination')
+    app.console('Detected matching DWI volumes with opposing phase encoding; '
+                'performing explicit volume recombination')
 
     # Perform a manual combination of the volumes output by eddy, since LSR is disabled
 
@@ -1261,9 +1422,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     field_map_image = fsl.find_image('field_map')
     field_map_header = image.Header(field_map_image)
     if not image.match('topup_in.nii', field_map_header, up_to_dim=3):
-      app.warn('topup output field image has erroneous header; recommend updating FSL to version 5.0.8 or later')
+      app.warn('topup output field image has erroneous header; '
+               'recommend updating FSL to version 5.0.8 or later')
       new_field_map_image = 'field_map_fix.mif'
-      run.command('mrtransform ' + field_map_image + ' -replace topup_in.nii ' + new_field_map_image)
+      run.command(f'mrtransform {field_map_image} -replace topup_in.nii {new_field_map_image}')
       app.cleanup(field_map_image)
       field_map_image = new_field_map_image
     # In FSL 6.0.0, field map image is erroneously constructed with the same number of volumes as the input image,
@@ -1272,7 +1434,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     elif len(field_map_header.size()) == 4:
       app.console('Correcting erroneous FSL 6.0.0 field map image output')
       new_field_map_image = 'field_map_fix.mif'
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + field_map_image + ' -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2 ' + new_field_map_image)
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {field_map_image} -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2 {new_field_map_image}')
       app.cleanup(field_map_image)
       field_map_image = new_field_map_image
     app.cleanup('topup_in.nii')
@@ -1288,8 +1450,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     #   eddy_config.txt and eddy_indices.txt
     eddy_config = matrix.load_matrix('eddy_config.txt')
     eddy_indices = matrix.load_vector('eddy_indices.txt', dtype=int)
-    app.debug('EDDY config: ' + str(eddy_config))
-    app.debug('EDDY indices: ' + str(eddy_indices))
+    app.debug(f'EDDY config: {eddy_config}')
+    app.debug(f'EDDY indices: {eddy_indices}')
 
     # This section derives, for each phase encoding configuration present, the 'weight' to be applied
     #   to the image during volume recombination, which is based on the Jacobian of the field in the
@@ -1297,12 +1459,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     for index, config in enumerate(eddy_config):
       pe_axis = [ i for i, e in enumerate(config[0:3]) if e != 0][0]
       sign_multiplier = ' -1.0 -mult' if config[pe_axis] < 0 else ''
-      field_derivative_path = 'field_deriv_pe_' + str(index+1) + '.mif'
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + field_map_image + ' ' + str(config[3]) + ' -mult' + sign_multiplier + ' - | mrfilter - gradient - | mrconvert - ' + field_derivative_path + ' -coord 3 ' + str(pe_axis) + ' -axes 0,1,2')
-      jacobian_path = 'jacobian_' + str(index+1) + '.mif'
-      run.command('mrcalc 1.0 ' + field_derivative_path + ' -add 0.0 -max ' + jacobian_path)
+      field_derivative_path = f'field_deriv_pe{index+1}.mif'
+      total_readout_time = config[3]
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {field_map_image} {total_readout_time} -mult {sign_multiplier} - | '
+                  f'mrfilter - gradient - | '
+                  f'mrconvert - {field_derivative_path} -coord 3 {pe_axis} -axes 0,1,2')
+      jacobian_path = f'jacobian{index+1}.mif'
+      run.command(f'mrcalc 1.0 {field_derivative_path} -add 0.0 -max {jacobian_path}')
       app.cleanup(field_derivative_path)
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + jacobian_path + ' ' + jacobian_path + ' -mult weight' + str(index+1) + '.mif')
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {jacobian_path} {jacobian_path} -mult weight{index+1}.mif')
       app.cleanup(jacobian_path)
     app.cleanup(field_map_image)
 
@@ -1311,7 +1476,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     #   convert it to an uncompressed format before we do anything with it.
     if eddy_output_image_path.endswith('.gz'):
       new_eddy_output_image_path = 'dwi_post_eddy_uncompressed.mif'
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + eddy_output_image_path + ' ' + new_eddy_output_image_path)
+      run.command(['mrconvert', eddy_output_image_path, new_eddy_output_image_path])
       app.cleanup(eddy_output_image_path)
       eddy_output_image_path = new_eddy_output_image_path
 
@@ -1319,8 +1484,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     #   back to their original positions; otherwise, the stored gradient vector directions / phase encode
     #   directions / matched volume pairs are no longer appropriate
     if dwi_permvols_posteddy_option:
-      new_eddy_output_image_path = os.path.splitext(eddy_output_image_path)[0] + '_volpermuteundo.mif'
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + eddy_output_image_path + dwi_permvols_posteddy_option + ' ' + new_eddy_output_image_path)
+      new_eddy_output_image_path = f'{os.path.splitext(eddy_output_image_path)[0]}_volpermuteundo.mif'
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {eddy_output_image_path} {new_eddy_output_image_path} {dwi_permvols_posteddy_option}')
       app.cleanup(eddy_output_image_path)
       eddy_output_image_path = new_eddy_output_image_path
 
@@ -1330,11 +1495,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Performing explicit volume recombination', len(volume_pairs))
     for index, volumes in enumerate(volume_pairs):
       pe_indices = [ eddy_indices[i] for i in volumes ]
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + eddy_output_image_path + ' volume0.mif -coord 3 ' + str(volumes[0]))
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + eddy_output_image_path + ' volume1.mif -coord 3 ' + str(volumes[1]))
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {eddy_output_image_path} volume0.mif -coord 3 {volumes[0]}')
+      run.command(f'mrconvert {eddy_output_image_path} volume1.mif -coord 3 {volumes[1]}')
       # Volume recombination equation described in Skare and Bammer 2010
-      combined_image_path = 'combined' + str(index) + '.mif'
-      run.command('mrcalc volume0.mif weight' + str(pe_indices[0]) + '.mif -mult volume1.mif weight' + str(pe_indices[1]) + '.mif -mult -add weight' + str(pe_indices[0]) + '.mif weight' + str(pe_indices[1]) + '.mif -add -divide 0.0 -max ' + combined_image_path)
+      combined_image_path = f'combined{index}.mif'
+      run.command(f'mrcalc volume0.mif weight{pe_indices[0]}.mif -mult volume1.mif weight{pe_indices[1]}.mif -mult -add weight{pe_indices[0]}.mif weight{pe_indices[1]}.mif -add -divide 0.0 -max {combined_image_path}')
       combined_image_list.append(combined_image_path)
       run.function(os.remove, 'volume0.mif')
       run.function(os.remove, 'volume1.mif')
@@ -1343,7 +1508,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
     app.cleanup(eddy_output_image_path)
     for index in range(0, len(eddy_config)):
-      app.cleanup('weight' + str(index+1) + '.mif')
+      app.cleanup(f'weight{index+1}.mif')
 
     # Finally the recombined volumes must be concatenated to produce the resulting image series
     combine_command = ['mrcat', combined_image_list, '-', '-axis', '3', '|', \
@@ -1365,18 +1530,21 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       if os.path.exists(eddyqc_prefix + '.' + filename):
         # If this is an image, and axis padding was applied, want to undo the padding
         if filename.endswith('.nii.gz') and dwi_post_eddy_crop_option:
-          run.command('mrconvert ' + eddyqc_prefix + '.' + filename + ' ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(eddyqc_path, filename)) + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option, force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+          run.command(f'mrconvert {eddyqc_prefix}.{filename} {shlex.quote(os.path.join(eddyqc_path, filename))} {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option}',
+                      force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
         else:
-          run.function(shutil.copy, eddyqc_prefix + '.' + filename, os.path.join(eddyqc_path, filename))
+          run.function(shutil.copy, f'{eddyqc_prefix}.{filename}', os.path.join(eddyqc_path, filename))
     # Also grab any files generated by the eddy qc tool QUAD
     if os.path.isdir(eddyqc_prefix + '.qc'):
       if app.FORCE_OVERWRITE and os.path.exists(os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'quad')):
         run.function(shutil.rmtree, os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'quad'))
-      run.function(shutil.copytree, eddyqc_prefix + '.qc', os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'quad'))
+      run.function(shutil.copytree, f'{eddyqc_prefix}.qc', os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'quad'))
     # Also grab the brain mask that was provided to eddy if -eddyqc_all was specified
     if app.ARGS.eddyqc_all:
       if dwi_post_eddy_crop_option:
-        run.command('mrconvert eddy_mask.nii ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'eddy_mask.nii')) + dwi_post_eddy_crop_option, force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+        mask_export_path = shlex.quote(os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'eddy_mask.nii'))
+        run.command(f'mrconvert eddy_mask.nii {mask_export_path} {dwi_post_eddy_crop_option}',
+                    force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
       else:
         run.function(shutil.copy, 'eddy_mask.nii', os.path.join(eddyqc_path, 'eddy_mask.nii'))
       app.cleanup('eddy_mask.nii')
@@ -1407,7 +1575,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
   # Finish!
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output) + grad_export_option, mrconvert_keyval='output.json', force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command(f'mrconvert result.mif {app.ARGS.output} {grad_export_option}',
+              mrconvert_keyval='output.json',
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index f11ad6c1cd..9b32ba819a 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -27,11 +27,21 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
                           'derive a binary mask image to be used for streamline seeding and to constrain streamline propagation. '
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
-  cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series to be checked')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), default=10000, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+  cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. '
+                       'Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. '
+                       'Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The input DWI series to be checked')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-number',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                       default=10000,
+                       help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
 
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
@@ -41,32 +51,28 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  image_dimensions = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False)).size()
+  image_dimensions = image.Header(app.ARGS.input).size()
   if len(image_dimensions) != 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
   if min(image_dimensions) == 1:
     raise MRtrixError('Cannot perform tractography on an image with a unity dimension')
   num_volumes = image_dimensions[3]
 
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   # Make sure the image data can be memory-mapped
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('data.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1 -datatype float32',
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} data.mif -strides 0,0,0,1 -datatype float32',
               preserve_pipes=True)
-
   if app.ARGS.grad:
-    shutil.copy(path.from_user(app.ARGS.grad, False), path.to_scratch('grad.b', False))
+    shutil.copy(app.ARGS.grad, 'grad.b')
   elif app.ARGS.fslgrad:
-    shutil.copy(path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[0], False), path.to_scratch('bvecs', False))
-    shutil.copy(path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[1], False), path.to_scratch('bvals', False))
+    shutil.copy(app.ARGS.fslgrad[0], 'bvecs')
+    shutil.copy(app.ARGS.fslgrad[1], 'bvals')
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
-
   # Make sure we have gradient table stored externally to header in both MRtrix and FSL formats
   if not os.path.isfile('grad.b'):
     if os.path.isfile('bvecs'):
@@ -94,10 +100,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Note that gradient table must be explicitly loaded, since there may not
   #   be one in the image header (user may be relying on -grad or -fslgrad input options)
   if not os.path.exists('mask.mif'):
-    run.command('dwi2mask ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'] + ' data.mif mask.mif -grad grad.b')
+    run.command(['dwi2mask', CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'], 'data.mif', 'mask.mif', '-grad', 'grad.b'])
 
   # How many tracks are we going to generate?
-  number_option = ' -select ' + str(app.ARGS.number)
+  number_option = f' -select {app.ARGS.number}'
 
 
   #  What variations of gradient errors can we conceive?
@@ -122,13 +128,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # List where the first element is the mean length
   lengths = [ ]
 
-  progress = app.ProgressBar('Testing gradient table alterations (0 of ' + str(total_tests) + ')', total_tests)
+  progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Testing gradient table alterations (0 of {total_tests})', total_tests)
 
   for flip in axis_flips:
     for permutation in axis_permutations:
       for basis in grad_basis:
 
-        suffix = '_flip' + str(flip) + '_perm' + ''.join(str(item) for item in permutation) + '_' + basis
+        perm = ''.join(map(str, permutation))
+        suffix = f'_flip{flip}_perm{perm}_{basis}'
 
         if basis == 'scanner':
 
@@ -143,12 +150,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           grad = [ [ row[permutation[0]], row[permutation[1]], row[permutation[2]], row[3] ] for row in grad ]
 
           # Create the gradient table file
-          grad_path = 'grad' + suffix + '.b'
+          grad_path = f'grad{suffix}.b'
           with open(grad_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as grad_file:
             for line in grad:
               grad_file.write (','.join([str(v) for v in line]) + '\n')
 
-          grad_option = ' -grad ' + grad_path
+          grad_option = f' -grad {grad_path}'
 
         elif basis == 'image':
 
@@ -164,19 +171,20 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             for line in grad:
               bvecs_file.write (' '.join([str(v) for v in line]) + '\n')
 
-          grad_option = ' -fslgrad ' + grad_path + ' bvals'
+          grad_option = f' -fslgrad {grad_path} bvals'
 
         # Run the tracking experiment
-        run.command('tckgen -algorithm tensor_det data.mif' + grad_option + ' -seed_image mask.mif -mask mask.mif' + number_option + ' -minlength 0 -downsample 5 tracks' + suffix + '.tck')
+        run.command(f'tckgen -algorithm tensor_det data.mif -seed_image mask.mif -mask mask.mif -minlength 0 -downsample 5 tracks{suffix}.tck '
+                    f'{grad_option} {number_option}')
 
         # Get the mean track length
-        meanlength=float(run.command('tckstats tracks' + suffix + '.tck -output mean -ignorezero').stdout)
+        meanlength=float(run.command(f'tckstats tracks{suffix}.tck -output mean -ignorezero').stdout)
 
         # Add to the database
         lengths.append([meanlength,flip,permutation,basis])
 
         # Increament the progress bar
-        progress.increment('Testing gradient table alterations (' + str(len(lengths)) + ' of ' + str(total_tests) + ')')
+        progress.increment(f'Testing gradient table alterations ({len(lengths)} of {total_tests})')
 
   progress.done()
 
@@ -189,10 +197,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   sys.stderr.write('Mean length     Axis flipped    Axis permutations    Axis basis\n')
   for line in lengths:
     if isinstance(line[1], numbers.Number):
-      flip_str = "{:4d}".format(line[1])
+      flip_str = f'{line[1]:4d}'
     else:
       flip_str = line[1]
-    sys.stderr.write("{:5.2f}".format(line[0]) + '         ' + flip_str + '                ' + str(line[2]) + '           ' + line[3] + '\n')
+    length_string = '{line[0]:5.2f}'
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{length_string}         {flip_str}                {line[2]}           {line[3]}\n')
 
 
   # If requested, extract what has been detected as the best gradient table, and
@@ -200,12 +209,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   grad_export_option = app.read_dwgrad_export_options()
   if grad_export_option:
     best = lengths[0]
-    suffix = '_flip' + str(best[1]) + '_perm' + ''.join(str(item) for item in best[2]) + '_' + best[3]
+    perm = ''.join(map(str, best[2]))
+    suffix = f'_flip{best[1]}_perm{perm}_{best[3]}'
     if best[3] == 'scanner':
-      grad_import_option = ' -grad grad' + suffix + '.b'
+      grad_import_option = f' -grad grad{suffix}.b'
     elif best[3] == 'image':
-      grad_import_option = ' -fslgrad bvecs' + suffix + ' bvals'
-    run.command('mrinfo data.mif' + grad_import_option + grad_export_option, force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+      grad_import_option = f' -fslgrad bvecs{suffix} bvals'
+    run.command(f'mrinfo data.mif {grad_import_option} {grad_export_option}',
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
 # Execute the script
diff --git a/bin/dwinormalise b/bin/dwinormalise
index e838a18508..6f5ee6d49c 100755
--- a/bin/dwinormalise
+++ b/bin/dwinormalise
@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform various forms of intensity normalisation of DWIs')
   cmdline.add_description('This script provides access to different techniques for globally scaling the intensity of diffusion-weighted images. '
-                          'The different algorithms have different purposes, and different requirements with respect to the data with which they must be provided & will produce as output. '
-                          'Further information on the individual algorithms available can be accessed via their individual help pages; eg. "dwinormalise group -help".')
+                          'The different algorithms have different purposes, '
+                          'and different requirements with respect to the data with which they must be provided & will produce as output. '
+                          'Further information on the individual algorithms available can be accessed via their individual help pages; '
+                          'eg. "dwinormalise group -help".')
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
   algorithm.usage(cmdline)
@@ -34,7 +36,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
   alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
-  alg.check_output_paths()
 
   # From here, the script splits depending on what algorithm is being used
   alg.execute()
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 718ed00cec..76cfcf7e2d 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -23,12 +23,22 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Daan Christiaens (daan.christiaens@kcl.ac.uk)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Apply an mrmath operation to each b-value shell in a DWI series')
-  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image, where '
-                          'each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), and '
-                          'the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input diffusion MRI series')
-  cmdline.add_argument('operation', choices=SUPPORTED_OPS, help='The operation to be applied to each shell; this must be one of the following: ' + ', '.join(SUPPORTED_OPS))
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output image series')
+  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image, '
+                          'where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell '
+                          '(in order of increasing b-value), '
+                          'an the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been '
+                          'computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The input diffusion MRI series')
+  cmdline.add_argument('operation',
+                       choices=SUPPORTED_OPS,
+                       help='The operation to be applied to each shell; '
+                            'this must be one of the following: '
+                            + ', '.join(SUPPORTED_OPS))
+  cmdline.add_argument('output',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output image series')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('To compute the mean diffusion-weighted signal in each b-value shell',
                             'dwishellmath dwi.mif mean shellmeans.mif')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
@@ -36,39 +46,39 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   # check inputs and outputs
-  dwi_header = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
+  dwi_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.input)
   if len(dwi_header.size()) != 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
   gradimport = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
   if not gradimport and 'dw_scheme' not in dwi_header.keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('No diffusion gradient table provided, and none present in image header')
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
   # import data and gradient table
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif') + gradimport + ' -strides 0,0,0,1',
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} in.mif {gradimport} -strides 0,0,0,1',
               preserve_pipes=True)
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
   # run per-shell operations
   files = []
   for index, bvalue in enumerate(image.mrinfo('in.mif', 'shell_bvalues').split()):
-    filename = 'shell-{:02d}.mif'.format(index)
-    run.command('dwiextract -shells ' + bvalue + ' in.mif - | mrmath -axis 3 - ' + app.ARGS.operation + ' ' + filename)
+    filename = f'shell-{index:02d}.mif'
+    run.command(f'dwiextract -shells {bvalue} in.mif - | '
+                f'mrmath -axis 3 - {app.ARGS.operation} {filename}')
     files.append(filename)
   if len(files) > 1:
     # concatenate to output file
-    run.command('mrcat -axis 3 ' + ' '.join(files) + ' out.mif')
-    run.command('mrconvert out.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrcat', '-axis', '3', files, 'out.mif'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'out.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   else:
     # make a 4D image with one volume
-    app.warn('Only one unique b-value present in DWI data; command mrmath with -axis 3 option may be preferable')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + files[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output) + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1',
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    app.warn('Only one unique b-value present in DWI data; '
+             'command mrmath with -axis 3 option may be preferable')
+    run.command(['mrconvert', files[0], app.ARGS.output, '-axes', '0,1,2,-1'],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
diff --git a/bin/for_each b/bin/for_each
index d0b4c8d893..1743bfd760 100755
--- a/bin/for_each
+++ b/bin/for_each
@@ -31,33 +31,104 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform some arbitrary processing step for each of a set of inputs')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script greatly simplifies various forms of batch processing by enabling the execution of a command (or set of commands) independently for each of a set of inputs.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script greatly simplifies various forms of batch processing by enabling the execution of a command '
+                          '(or set of commands) '
+                          'independently for each of a set of inputs.')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the for_each command can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/tips_and_tricks/batch_processing_with_foreach.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('The way that this batch processing capability is achieved is by providing basic text substitutions, which simplify the formation of valid command strings based on the unique components of the input strings on which the script is instructed to execute. This does however mean that the items to be passed as inputs to the for_each command (e.g. file / directory names) MUST NOT contain any instances of these substitution strings, as otherwise those paths will be corrupted during the course of the substitution.')
-  cmdline.add_description('The available substitutions are listed below (note that the -test command-line option can be used to ensure correct command string formation prior to actually executing the commands):')
-  cmdline.add_description('   - IN:   The full matching pattern, including leading folders. For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/image.mif", any occurrence of "IN" will be substituted with "folder/image.mif".')
-  cmdline.add_description('   - NAME: The basename of the matching pattern. For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/image.mif", any occurrence of "NAME" will be substituted with "image.mif".')
-  cmdline.add_description('   - PRE:  The prefix of the input pattern (the basename stripped of its extension). For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/my.image.mif.gz", any occurrence of "PRE" will be substituted with "my.image".')
-  cmdline.add_description('   - UNI:  The unique part of the input after removing any common prefix and common suffix. For example, if the target list contains files: "folder/001dwi.mif", "folder/002dwi.mif", "folder/003dwi.mif", any occurrence of "UNI" will be substituted with "001", "002", "003".')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that due to a limitation of the Python "argparse" module, any command-line OPTIONS that the user intends to provide specifically to the for_each script must appear BEFORE providing the list of inputs on which for_each is intended to operate. While command-line options provided as such will be interpreted specifically by the for_each script, any command-line options that are provided AFTER the COLON separator will form part of the executed COMMAND, and will therefore be interpreted as command-line options having been provided to that underlying command.')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/tips_and_tricks/batch_processing_with_foreach.html')
+  cmdline.add_description('The way that this batch processing capability is achieved is by providing basic text substitutions, '
+                          'which simplify the formation of valid command strings based on the unique components of the input strings on which the script is instructed to execute. '
+                          'This does however mean that the items to be passed as inputs to the for_each command '
+                          '(e.g. file / directory names) '
+                          'MUST NOT contain any instances of these substitution strings, '
+                          'as otherwise those paths will be corrupted during the course of the substitution.')
+  cmdline.add_description('The available substitutions are listed below '
+                          '(note that the -test command-line option can be used to ensure correct command string formation prior to actually executing the commands):')
+  cmdline.add_description('   - IN:   '
+                          'The full matching pattern, including leading folders. '
+                          'For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/image.mif", '
+                          'any occurrence of "IN" will be substituted with "folder/image.mif".')
+  cmdline.add_description('   - NAME: '
+                          'The basename of the matching pattern. '
+                          'For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/image.mif", '
+                          'any occurrence of "NAME" will be substituted with "image.mif".')
+  cmdline.add_description('   - PRE:  '
+                          'The prefix of the input pattern '
+                          '(the basename stripped of its extension). '
+                          'For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/my.image.mif.gz", '
+                          'any occurrence of "PRE" will be substituted with "my.image".')
+  cmdline.add_description('   - UNI:  '
+                          'The unique part of the input after removing any common prefix and common suffix. '
+                          'For example, if the target list contains files: "folder/001dwi.mif", "folder/002dwi.mif", "folder/003dwi.mif", '
+                          'any occurrence of "UNI" will be substituted with "001", "002", "003".')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that due to a limitation of the Python "argparse" module, '
+                          'any command-line OPTIONS that the user intends to provide specifically to the for_each script '
+                          'must appear BEFORE providing the list of inputs on which for_each is intended to operate. '
+                          'While command-line options provided as such will be interpreted specifically by the for_each script, '
+                          'any command-line options that are provided AFTER the COLON separator will form part of the executed COMMAND, '
+                          'and will therefore be interpreted as command-line options having been provided to that underlying command.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Demonstration of basic usage syntax',
                             'for_each folder/*.mif : mrinfo IN',
-                            'This will run the "mrinfo" command for every .mif file present in "folder/". Note that the compulsory colon symbol is used to separate the list of items on which for_each is being instructed to operate, from the command that is intended to be run for each input.')
+                            'This will run the "mrinfo" command for every .mif file present in "folder/". '
+                            'Note that the compulsory colon symbol is used to separate the list of items on which for_each is being instructed to operate, '
+                            'from the command that is intended to be run for each input.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Multi-threaded use of for_each',
                             'for_each -nthreads 4 freesurfer/subjects/* : recon-all -subjid NAME -all',
-                            'In this example, for_each is instructed to run the FreeSurfer command \'recon-all\' for all subjects within the \'subjects\' directory, with four subjects being processed in parallel at any one time. Whenever processing of one subject is completed, processing for a new unprocessed subject will commence. This technique is useful for improving the efficiency of running single-threaded commands on multi-core systems, as long as the system possesses enough memory to support such parallel processing. Note that in the case of multi-threaded commands (which includes many MRtrix3 commands), it is generally preferable to permit multi-threaded execution of the command on a single input at a time, rather than processing multiple inputs in parallel.')
+                            'In this example, '
+                            'for_each is instructed to run the FreeSurfer command "recon-all" for all subjects within the "subjects" directory, '
+                            'with four subjects being processed in parallel at any one time. '
+                            'Whenever processing of one subject is completed, '
+                            'processing for a new unprocessed subject will commence. '
+                            'This technique is useful for improving the efficiency of running single-threaded commands on multi-core systems, '
+                            'as long as the system possesses enough memory to support such parallel processing. '
+                            'Note that in the case of multi-threaded commands '
+                            '(which includes many MRtrix3 commands), '
+                            'it is generally preferable to permit multi-threaded execution of the command on a single input at a time, '
+                            'rather than processing multiple inputs in parallel.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Excluding specific inputs from execution',
                             'for_each *.nii -exclude 001.nii : mrconvert IN PRE.mif',
-                            'Particularly when a wildcard is used to define the list of inputs for for_each, it is possible in some instances that this list will include one or more strings for which execution should in fact not be performed; for instance, if a command has already been executed for one or more files, and then for_each is being used to execute the same command for all other files. In this case, the -exclude option can be used to effectively remove an item from the list of inputs that would otherwise be included due to the use of a wildcard (and can be used more than once to exclude more than one string). In this particular example, mrconvert is instructed to perform conversions from NIfTI to MRtrix image formats, for all except the first image in the directory. Note that any usages of this option must appear AFTER the list of inputs. Note also that the argument following the -exclude option can alternatively be a regular expression, in which case any inputs for which a match to the expression is found will be excluded from processing.')
+                            'Particularly when a wildcard is used to define the list of inputs for for_each, '
+                            'it is possible in some instances that this list will include one or more strings for which execution should in fact not be performed; '
+                            'for instance, if a command has already been executed for one or more files, '
+                            'and then for_each is being used to execute the same command for all other files. '
+                            'In this case, '
+                            'the -exclude option can be used to effectively remove an item from the list of inputs that would otherwise be included due to the use of a wildcard '
+                            '(and can be used more than once to exclude more than one string). '
+                            'In this particular example, '
+                            'mrconvert is instructed to perform conversions from NIfTI to MRtrix image formats, '
+                            'for all except the first image in the directory. '
+                            'Note that any usages of this option must appear AFTER the list of inputs. '
+                            'Note also that the argument following the -exclude option can alternatively be a regular expression, '
+                            'in which case any inputs for which a match to the expression is found will be excluded from processing.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Testing the command string substitution',
                             'for_each -test * : mrconvert IN PRE.mif',
-                            'By specifying the -test option, the script will print to the terminal the results of text substitutions for all of the specified inputs, but will not actually execute those commands. It can therefore be used to verify that the script is receiving the intended set of inputs, and that the text substitutions on those inputs lead to the intended command strings.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs',   help='Each of the inputs for which processing should be run', nargs='+')
-  cmdline.add_argument('colon',    help='Colon symbol (":") delimiting the for_each inputs & command-line options from the actual command to be executed', type=str, choices=[':'])
-  cmdline.add_argument('command',  help='The command string to run for each input, containing any number of substitutions listed in the Description section', type=str)
-  cmdline.add_argument('-exclude', help='Exclude one specific input string / all strings matching a regular expression from being processed (see Example Usage)', action='append', metavar='"regex"', nargs=1)
-  cmdline.add_argument('-test',    help='Test the operation of the for_each script, by printing the command strings following string substitution but not actually executing them', action='store_true', default=False)
+                            'By specifying the -test option, '
+                            'the script will print to the terminal the results of text substitutions for all of the specified inputs, '
+                            'but will not actually execute those commands. '
+                            'It can therefore be used to verify that the script is receiving the intended set of inputs, '
+                            'and that the text substitutions on those inputs lead to the intended command strings.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs',
+                       nargs='+',
+                       help='Each of the inputs for which processing should be run')
+  cmdline.add_argument('colon',
+                       type=str,
+                       choices=[':'],
+                       help='Colon symbol (":") delimiting the for_each inputs & command-line options from the actual command to be executed')
+  cmdline.add_argument('command',
+                       type=str,
+                       help='The command string to run for each input, '
+                            'containing any number of substitutions listed in the Description section')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-exclude',
+                       action='append',
+                       metavar='"regex"',
+                       nargs=1,
+                       help='Exclude one specific input string / all strings matching a regular expression from being processed '
+                            '(see Example Usage)')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-test',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=False,
+                       help='Test the operation of the for_each script, '
+                            'by printing the command strings following string substitution but not actually executing them')
 
   # Usage of for_each needs to be handled slightly differently here:
   # We want argparse to parse only the contents of the command-line before the colon symbol,
@@ -113,13 +184,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   inputs = app.ARGS.inputs
-  app.debug('All inputs: ' + str(inputs))
-  app.debug('Command: ' + str(app.ARGS.command))
-  app.debug('CMDSPLIT: ' + str(CMDSPLIT))
+  app.debug(f'All inputs: {inputs}')
+  app.debug(f'Command: {app.ARGS.command}')
+  app.debug(f'CMDSPLIT: {CMDSPLIT}')
 
   if app.ARGS.exclude:
     app.ARGS.exclude = [ exclude[0] for exclude in app.ARGS.exclude ] # To deal with argparse's action=append. Always guaranteed to be only one argument since nargs=1
-    app.debug('To exclude: ' + str(app.ARGS.exclude))
+    app.debug(f'To exclude: {app.ARGS.exclude}')
     exclude_unmatched = [ ]
     to_exclude = [ ]
     for exclude in app.ARGS.exclude:
@@ -134,36 +205,43 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             if search_result and search_result.group():
               regex_hits.append(arg)
           if regex_hits:
-            app.debug('Inputs excluded via regex "' + exclude + '": ' + str(regex_hits))
+            app.debug(f'Inputs excluded via regex "{exclude}": {regex_hits}')
             to_exclude.extend(regex_hits)
           else:
-            app.debug('Compiled exclude regex "' + exclude + '" had no hits')
+            app.debug(f'Compiled exclude regex "{exclude}" had no hits')
             exclude_unmatched.append(exclude)
         except re.error:
-          app.debug('Exclude string "' + exclude + '" did not compile as regex')
+          app.debug(f'Exclude string "{exclude}" did not compile as regex')
           exclude_unmatched.append(exclude)
     if exclude_unmatched:
-      app.warn('Item' + ('s' if len(exclude_unmatched) > 1 else '') + ' specified via -exclude did not result in item exclusion, whether by direct match or compilation as regex: ' + str('\'' + exclude_unmatched[0] + '\'' if len(exclude_unmatched) == 1 else exclude_unmatched))
+
+      app.warn(f'{"Items" if len(exclude_unmatched) > 1 else "Item"} '
+               'specified via -exclude did not result in item exclusion, '
+               'whether by direct match or compilation as regex: '
+               + (f'"{exclude_unmatched[0]}"' if len(exclude_unmatched) == 1 else str(exclude_unmatched)))
     inputs = [ arg for arg in inputs if arg not in to_exclude ]
     if not inputs:
-      raise MRtrixError('No inputs remaining after application of exclusion criteri' + ('on' if len(app.ARGS.exclude) == 1 else 'a'))
-    app.debug('Inputs after exclusion: ' + str(inputs))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'No inputs remaining after application of exclusion {"criterion" if len(app.ARGS.exclude) == 1 else "criteria"}')
+    app.debug(f'Inputs after exclusion: {inputs}')
 
   common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix(inputs)
   common_suffix = os.path.commonprefix([i[::-1] for i in inputs])[::-1]
-  app.debug('Common prefix: ' + common_prefix if common_prefix else 'No common prefix')
-  app.debug('Common suffix: ' + common_suffix if common_suffix else 'No common suffix')
+  app.debug(f'Common prefix: {common_prefix}' if common_prefix else 'No common prefix')
+  app.debug(f'Common suffix: {common_suffix}' if common_suffix else 'No common suffix')
 
   for entry in CMDSPLIT:
     if os.path.exists(entry):
       keys_present = [ key for key in KEYLIST if key in entry ]
       if keys_present:
-        app.warn('Performing text substitution of ' + str(keys_present) + ' within command: "' + entry + '"; but the original text exists as a path on the file system... is this a problematic filesystem path?')
+        app.warn(f'Performing text substitution of {keys_present} within command: "{entry}"; '
+                 f'but the original text exists as a path on the file system... '
+                 f'is this a problematic filesystem path?')
 
   try:
     next(entry for entry in CMDSPLIT if any(key for key in KEYLIST if key in entry))
   except StopIteration as exception:
-    raise MRtrixError('None of the unique for_each keys ' + str(KEYLIST) + ' appear in command string "' + app.ARGS.command + '"; no substitution can occur') from exception
+    raise MRtrixError(f'None of the unique for_each keys {KEYLIST} appear in command string "{app.ARGS.command}"; '
+                      f'no substitution can occur') from exception
 
   class Entry:
     def __init__(self, input_text):
@@ -177,8 +255,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         self.sub_uni = input_text[len(common_prefix):]
 
       self.substitutions = { 'IN': self.sub_in, 'NAME': self.sub_name, 'PRE': self.sub_pre, 'UNI': self.sub_uni }
-      app.debug('Input text: ' + input_text)
-      app.debug('Substitutions: ' + str(self.substitutions))
+      app.debug(f'Input text: {input_text}')
+      app.debug(f'Substitutions: {self.substitutions}')
 
       self.cmd = [ ]
       for entry in CMDSPLIT:
@@ -187,7 +265,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         if ' ' in entry:
           entry = '"' + entry + '"'
         self.cmd.append(entry)
-      app.debug('Resulting command: ' + str(self.cmd))
+      app.debug(f'Resulting command: {self.cmd}')
 
       self.outputtext = None
       self.returncode = None
@@ -197,24 +275,20 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     jobs.append(Entry(i))
 
   if app.ARGS.test:
-    app.console('Command strings for ' + str(len(jobs)) + ' jobs:')
+    app.console(f'Command strings for {len(jobs)} jobs:')
     for job in jobs:
-      sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Input:' + ANSI.clear + '   "' + job.input_text + '"\n')
-      sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Command:' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + ' '.join(job.cmd) + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Input:' + ANSI.clear + f'   "{job.input_text}"\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Command:' + ANSI.clear + f' {" ".join(job.cmd)}\n')
     return
 
   parallel = app.NUM_THREADS is not None and app.NUM_THREADS > 1
 
   def progress_string():
-    text = str(sum(1 if job.returncode is not None else 0 for job in jobs)) + \
-        '/' + \
-        str(len(jobs)) + \
-        ' jobs completed ' + \
-        ('across ' + str(app.NUM_THREADS) + ' threads' if parallel else 'sequentially')
+    success_count = sum(1 if job.returncode is not None else 0 for job in jobs)
     fail_count = sum(1 if job.returncode else 0 for job in jobs)
-    if fail_count:
-      text += ' (' + str(fail_count) + ' errors)'
-    return text
+    threading_message = f'across {app.NUM_THREADS} threads' if parallel else 'sequentially'
+    fail_message = f' ({fail_count} errors)' if fail_count else ''
+    return f'{success_count}/{len(jobs)} jobs completed {threading_message}{fail_message}'
 
   progress = app.ProgressBar(progress_string(), len(jobs))
 
@@ -264,35 +338,36 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   assert all(job.returncode is not None for job in jobs)
   fail_count = sum(1 if job.returncode else 0 for job in jobs)
   if fail_count:
-    app.warn(str(fail_count) + ' of ' + str(len(jobs)) + ' jobs did not complete successfully')
+    app.warn(f'{fail_count} of {len(jobs)} jobs did not complete successfully')
     if fail_count > 1:
       app.warn('Outputs from failed commands:')
-      sys.stderr.write(app.EXEC_NAME + ':\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{app.EXE_NAME}:\n')
     else:
       app.warn('Output from failed command:')
     for job in jobs:
       if job.returncode:
         if job.outputtext:
-          app.warn('For input "' + job.sub_in + '" (returncode = ' + str(job.returncode) + '):')
+          app.warn(f'For input "{job.sub_in}" (returncode = {job.returncode}):')
           for line in job.outputtext.splitlines():
-            sys.stderr.write(' ' * (len(app.EXEC_NAME)+2) + line + '\n')
+            sys.stderr.write(f'{" " * (len(app.EXEC_NAME)+2)}{line}\n')
         else:
-          app.warn('No output from command for input "' + job.sub_in + '" (return code = ' + str(job.returncode) + ')')
+          app.warn(f'No output from command for input "{job.sub_in}" (return code = {job.returncode})')
         if fail_count > 1:
-          sys.stderr.write(app.EXEC_NAME + ':\n')
-    raise MRtrixError(str(fail_count) + ' of ' + str(len(jobs)) + ' jobs did not complete successfully: ' + str([job.input_text for job in jobs if job.returncode]))
+          sys.stderr.write(f'{app.EXE_NAME}:\n')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'{fail_count} of {len(jobs)} jobs did not complete successfully: '
+                      f'{[job.input_text for job in jobs if job.returncode]}')
 
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
     if any(job.outputtext for job in jobs):
-      sys.stderr.write(app.EXEC_NAME + ':\n')
+      sys.stderr.write('{app.EXE_NAME}:\n')
       for job in jobs:
         if job.outputtext:
-          app.console('Output of command for input "' + job.sub_in + '":')
+          app.console(f'Output of command for input "{job.sub_in}":')
           for line in job.outputtext.splitlines():
-            sys.stderr.write(' ' * (len(app.EXEC_NAME)+2) + line + '\n')
+            sys.stderr.write(f'{" " * (len(app.EXEC_NAME)+2)}{line}\n')
         else:
-          app.console('No output from command for input "' + job.sub_in + '"')
-        sys.stderr.write(app.EXEC_NAME + ':\n')
+          app.console(f'No output from command for input "{job.sub_in}"')
+        sys.stderr.write('{app.EXE_NAME}:\n')
     else:
       app.console('No output from command for any inputs')
 
diff --git a/bin/labelsgmfix b/bin/labelsgmfix
index f7e1673621..e1b941a440 100755
--- a/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -32,16 +32,40 @@ import math, os
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  cmdline.set_synopsis('In a FreeSurfer parcellation image, replace the sub-cortical grey matter structure delineations using FSL FIRST')
-  cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
-  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. The effects of SIFT on the reproducibility and biological accuracy of the structural connectome. NeuroImage, 2015, 104, 253-265')
-  cmdline.add_argument('parc', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('t1', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
-  cmdline.add_argument('lut', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output parcellation image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', default=False, help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp', action='store_true', default=False, help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
+  cmdline.set_synopsis('In a FreeSurfer parcellation image, '
+                       'replace the sub-cortical grey matter structure delineations using FSL FIRST')
+  cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. '
+                       'A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. '
+                       'Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219',
+                       is_external=True)
+  cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. '
+                       'The effects of SIFT on the reproducibility and biological accuracy of the structural connectome. '
+                       'NeuroImage, 2015, 104, 253-265')
+  cmdline.add_argument('parc',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('t1',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The T1 image to be provided to FIRST')
+  cmdline.add_argument('lut',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       help='The lookup table file that the parcellated image is based on')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output parcellation image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-premasked',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=False,
+                       help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=False,
+                       help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, '
+                            'and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
 
 
 
@@ -55,18 +79,19 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if utils.is_windows():
     raise MRtrixError('Script cannot run on Windows due to FSL dependency')
 
-  app.check_output_path(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
-  image.check_3d_nonunity(path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1, False))
+  image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.t1)
 
   fsl_path = os.environ.get('FSLDIR', '')
   if not fsl_path:
-    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
+    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
+                      'please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
 
   first_cmd = fsl.exe_name('run_first_all')
 
   first_atlas_path = os.path.join(fsl_path, 'data', 'first', 'models_336_bin')
   if not os.path.isdir(first_atlas_path):
-    raise MRtrixError('Atlases required for FSL\'s FIRST program not installed;\nPlease install fsl-first-data using your relevant package manager')
+    raise MRtrixError('Atlases required for FSL\'s FIRST program not installed; '
+                      'please install fsl-first-data using your relevant package manager')
 
   # Want a mapping between FreeSurfer node names and FIRST structure names
   # Just deal with the 5 that are used in ACT; FreeSurfer's hippocampus / amygdala segmentations look good enough.
@@ -79,36 +104,34 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     structure_map.update({ 'L_Amyg':'Left-Amygdala',    'R_Amyg':'Right-Amygdala',
                            'L_Hipp':'Left-Hippocampus', 'R_Hipp':'Right-Hippocampus' })
 
-  t1_spacing = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1, False)).spacing()
+  t1_spacing = image.Header(app.ARGS.t1).spacing()
   upsample_for_first = False
   # If voxel size is 1.25mm or larger, make a guess that the user has erroneously re-gridded their data
   if math.pow(t1_spacing[0] * t1_spacing[1] * t1_spacing[2], 1.0/3.0) > 1.225:
-    app.warn('Voxel size of input T1 image larger than expected for T1-weighted images (' + str(t1_spacing) + '); '
-             'image will be resampled to 1mm isotropic in order to maximise chance of '
-             'FSL FIRST script succeeding')
+    app.warn(f'Voxel size of input T1 image larger than expected for T1-weighted images ({t1_spacing}); '
+             f'image will be resampled to 1mm isotropic in order to maximise chance of '
+             f'FSL FIRST script succeeding')
     upsample_for_first = True
 
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
   # Get the parcellation and T1 images into the scratch directory, with conversion of the T1 into the correct format for FSL
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.parc) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('parc.mif'),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.parc, 'parc.mif'],
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if upsample_for_first:
-    run.command('mrgrid ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1) + ' regrid - -voxel 1.0 -interp sinc | '
+    run.command(f'mrgrid {app.ARGS.t1} regrid - -voxel 1.0 -interp sinc | '
                 'mrcalc - 0.0 -max - | '
-                'mrconvert - ' + path.to_scratch('T1.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3',
+                'mrconvert - T1.nii -strides -1,+2,+3',
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   else:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t1) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('T1.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3',
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.t1} T1.nii -strides -1,+2,+3',
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
-
   # Run FIRST
   first_input_is_brain_extracted = ''
   if app.ARGS.premasked:
     first_input_is_brain_extracted = ' -b'
-  run.command(first_cmd + ' -m none -s ' + ','.join(structure_map.keys()) + ' -i T1.nii' + first_input_is_brain_extracted + ' -o first')
+  structures_string = ','.join(structure_map.keys())
+  run.command(f'{first_cmd} -m none -s {structures_string} -i T1.nii {first_input_is_brain_extracted} -o first')
   fsl.check_first('first', structure_map.keys())
 
   # Generate an empty image that will be used to construct the new SGM nodes
@@ -131,14 +154,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   mask_list = [ ]
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Generating mask images for SGM structures', len(structure_map))
   for key, value in structure_map.items():
-    image_path = key + '_mask.mif'
+    image_path = f'{key}_mask.mif'
     mask_list.append(image_path)
-    vtk_in_path = 'first-' + key + '_first.vtk'
-    run.command('meshconvert ' + vtk_in_path + ' first-' + key + '_transformed.vtk -transform first2real T1.nii')
-    run.command('mesh2voxel first-' + key + '_transformed.vtk parc.mif - | mrthreshold - ' + image_path + ' -abs 0.5')
+    vtk_in_path = f'first-{key}_first.vtk'
+    run.command(f'meshconvert {vtk_in_path} first-{key}_transformed.vtk -transform first2real T1.nii')
+    run.command(f'mesh2voxel first-{key}_transformed.vtk parc.mif - | '
+                f'mrthreshold - {image_path} -abs 0.5')
     # Add to the SGM image; don't worry about overlap for now
     node_index = sgm_lut[value]
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + image_path + ' ' + node_index + ' sgm.mif -if sgm_new.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {image_path} {node_index} sgm.mif -if sgm_new.mif')
     if not app.CONTINUE_OPTION:
       run.function(os.remove, 'sgm.mif')
       run.function(os.rename, 'sgm_new.mif', 'sgm.mif')
@@ -151,7 +175,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.command('mrcalc sgm_overlap_mask.mif 0 sgm.mif -if sgm_masked.mif')
 
   # Convert the SGM label image to the indices that are required based on the user-provided LUT file
-  run.command('labelconvert sgm_masked.mif ' + sgm_lut_file_path + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.lut) + ' sgm_new_labels.mif')
+  run.command(['labelconvert', 'sgm_masked.mif', sgm_lut_file_path, app.ARGS.lut, 'sgm_new_labels.mif'])
 
   # For each SGM structure:
   # * Figure out what index the structure has been mapped to; this can only be done using mrstats
@@ -159,9 +183,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # * Insert the new delineation of that structure
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Replacing SGM parcellations', len(structure_map))
   for struct in structure_map:
-    image_path = struct + '_mask.mif'
+    image_path = f'{struct}_mask.mif'
     index = int(image.statistics('sgm_new_labels.mif', mask=image_path).median)
-    run.command('mrcalc parc.mif ' + str(index) + ' -eq 0 parc.mif -if parc_removed.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc parc.mif {index} -eq 0 parc.mif -if parc_removed.mif')
     run.function(os.remove, 'parc.mif')
     run.function(os.rename, 'parc_removed.mif', 'parc.mif')
     progress.increment()
@@ -170,8 +194,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Insert the new delineations of all SGM structures in a single call
   # Enforce unsigned integer datatype of output image
   run.command('mrcalc sgm_new_labels.mif 0.5 -gt sgm_new_labels.mif parc.mif -if result.mif -datatype uint32')
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.parc, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.parc,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
 
diff --git a/bin/mask2glass b/bin/mask2glass
index 56efdd8c9c..3a3e028450 100755
--- a/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/bin/mask2glass
@@ -17,35 +17,47 @@
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('Remika Mito (remika.mito@florey.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Remika Mito (remika.mito@florey.edu.au) '
+                     'and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Create a glass brain from mask input')
-  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a glass brain image, which can be viewed '
-                          'using the volume render option in mrview, and used for visualisation purposes to view results in 3D.')
-  cmdline.add_description('While the name of this script indicates that a binary mask image is required as input, it can '
-                          'also operate on a floating-point image. One way in which this can be exploited is to compute the mean '
-                          'of all subject masks within template space, in which case this script will produce a smoother result '
-                          'than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input mask image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output glass brain image')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-dilate', type=app.Parser.Int(0), default=2, help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-scale', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=2.0, help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=1.0, help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
+  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a glass brain image, '
+                          'which can be viewed using the volume render option in mrview, '
+                          'and used for visualisation purposes to view results in 3D.')
+  cmdline.add_description('While the name of this script indicates that a binary mask image is required as input, '
+                          'it can also operate on a floating-point image. '
+                          'One way in which this can be exploited is to compute the mean of all subject masks within template space, '
+                          'in which case this script will produce a smoother result than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       help='The input mask image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output glass brain image')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-dilate',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       default=2,
+                       help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-scale',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                       default=2.0,
+                       help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-smooth',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                       default=1.0,
+                       help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   # import data to scratch directory
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in.mif'),
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'in.mif'],
               preserve_pipes=True)
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
 
-  dilate_option = ' -npass ' + str(app.ARGS.dilate)
-  scale_option = ' -scale ' + str(app.ARGS.scale)
-  smooth_option = ' -stdev ' + str(app.ARGS.smooth)
+  dilate_option = f' -npass {app.ARGS.dilate}'
+  scale_option = f' -scale {app.ARGS.scale}'
+  smooth_option = f' -stdev {app.ARGS.smooth}'
   threshold_option = ' -abs 0.5'
 
   # check whether threshold should be fixed at 0.5 or computed automatically from the data
@@ -55,10 +67,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.debug('Input image is not bitwise; checking distribution of image intensities')
     result_stat = image.statistics('in.mif')
     if not (result_stat.min == 0.0 and result_stat.max == 1.0):
-      app.warn('Input image contains values outside of range [0.0, 1.0]; threshold will not be 0.5, but will instead be determined from the image data')
+      app.warn('Input image contains values outside of range [0.0, 1.0]; '
+               'threshold will not be 0.5, but will instead be determined from the image data')
       threshold_option = ''
     else:
-      app.debug('Input image values reside within [0.0, 1.0] range; fixed threshold of 0.5 will be used')
+      app.debug('Input image values reside within [0.0, 1.0] range; '
+                'fixed threshold of 0.5 will be used')
 
   # run upscaling step
   run.command('mrgrid in.mif regrid upsampled.mif' + scale_option)
@@ -76,8 +90,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.command('mrcalc upsampled_smooth_thresh_dilate.mif upsampled_smooth_thresh.mif -xor out.mif -datatype bit')
 
   # create output image
-  run.command('mrconvert out.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'out.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
 
diff --git a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index 57ff9bbe3d..a2a7702226 100755
--- a/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -27,12 +27,28 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Clean up residual temporary files & scratch directories from MRtrix3 commands')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location (and in sub-directories thereof) for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, and attempt to delete them.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('path', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-test', action='store_true', help='Run script in test mode: will list identified files / directories, but not attempt to delete them')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-failed', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), metavar='file', help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location '
+                          '(and in sub-directories thereof) '
+                          'for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, '
+                          'and attempt to delete them.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. '
+                          'This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. '
+                          'Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: '
+                          'e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: '
+                          'it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('path',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                       help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-test',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Run script in test mode: '
+                            'will list identified files / directories, '
+                            'but not attempt to delete them')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-failed',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                       metavar='file',
+                       help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])
 
 
@@ -62,7 +78,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       dirs_to_delete.extend([os.path.join(dirname, subdirname) for subdirname in items])
       subdirlist[:] = list(set(subdirlist)-items)
   def print_msg():
-    return 'Searching' + print_search_dir + ' (found ' + str(len(files_to_delete)) + ' files, ' + str(len(dirs_to_delete)) + ' directories)'
+    return f'Searching{print_search_dir} (found {len(files_to_delete)} files, {len(dirs_to_delete)} directories)'
   progress = app.ProgressBar(print_msg)
   for dirname, subdirlist, filelist in os.walk(root_dir):
     file_search(file_regex)
@@ -76,19 +92,21 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   if app.ARGS.test:
     if files_to_delete:
-      app.console('Files identified (' + str(len(files_to_delete)) + '):')
+      app.console(f'Files identified ({len(files_to_delete)}):')
       for filepath in files_to_delete:
-        app.console('  ' + filepath)
+        app.console(f'  {filepath}')
     else:
-      app.console('No files' + ('' if dirs_to_delete else ' or directories') + ' found')
+      app.console(f'No files{"" if dirs_to_delete else " or directories"} found')
     if dirs_to_delete:
-      app.console('Directories identified (' + str(len(dirs_to_delete)) + '):')
+      app.console(f'Directories identified ({len(dirs_to_delete)}):')
       for dirpath in dirs_to_delete:
-        app.console('  ' + dirpath)
+        app.console(f'  {dirpath}')
     elif files_to_delete:
       app.console('No directories identified')
   elif files_to_delete or dirs_to_delete:
-    progress = app.ProgressBar('Deleting temporaries (' + str(len(files_to_delete)) + ' files, ' + str(len(dirs_to_delete)) + ' directories)', len(files_to_delete) + len(dirs_to_delete))
+    progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Deleting temporaries '
+                               f'({len(files_to_delete)} files, {len(dirs_to_delete)} directories)',
+                               len(files_to_delete) + len(dirs_to_delete))
     except_list = [ ]
     size_deleted = 0
     for filepath in files_to_delete:
@@ -118,18 +136,21 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if postfix_index:
       size_deleted = round(size_deleted / math.pow(1024, postfix_index), 2)
     def print_freed():
-      return ' (' + str(size_deleted) + POSTFIXES[postfix_index] + ' freed)' if size_deleted else ''
+      return f' ({size_deleted} {POSTFIXES[postfix_index]} freed)' if size_deleted else ''
     if except_list:
-      app.console(str(len(files_to_delete) + len(dirs_to_delete) - len(except_list)) + ' of ' + str(len(files_to_delete) + len(dirs_to_delete)) + ' items erased' + print_freed())
+      app.console('%d of %d items erased%s' # pylint: disable=consider-using-f-string
+                  % (len(files_to_delete) + len(dirs_to_delete) - len(except_list),
+                     len(files_to_delete) + len(dirs_to_delete),
+                     print_freed()))
       if app.ARGS.failed:
         with open(app.ARGS.failed, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
           for item in except_list:
             outfile.write(item + '\n')
-        app.console('List of items script failed to erase written to file "' + app.ARGS.failed + '"')
+        app.console(f'List of items script failed to erase written to file "{app.ARGS.failed}"')
       else:
         app.console('Items that could not be erased:')
         for item in except_list:
-          app.console('  ' + item)
+          app.console(f'  {item}')
     else:
       app.console('All items deleted successfully' + print_freed())
   else:
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index c6d91edc65..d7c76bb820 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 # Generates an unbiased group-average template via image registration of images to a midway space.
-
+# TODO Make use of pathlib throughout; should be able to remove shlex dependency
+# TODO Consider asserting that anything involving image paths in this script
+#   be based on pathlib rather than strings
 import json, math, os, re, shlex, shutil, sys
 
 DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES  = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
@@ -46,59 +48,225 @@ IMAGEEXT = ['mif', 'nii', 'mih', 'mgh', 'mgz', 'img', 'hdr']
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) & Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) & Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
+  cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) '
+                     '& Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) '
+                     '& Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
-  cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration (rigid and/or affine, both by default), then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input_dir', nargs='+', type=app.Parser.Various(), help='Input directory containing all images of a given contrast')
-  cmdline.add_argument('template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output template image')
+  cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration '
+                          '(rigid and/or affine, both by default), '
+                          'then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input_dir',
+                       nargs='+',
+                       type=app.Parser.Various(),
+                       help='Input directory containing all images of a given contrast')
+  cmdline.add_argument('template',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='Output template image')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Multi-contrast registration',
                             'population_template input_WM_ODFs/ output_WM_template.mif input_GM_ODFs/ output_GM_template.mif',
-                            'When performing multi-contrast registration, the input directory and corresponding output template '
+                            'When performing multi-contrast registration, '
+                            'the input directory and corresponding output template '
                             'image for a given contrast are to be provided as a pair, '
                             'with the pairs corresponding to different contrasts provided sequentially.')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. '
+                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. '
+                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. '
+                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. '
+                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
 
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause', action='store_true', help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction', action='store_true', help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator', choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: |x|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX]))
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause',
+                          action='store_true',
+                          help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction',
+                          action='store_true',
+                          help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator',
+                          choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS,
+                          help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. '
+                               'Valid choices are: '
+                               'l1 (least absolute: |x|), '
+                               'l2 (ordinary least squares), '
+                               'lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), '
+                               'none (no robust estimator). '
+                               'Default: none.')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, '
+                          'in the form of a list of scale factors '
+                          f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES])}). '
+                          'This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, '
+                               'in the form of a list of integers '
+                               f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX])}). '
+                               'The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, '
+                               'in the form of a list of integers '
+                               '(default: 50 for each scale). '
+                               'This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, '
+                               'in the form of a list of scale factors '
+                               f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES])}). '
+                               'This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, '
+                               'in the form of a list of integers '
+                               f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX])}). '
+                               'The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, '
+                               'in the form of a list of integers '
+                               '(default: 500 for each scale). '
+                               'This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
 
   nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: %s). This implicitly defines the number of template levels' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter', type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(), help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: %s). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list' % ','.join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER]))
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH) + ' x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP) + ')')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale',
+                         type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                         help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, '
+                              'in the form of a list of scale factors '
+                              f'(default: {" ".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES])}). '
+                              'This implicitly defines the number of template levels')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax',
+                         type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                         help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, '
+                              'in the form of a list of integers '
+                              f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX])}). '
+                              'The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter',
+                         type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                         help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, '
+                              'in the form of a list of integers '
+                              f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER])}). '
+                              'The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth',
+                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                         default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH,
+                         help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing '
+                              '(standard deviation in voxel units, '
+                              f'Default {DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth',
+                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                         default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH,
+                         help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing '
+                              '(standard deviation in voxel units, '
+                              f'Default {DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step',
+                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                         default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP,
+                         help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration '
+                              f'(Default: {DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP})')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
-  options.add_argument('-type', choices=REGISTRATION_MODES, help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: %s. Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear' % ', '.join('"' + x + '"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if "_" in x), default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
-  options.add_argument('-voxel_size', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), help='Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
-  options.add_argument('-initial_alignment', choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, default='mass', help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".')
-  options.add_argument('-mask_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.')
-  options.add_argument('-warp_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.')
-  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-template_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
-  options.add_argument('-noreorientation', action='store_true', help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
-  options.add_argument('-leave_one_out', choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT, default='auto', help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: ' + ', '.join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT) + '. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) ')
-  options.add_argument('-aggregate', choices=AGGREGATION_MODES, help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: %s. Default: mean' % ', '.join(AGGREGATION_MODES))
-  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
-  options.add_argument('-nanmask', action='store_true', help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
-  options.add_argument('-copy_input', action='store_true', help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
-  options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files', action='store_true', help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
+  registration_modes_string = ', '.join(f'"{x}"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if '_' in x)
+  options.add_argument('-type',
+                       choices=REGISTRATION_MODES,
+                       help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. '
+                            'Options are: '
+                            '"rigid" (perform rigid registration only, '
+                            'which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), '
+                            '"affine" (perform affine registration), '
+                            '"nonlinear", '
+                            f'as well as cominations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}. '
+                            'Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear',
+                            default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
+  options.add_argument('-voxel_size',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Define the template voxel size in mm. '
+                            'Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+  options.add_argument('-initial_alignment',
+                       choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT,
+                       default='mass',
+                       help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. '
+                       'Options are: '
+                       '"mass" (default), '
+                       '"robust_mass" (requires masks), '
+                       '"geometric", '
+                       '"none".')
+  options.add_argument('-mask_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                       help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, '
+                            'one per input image '
+                            '(with the same file name prefix). '
+                            'Using masks will speed up registration significantly. '
+                            'Note that masks are used for registration, '
+                            'not for aggregation. '
+                            'To exclude areas from aggregation, '
+                            'NaN-mask your input images.')
+  options.add_argument('-warp_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                       help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. '
+                            'If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  # TODO Would prefer for this to be exclusively a directory;
+  #   but to do so will need to provide some form of disambiguation of multi-contrast files
+  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                       help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. '
+                            'If the folder does not exist it will be created. '
+                            'For multi-contrast registration, '
+                            'this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.')
+  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                       help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. '
+                            'If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-template_mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='Output a template mask. '
+                            'Only works if -mask_dir has been input. '
+                            'The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
+  options.add_argument('-noreorientation',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. '
+                            'Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension '
+                            'corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series '
+                            '(i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
+  options.add_argument('-leave_one_out',
+                       choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT,
+                       default='auto',
+                       help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. '
+                            f'Valid choices: {", ".join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT)}. '
+                            '(Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregate',
+                       choices=AGGREGATION_MODES,
+                       help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. '
+                            f'Valid choices: {", ".join(AGGREGATION_MODES)}. '
+                            'Default: mean')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. '
+                            'Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. '
+                            'Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+  options.add_argument('-nanmask',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. '
+                            'Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
+  options.add_argument('-copy_input',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
+  options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
 
 # ENH: add option to initialise warps / transformations
 
@@ -134,24 +302,24 @@ def check_linear_transformation(transformation, cmd, max_scaling=0.5, max_shear=
     max_rot = 2 * math.pi
 
   good = True
-  run.command('transformcalc ' + transformation + ' decompose ' + transformation + 'decomp')
-  if not os.path.isfile(transformation + 'decomp'):  # does not exist if run with -continue option
-    app.console(transformation + 'decomp not found. skipping check')
+  run.command(f'transformcalc {transformation} decompose {transformation}decomp')
+  if not os.path.isfile(f'{transformation}decomp'):  # does not exist if run with -continue option
+    app.console(f'"{transformation}decomp" not found; skipping check')
     return True
-  data = utils.load_keyval(transformation + 'decomp')
-  run.function(os.remove, transformation + 'decomp')
+  data = utils.load_keyval(f'{transformation}decomp')
+  run.function(os.remove, f'{transformation}_decomp')
   scaling = [float(value) for value in data['scaling']]
   if any(a < 0 for a in scaling) or any(a > (1 + max_scaling) for a in scaling) or any(
       a < (1 - max_scaling) for a in scaling):
-    app.warn("large scaling (" + str(scaling) + ") in " + transformation)
+    app.warn(f'large scaling ({scaling})) in {transformation}')
     good = False
   shear = [float(value) for value in data['shear']]
   if any(abs(a) > max_shear for a in shear):
-    app.warn("large shear (" + str(shear) + ") in " + transformation)
+    app.warn(f'large shear ({shear}) in {transformation}')
     good = False
   rot_angle = float(data['angle_axis'][0])
   if abs(rot_angle) > max_rot:
-    app.warn("large rotation (" + str(rot_angle) + ") in " + transformation)
+    app.warn(f'large rotation ({rot_angle}) in {transformation}')
     good = False
 
   if not good:
@@ -175,21 +343,21 @@ def check_linear_transformation(transformation, cmd, max_scaling=0.5, max_shear=
         assert what != 'affine'
         what = 'rigid'
       newcmd.append(element)
-    newcmd = " ".join(newcmd)
+    newcmd = ' '.join(newcmd)
     if not init_rotation_found:
-      app.console("replacing the transformation obtained with:")
+      app.console('replacing the transformation obtained with:')
       app.console(cmd)
       if what:
-        newcmd += ' -' + what + '_init_translation mass -' + what + '_init_rotation search'
+        newcmd += f' -{what}_init_translation mass -{what}_init_rotation search'
       app.console("by the one obtained with:")
       app.console(newcmd)
       run.command(newcmd, force=True)
       return check_linear_transformation(transformation, newcmd, max_scaling, max_shear, max_rot, pause_on_warn=pause_on_warn)
     if pause_on_warn:
-      app.warn("you might want to manually repeat mrregister with different parameters and overwrite the transformation file: \n%s" % transformation)
-      app.console('The command that failed the test was: \n' + cmd)
-      app.console('Working directory: \n' + os.getcwd())
-      input("press enter to continue population_template")
+      app.warn('you might want to manually repeat mrregister with different parameters and overwrite the transformation file: \n{transformation}')
+      app.console(f'The command that failed the test was: \n{cmd}')
+      app.console(f'Working directory: \n{os.getcwd()}')
+      input('press enter to continue population_template')
   return good
 
 
@@ -207,14 +375,14 @@ def aggregate(inputs, output, contrast_idx, mode, force=True):
     wsum = sum(float(w) for w in weights)
     cmd = ['mrcalc']
     if wsum <= 0:
-      raise MRtrixError("the sum of aggregetion weights has to be positive")
+      raise MRtrixError('the sum of aggregetion weights has to be positive')
     for weight, image in zip(weights, images):
       if float(weight) != 0:
         cmd += [image, weight, '-mult'] + (['-add'] if len(cmd) > 1 else [])
-    cmd += ['%.16f' % wsum, '-div', output]
+    cmd += [f'{wsum:.16f}', '-div', output]
     run.command(cmd, force=force)
   else:
-    raise MRtrixError("aggregation mode %s not understood" % mode)
+    raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation mode {mode} not understood')
 
 
 def inplace_nan_mask(images, masks):
@@ -222,8 +390,8 @@ def inplace_nan_mask(images, masks):
   assert len(images) == len(masks), (len(images), len(masks))
   for image, mask in zip(images, masks):
     target_dir = os.path.split(image)[0]
-    masked = os.path.join(target_dir, '__' + os.path.split(image)[1])
-    run.command("mrcalc " + mask + " " + image + " nan -if " + masked, force=True)
+    masked = os.path.join(target_dir, f'__{os.path.split(image)[1]}')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {mask} {image} nan -if {masked}', force=True)
     run.function(shutil.move, masked, image)
 
 
@@ -233,18 +401,19 @@ def calculate_isfinite(inputs, contrasts):
   for cid in range(contrasts.n_contrasts):
     for inp in inputs:
       if contrasts.n_volumes[cid] > 0:
-        cmd = 'mrconvert ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] + ' -coord 3 0 - | mrcalc - -finite'
+        cmd = f'mrconvert {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} -coord 3 0 - | ' \
+              f'mrcalc - -finite'
       else:
-        cmd = 'mrcalc ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] + ' -finite'
+        cmd = f'mrcalc {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} -finite'
       if inp.aggregation_weight:
-        cmd += ' %s -mult ' % inp.aggregation_weight
-      cmd += ' isfinite%s/%s.mif' % (contrasts.suff[cid], inp.uid)
+        cmd += f' {inp.aggregation_weight} -mult'
+      cmd += f' isfinite{contrasts.suff[cid]}/{inp.uid}.mif'
       run.command(cmd, force=True)
   for cid in range(contrasts.n_contrasts):
-    cmd = ['mrmath', path.all_in_dir('isfinite%s' % contrasts.suff[cid]), 'sum']
+    cmd = ['mrmath', path.all_in_dir(f'isfinite{contrasts.suff[cid]}'), 'sum']
     if agg_weights:
-      agg_weight_norm = str(float(len(agg_weights)) / sum(agg_weights))
-      cmd += ['-', '|', 'mrcalc', '-', agg_weight_norm, '-mult']
+      agg_weight_norm = float(len(agg_weights)) / sum(agg_weights)
+      cmd += ['-', '|', 'mrcalc', '-', str(agg_weight_norm), '-mult']
     run.command(cmd + [contrasts.isfinite_count[cid]], force=True)
 
 
@@ -256,6 +425,7 @@ def get_common_prefix(file_list):
   return os.path.commonprefix(file_list)
 
 
+# Todo Create singular "Contrast" class
 class Contrasts:
   """
       Class that parses arguments and holds information specific to each image contrast
@@ -293,15 +463,15 @@ class Contrasts:
 
       """
 
+
   def __init__(self):
-    from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, path, app  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+    from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
     n_contrasts = len(app.ARGS.input_dir)
-
-    self.suff = ["_c" + c for c in map(str, range(n_contrasts))]
+    self.suff = [f'_c{c}' for c in map(str, range(n_contrasts))]
     self.names = [os.path.relpath(f, os.path.commonprefix(app.ARGS.input_dir)) for f in app.ARGS.input_dir]
 
-    self.templates_out = [path.from_user(t, True) for t in app.ARGS.template]
+    self.templates_out = [t for t in app.ARGS.template]
 
     self.mc_weight_initial_alignment = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
     self.mc_weight_rigid = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
@@ -312,37 +482,38 @@ class Contrasts:
     self.affine_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
     self.nl_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
 
-    self.isfinite_count = ['isfinite' + c + '.mif' for c in self.suff]
+    self.isfinite_count = [f'isfinite{c}.mif' for c in self.suff]
     self.templates = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
     self.n_volumes = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
     self.fod_reorientation = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
 
 
     for mode in ['initial_alignment', 'rigid', 'affine', 'nl']:
-      opt = app.ARGS.__dict__.get('mc_weight_' + mode, None)
+      opt = app.ARGS.__dict__.get(f'mc_weight_{mode}', None)
       if opt:
         if n_contrasts == 1:
-          raise MRtrixError('mc_weight_' + mode+' requires multiple input contrasts')
-        opt = opt.split(',')
+          raise MRtrixError(f'mc_weight_{mode} requires multiple input contrasts')
         if len(opt) != n_contrasts:
-          raise MRtrixError('mc_weight_' + mode+' needs to be defined for each contrast')
+          raise MRtrixError(f'mc_weight_{mode} needs to be defined for each contrast')
       else:
-        opt = ["1"] * n_contrasts
-      self.__dict__['mc_weight_%s' % mode] = opt
-      self.__dict__['%s_weight_option' % mode] = ' -mc_weights '+','.join(str(item) for item in opt)+' ' if n_contrasts > 1 else ''
+        opt = [1.0] * n_contrasts
+      self.__dict__[f'mc_weight_{mode}'] = opt
+      self.__dict__[f'{mode}_weight_option'] = f' -mc_weights {",".join(map(str, opt))}' if n_contrasts > 1 else ''
 
-    if len(self.templates_out) != n_contrasts:
-      raise MRtrixError('number of templates (%i) does not match number of input directories (%i)' %
-                        (len(self.templates_out), n_contrasts))
+    if len(app.ARGS.template) != n_contrasts:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'number of templates ({len(app.ARGS.template)}) '
+                        f'does not match number of input directories ({n_contrasts})')
 
   @property
   def n_contrasts(self):
     return len(self.suff)
 
+  # TODO Obey expected formatting of __repr__()
+  #   (or just remove)
   def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     text = ''
     for cid in range(self.n_contrasts):
-      text += '\tcontrast: %s, template: %s, suffix: %s\n' % (self.names[cid], self.templates_out[cid], self.suff[cid])
+      text += f'\tcontrast: {self.names[cid]}, suffix: {self.suff[cid]}\n'
     return text
 
 
@@ -399,7 +570,7 @@ class Input:
 
     self.uid = uid
     assert self.uid, "UID empty"
-    assert self.uid.count(' ') == 0, 'UID "%s" contains whitespace' % self.uid
+    assert self.uid.count(' ') == 0, f'UID "{self.uid}" contains whitespace'
 
     assert len(directories) == len(filenames)
     self.ims_filenames = filenames
@@ -410,8 +581,8 @@ class Input:
 
     n_contrasts = len(contrasts)
 
-    self.ims_transformed = [os.path.join('input_transformed'+contrasts[cid], uid + '.mif') for cid in range(n_contrasts)]
-    self.msk_transformed = os.path.join('mask_transformed', uid + '.mif')
+    self.ims_transformed = [os.path.join(f'input_transformed{contrasts[cid]}', f'{uid}.mif') for cid in range(n_contrasts)]
+    self.msk_transformed = os.path.join('mask_transformed', f'{uid}.mif')
 
     self.aggregation_weight = None
 
@@ -421,48 +592,54 @@ class Input:
   def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     text = '\nInput ['
     for key in sorted([k for k in self.__dict__ if not k.startswith('_')]):
-      text += '\n\t' + str(key) + ': ' + str(self.__dict__[key])
+      text += f'\n\t{key}: {self.__dict__[key]}'
     text += '\n]'
     return text
 
   def info(self):
-    message = ['input: ' + self.uid]
+    message = [f'input: {self.uid}']
     if self.aggregation_weight:
-      message += ['agg weight: ' + self.aggregation_weight]
+      message += [f'agg weight: {self.aggregation_weight}']
     for csuff, fname in zip(self.contrasts, self.ims_filenames):
-      message += [((csuff + ': ') if csuff else '') + '"' + fname + '"']
+      message += [f'{(csuff + ": ") if csuff else ""}: "{fname}"']
     if self.msk_filename:
-      message += ['mask: ' + self.msk_filename]
+      message += [f'mask: {self.msk_filename}']
     return ', '.join(message)
 
   def cache_local(self):
     from mrtrix3 import run, path  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
     contrasts = self.contrasts
     for cid, csuff in enumerate(contrasts):
-      if not os.path.isdir('input' + csuff):
-        path.make_dir('input' + csuff)
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + self.ims_path[cid] + ' ' + os.path.join('input' + csuff, self.uid + '.mif'))
-    self._local_ims = [os.path.join('input' + csuff, self.uid + '.mif') for csuff in contrasts]
+      if not os.path.isdir(f'input{csuff}'):
+        path.make_dir(f'input{csuff}')
+      run.command(['mrconvert', self.ims_path[cid], os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
+    self._local_ims = [os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif') for csuff in contrasts]
     if self.msk_filename:
       if not os.path.isdir('mask'):
         path.make_dir('mask')
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + self.msk_path + ' ' + os.path.join('mask', self.uid + '.mif'))
-      self._local_msk = os.path.join('mask', self.uid + '.mif')
+      run.command(['mrconvert', self.msk_path, os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
+      self._local_msk = os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')
 
   def get_ims_path(self, quoted=True):
     """ return path to input images """
-    from mrtrix3 import path  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
     if self._local_ims:
       return self._local_ims
-    return [path.from_user(abspath(d, f), quoted) for d, f in zip(self._im_directories, self.ims_filenames)]
+    return [(shlex.quote(abspath(d, f)) \
+             if quoted \
+              else abspath(d, f)) \
+                for d, f in zip(self._im_directories, self.ims_filenames)]
   ims_path = property(get_ims_path)
 
   def get_msk_path(self, quoted=True):
     """ return path to input mask """
-    from mrtrix3 import path  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
     if self._local_msk:
       return self._local_msk
-    return path.from_user(os.path.join(self._msk_directory, self.msk_filename), quoted) if self.msk_filename else None
+    if not self.msk_filename:
+      return None
+    unquoted_path = os.path.join(self._msk_directory, self.msk_filename)
+    if quoted:
+      return shlex.quote(unquoted_path)
+    return unquoted_path
   msk_path = property(get_msk_path)
 
 
@@ -484,7 +661,7 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
     TODO check if no common grid & trafo across contrasts (only relevant for robust init?)
 
   """
-  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, path, image  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   contrasts = contrasts.suff
   inputs = []
   def paths_to_file_uids(paths, prefix, postfix):
@@ -495,12 +672,13 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
       uid = re.sub(re.escape(postfix)+'$', '', re.sub('^'+re.escape(prefix), '', os.path.split(path)[1]))
       uid = re.sub(r'\s+', whitespace_repl, uid)
       if not uid:
-        raise MRtrixError('No uniquely identifiable part of filename "' + path + '" '
+        raise MRtrixError(f'No uniquely identifiable part of filename "{path}" '
                           'after prefix and postfix substitution '
-                          'with prefix "' + prefix + '" and postfix "' + postfix + '"')
-      app.debug('UID mapping: "' + path + '" --> "' + uid + '"')
+                          'with prefix "{prefix}" and postfix "{postfix}"')
+      app.debug(f'UID mapping: "{path}" --> "{uid}"')
       if uid in uid_path:
-        raise MRtrixError('unique file identifier is not unique: "' + uid + '" mapped to "' + path + '" and "' + uid_path[uid] +'"')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'unique file identifier is not unique: '
+                          f'"{uid}" mapped to "{path}" and "{uid_path[uid]}"')
       uid_path[uid] = path
       uids.append(uid)
     return uids
@@ -514,7 +692,7 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
     mask_common_prefix = get_common_prefix([os.path.split(m)[1] for m in mask_files])
     mask_uids = paths_to_file_uids(mask_files, mask_common_prefix, mask_common_postfix)
     if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-      app.console('mask uids:' + str(mask_uids))
+      app.console(f'mask uids: {mask_uids}')
 
   # images uids
   common_postfix = [get_common_postfix(files) for files in in_files]
@@ -524,41 +702,43 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
   xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix = [get_common_postfix(common_prefix).lstrip('_-'),
                                     get_common_prefix([re.sub('.('+'|'.join(IMAGEEXT)+')(.gz)?$', '', pfix).rstrip('_-') for pfix in common_postfix])]
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console("common_postfix: " + str(common_postfix))
-    app.console("common_prefix: " + str(common_prefix))
-    app.console("xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix: " + str(xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix))
+    app.console(f'common_postfix: {common_postfix}')
+    app.console(f'common_prefix: {common_prefix}')
+    app.console(f'xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix: {xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix}')
   for ipostfix, postfix in enumerate(common_postfix):
     if not postfix:
-      raise MRtrixError('image filenames do not have a common postfix:\n' + '\n'.join(in_files[ipostfix]))
+      raise MRtrixError('image filenames do not have a common postfix:\n%s' % '\n'.join(in_files[ipostfix]))
 
   c_uids = []
   for cid, files in enumerate(in_files):
     c_uids.append(paths_to_file_uids(files, common_prefix[cid], common_postfix[cid]))
 
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console('uids by contrast:' + str(c_uids))
+    app.console(f'uids by contrast: {c_uids}')
 
   # join images and masks
   for ifile, fname in enumerate(in_files[0]):
     uid = c_uids[0][ifile]
     fnames = [fname]
-    dirs = [abspath(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dir[0], False))]
+    dirs = [app.ARGS.input_dir[0]]
     if len(contrasts) > 1:
       for cid in range(1, len(contrasts)):
-        dirs.append(abspath(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid], False)))
+        dirs.append(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid])
         image.check_3d_nonunity(os.path.join(dirs[cid], in_files[cid][ifile]))
         if uid != c_uids[cid][ifile]:
-          raise MRtrixError('no matching image was found for image %s and contrasts %s and %s.' % (fname, dirs[0], dirs[cid]))
+          raise MRtrixError(f'no matching image was found for image {fname} and contrasts {dirs[0]} and {dirs[cid]}')
         fnames.append(in_files[cid][ifile])
 
     if mask_files:
       if uid not in mask_uids:
-        raise MRtrixError('no matching mask image was found for input image ' + fname + ' with uid "'+uid+'". '
-                          'Mask uid candidates: ' + ', '.join(['"%s"' % m for m in mask_uids]))
+        candidates_string = ', '.join([f'"{m}"' for m in mask_uids])
+        raise MRtrixError(f'No matching mask image was found for input image {fname} with uid "{uid}". '
+                          f'Mask uid candidates: {candidates_string}')
       index = mask_uids.index(uid)
       # uid, filenames, directories, contrasts, mask_filename = '', mask_directory = '', agg_weight = None
       inputs.append(Input(uid, fnames, dirs, contrasts,
-                          mask_filename=mask_files[index], mask_directory=abspath(path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask_dir, False))))
+                          mask_filename=mask_files[index],
+                          mask_directory=app.ARGS.mask_dir))
     else:
       inputs.append(Input(uid, fnames, dirs, contrasts))
 
@@ -579,14 +759,14 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
 
     for inp in inputs:
       if inp.uid not in agg_weights:
-        raise MRtrixError('aggregation weight not found for %s' % inp.uid)
+        raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation weight not found for {inp.uid}')
       inp.aggregation_weight = agg_weights[inp.uid]
-    app.console('Using aggregation weights ' + f_agg_weight)
+    app.console(f'Using aggregation weights {f_agg_weight}')
     weights = [float(inp.aggregation_weight) for inp in inputs if inp.aggregation_weight is not None]
     if sum(weights) <= 0:
-      raise MRtrixError('Sum of aggregation weights is not positive: ' + str(weights))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Sum of aggregation weights is not positive: {weights}')
     if any(w < 0 for w in weights):
-      app.warn('Negative aggregation weights: ' + str(weights))
+      app.warn(f'Negative aggregation weights: {weights}')
 
   return inputs, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix
 
@@ -594,77 +774,82 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image, matrix, path, run, EXE_LIST #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  expected_commands = ['mrgrid', 'mrregister', 'mrtransform', 'mraverageheader', 'mrconvert', 'mrmath', 'transformcalc', 'mrfilter']
+  expected_commands = ['mrfilter', 'mrgrid', 'mrregister', 'mrtransform', 'mraverageheader', 'mrconvert', 'mrmath', 'transformcalc']
   for cmd in expected_commands:
     if cmd not in EXE_LIST :
-      raise MRtrixError("Could not find " + cmd + " in bin/. Binary commands not compiled?")
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find "{cmd}" in bin/; binary commands not compiled?')
 
   if not app.ARGS.type in REGISTRATION_MODES:
-    raise MRtrixError("registration type must be one of %s. provided: %s" % (str(REGISTRATION_MODES), app.ARGS.type))
-  dorigid     = "rigid"     in app.ARGS.type
-  doaffine    = "affine"    in app.ARGS.type
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Registration type must be one of {REGISTRATION_MODES}; provided: "{app.ARGS.type}"')
+  dorigid     = 'rigid'     in app.ARGS.type
+  doaffine    = 'affine'    in app.ARGS.type
   dolinear    = dorigid or doaffine
-  dononlinear = "nonlinear" in app.ARGS.type
-  assert (dorigid + doaffine + dononlinear >= 1), "FIXME: registration type not valid"
+  dononlinear = 'nonlinear' in app.ARGS.type
+  assert (dorigid + doaffine + dononlinear >= 1), 'FIXME: registration type not valid'
 
 
   input_output = app.ARGS.input_dir + [app.ARGS.template]
   n_contrasts = len(input_output) // 2
   if len(input_output) != 2 * n_contrasts:
-    raise MRtrixError('expected two arguments per contrast, received %i: %s' % (len(input_output), ', '.join(input_output)))
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Expected two arguments per contrast, received {len(input_output)}: {", ".join(input_output)}')
   if n_contrasts > 1:
     app.console('Generating population template using multi-contrast registration')
 
   # reorder arguments for multi-contrast registration as after command line parsing app.ARGS.input_dir holds all but one argument
+  # TODO Write these to new variables rather than overwring app.ARGS?
+  # Or maybe better, invoke the appropriate typed arguments for each
   app.ARGS.input_dir = []
   app.ARGS.template = []
   for i_contrast in range(n_contrasts):
     inargs = (input_output[i_contrast*2], input_output[i_contrast*2+1])
-    if not os.path.isdir(inargs[0]):
-      raise MRtrixError('input directory %s not found' % inargs[0])
-    app.ARGS.input_dir.append(relpath(inargs[0]))
-    app.ARGS.template.append(relpath(inargs[1]))
+    app.ARGS.input_dir.append(app.Parser.DirectoryIn(inargs[0]))
+    app.ARGS.template.append(app.Parser.ImageOut(inargs[1]))
+  # Perform checks that otherwise would have been done immediately after command-line parsing
+  #   were it not for the inability to represent input-output pairs in the command-line interface representation
+  for output_path in app.ARGS.template:
+    output_path.check_output()
 
   cns = Contrasts()
   app.debug(str(cns))
 
   in_files = [sorted(path.all_in_dir(input_dir, dir_path=False)) for input_dir in app.ARGS.input_dir]
   if len(in_files[0]) <= 1:
-    raise MRtrixError('Not enough images found in input directory ' + app.ARGS.input_dir[0] +
-                      '. More than one image is needed to generate a population template')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Not enough images found in input directory {app.ARGS.input_dir[0]}; '
+                      'more than one image is needed to generate a population template')
   if n_contrasts > 1:
     for cid in range(1, n_contrasts):
       if len(in_files[cid]) != len(in_files[0]):
-        raise MRtrixError('Found %i images in input directory %s ' % (len(app.ARGS.input_dir[0]), app.ARGS.input_dir[0]) +
-                          'but %i input images in %s.' % (len(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid]), app.ARGS.input_dir[cid]))
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Found {len(app.ARGS.input_dir[0])} images in input directory {app.ARGS.input_dir[0]} '
+                          f'but {len(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid])} input images in {app.ARGS.input_dir[cid]}')
   else:
-    app.console('Generating a population-average template from ' + str(len(in_files[0])) + ' input images')
+    app.console(f'Generating a population-average template from {len(in_files[0])} input images')
     if n_contrasts > 1:
-      app.console('using ' + str(len(in_files)) + ' contrasts for each input image')
+      app.console(f'using {len(in_files)} contrasts for each input image')
 
   voxel_size = None
   if app.ARGS.voxel_size:
     voxel_size = app.ARGS.voxel_size
     if len(voxel_size) not in [1, 3]:
-      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; received: ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in voxel_size))
+      raise MRtrixError('Voxel size needs to be a single or three comma-separated floating point numbers; '
+                        f'received: {",".join(map(str, voxel_size))}')
 
   agg_measure = 'mean'
   if app.ARGS.aggregate is not None:
     if not app.ARGS.aggregate in AGGREGATION_MODES:
-      app.error("aggregation type must be one of %s. provided: %s" % (str(AGGREGATION_MODES), app.ARGS.aggregate))
+      app.error(f'aggregation type must be one of {AGGREGATION_MODES}; provided: {app.ARGS.aggregate}')
     agg_measure = app.ARGS.aggregate
 
   agg_weights = app.ARGS.aggregation_weights
   if agg_weights is not None:
-    agg_measure = "weighted_" + agg_measure
+    agg_measure = 'weighted_' + agg_measure
     if agg_measure != 'weighted_mean':
-      app.error("aggregation weights require '-aggregate mean' option. provided: %s" % (app.ARGS.aggregate))
+      app.error(f'aggregation weights require "-aggregate mean" option; provided: {app.ARGS.aggregate}')
       if not os.path.isfile(app.ARGS.aggregation_weights):
-        app.error("aggregation weights file not found: %s" % app.ARGS.aggregation_weights)
+        app.error(f'aggregation weights file not found: {app.ARGS.aggregation_weights}')
 
   initial_alignment = app.ARGS.initial_alignment
-  if initial_alignment not in ["mass", "robust_mass", "geometric", "none"]:
-    raise MRtrixError('initial_alignment must be one of ' + " ".join(["mass", "robust_mass", "geometric", "none"]) + " provided: " + str(initial_alignment))
+  if initial_alignment not in INITIAL_ALIGNMENT:
+    raise MRtrixError(f'initial_alignment must be one of {INITIAL_ALIGNMENT}; provided: {initial_alignment}')
 
   linear_estimator = app.ARGS.linear_estimator
   if linear_estimator is not None and not dolinear:
@@ -676,38 +861,38 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     use_masks = True
     app.ARGS.mask_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.mask_dir)
     if not os.path.isdir(app.ARGS.mask_dir):
-      raise MRtrixError('mask directory not found')
+      raise MRtrixError('Mask directory not found')
     mask_files = sorted(path.all_in_dir(app.ARGS.mask_dir, dir_path=False))
     if len(mask_files) < len(in_files[0]):
-      raise MRtrixError('there are not enough mask images for the number of images in the input directory')
+      raise MRtrixError('There are not enough mask images for the number of images in the input directory')
 
   if not use_masks:
-    app.warn('no masks input. Use input masks to reduce computation time and improve robustness')
+    app.warn('No masks input; use of input masks is recommended to reduce computation time and improve robustness')
 
   if app.ARGS.template_mask and not use_masks:
-    raise MRtrixError('you cannot output a template mask because no subject masks were input using -mask_dir')
+    raise MRtrixError('You cannot output a template mask because no subject masks were input using -mask_dir')
 
   nanmask_input = app.ARGS.nanmask
   if nanmask_input and not use_masks:
-    raise MRtrixError('you cannot use NaN masking when no subject masks were input using -mask_dir')
+    raise MRtrixError('You cannot use NaN masking when no subject masks were input using -mask_dir')
 
   ins, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix = parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, cns, agg_weights)
 
   leave_one_out = 'auto'
   if app.ARGS.leave_one_out is not None:
     leave_one_out = app.ARGS.leave_one_out
-    if not leave_one_out in ['0', '1', 'auto']:
-      raise MRtrixError('leave_one_out not understood: ' + str(leave_one_out))
+    if not leave_one_out in LEAVE_ONE_OUT:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Input to -leave_one_out not understood: {leave_one_out}')
   if leave_one_out == 'auto':
     leave_one_out = 2 < len(ins) < 15
   else:
     leave_one_out = bool(int(leave_one_out))
   if leave_one_out:
-    app.console('performing leave-one-out registration')
+    app.console('Performing leave-one-out registration')
     # check that at sum of weights is positive for any grouping if weighted aggregation is used
     weights = [float(inp.aggregation_weight) for inp in ins if inp.aggregation_weight is not None]
     if weights and sum(weights) - max(weights) <= 0:
-      raise MRtrixError('leave-one-out registration requires positive aggregation weights in all groupings')
+      raise MRtrixError('Leave-one-out registration requires positive aggregation weights in all groupings')
 
   noreorientation = app.ARGS.noreorientation
 
@@ -718,27 +903,23 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError("linear option set when no linear registration is performed")
 
   if len(app.ARGS.template) != n_contrasts:
-    raise MRtrixError('mismatch between number of output templates (%i) ' % len(app.ARGS.template) +
-                      'and number of contrasts (%i)' % n_contrasts)
-  for templ in app.ARGS.template:
-    app.check_output_path(templ)
+    raise MRtrixError(f'mismatch between number of output templates ({len(app.ARGS.template)}) '
+                      'and number of contrasts ({n_contrasts})')
 
   if app.ARGS.warp_dir:
     app.ARGS.warp_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.warp_dir)
-    app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.warp_dir)
 
   if app.ARGS.transformed_dir:
-    app.ARGS.transformed_dir = [relpath(d) for d in app.ARGS.transformed_dir.split(',')]
+    app.ARGS.transformed_dir = [app.Parser.DirectoryOut(d) for d in app.ARGS.transformed_dir.split(',')]
     if len(app.ARGS.transformed_dir) != n_contrasts:
       raise MRtrixError('require multiple comma separated transformed directories if multi-contrast registration is used')
     for tdir in app.ARGS.transformed_dir:
-      app.check_output_path(tdir)
+      tdir.check_output()
 
   if app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir:
     if not dolinear:
       raise MRtrixError("linear option set when no linear registration is performed")
     app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir)
-    app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir)
 
   # automatically detect SH series in each contrast
   do_fod_registration = False  # in any contrast
@@ -757,65 +938,69 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       cns.fod_reorientation.append(False)
       cns.n_volumes.append(0)
   if do_fod_registration:
-    app.console("SH Series detected, performing FOD registration in contrast: " +
-                ', '.join(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid] for cid in range(n_contrasts) if cns.fod_reorientation[cid]))
+    fod_contrasts_dirs = [app.ARGS.input_dir[cid] for cid in range(n_contrasts) if cns.fod_reorientation[cid]]
+    app.console(f'SH Series detected, performing FOD registration in contrast: {", ".join(fod_contrasts_dirs)}')
   c_mrtransform_reorientation = [' -reorient_fod ' + ('yes' if cns.fod_reorientation[cid] else 'no') + ' '
                                  for cid in range(n_contrasts)]
 
   if nanmask_input:
-    app.console("NaN masking transformed images")
+    app.console('NaN-masking transformed images')
 
   # rigid options
   if app.ARGS.rigid_scale:
     rigid_scales = app.ARGS.rigid_scale
     if not dorigid:
-      raise MRtrixError("rigid_scales option set when no rigid registration is performed")
+      raise MRtrixError('rigid_scales option set when no rigid registration is performed')
   else:
     rigid_scales = DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES
   if app.ARGS.rigid_lmax:
     if not dorigid:
-      raise MRtrixError("rigid_lmax option set when no rigid registration is performed")
+      raise MRtrixError('-rigid_lmax option set when no rigid registration is performed')
     rigid_lmax = app.ARGS.rigid_lmax
     if do_fod_registration and len(rigid_scales) != len(rigid_lmax):
-      raise MRtrixError('rigid_scales and rigid_lmax schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, lmax stages: %s' % (len(rigid_scales), len(rigid_lmax)))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'rigid_scales and rigid_lmax schedules are not equal in length: '
+                        f'scales stages: {len(rigid_scales)}, lmax stages: {len(rigid_lmax)}')
   else:
     rigid_lmax = DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX
 
   rigid_niter = [100] * len(rigid_scales)
   if app.ARGS.rigid_niter:
     if not dorigid:
-      raise MRtrixError("rigid_niter specified when no rigid registration is performed")
+      raise MRtrixError('-rigid_niter specified when no rigid registration is performed')
     rigid_niter = app.ARGS.rigid_niter
     if len(rigid_niter) == 1:
       rigid_niter = rigid_niter * len(rigid_scales)
     elif len(rigid_scales) != len(rigid_niter):
-      raise MRtrixError('rigid_scales and rigid_niter schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, niter stages: %s' % (len(rigid_scales), len(rigid_niter)))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'rigid_scales and rigid_niter schedules are not equal in length: '
+                        f'scales stages: {len(rigid_scales)}, niter stages: {len(rigid_niter)}')
 
   # affine options
   if app.ARGS.affine_scale:
     affine_scales = app.ARGS.affine_scale
     if not doaffine:
-      raise MRtrixError("affine_scale option set when no affine registration is performed")
+      raise MRtrixError('-affine_scale option set when no affine registration is performed')
   else:
     affine_scales = DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES
   if app.ARGS.affine_lmax:
     if not doaffine:
-      raise MRtrixError("affine_lmax option set when no affine registration is performed")
+      raise MRtrixError('affine_lmax option set when no affine registration is performed')
     affine_lmax = app.ARGS.affine_lmax
     if do_fod_registration and len(affine_scales) != len(affine_lmax):
-      raise MRtrixError('affine_scales and affine_lmax schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, lmax stages: %s' % (len(affine_scales), len(affine_lmax)))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'affine_scales and affine_lmax schedules are not equal in length: '
+                        f'scales stages: {len(affine_scales)}, lmax stages: {len(affine_lmax)}')
   else:
     affine_lmax = DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX
 
   affine_niter = [500] * len(affine_scales)
   if app.ARGS.affine_niter:
     if not doaffine:
-      raise MRtrixError("affine_niter specified when no affine registration is performed")
+      raise MRtrixError('-affine_niter specified when no affine registration is performed')
     affine_niter = app.ARGS.affine_niter
     if len(affine_niter) == 1:
       affine_niter = affine_niter * len(affine_scales)
     elif len(affine_scales) != len(affine_niter):
-      raise MRtrixError('affine_scales and affine_niter schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, niter stages: %s' % (len(affine_scales), len(affine_niter)))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'affine_scales and affine_niter schedules are not equal in length: '
+                        f'scales stages: {len(affine_scales)}, niter stages: {len(affine_niter)}')
 
   linear_scales = []
   linear_lmax = []
@@ -839,17 +1024,17 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if len(linear_lmax) != len(linear_niter):
       mismatch = []
       if len(rigid_lmax) != len(rigid_niter):
-        mismatch += ['rigid: lmax stages: %s, niter stages: %s' % (len(rigid_lmax), len(rigid_niter))]
+        mismatch += [f'rigid: lmax stages: {len(rigid_lmax)}, niter stages: {len(rigid_niter)}']
       if len(affine_lmax) != len(affine_niter):
-        mismatch += ['affine: lmax stages: %s, niter stages: %s' % (len(affine_lmax), len(affine_niter))]
-      raise MRtrixError('linear registration: lmax and niter schedules are not equal in length: %s' % (', '.join(mismatch)))
+        mismatch += [f'affine: lmax stages: {len(affine_lmax)}, niter stages: {len(affine_niter)}']
+      raise MRtrixError('linear registration: lmax and niter schedules are not equal in length: {", ".join(mismatch)}')
   app.console('-' * 60)
-  app.console('initial alignment of images: %s' % initial_alignment)
+  app.console(f'initial alignment of images: {initial_alignment}')
   app.console('-' * 60)
   if n_contrasts > 1:
     for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-      app.console('\tcontrast "%s": %s, ' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid]) +
-                  'objective weight: %s' % ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]))
+      app.console(f'\tcontrast "{cns.suff[cid]}": {cns.names[cid]}, '
+                  f'objective weight: {",".join(map(str, cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]))}')
 
   if dolinear:
     app.console('-' * 60)
@@ -857,19 +1042,19 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.console('-' * 60)
     if n_contrasts > 1:
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-        msg = '\tcontrast "%s": %s' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid])
+        msg = f'\tcontrast "{cns.suff[cid]}": {cns.names[cid]}'
         if 'rigid' in linear_type:
-          msg += ', objective weight rigid: %s' % ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_rigid[cid])
+          msg += f', objective weight rigid: {",".join(map(str, cns.mc_weight_rigid[cid]))}'
         if 'affine' in linear_type:
-          msg += ', objective weight affine: %s' % ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_affine[cid])
+          msg += f', objective weight affine: {",".join(map(str, cns.mc_weight_affine[cid]))}'
         app.console(msg)
 
     if do_fod_registration:
       for istage, [tpe, scale, lmax, niter] in enumerate(zip(linear_type, linear_scales, linear_lmax, linear_niter)):
-        app.console('(%02i) %s scale: %.4f, niter: %i, lmax: %i' % (istage, tpe.ljust(9), scale, niter, lmax))
+        app.console(f'({istage:02d}) {tpe.ljust(9)} scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, lmax: {lmax}')
     else:
       for istage, [tpe, scale, niter] in enumerate(zip(linear_type, linear_scales, linear_niter)):
-        app.console('(%02i) %s scale: %.4f, niter: %i, no reorientation' % (istage, tpe.ljust(9), scale, niter))
+        app.console(f'({istage:02d}) {tpe.ljust(9)} scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, no reorientation')
 
   datatype_option = ' -datatype float32'
   outofbounds_option = ' -nan'
@@ -879,54 +1064,56 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     nl_lmax = []
     nl_niter = []
     if app.ARGS.warp_dir:
-      raise MRtrixError('warp_dir specified when no nonlinear registration is performed')
+      raise MRtrixError('-warp_dir specified when no nonlinear registration is performed')
   else:
     nl_scales = app.ARGS.nl_scale if app.ARGS.nl_scale else DEFAULT_NL_SCALES
     nl_niter = app.ARGS.nl_niter if app.ARGS.nl_niter else DEFAULT_NL_NITER
     nl_lmax = app.ARGS.nl_lmax if app.ARGS.nl_lmax else DEFAULT_NL_LMAX
 
     if len(nl_scales) != len(nl_niter):
-      raise MRtrixError('nl_scales and nl_niter schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, niter stages: %s' % (len(nl_scales), len(nl_niter)))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'nl_scales and nl_niter schedules are not equal in length: '
+                        f'scales stages: {len(nl_scales)}, niter stages: {len(nl_niter)}')
 
     app.console('-' * 60)
     app.console('nonlinear registration stages:')
     app.console('-' * 60)
     if n_contrasts > 1:
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-        app.console('\tcontrast "%s": %s, objective weight: %s' % (cns.suff[cid], cns.names[cid], ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_nl[cid])))
+        app.console(f'\tcontrast "{cns.suff[cid]}": {cns.names[cid]}, '
+                    f'objective weight: {",".join(map(str, cns.mc_weight_nl[cid]))}')
 
     if do_fod_registration:
       if len(nl_scales) != len(nl_lmax):
-        raise MRtrixError('nl_scales and nl_lmax schedules are not equal in length: scales stages: %s, lmax stages: %s' % (len(nl_scales), len(nl_lmax)))
+        raise MRtrixError(f'nl_scales and nl_lmax schedules are not equal in length: '
+                          f'scales stages: {len(nl_scales)}, lmax stages: {len(nl_lmax)}')
 
     if do_fod_registration:
       for istage, [scale, lmax, niter] in enumerate(zip(nl_scales, nl_lmax, nl_niter)):
-        app.console('(%02i) nonlinear scale: %.4f, niter: %i, lmax: %i' % (istage, scale, niter, lmax))
+        app.console(f'({istage:02d}) nonlinear scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, lmax: {lmax}')
     else:
       for istage, [scale, niter] in enumerate(zip(nl_scales, nl_niter)):
-        app.console('(%02i) nonlinear scale: %.4f, niter: %i, no reorientation' % (istage, scale, niter))
+        app.console('({istage:02d}) nonlinear scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, no reorientation')
 
   app.console('-' * 60)
   app.console('input images:')
   app.console('-' * 60)
   for inp in ins:
-    app.console('\t' + inp.info())
+    app.console(f'\t{inp.info()}')
 
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
   for contrast in cns.suff:
-    path.make_dir('input_transformed' + contrast)
+    path.make_dir(f'input_transformed{contrast}')
 
   for contrast in cns.suff:
-    path.make_dir('isfinite' + contrast)
+    path.make_dir(f'isfinite{contrast}')
 
   path.make_dir('linear_transforms_initial')
   path.make_dir('linear_transforms')
   for level in range(0, len(linear_scales)):
-    path.make_dir('linear_transforms_%02i' % level)
+    path.make_dir(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}')
   for level in range(0, len(nl_scales)):
-    path.make_dir('warps_%02i' % level)
+    path.make_dir(f'warps_{level:02d}')
 
   if use_masks:
     path.make_dir('mask_transformed')
@@ -957,7 +1144,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if use_masks:
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Importing input masks to average space for template cropping', len(ins))
     for inp in ins:
-      run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_path + ' -interp nearest -template average_header.mif ' + inp.msk_transformed)
+      run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_path} -interp nearest -template average_header.mif {inp.msk_transformed}')
       progress.increment()
     progress.done()
     run.command(['mrmath', [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins], 'max', 'mask_initial.mif'])
@@ -978,39 +1165,36 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if len(image.Header('average_header.mif').size()) == 3:
       run.command('mrconvert average_header.mif ' + avh3d)
     else:
-      run.command('mrconvert average_header.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2 ' + avh3d)
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + avh3d + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1 ' + avh4d)
+      run.command(f'mrconvert average_header.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2 {avh3d}')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {avh3d} -axes 0,1,2,-1 {avh4d}')
     for cid in range(n_contrasts):
       if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 0:
-        run.function(copy, avh3d, 'average_header' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif')
+        run.function(copy, avh3d, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
       elif cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
-        run.function(copy, avh4d, 'average_header' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif')
+        run.function(copy, avh4d, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
       else:
-        run.command(['mrcat', [avh3d] * cns.n_volumes[cid], '-axis', '3', 'average_header' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif'])
+        run.command(['mrcat', [avh3d] * cns.n_volumes[cid], '-axis', '3', f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif'])
     run.function(os.remove, avh3d)
     run.function(os.remove, avh4d)
   else:
-    run.function(shutil.move, 'average_header.mif', 'average_header' + cns.suff[0] + '.mif')
+    run.function(shutil.move, 'average_header.mif', f'average_header{cns.suff[0]}.mif')
 
-  cns.templates = ['average_header' + csuff + '.mif' for csuff in cns.suff]
+  cns.templates = [f'average_header{csuff}.mif' for csuff in cns.suff]
 
   if initial_alignment == 'none':
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Resampling input images to template space with no initial alignment', len(ins) * n_contrasts)
     for inp in ins:
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.ims_path[cid] + c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid] + ' -interp linear ' +
-                    '-template ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] +
-                    outofbounds_option +
-                    datatype_option)
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.ims_path[cid]} {c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid]} -interp linear '\
+                    f'-template {cns.templates[cid]} {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} {outofbounds_option} {datatype_option}')
         progress.increment()
     progress.done()
 
     if use_masks:
       progress = app.ProgressBar('Reslicing input masks to average header', len(ins))
       for inp in ins:
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_path + ' ' + inp.msk_transformed + ' ' +
-                    '-interp nearest -template ' + cns.templates[0] + ' ' +
-                    datatype_option)
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_path} {inp.msk_transformed} '
+                    f'-interp nearest -template {cns.templates[0]} {datatype_option}')
         progress.increment()
       progress.done()
 
@@ -1023,10 +1207,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
     if not dolinear:
       for inp in ins:
-        with open(os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fout:
+        with open(os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fout:
           fout.write('1 0 0 0\n0 1 0 0\n0 0 1 0\n0 0 0 1\n')
 
-    run.function(copy, 'average_header' + cns.suff[0] + '.mif', 'average_header.mif')
+    run.function(copy, f'average_header{cns.suff[0]}.mif', 'average_header.mif')
 
   else:
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Performing initial rigid registration to template', len(ins))
@@ -1035,29 +1219,30 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     lmax_option = ' -rigid_lmax 0 ' if cns.fod_reorientation[cid] else ' -noreorientation '
     contrast_weight_option = cns.initial_alignment_weight_option
     for inp in ins:
-      output_option = ' -rigid ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt')
-      images = ' '.join([p + ' ' + t for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, cns.templates)])
+      output_option = ' -rigid ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
+      images = ' '.join([f'{p} {t}' for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, cns.templates)])
       if use_masks:
-        mask_option = ' -mask1 ' + inp.msk_path
+        mask_option = f' -mask1 {inp.msk_path}'
         if initial_alignment == 'robust_mass':
           if not os.path.isfile('robust/template.mif'):
             if cns.n_volumes[cid] > 0:
-              run.command('mrconvert ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' -coord 3 0 - | mrconvert - -axes 0,1,2 robust/template.mif')
+              run.command(f'mrconvert {cns.templates[cid]} -coord 3 0 - | '
+                          f'mrconvert - -axes 0,1,2 robust/template.mif')
             else:
-              run.command('mrconvert ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' robust/template.mif')
+              run.command(f'mrconvert {cns.templates[cid]} robust/template.mif')
           if n_contrasts > 1:
-            cmd = ['mrcalc', inp.ims_path[cid], ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]), '-mult']
+            cmd = ['mrcalc', inp.ims_path[cid], ','.join(map(str, cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid])), '-mult']
             for cid in range(1, n_contrasts):
-              cmd += [inp.ims_path[cid], ','.join(str(item) for item in cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid]), '-mult', '-add']
+              cmd += [inp.ims_path[cid], ','.join(map(str, cns.mc_weight_initial_alignment[cid])), '-mult', '-add']
             contrast_weight_option = ''
-            run.command(' '.join(cmd) +
-                        ' - | mrfilter - zclean -zlower 3 -zupper 3 robust/image_' + inp.uid + '.mif'
-                        ' -maskin ' + inp.msk_path + ' -maskout robust/mask_' + inp.uid + '.mif')
+            run.command(' '.join(cmd) + ' - | ' \
+                        f'mrfilter - zclean -zlower 3 -zupper 3 robust/image_{inp.uid}.mif '
+                        f'-maskin {inp.msk_path} -maskout robust/mask_{inp.uid}.mif')
           else:
-            run.command('mrfilter ' + inp.ims_path[0] + ' zclean -zlower 3 -zupper 3 robust/image_' + inp.uid + '.mif' +
-                        ' -maskin ' + inp.msk_path + ' -maskout robust/mask_' + inp.uid + '.mif')
-          images = 'robust/image_' + inp.uid + '.mif robust/template.mif'
-          mask_option = ' -mask1 ' + 'robust/mask_' + inp.uid + '.mif'
+            run.command(f'mrfilter {inp.ims_path[0]} zclean -zlower 3 -zupper 3 robust/image_{inp.uid}.mif '
+                        f'-maskin {inp.msk_path} -maskout robust/mask_{inp.uid}.mif')
+          images = f'robust/image_{inp.uid}.mif robust/template.mif'
+          mask_option = f' -mask1 robust/mask_{inp.uid}.mif'
           lmax_option = ''
 
       run.command('mrregister ' + images +
@@ -1071,18 +1256,18 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                   datatype_option +
                   output_option)
       # translate input images to centre of mass without interpolation
+      transform_path = os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.ims_path[cid] + c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid] +
-                    ' -linear ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt') +
-                    ' ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] + "_translated.mif" + datatype_option)
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.ims_path[cid]} {c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid]} '
+                    f'-linear {transform_path} '
+                    f'{inp.ims_transformed[cid]}_translated.mif {datatype_option}')
       if use_masks:
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_path +
-                    ' -linear ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt') +
-                    ' ' + inp.msk_transformed + "_translated.mif" +
-                    datatype_option)
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_path} '
+                    f'-linear {transform_path} '
+                    f'{inp.msk_transformed}_translated.mif {datatype_option}')
       progress.increment()
     # update average space of first contrast to new extent, delete other average space images
-    run.command(['mraverageheader', [inp.ims_transformed[cid] + '_translated.mif' for inp in ins], 'average_header_tight.mif'])
+    run.command(['mraverageheader', [f'{inp.ims_transformed[cid]}_translated.mif' for inp in ins], 'average_header_tight.mif'])
     progress.done()
 
     if voxel_size is None:
@@ -1092,14 +1277,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                   'mrgrid - regrid -voxel ' + ','.join(map(str, voxel_size)) + ' average_header.mif', force=True)
     run.function(os.remove, 'average_header_tight.mif')
     for cid in range(1, n_contrasts):
-      run.function(os.remove, 'average_header' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif')
+      run.function(os.remove, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
 
     if use_masks:
       # reslice masks
       progress = app.ProgressBar('Reslicing input masks to average header', len(ins))
       for inp in ins:
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_transformed + '_translated.mif' + ' ' + inp.msk_transformed + ' ' +
-                    '-interp nearest -template average_header.mif' + datatype_option)
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_transformed}_translated.mif {inp.msk_transformed} '
+                    f'-interp nearest -template average_header.mif {datatype_option}')
         progress.increment()
       progress.done()
       # crop average space to extent defined by translated masks
@@ -1111,9 +1296,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       # reslice masks
       progress = app.ProgressBar('Reslicing masks to new padded average header', len(ins))
       for inp in ins:
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_transformed + '_translated.mif ' + inp.msk_transformed + ' ' +
-                    '-interp nearest -template average_header.mif' + datatype_option, force=True)
-        run.function(os.remove, inp.msk_transformed + '_translated.mif')
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_transformed}_translated.mif {inp.msk_transformed} '
+                    f'-interp nearest -template average_header.mif {datatype_option}',
+                    force=True)
+        run.function(os.remove, f'{inp.msk_transformed}_translated.mif')
         progress.increment()
       progress.done()
       run.function(os.remove, 'mask_translated.mif')
@@ -1122,12 +1308,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Reslicing input images to average header', len(ins) * n_contrasts)
     for cid in range(n_contrasts):
       for inp in ins:
-        run.command('mrtransform ' + c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid] + inp.ims_transformed[cid] + '_translated.mif ' +
-                    inp.ims_transformed[cid] + ' ' +
-                    ' -interp linear -template average_header.mif' +
-                    outofbounds_option +
-                    datatype_option)
-        run.function(os.remove, inp.ims_transformed[cid] + '_translated.mif')
+        run.command(f'mrtransform {c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid]} {inp.ims_transformed[cid]}_translated.mif '
+                    f'{inp.ims_transformed[cid]} '
+                    f'-interp linear -template average_header.mif '
+                    f'{outofbounds_option} {datatype_option}')
+        run.function(os.remove, f'{inp.ims_transformed[cid]}_translated.mif')
         progress.increment()
     progress.done()
 
@@ -1138,73 +1323,77 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if leave_one_out:
       calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
 
-  cns.templates = ['initial_template' + contrast + '.mif' for contrast in cns.suff]
+  cns.templates = [f'initial_template{contrast}.mif' for contrast in cns.suff]
   for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-    aggregate(ins, 'initial_template' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif', cid, agg_measure)
+    aggregate(ins, f'initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif', cid, agg_measure)
     if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
-      run.function(shutil.move, 'initial_template' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif', 'tmp.mif')
-      run.command('mrconvert tmp.mif initial_template' + cns.suff[cid] + '.mif -axes 0,1,2,-1')
+      run.function(shutil.move, f'initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif', 'tmp.mif')
+      run.command(f'mrconvert tmp.mif initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif -axes 0,1,2,-1')
 
   # Optimise template with linear registration
   if not dolinear:
     for inp in ins:
-      run.function(copy, os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid+'.txt'),
-                   os.path.join('linear_transforms', inp.uid+'.txt'))
+      run.function(copy, os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
+                   os.path.join('linear_transforms', f'{inp.uid}.txt'))
   else:
     level = 0
     regtype = linear_type[0]
     def linear_msg():
-      return 'Optimising template with linear registration (stage {0} of {1}; {2})'.format(level + 1, len(linear_scales), regtype)
+      return f'Optimising template with linear registration (stage {level+1} of {len(linear_scales)}; {regtype})'
     progress = app.ProgressBar(linear_msg, len(linear_scales) * len(ins) * (1 + n_contrasts + int(use_masks)))
     for level, (regtype, scale, niter, lmax) in enumerate(zip(linear_type, linear_scales, linear_niter, linear_lmax)):
       for inp in ins:
         initialise_option = ''
         if use_masks:
-          mask_option = ' -mask1 ' + inp.msk_path
+          mask_option = f' -mask1 {inp.msk_path}'
         else:
           mask_option = ''
         lmax_option = ' -noreorientation'
         metric_option = ''
         mrregister_log_option = ''
+        output_transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
+        init_transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level-1:02d}' if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial',
+                                           f'{inp.uid}.txt')
+        linear_log_path = os.path.join('log', f'{inp.uid}{contrast[cid]}_{level}.log')
         if regtype == 'rigid':
-          scale_option = ' -rigid_scale ' + str(scale)
-          niter_option = ' -rigid_niter ' + str(niter)
+          scale_option = f' -rigid_scale {scale}'
+          niter_option = f' -rigid_niter {niter}'
           regtype_option = ' -type rigid'
-          output_option = ' -rigid ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt')
+          output_option = f' -rigid {output_transform_path}'
           contrast_weight_option = cns.rigid_weight_option
-          initialise_option = (' -rigid_init_matrix ' +
-                               os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % (level - 1) if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt'))
+
+          initialise_option = f' -rigid_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
           if do_fod_registration:
-            lmax_option = ' -rigid_lmax ' + str(lmax)
+            lmax_option = f' -rigid_lmax {lmax}'
           if linear_estimator is not None:
-            metric_option = ' -rigid_metric.diff.estimator ' + linear_estimator
+            metric_option = f' -rigid_metric.diff.estimator {linear_estimator}'
           if app.VERBOSITY >= 2:
-            mrregister_log_option = ' -info -rigid_log ' + os.path.join('log', inp.uid + contrast[cid] + "_" + str(level) + '.log')
+            mrregister_log_option = f' -info -rigid_log {linear_log_path}'
         else:
-          scale_option = ' -affine_scale ' + str(scale)
-          niter_option = ' -affine_niter ' + str(niter)
+          scale_option = f' -affine_scale {scale}'
+          niter_option = f' -affine_niter {niter}'
           regtype_option = ' -type affine'
-          output_option = ' -affine ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt')
+          output_option = ' -affine {output_transform_path}'
           contrast_weight_option = cns.affine_weight_option
-          initialise_option = (' -affine_init_matrix ' +
-                               os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % (level - 1) if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt'))
+          initialise_option = ' -affine_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
           if do_fod_registration:
-            lmax_option = ' -affine_lmax ' + str(lmax)
+            lmax_option = f' -affine_lmax {lmax}'
           if linear_estimator is not None:
-            metric_option = ' -affine_metric.diff.estimator ' + linear_estimator
+            metric_option = f' -affine_metric.diff.estimator {linear_estimator}'
           if write_log:
-            mrregister_log_option = ' -info -affine_log ' + os.path.join('log', inp.uid + contrast[cid] + "_" + str(level) + '.log')
+            mrregister_log_option = f' -info -affine_log {linear_log_path}'
 
         if leave_one_out:
           tmpl = []
           for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-            isfinite = 'isfinite%s/%s.mif' % (cns.suff[cid], inp.uid)
+            isfinite = f'isfinite{cns.suff[cid]}/{inp.uid}.mif'
             weight = inp.aggregation_weight if inp.aggregation_weight is not None else '1'
             # loo = (template * weighted sum - weight * this) / (weighted sum - weight)
-            run.command('mrcalc ' + cns.isfinite_count[cid] + ' ' + isfinite + ' -sub - | mrcalc ' + cns.templates[cid] +
-                        ' ' + cns.isfinite_count[cid] + ' -mult ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] + ' ' + weight + ' -mult ' +
-                        ' -sub - -div loo_%s' % cns.templates[cid], force=True)
-            tmpl.append('loo_%s' % cns.templates[cid])
+            run.command(f'mrcalc {cns.isfinite_count[cid]} {isfinite} -sub - | '
+                        f'mrcalc {cns.templates[cid]} {cns.isfinite_count[cid]} -mult {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} {weight} -mult -sub - -div '
+                        f'loo_{cns.templates[cid]}',
+                        force=True)
+            tmpl.append(f'loo_{cns.templates[cid]}')
           images = ' '.join([p + ' ' + t for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, tmpl)])
         else:
           images = ' '.join([p + ' ' + t for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, cns.templates)])
@@ -1221,7 +1410,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                   output_option + \
                   mrregister_log_option
         run.command(command, force=True)
-        check_linear_transformation(os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt'), command,
+        check_linear_transformation(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
+                                    command,
                                     pause_on_warn=do_pause_on_warn)
         if leave_one_out:
           for im_temp in tmpl:
@@ -1242,53 +1432,64 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       #   - If one subject's registration fails, this will affect the average and therefore the template which could result in instable behaviour.
       #   - The template appearance changes slightly over levels, but the template and trafos are affected in the same way so should not affect template convergence.
       if not app.ARGS.linear_no_drift_correction:
-        run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', inp.uid + '.txt') for _inp in ins],
+        # TODO Is this a bug?
+        # Seems to be averaging N instances of the last input, rather than averaging all inputs
+        # TODO Further, believe that the first transformcalc call only needs to be performed once;
+        #   should not need to be recomputed between iterations
+        run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for _inp in ins],
                     'average', 'linear_transform_average_init.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
-        run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt') for _inp in ins],
-                    'average', 'linear_transform_average_%02i_uncorrected.txt' % level, '-quiet'], force=True)
-        run.command(['transformcalc', 'linear_transform_average_%02i_uncorrected.txt' % level,
-                    'invert', 'linear_transform_average_%02i_uncorrected_inv.txt' % level, '-quiet'], force=True)
+        run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for _inp in ins],
+                    'average', f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
+        run.command(['transformcalc', 'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt',
+                    'invert', f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected_inv.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
 
         transform_average_init = matrix.load_transform('linear_transform_average_init.txt')
-        transform_average_current_inv = matrix.load_transform('linear_transform_average_%02i_uncorrected_inv.txt' % level)
+        transform_average_current_inv = matrix.load_transform(f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected_inv.txt')
 
         transform_update = matrix.dot(transform_average_init, transform_average_current_inv)
-        matrix.save_transform(os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i_drift_correction.txt' %  level), transform_update, force=True)
+        matrix.save_transform(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}_drift_correction.txt', transform_update, force=True)
         if regtype == 'rigid':
-          run.command('transformcalc ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i_drift_correction.txt' %  level) +
-                      ' rigid ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i_drift_correction.txt' %  level) + ' -quiet', force=True)
-          transform_update = matrix.load_transform(os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i_drift_correction.txt' %  level))
+          run.command(['transformcalc',
+                       f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}_drift_correction.txt',
+                       'rigid',
+                        f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}_drift_correction.txt',
+                       '-quiet'],
+                       force=True)
+          transform_update = matrix.load_transform(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}_drift_correction.txt')
 
         for inp in ins:
-          transform = matrix.load_transform('linear_transforms_%02i/' % level + inp.uid + '.txt')
+          transform = matrix.load_transform(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'))
           transform_updated = matrix.dot(transform, transform_update)
-          run.function(copy, 'linear_transforms_%02i/' % level + inp.uid + '.txt', 'linear_transforms_%02i/' % level + inp.uid + '.precorrection')
-          matrix.save_transform(os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt'), transform_updated, force=True)
+          run.function(copy,
+                       os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
+                       os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.precorrection'))
+          matrix.save_transform(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'), transform_updated, force=True)
 
         # compute average trafos and its properties for easier debugging
-        run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, _inp.uid + '.txt') for _inp in ins],
-                    'average', 'linear_transform_average_%02i.txt' % level, '-quiet'], force=True)
-        run.command('transformcalc linear_transform_average_%02i.txt decompose linear_transform_average_%02i.dec' % (level, level), force=True)
+        run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{_inp.uid}.txt') for _inp in ins],
+                    'average', f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
+        run.command(f'transformcalc linear_transform_average_{level:02d}.txt decompose linear_transform_average_{level:02d}.dec',
+                    force=True)
 
 
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
         for inp in ins:
-          run.command('mrtransform ' + c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid] + inp.ims_path[cid] +
-                      ' -template ' + cns.templates[cid] +
-                      ' -linear ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt') +
-                      ' ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] +
-                      outofbounds_option +
-                      datatype_option,
+          transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
+          run.command(f'mrtransform {c_mrtransform_reorientation[cid]} {inp.ims_path[cid]}'
+                      f' -template {cns.templates[cid]} '
+                      f' -linear {transform_path}'
+                      f' {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} {outofbounds_option} {datatype_option}',
                       force=True)
           progress.increment()
 
       if use_masks:
         for inp in ins:
-          run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_path +
-                      ' -template ' + cns.templates[0] +
-                      ' -interp nearest' +
-                      ' -linear ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.txt') +
-                      ' ' + inp.msk_transformed,
+          transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
+          run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_path} '
+                      f' -template {cns.templates[0]} '
+                      f' -interp nearest'
+                      f' -linear {transform_path}'
+                      f' {inp.msk_transformed}',
                       force=True)
           progress.increment()
 
@@ -1302,48 +1503,54 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
         if level > 0 and app.ARGS.delete_temporary_files:
           os.remove(cns.templates[cid])
-        cns.templates[cid] = 'linear_template%02i%s.mif' % (level, cns.suff[cid])
+        cns.templates[cid] = f'linear_template{level:02d}{cns.suff[cid]}.mif'
         aggregate(ins, cns.templates[cid], cid, agg_measure)
         if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
           run.function(shutil.move, cns.templates[cid], 'tmp.mif')
-          run.command('mrconvert tmp.mif ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1')
+          run.command(f'mrconvert tmp.mif {cns.templates[cid]} -axes 0,1,2,-1')
           run.function(os.remove, 'tmp.mif')
 
-    for entry in os.listdir('linear_transforms_%02i' % level):
-      run.function(copy, os.path.join('linear_transforms_%02i' % level, entry), os.path.join('linear_transforms', entry))
+    for entry in os.listdir(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}'):
+      run.function(copy,
+                   os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', entry),
+                   os.path.join('linear_transforms', entry))
     progress.done()
 
   # Create a template mask for nl registration by taking the intersection of all transformed input masks and dilating
   if use_masks and (dononlinear or app.ARGS.template_mask):
-    run.command(['mrmath', path.all_in_dir('mask_transformed')] +
-                'min - | maskfilter - median - | maskfilter - dilate -npass 5 init_nl_template_mask.mif'.split(), force=True)
     current_template_mask = 'init_nl_template_mask.mif'
+    run.command(['mrmath', path.all_in_dir('mask_transformed'), 'min', '-', '|',
+                 'maskfilter', '-', 'median', '-', '|',
+                 'maskfilter', '-', 'dilate', '-npass', '5', current_template_mask],
+                 force=True)
 
   if dononlinear:
     path.make_dir('warps')
     level = 0
     def nonlinear_msg():
-      return 'Optimising template with non-linear registration (stage {0} of {1})'.format(level + 1, len(nl_scales))
+      return f'Optimising template with non-linear registration (stage {level+1} of {len(nl_scales)})'
     progress = app.ProgressBar(nonlinear_msg, len(nl_scales) * len(ins))
     for level, (scale, niter, lmax) in enumerate(zip(nl_scales, nl_niter, nl_lmax)):
       for inp in ins:
         if level > 0:
-          initialise_option = ' -nl_init ' + os.path.join('warps_%02i' % (level - 1), inp.uid + '.mif')
+          init_warp_path = os.path.join(f'warps_{level-1:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif')
+          initialise_option = f' -nl_init {init_warp_path}'
           scale_option = ''
         else:
-          scale_option = ' -nl_scale ' + str(scale)
+          scale_option = f' -nl_scale {scale}'
+          init_transform_path = os.path.join('linear_transforms', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
           if not doaffine:  # rigid or no previous linear stage
-            initialise_option = ' -rigid_init_matrix ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms', inp.uid + '.txt')
+            initialise_option = f' -rigid_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
           else:
-            initialise_option = ' -affine_init_matrix ' + os.path.join('linear_transforms', inp.uid + '.txt')
+            initialise_option = f' -affine_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
 
         if use_masks:
-          mask_option = ' -mask1 ' + inp.msk_path + ' -mask2 ' + current_template_mask
+          mask_option = f' -mask1 {inp.msk_path} -mask2 {current_template_mask}'
         else:
           mask_option = ''
 
         if do_fod_registration:
-          lmax_option = ' -nl_lmax ' + str(lmax)
+          lmax_option = f' -nl_lmax {lmax}'
         else:
           lmax_option = ' -noreorientation'
 
@@ -1352,40 +1559,36 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         if leave_one_out:
           tmpl = []
           for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-            isfinite = 'isfinite%s/%s.mif' % (cns.suff[cid], inp.uid)
+            isfinite = f'isfinite{cns.suff[cid]}/{inp.uid}.mif'
             weight = inp.aggregation_weight if inp.aggregation_weight is not None else '1'
             # loo = (template * weighted sum - weight * this) / (weighted sum - weight)
-            run.command('mrcalc ' + cns.isfinite_count[cid] + ' ' + isfinite + ' -sub - | mrcalc ' + cns.templates[cid] +
-                        ' ' + cns.isfinite_count[cid] + ' -mult ' + inp.ims_transformed[cid] + ' ' + weight + ' -mult ' +
-                        ' -sub - -div loo_%s' % cns.templates[cid], force=True)
-            tmpl.append('loo_%s' % cns.templates[cid])
-          images = ' '.join([p + ' ' + t for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, tmpl)])
+            run.command(f'mrcalc {cns.isfinite_count[cid]} {isfinite} -sub - | '
+                        f'mrcalc {cns.templates[cid]} {cns.isfinite_count[cid]} -mult {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} {weight} -mult -sub - -div '
+                        f'loo_{cns.templates[cid]}',
+                        force=True)
+            tmpl.append(f'loo_{cns.templates[cid]}')
+          images = ' '.join([f'{p} {t}' for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, tmpl)])
         else:
-          images = ' '.join([p + ' ' + t for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, cns.templates)])
-        run.command('mrregister ' + images +
-                    ' -type nonlinear' +
-                    ' -nl_niter ' + str(nl_niter[level]) +
-                    ' -nl_warp_full ' + os.path.join('warps_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.mif') +
-                    ' -transformed ' +
-                    ' -transformed '.join([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for cid in range(n_contrasts)]) + ' ' +
-                    ' -nl_update_smooth ' + str(app.ARGS.nl_update_smooth) +
-                    ' -nl_disp_smooth ' + str(app.ARGS.nl_disp_smooth) +
-                    ' -nl_grad_step ' + str(app.ARGS.nl_grad_step) +
-                    initialise_option +
-                    contrast_weight_option +
-                    scale_option +
-                    mask_option +
-                    datatype_option +
-                    outofbounds_option +
-                    lmax_option,
+          images = ' '.join([f'{p} {t}' for p, t in zip(inp.ims_path, cns.templates)])
+        warp_full_path = os.path.join(f'warps_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif')
+        run.command(f'mrregister {images}'
+                    f' -type nonlinear'
+                    f' -nl_niter {nl_niter[level]}'
+                    f' -nl_warp_full {warp_full_path}'
+                    f' -transformed {" -transformed ".join([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for cid in range(n_contrasts)])}'
+                    f' -nl_update_smooth {app.ARGS.nl_update_smooth}'
+                    f' -nl_disp_smooth {app.ARGS.nl_disp_smooth}'
+                    f' -nl_grad_step {app.ARGS.nl_grad_step} '
+                    f' {initialise_option} {contrast_weight_option} {scale_option} {mask_option} {datatype_option} {outofbounds_option} {lmax_option}',
                     force=True)
 
         if use_masks:
-          run.command('mrtransform ' + inp.msk_path +
-                      ' -template ' + cns.templates[0] +
-                      ' -warp_full ' + os.path.join('warps_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.mif') +
-                      ' ' + inp.msk_transformed +
-                      ' -interp nearest ',
+          warp_full_path = os.path.join(f'warps_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif')
+          run.command(f'mrtransform {inp.msk_path}'
+                      f' -template {cns.templates[0]}'
+                      f' -warp_full {warp_full_path}'
+                      f' {inp.msk_transformed}'
+                      f' -interp nearest',
                       force=True)
 
         if leave_one_out:
@@ -1393,7 +1596,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
             run.function(os.remove, im_temp)
 
         if level > 0:
-          run.function(os.remove, os.path.join('warps_%02i' % (level - 1), inp.uid + '.mif'))
+          run.function(os.remove, os.path.join(f'warps_{level-1:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif'))
 
         progress.increment(nonlinear_msg())
 
@@ -1407,83 +1610,84 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
         if level > 0 and app.ARGS.delete_temporary_files:
           os.remove(cns.templates[cid])
-        cns.templates[cid] = 'nl_template%02i%s.mif' % (level, cns.suff[cid])
+        cns.templates[cid] = f'nl_template{level:02d}{cns.suff[cid]}.mif'
         aggregate(ins, cns.templates[cid], cid, agg_measure)
         if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
           run.function(shutil.move, cns.templates[cid], 'tmp.mif')
-          run.command('mrconvert tmp.mif ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' -axes 0,1,2,-1')
+          run.command(f'mrconvert tmp.mif {cns.templates[cid]} -axes 0,1,2,-1')
           run.function(os.remove, 'tmp.mif')
 
       if use_masks:
-        run.command(['mrmath', path.all_in_dir('mask_transformed')] +
-                    'min - | maskfilter - median - | '.split() +
-                    ('maskfilter - dilate -npass 5 nl_template_mask' + str(level) + '.mif').split())
-        current_template_mask = 'nl_template_mask' + str(level) + '.mif'
+        current_template_mask = f'nl_template_mask{level}.mif'
+        run.command(['mrmath', path.all_in_dir('mask_transformed'), 'min', '-', '|',
+                     'maskfilter', '-', 'median', '-', '|',
+                     'maskfilter', '-', 'dilate', '-npass', '5', current_template_mask])
 
       if level < len(nl_scales) - 1:
         if scale < nl_scales[level + 1]:
           upsample_factor = nl_scales[level + 1] / scale
           for inp in ins:
-            run.command('mrgrid ' + os.path.join('warps_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.mif') +
-                        ' regrid -scale %f tmp.mif' % upsample_factor, force=True)
-            run.function(shutil.move, 'tmp.mif', os.path.join('warps_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.mif'))
+            run.command(['mrgrid', os.path.join(f'warps_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif'),
+                        'regrid', '-scale', str(upsample_factor), 'tmp.mif'],
+                        force=True)
+            run.function(shutil.move, 'tmp.mif', os.path.join(f'warps_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif'))
       else:
         for inp in ins:
-          run.function(shutil.move, os.path.join('warps_%02i' % level, inp.uid + '.mif'), 'warps')
+          run.function(shutil.move, os.path.join(f'warps_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.mif'), 'warps')
     progress.done()
 
   for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + cns.templates[cid] + ' ' + cns.templates_out[cid],
-                mrconvert_keyval='NULL', force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command(['mrconvert', cns.templates[cid], app.ARGS.template[cid]],
+                mrconvert_keyval='NULL',
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.warp_dir:
-    warp_path = path.from_user(app.ARGS.warp_dir, False)
+    warp_path = app.ARGS.warp_dir
     if os.path.exists(warp_path):
       run.function(shutil.rmtree, warp_path)
     os.makedirs(warp_path)
-    progress = app.ProgressBar('Copying non-linear warps to output directory "' + warp_path + '"', len(ins))
+    progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Copying non-linear warps to output directory "{warp_path}"', len(ins))
     for inp in ins:
-      keyval = image.Header(os.path.join('warps', inp.uid + '.mif')).keyval()
+      keyval = image.Header(os.path.join('warps', f'{inp.uid}.mif')).keyval()
       keyval = dict((k, keyval[k]) for k in ('linear1', 'linear2'))
-      json_path = os.path.join('warps', inp.uid + '.json')
+      json_path = os.path.join('warps', f'{inp.uid}.json')
       with open(json_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as json_file:
         json.dump(keyval, json_file)
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + os.path.join('warps', inp.uid + '.mif') + ' ' +
-                  shlex.quote(os.path.join(warp_path, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0] +
-                                           inp.uid + xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1] + '.mif')),
-                  mrconvert_keyval=json_path, force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+      run.command(['mrconvert',
+                   os.path.join('warps', f'{inp.uid}.mif'),
+                   os.path.join(warp_path, f'{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0]}{inp.uid}{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1]}.mif')],
+                  mrconvert_keyval=json_path,
+                  force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
       progress.increment()
     progress.done()
 
   if app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir:
-    linear_transformations_path = path.from_user(app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir, False)
+    linear_transformations_path = app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir
     if os.path.exists(linear_transformations_path):
       run.function(shutil.rmtree, linear_transformations_path)
     os.makedirs(linear_transformations_path)
     for inp in ins:
-      trafo = matrix.load_transform(os.path.join('linear_transforms', inp.uid + '.txt'))
+      trafo = matrix.load_transform(os.path.join('linear_transforms', f'{inp.uid}.txt'))
       matrix.save_transform(os.path.join(linear_transformations_path,
-                                         xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0] + inp.uid
-                                         + xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1] + '.txt'),
+                                         f'{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0]}{inp.uid}{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1]}.txt'),
                             trafo,
                             force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.transformed_dir:
     for cid, trdir in enumerate(app.ARGS.transformed_dir):
-      transformed_path = path.from_user(trdir, False)
-      if os.path.exists(transformed_path):
-        run.function(shutil.rmtree, transformed_path)
-      os.makedirs(transformed_path)
-      progress = app.ProgressBar('Copying transformed images to output directory "' + transformed_path + '"', len(ins))
+      trdir.mkdir()
+      progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Copying transformed images to output directory {trdir}', len(ins))
       for inp in ins:
-        run.command(['mrconvert', inp.ims_transformed[cid], os.path.join(transformed_path, inp.ims_filenames[cid])],
-                    mrconvert_keyval=inp.get_ims_path(False)[cid], force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+        run.command(['mrconvert', inp.ims_transformed[cid], os.path.join(trdir, inp.ims_filenames[cid])],
+                    mrconvert_keyval=inp.get_ims_path(False)[cid],
+                    force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
         progress.increment()
       progress.done()
 
   if app.ARGS.template_mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + current_template_mask + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.template_mask, True),
-                mrconvert_keyval='NULL', force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command(['mrconvert', current_template_mask, app.ARGS.template_mask],
+                mrconvert_keyval='NULL',
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/responsemean b/bin/responsemean
index f07522e779..627d47e766 100755
--- a/bin/responsemean
+++ b/bin/responsemean
@@ -16,20 +16,40 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 
-import math, os, sys
+import math, sys
 
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
+                     'and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Calculate the mean response function from a set of text files')
-  cmdline.add_description('Example usage: ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt')
-  cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
-  cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the ' + os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + ' command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('inputs', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), help='The input response function files', nargs='+')
-  cmdline.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output mean response function file')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-legacy', action='store_true', help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command \'average_response\': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
+  cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), '
+                          'as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
+  cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, '
+                          'the coefficients will be averaged. '
+                          'This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. '
+                          'This is however impossible for the responsemean command to determine based on the data provided; '
+                          'it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('Usage where all response functions are in the same directory:',
+                            'responsemean input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt output_average_response.txt')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('Usage selecting response functions within a directory using a wildcard:',
+                            'responsemean input_response*.txt output_average_response.txt')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('Usage where data for each participant reside in a participant-specific directory:',
+                            'responsemean subject-*/response.txt output_average_response.txt')
+  cmdline.add_argument('inputs',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       nargs='+',
+                       help='The input response function files')
+  cmdline.add_argument('output',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                       help='The output mean response function file')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-legacy',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command "average_response": '
+                            'average response function coefficients directly, '
+                            'without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
 
 
@@ -37,28 +57,34 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   from mrtrix3 import app, matrix #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
   data = [ ] # 3D matrix: Subject, b-value, ZSH coefficient
   for filepath in app.ARGS.inputs:
     subject = matrix.load_matrix(filepath)
     if any(len(line) != len(subject[0]) for line in subject[1:]):
-      raise MRtrixError('File \'' + filepath + '\' does not contain the same number of entries per line (multi-shell response functions must have the same number of coefficients per b-value; pad the data with zeroes if necessary)')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filepath}" does not contain the same number of entries per line '
+                        f'(multi-shell response functions must have the same number of coefficients per b-value; '
+                        f'pad the data with zeroes if necessary)')
     if data:
       if len(subject) != len(data[0]):
-        raise MRtrixError('File \'' + filepath + '\' contains ' + str(len(subject)) + ' b-value' + ('s' if len(subject) > 1 else '') + ' (line' + ('s' if len(subject) > 1 else '') + '); this differs from the first file read (' + sys.argv[1] + '), which contains ' + str(len(data[0])) + ' line' + ('s' if len(data[0]) > 1 else ''))
+        raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filepath}" contains {len(subject)} {"b-values" if len(subject) > 1 else "bvalue"}) {"lines" if len(subject) > 1 else ""}; '
+                          f'this differs from the first file read ({sys.argv[1]}), '
+                          f'which contains {len(data[0])} {"lines" if len(data[0]) > 1 else ""}')
       if len(subject[0]) != len(data[0][0]):
-        raise MRtrixError('File \'' + filepath + '\' contains ' + str(len(subject[0])) + ' coefficient' + ('s' if len(subject[0]) > 1 else '') + ' per b-value (line); this differs from the first file read (' + sys.argv[1] + '), which contains ' + str(len(data[0][0])) + ' coefficient' + ('s' if len(data[0][0]) > 1 else '') + ' per line')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filepath}" contains {len(subject[0])} {"coefficients" if len(subject[0]) > 1 else ""} per b-value (line); '
+                          f'this differs from the first file read ({sys.argv[1]}), '
+                          f'which contains {len(data[0][0])} {"coefficients" if len(data[0][0]) > 1 else ""} per line')
     data.append(subject)
 
-  app.console('Calculating mean RF across ' + str(len(data)) + ' inputs, with ' + str(len(data[0])) + ' b-value' + ('s' if len(data[0])>1 else '') + ' and lmax=' + str(2*(len(data[0][0])-1)))
+  app.console(f'Calculating mean RF across {len(data)} inputs, '
+              f'with {len(data[0])} {"b-values" if len(data[0])>1 else ""} '
+              f'and lmax={2*(len(data[0][0])-1)}')
 
   # Old approach: Just take the average across all subjects
   # New approach: Calculate a multiplier to use for each subject, based on the geometric mean
   #   scaling factor required to bring the subject toward the group mean l=0 terms (across shells)
 
   mean_lzero_terms = [ sum(subject[row][0] for subject in data)/len(data) for row in range(len(data[0])) ]
-  app.debug('Mean l=0 terms: ' + str(mean_lzero_terms))
+  app.debug(f'Mean l=0 terms: {mean_lzero_terms}')
 
   weighted_sum_coeffs = [[0.0] * len(data[0][0]) for _ in range(len(data[0]))] #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   for subject in data:
@@ -71,8 +97,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         log_multiplier += math.log(mean_lzero / subj_lzero)
       log_multiplier /= len(data[0])
       multiplier = math.exp(log_multiplier)
-      app.debug('Subject l=0 terms: ' + str(subj_lzero_terms))
-      app.debug('Resulting multipler: ' + str(multiplier))
+      app.debug(f'Subject l=0 terms: {subj_lzero_terms}')
+      app.debug(f'Resulting multipler: {multiplier}')
     weighted_sum_coeffs = [ [ a + multiplier*b for a, b in zip(linea, lineb) ] for linea, lineb in zip(weighted_sum_coeffs, subject) ]
 
   mean_coeffs = [ [ f/len(data) for f in line ] for line in weighted_sum_coeffs ]
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index 579a967b51..d5cde582ca 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -23,35 +23,39 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('freesurfer', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate the 5TT image based on a FreeSurfer parcellation image')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing \'aseg\' in its name)')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'freesurfer\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-lut', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'),
-              preserve_pipes=True)
-  if app.ARGS.lut:
-    run.function(shutil.copyfile, path.from_user(app.ARGS.lut, False), path.to_scratch('LUT.txt', False))
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input FreeSurfer parcellation image '
+                           '(any image containing "aseg" in its name)')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output 5TT image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "freesurfer" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-lut',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       metavar='file',
+                       help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based '
+                            '(e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif'],
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   lut_input_path = 'LUT.txt'
-  if not os.path.exists('LUT.txt'):
+  if app.ARGS.lut:
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile, app.ARGS.lut, lut_input_path)
+  else:
     freesurfer_home = os.environ.get('FREESURFER_HOME', '')
     if not freesurfer_home:
-      raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FREESURFER_HOME is not set; please run appropriate FreeSurfer configuration script, set this variable manually, or provide script with path to file FreeSurferColorLUT.txt using -lut option')
+      raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FREESURFER_HOME is not set; '
+                        'please run appropriate FreeSurfer configuration script, '
+                        'set this variable manually, '
+                        'or provide script with path to file FreeSurferColorLUT.txt using -lut option')
     lut_input_path = os.path.join(freesurfer_home, 'FreeSurferColorLUT.txt')
     if not os.path.isfile(lut_input_path):
-      raise MRtrixError('Could not find FreeSurfer lookup table file (expected location: ' + lut_input_path + '), and none provided using -lut')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find FreeSurfer lookup table file '
+                        f'(expected location: {lut_input_path}), and none provided using -lut')
 
   if app.ARGS.sgm_amyg_hipp:
     lut_output_file_name = 'FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt'
@@ -59,28 +63,31 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     lut_output_file_name = 'FreeSurfer2ACT.txt'
   lut_output_path = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), path.script_subdir_name(), lut_output_file_name)
   if not os.path.isfile(lut_output_path):
-    raise MRtrixError('Could not find lookup table file for converting FreeSurfer parcellation output to tissues (expected location: ' + lut_output_path + ')')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find lookup table file for converting FreeSurfer parcellation output to tissues '
+                      f'(expected location: {lut_output_path})')
 
   # Initial conversion from FreeSurfer parcellation to five principal tissue types
-  run.command('labelconvert input.mif ' + lut_input_path + ' ' + lut_output_path + ' indices.mif')
+  run.command(f'labelconvert input.mif {lut_input_path} {lut_output_path} indices.mif')
 
   # Crop to reduce file size
   if app.ARGS.nocrop:
     image = 'indices.mif'
   else:
     image = 'indices_cropped.mif'
-    run.command('mrthreshold indices.mif - -abs 0.5 | mrgrid indices.mif crop ' + image + ' -mask -')
+    run.command(f'mrthreshold indices.mif - -abs 0.5 | '
+                f'mrgrid indices.mif crop {image} -mask -')
 
   # Convert into the 5TT format for ACT
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + image + ' 1 -eq cgm.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + image + ' 2 -eq sgm.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + image + ' 3 -eq  wm.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + image + ' 4 -eq csf.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + image + ' 5 -eq path.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {image} 1 -eq cgm.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {image} 2 -eq sgm.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {image} 3 -eq  wm.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {image} 4 -eq csf.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {image} 5 -eq path.mif')
 
-  run.command('mrcat cgm.mif sgm.mif wm.mif csf.mif path.mif - -axis 3 | mrconvert - result.mif -datatype float32')
+  run.command('mrcat cgm.mif sgm.mif wm.mif csf.mif path.mif - -axis 3 | '
+              'mrconvert - result.mif -datatype float32')
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index dc34bce720..e9dab101da 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 import math, os, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, path, run, utils
+from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, run, utils
 
 
 
@@ -23,47 +23,70 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('fsl', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use FSL commands to generate the 5TT image based on a T1-weighted image')
-  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping, 2002, 17, 143-155', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input T1-weighted image')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fsl\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-t2', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
-  options.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Manually provide a brain mask, rather than deriving one in the script')
-  options.add_argument('-premasked', action='store_true', help='Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image')
+  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M. '
+                      'Fast robust automated brain extraction. '
+                      'Human Brain Mapping, 2002, 17, 143-155',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. '
+                      'Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. '
+                      'IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. '
+                      'A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. '
+                      'Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input T1-weighted image')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output 5TT image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "fsl" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-t2',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; '
+                            'this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
+  options.add_argument('-mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Manually provide a brain mask, '
+                            'rather than deriving one in the script')
+  options.add_argument('-premasked',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'mask', 'premasked' ] )
 
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
 def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  image.check_3d_nonunity(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'),
+  image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.input)
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, app.ScratchPath('input.mif')],
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit -strides -1,+2,+3',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, app.ScratchPath('mask.mif'), '-datatype', 'bit', '-strides', '-1,+2,+3'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.t2:
-    if not image.match(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False), path.from_user(app.ARGS.t2, False)):
-      raise MRtrixError('Provided T2 image does not match input T1 image')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.t2) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('T2.nii') + ' -strides -1,+2,+3',
+    if not image.match(app.ARGS.input, app.ARGS.t2):
+      raise MRtrixError('Provided T2w image does not match input T1w image')
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.t2, app.ScratchPath('T2.nii'), '-strides', '-1,+2,+3'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if utils.is_windows():
-    raise MRtrixError('\'fsl\' algorithm of 5ttgen script cannot be run on Windows: FSL not available on Windows')
+    raise MRtrixError('"fsl" algorithm of 5ttgen script cannot be run on Windows: '
+                      'FSL not available on Windows')
 
   fsl_path = os.environ.get('FSLDIR', '')
   if not fsl_path:
-    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
+    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
+                      'please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
 
   bet_cmd = fsl.exe_name('bet')
   fast_cmd = fsl.exe_name('fast')
@@ -72,12 +95,25 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   first_atlas_path = os.path.join(fsl_path, 'data', 'first', 'models_336_bin')
   if not os.path.isdir(first_atlas_path):
-    raise MRtrixError('Atlases required for FSL\'s FIRST program not installed; please install fsl-first-data using your relevant package manager')
+    raise MRtrixError('Atlases required for FSL\'s FIRST program not installed; '
+                      'please install fsl-first-data using your relevant package manager')
 
   fsl_suffix = fsl.suffix()
 
-  if not app.ARGS.mask and not app.ARGS.premasked and not shutil.which('dc'):
-    app.warn('Unix command "dc" not found; FSL script "standard_space_roi" may fail')
+  image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.input)
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif'],
+              preserve_pipes=True)
+  if app.ARGS.mask:
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit', '-strides', '-1,+2,+3'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
+  elif not app.ARGS.premasked and not shutil.which('dc'):
+    app.warn('Unix command "dc" not found; '
+             'FSL script "standard_space_roi" may fail')
+  if app.ARGS.t2:
+    if not image.match('input.mif', app.ARGS.t2):
+      raise MRtrixError('Provided T2w image does not match input T1w image')
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.t2, 'T2.nii', '-strides', '-1,+2,+3'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   sgm_structures = [ 'L_Accu', 'R_Accu', 'L_Caud', 'R_Caud', 'L_Pall', 'R_Pall', 'L_Puta', 'R_Puta', 'L_Thal', 'R_Thal' ]
   if app.ARGS.sgm_amyg_hipp:
@@ -87,9 +123,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   upsample_for_first = False
   # If voxel size is 1.25mm or larger, make a guess that the user has erroneously re-gridded their data
   if math.pow(t1_spacing[0] * t1_spacing[1] * t1_spacing[2], 1.0/3.0) > 1.225:
-    app.warn('Voxel size larger than expected for T1-weighted images (' + str(t1_spacing) + '); '
-             'note that ACT does not require re-gridding of T1 image to DWI space, and indeed '
-             'retaining the original higher resolution of the T1 image is preferable')
+    app.warn(f'Voxel size larger than expected for T1-weighted images ({t1_spacing}); '
+             f'note that ACT does not require re-gridding of T1 image to DWI space, and indeed '
+             f'retaining the original higher resolution of the T1 image is preferable')
     upsample_for_first = True
 
   run.command('mrconvert input.mif T1.nii -strides -1,+2,+3')
@@ -100,21 +136,21 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Decide whether or not we're going to do any brain masking
   if app.ARGS.mask:
 
-    fast_t1_input = 'T1_masked' + fsl_suffix
+    fast_t1_input = f'T1_masked{fsl_suffix}'
 
     # Check to see if the mask matches the T1 image
     if image.match('T1.nii', 'mask.mif'):
-      run.command('mrcalc T1.nii mask.mif -mult ' + fast_t1_input)
+      run.command(f'mrcalc T1.nii mask.mif -mult {fast_t1_input}')
       mask_path = 'mask.mif'
     else:
       app.warn('Mask image does not match input image - re-gridding')
       run.command('mrtransform mask.mif mask_regrid.mif -template T1.nii -datatype bit')
-      run.command('mrcalc T1.nii mask_regrid.mif -mult ' + fast_t1_input)
+      run.command(f'mrcalc T1.nii mask_regrid.mif -mult {fast_t1_input}')
       mask_path = 'mask_regrid.mif'
 
     if os.path.exists('T2.nii'):
-      fast_t2_input = 'T2_masked' + fsl_suffix
-      run.command('mrcalc T2.nii ' + mask_path + ' -mult ' + fast_t2_input)
+      fast_t2_input = f'T2_masked{fsl_suffix}'
+      run.command(f'mrcalc T2.nii {mask_path} -mult {fast_t2_input}')
 
   elif app.ARGS.premasked:
 
@@ -137,98 +173,97 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         mni_mask_dilation = 2
     try:
       if mni_mask_dilation:
-        run.command('maskfilter ' + mni_mask_path + ' dilate mni_mask.nii -npass ' + str(mni_mask_dilation))
+        run.command(f'maskfilter {mni_mask_path} dilate mni_mask.nii -npass {mni_mask_dilation}')
         if app.ARGS.nocrop:
           ssroi_roi_option = ' -roiNONE'
         else:
           ssroi_roi_option = ' -roiFOV'
-        run.command(ssroi_cmd + ' T1.nii T1_preBET' + fsl_suffix + ' -maskMASK mni_mask.nii' + ssroi_roi_option)
+        run.command(f'{ssroi_cmd} T1.nii T1_preBET{fsl_suffix} -maskMASK mni_mask.nii {ssroi_roi_option}')
       else:
-        run.command(ssroi_cmd + ' T1.nii T1_preBET' + fsl_suffix + ' -b')
+        run.command(f'{ssroi_cmd} T1.nii T1_preBET{fsl_suffix} -b')
     except run.MRtrixCmdError:
       pass
     try:
       pre_bet_image = fsl.find_image('T1_preBET')
     except MRtrixError:
-      app.warn('FSL script \'standard_space_roi\' did not complete successfully' + \
-               ('' if shutil.which('dc') else ' (possibly due to program \'dc\' not being installed') + '; ' + \
+      dc_warning = '' if shutil.which('dc') else ' (possibly due to program "dc" not being installed'
+      app.warn(f'FSL script "standard_space_roi" did not complete successfully{dc_warning}; '
                'attempting to continue by providing un-cropped image to BET')
       pre_bet_image = 'T1.nii'
 
     # BET
-    run.command(bet_cmd + ' ' + pre_bet_image + ' T1_BET' + fsl_suffix + ' -f 0.15 -R')
-    fast_t1_input = fsl.find_image('T1_BET' + fsl_suffix)
+    run.command(f'{bet_cmd} {pre_bet_image} T1_BET{fsl_suffix} -f 0.15 -R')
+    fast_t1_input = fsl.find_image(f'T1_BET{fsl_suffix}')
 
     if os.path.exists('T2.nii'):
       if app.ARGS.nocrop:
         fast_t2_input = 'T2.nii'
       else:
         # Just a reduction of FoV, no sub-voxel interpolation going on
-        run.command('mrtransform T2.nii T2_cropped.nii -template ' + fast_t1_input + ' -interp nearest')
+        run.command(f'mrtransform T2.nii T2_cropped.nii -template {fast_t1_input} -interp nearest')
         fast_t2_input = 'T2_cropped.nii'
 
   # Finish branching based on brain masking
 
   # FAST
   if fast_t2_input:
-    run.command(fast_cmd + ' -S 2 ' + fast_t2_input + ' ' + fast_t1_input)
+    run.command(f'{fast_cmd} -S 2 {fast_t2_input} {fast_t1_input}')
   else:
-    run.command(fast_cmd + ' ' + fast_t1_input)
+    run.command(f'{fast_cmd} {fast_t1_input}')
 
   # FIRST
   first_input = 'T1.nii'
   if upsample_for_first:
-    app.warn('Generating 1mm isotropic T1 image for FIRST in hope of preventing failure, since input image is of lower resolution')
+    app.warn('Generating 1mm isotropic T1 image for FIRST in hope of preventing failure, '
+             'since input image is of lower resolution')
     run.command('mrgrid T1.nii regrid T1_1mm.nii -voxel 1.0 -interp sinc')
     first_input = 'T1_1mm.nii'
-  first_brain_extracted_option = ''
-  if app.ARGS.premasked:
-    first_brain_extracted_option = ' -b'
-  first_debug_option = ''
-  if not app.DO_CLEANUP:
-    first_debug_option = ' -d'
-  first_verbosity_option = ''
-  if app.VERBOSITY == 3:
-    first_verbosity_option = ' -v'
-  run.command(first_cmd + ' -m none -s ' + ','.join(sgm_structures) + ' -i ' + first_input + ' -o first' + first_brain_extracted_option + first_debug_option + first_verbosity_option)
+  first_brain_extracted_option = ['-b'] if app.ARGS.premasked else []
+  first_debug_option = [] if app.DO_CLEANUP else ['-d']
+  first_verbosity_option = ['-v'] if app.VERBOSITY == 3 else []
+  run.command([first_cmd, '-m', 'none', '-s', ','.join(sgm_structures), '-i', first_input, '-o', 'first']
+              + first_brain_extracted_option
+              + first_debug_option
+              + first_verbosity_option)
   fsl.check_first('first', sgm_structures)
 
   # Convert FIRST meshes to partial volume images
   pve_image_list = [ ]
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Generating partial volume images for SGM structures', len(sgm_structures))
   for struct in sgm_structures:
-    pve_image_path = 'mesh2voxel_' + struct + '.mif'
-    vtk_in_path = 'first-' + struct + '_first.vtk'
-    vtk_temp_path = struct + '.vtk'
-    run.command('meshconvert ' + vtk_in_path + ' ' + vtk_temp_path + ' -transform first2real ' + first_input)
-    run.command('mesh2voxel ' + vtk_temp_path + ' ' + fast_t1_input + ' ' + pve_image_path)
+    pve_image_path = f'mesh2voxel_{struct}.mif'
+    vtk_in_path = f'first-{struct}_first.vtk'
+    vtk_temp_path = f'{struct}.vtk'
+    run.command(['meshconvert', vtk_in_path, vtk_temp_path, '-transform', 'first2real', first_input])
+    run.command(['mesh2voxel', vtk_temp_path, fast_t1_input, pve_image_path])
     pve_image_list.append(pve_image_path)
     progress.increment()
   progress.done()
-  run.command(['mrmath', pve_image_list, 'sum', '-', '|', \
+  run.command(['mrmath', pve_image_list, 'sum', '-', '|',
                'mrcalc', '-', '1.0', '-min', 'all_sgms.mif'])
 
   # Combine the tissue images into the 5TT format within the script itself
   fast_output_prefix = fast_t1_input.split('.')[0]
-  fast_csf_output = fsl.find_image(fast_output_prefix + '_pve_0')
-  fast_gm_output = fsl.find_image(fast_output_prefix + '_pve_1')
-  fast_wm_output = fsl.find_image(fast_output_prefix + '_pve_2')
+  fast_csf_output = fsl.find_image(f'{fast_output_prefix}_pve_0')
+  fast_gm_output = fsl.find_image(f'{fast_output_prefix}_pve_1')
+  fast_wm_output = fsl.find_image(f'{fast_output_prefix}_pve_2')
   # Step 1: Run LCC on the WM image
-  run.command('mrthreshold ' + fast_wm_output + ' - -abs 0.001 | '
-              'maskfilter - connect - -connectivity | '
-              'mrcalc 1 - 1 -gt -sub remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -datatype bit')
+  run.command(f'mrthreshold {fast_wm_output} - -abs 0.001 | '
+              f'maskfilter - connect - -connectivity | '
+              f'mrcalc 1 - 1 -gt -sub remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -datatype bit')
   # Step 2: Generate the images in the same fashion as the old 5ttgen binary used to:
   #   - Preserve CSF as-is
   #   - Preserve SGM, unless it results in a sum of volume fractions greater than 1, in which case clamp
   #   - Multiply the FAST volume fractions of GM and CSF, so that the sum of CSF, SGM, CGM and WM is 1.0
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + fast_csf_output + ' remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -mult csf.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {fast_csf_output} remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -mult csf.mif')
   run.command('mrcalc 1.0 csf.mif -sub all_sgms.mif -min sgm.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc 1.0 csf.mif sgm.mif -add -sub ' + fast_gm_output + ' ' + fast_wm_output + ' -add -div multiplier.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc 1.0 csf.mif sgm.mif -add -sub {fast_gm_output} {fast_wm_output} -add -div multiplier.mif')
   run.command('mrcalc multiplier.mif -finite multiplier.mif 0.0 -if multiplier_noNAN.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + fast_gm_output + ' multiplier_noNAN.mif -mult remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -mult cgm.mif')
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + fast_wm_output + ' multiplier_noNAN.mif -mult remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -mult wm.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {fast_gm_output} multiplier_noNAN.mif -mult remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -mult cgm.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {fast_wm_output} multiplier_noNAN.mif -mult remove_unconnected_wm_mask.mif -mult wm.mif')
   run.command('mrcalc 0 wm.mif -min path.mif')
-  run.command('mrcat cgm.mif sgm.mif wm.mif csf.mif path.mif - -axis 3 | mrconvert - combined_precrop.mif -strides +2,+3,+4,+1')
+  run.command('mrcat cgm.mif sgm.mif wm.mif csf.mif path.mif - -axis 3 | '
+              'mrconvert - combined_precrop.mif -strides +2,+3,+4,+1')
 
   # Crop to reduce file size (improves caching of image data during tracking)
   if app.ARGS.nocrop:
@@ -238,7 +273,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                 'mrthreshold - - -abs 0.5 | '
                 'mrgrid combined_precrop.mif crop result.mif -mask -')
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
index daedd67270..7e823429ff 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 import os
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
 
 
@@ -23,29 +23,26 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('gif', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Matteo Mancini (m.mancini@ucl.ac.uk)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate the 5TT image based on a Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input Geodesic Information Flow (GIF) segmentation image')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output 5TT image')
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
 
-
-def check_gif_input(image_path):
-  dim = image.Header(image_path).size()
-  if len(dim) < 4:
-    raise MRtrixError('Image \'' + image_path + '\' does not look like GIF segmentation (less than 4 spatial dimensions)')
-  if min(dim[:4]) == 1:
-    raise MRtrixError('Image \'' + image_path + '\' does not look like GIF segmentation (axis with size 1)')
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  check_gif_input(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('input.mif'),
+def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  header = image.Header(app.ARGS.input)
+  if len(header.size()) < 4:
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{header.name()}" does not look like GIF segmentation '
+                       '(less than 4 spatial dimensions)')
+  if min(header.size()[:4]) == 1:
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{header.name()}" does not look like GIF segmentation '
+                       '(axis with size 1)')
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif'],
               preserve_pipes=True)
 
-
-def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Generate the images related to each tissue
   run.command('mrconvert input.mif -coord 3 1 CSF.mif')
   run.command('mrconvert input.mif -coord 3 2 cGM.mif')
@@ -53,7 +50,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.command('mrconvert input.mif -coord 3 4 sGM.mif')
 
   # Combine WM and subcortical WM into a unique WM image
-  run.command('mrconvert input.mif - -coord 3 3,5 | mrmath - sum WM.mif -axis 3')
+  run.command('mrconvert input.mif - -coord 3 3,5 | '
+              'mrmath - sum WM.mif -axis 3')
 
   # Create an empty lesion image
   run.command('mrcalc WM.mif 0 -mul lsn.mif')
@@ -64,9 +62,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.nocrop:
     run.function(os.rename, '5tt.mif', 'result.mif')
   else:
-    run.command('mrmath 5tt.mif sum - -axis 3 | mrthreshold - - -abs 0.5 | mrgrid 5tt.mif crop result.mif -mask -')
+    run.command('mrmath 5tt.mif sum - -axis 3 | '
+                'mrthreshold - - -abs 0.5 | '
+                'mrgrid 5tt.mif crop result.mif -mask -')
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index 418ba2d732..46b6b82107 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -33,19 +33,58 @@
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('hsvs', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image based on Hybrid Surface and Volume Segmentation (HSVS), using FreeSurfer and FSL tools')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('-hippocampi', choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES))
-  parser.add_argument('-thalami', choices=THALAMI_CHOICES, help='Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; options are: ' + ','.join(THALAMI_CHOICES))
-  parser.add_argument('-white_stem', action='store_true', help='Classify the brainstem as white matter')
-  parser.add_citation('Smith, R.; Skoch, A.; Bajada, C.; Caspers, S.; Connelly, A. Hybrid Surface-Volume Segmentation for improved Anatomically-Constrained Tractography. In Proc OHBM 2020')
-  parser.add_citation('Fischl, B. Freesurfer. NeuroImage, 2012, 62(2), 774-781', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Iglesias, J.E.; Augustinack, J.C.; Nguyen, K.; Player, C.M.; Player, A.; Wright, M.; Roy, N.; Frosch, M.P.; Mc Kee, A.C.; Wald, L.L.; Fischl, B.; and Van Leemput, K. A computational atlas of the hippocampal formation using ex vivo, ultra-high resolution MRI: Application to adaptive segmentation of in vivo MRI. NeuroImage, 2015, 115, 117-137', condition='If FreeSurfer hippocampal subfields module is utilised', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Saygin, Z.M. & Kliemann, D.; Iglesias, J.E.; van der Kouwe, A.J.W.; Boyd, E.; Reuter, M.; Stevens, A.; Van Leemput, K.; Mc Kee, A.; Frosch, M.P.; Fischl, B.; Augustinack, J.C. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals nuclei of the human amygdala: manual segmentation to automatic atlas. NeuroImage, 2017, 155, 370-382', condition='If FreeSurfer hippocampal subfields module is utilised and includes amygdalae segmentation', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Iglesias, J.E.; Insausti, R.; Lerma-Usabiaga, G.; Bocchetta, M.; Van Leemput, K.; Greve, D.N.; van der Kouwe, A.; ADNI; Fischl, B.; Caballero-Gaudes, C.; Paz-Alonso, P.M. A probabilistic atlas of the human thalamic nuclei combining ex vivo MRI and histology. NeuroImage, 2018, 183, 314-326', condition='If -thalami nuclei is used', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Ardekani, B.; Bachman, A.H. Model-based automatic detection of the anterior and posterior commissures on MRI scans. NeuroImage, 2009, 46(3), 677-682', condition='If ACPCDetect is installed', is_external=True)
+  parser.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image based on Hybrid Surface and Volume Segmentation (HSVS), '
+                      'using FreeSurfer and FSL tools')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                      help='The input FreeSurfer subject directory')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('-template',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      metavar='image',
+                      help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('-hippocampi',
+                      choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES,
+                      help='Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; '
+                           f'options are: {",".join(HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES)}')
+  parser.add_argument('-thalami',
+                      choices=THALAMI_CHOICES,
+                      help='Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; '
+                           f'options are: {",".join(THALAMI_CHOICES)}')
+  parser.add_argument('-white_stem',
+                      action='store_true',
+                      help='Classify the brainstem as white matter')
+  parser.add_citation('Smith, R.; Skoch, A.; Bajada, C.; Caspers, S.; Connelly, A. '
+                      'Hybrid Surface-Volume Segmentation for improved Anatomically-Constrained Tractography. '
+                      'In Proc OHBM 2020')
+  parser.add_citation('Fischl, B. '
+                      'Freesurfer. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2012, 62(2), 774-781',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Iglesias, J.E.; Augustinack, J.C.; Nguyen, K.; Player, C.M.; Player, A.; Wright, M.; Roy, N.; Frosch, M.P.; Mc Kee, A.C.; Wald, L.L.; Fischl, B.; and Van Leemput, K. '
+                      'A computational atlas of the hippocampal formation using ex vivo, ultra-high resolution MRI: '
+                      'Application to adaptive segmentation of in vivo MRI. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2015, 115, 117-137',
+                      condition='If FreeSurfer hippocampal subfields module is utilised',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Saygin, Z.M. & Kliemann, D.; Iglesias, J.E.; van der Kouwe, A.J.W.; Boyd, E.; Reuter, M.; Stevens, A.; Van Leemput, K.; Mc Kee, A.; Frosch, M.P.; Fischl, B.; Augustinack, J.C. '
+                      'High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals nuclei of the human amygdala: '
+                      'manual segmentation to automatic atlas. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2017, 155, 370-382',
+                      condition='If FreeSurfer hippocampal subfields module is utilised and includes amygdalae segmentation',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Iglesias, J.E.; Insausti, R.; Lerma-Usabiaga, G.; Bocchetta, M.; Van Leemput, K.; Greve, D.N.; van der Kouwe, A.; ADNI; Fischl, B.; Caballero-Gaudes, C.; Paz-Alonso, P.M. '
+                      'A probabilistic atlas of the human thalamic nuclei combining ex vivo MRI and histology. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2018, 183, 314-326',
+                      condition='If -thalami nuclei is used',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Ardekani, B.; Bachman, A.H. '
+                      'Model-based automatic detection of the anterior and posterior commissures on MRI scans. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2009, 46(3), 677-682',
+                      condition='If ACPCDetect is installed',
+                      is_external=True)
 
 
 
@@ -127,38 +166,27 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def check_file(filepath):
   if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
-    raise MRtrixError('Required input file missing (expected location: ' + filepath + ')')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Required input file missing '
+                      f'(expected location: {filepath})')
 
 def check_dir(dirpath):
   if not os.path.isdir(dirpath):
-    raise MRtrixError('Unable to find sub-directory \'' + dirpath + '\' within input directory')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to find sub-directory "{dirpath}" within input directory')
 
 
 
+def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Most freeSurfer files will be accessed in-place; no need to pre-convert them into the temporary directory
   # However convert aparc image so that it does not have to be repeatedly uncompressed
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'), True) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('aparc.mif', True),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'), 'aparc.mif'],
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.template:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.template, True) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template.mif', True) + ' -axes 0,1,2',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template, 'template.mif', '-axes', '0,1,2'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-
-
-def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-
-  subject_dir = os.path.abspath(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False))
-  if not os.path.isdir(subject_dir):
-    raise MRtrixError('Input to hsvs algorithm must be a directory')
-  surf_dir = os.path.join(subject_dir, 'surf')
-  mri_dir = os.path.join(subject_dir, 'mri')
+  surf_dir = os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'surf')
+  mri_dir = os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri')
   check_dir(surf_dir)
   check_dir(mri_dir)
   #aparc_image = os.path.join(mri_dir, 'aparc+aseg.mgz')
@@ -177,7 +205,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # Use brain-extracted, bias-corrected image for FSL tools
     norm_image = os.path.join(mri_dir, 'norm.mgz')
     check_file(norm_image)
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + norm_image + ' T1.nii -stride -1,+2,+3')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {norm_image} T1.nii -stride -1,+2,+3')
     # Verify FAST availability
     try:
       fast_cmd = fsl.exe_name('fast')
@@ -199,18 +227,20 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     first_atlas_path = os.path.join(fsl_path, 'data', 'first', 'models_336_bin')
     have_first = first_cmd and os.path.isdir(first_atlas_path)
   else:
-    app.warn('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; script will run without FSL components')
+    app.warn('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
+             'script will run without FSL components')
 
-  acpc_string = 'anterior ' + ('& posterior commissures' if ATTEMPT_PC else 'commissure')
+  acpc_string = f'anterior {"& posterior commissures" if ATTEMPT_PC else "commissure"}'
   have_acpcdetect = bool(shutil.which('acpcdetect')) and 'ARTHOME' in os.environ
   if have_acpcdetect:
     if have_fast:
-      app.console('ACPCdetect and FSL FAST will be used for explicit segmentation of ' + acpc_string)
+      app.console(f'ACPCdetect and FSL FAST will be used for explicit segmentation of {acpc_string}')
     else:
-      app.warn('ACPCdetect is installed, but FSL FAST not found; cannot segment ' + acpc_string)
+      app.warn(f'ACPCdetect is installed, but FSL FAST not found; '
+               f'cannot segment {acpc_string}')
       have_acpcdetect = False
   else:
-    app.warn('ACPCdetect not installed; cannot segment ' + acpc_string)
+    app.warn(f'ACPCdetect not installed; cannot segment {acpc_string}')
 
   # Need to perform a better search for hippocampal subfield output: names & version numbers may change
   have_hipp_subfields = False
@@ -266,19 +296,23 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if hippocampi_method:
     if hippocampi_method == 'subfields':
       if not have_hipp_subfields:
-        raise MRtrixError('Could not isolate hippocampal subfields module output (candidate images: ' + str(hipp_subfield_all_images) + ')')
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Could not isolate hippocampal subfields module output '
+                          f'(candidate images: {hipp_subfield_all_images})')
     elif hippocampi_method == 'first':
       if not have_first:
-        raise MRtrixError('Cannot use "first" method for hippocampi segmentation; check FSL installation')
+        raise MRtrixError('Cannot use "first" method for hippocampi segmentation; '
+                          'check FSL installation')
   else:
     if have_hipp_subfields:
       hippocampi_method = 'subfields'
-      app.console('Hippocampal subfields module output detected; will utilise for hippocampi '
-                  + ('and amygdalae ' if hipp_subfield_has_amyg else '')
-                  + 'segmentation')
+      app.console('Hippocampal subfields module output detected; '
+                  'will utilise for hippocampi'
+                  f'{" and amygdalae" if hipp_subfield_has_amyg else ""}'
+                  ' segmentation')
     elif have_first:
       hippocampi_method = 'first'
-      app.console('No hippocampal subfields module output detected, but FSL FIRST is installed; '
+      app.console('No hippocampal subfields module output detected, '
+                  'but FSL FIRST is installed; '
                   'will utilise latter for hippocampi segmentation')
     else:
       hippocampi_method = 'aseg'
@@ -287,7 +321,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   if hippocampi_method == 'subfields':
     if 'FREESURFER_HOME' not in os.environ:
-      raise MRtrixError('FREESURFER_HOME environment variable not set; required for use of hippocampal subfields module')
+      raise MRtrixError('FREESURFER_HOME environment variable not set; '
+                        'required for use of hippocampal subfields module')
     freesurfer_lut_file = os.path.join(os.environ['FREESURFER_HOME'], 'FreeSurferColorLUT.txt')
     check_file(freesurfer_lut_file)
     hipp_lut_file = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), path.script_subdir_name(), 'hsvs', 'HippSubfields.txt')
@@ -309,7 +344,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         raise MRtrixError('Could not find thalamic nuclei module output')
     elif thalami_method == 'first':
       if not have_first:
-        raise MRtrixError('Cannot use "first" method for thalami segmentation; check FSL installation')
+        raise MRtrixError('Cannot use "first" method for thalami segmentation; '
+                          'check FSL installation')
   else:
     # Not happy with outputs of thalamic nuclei submodule; default to FIRST
     if have_first:
@@ -341,13 +377,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get the main cerebrum segments; these are already smooth
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Mapping FreeSurfer cortical reconstruction to partial volume images', 8)
   for hemi in [ 'lh', 'rh' ]:
-    for basename in [ hemi+'.white', hemi+'.pial' ]:
+    for basename in [ f'{hemi}.white', f'{hemi}.pial' ]:
       filepath = os.path.join(surf_dir, basename)
       check_file(filepath)
-      transformed_path = basename + '_realspace.obj'
-      run.command('meshconvert ' + filepath + ' ' + transformed_path + ' -binary -transform fs2real ' + aparc_image)
+      transformed_path = f'{basename}_realspace.obj'
+      run.command(['meshconvert', filepath, transformed_path, '-binary', '-transform', 'fs2real', aparc_image])
       progress.increment()
-      run.command('mesh2voxel ' + transformed_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + basename + '.mif')
+      run.command(['mesh2voxel', transformed_path, template_image, f'{basename}.mif'])
       app.cleanup(transformed_path)
       progress.increment()
   progress.done()
@@ -368,27 +404,28 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     from_aseg.extend(OTHER_SGM_ASEG)
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Smoothing non-cortical structures segmented by FreeSurfer', len(from_aseg) + 2)
   for (index, tissue, name) in from_aseg:
-    init_mesh_path = name + '_init.vtk'
-    smoothed_mesh_path = name + '.vtk'
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq - | voxel2mesh - -threshold 0.5 ' + init_mesh_path)
-    run.command('meshfilter ' + init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + smoothed_mesh_path)
+    init_mesh_path = f'{name}_init.vtk'
+    smoothed_mesh_path = f'{name}.vtk'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {index} -eq - | '
+                f'voxel2mesh - -threshold 0.5 {init_mesh_path}')
+    run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smoothed_mesh_path])
     app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
-    run.command('mesh2voxel ' + smoothed_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + name + '.mif')
+    run.command(['mesh2voxel', smoothed_mesh_path, template_image, f'{name}.mif'])
     app.cleanup(smoothed_mesh_path)
-    tissue_images[tissue-1].append(name + '.mif')
+    tissue_images[tissue-1].append(f'{name}.mif')
     progress.increment()
   # Lateral ventricles are separate as we want to combine with choroid plexus prior to mesh conversion
   for hemi_index, hemi_name in enumerate(['Left', 'Right']):
-    name = hemi_name + '_LatVent_ChorPlex'
-    init_mesh_path = name + '_init.vtk'
-    smoothed_mesh_path = name + '.vtk'
+    name = f'{hemi_name}_LatVent_ChorPlex'
+    init_mesh_path = f'{name}_init.vtk'
+    smoothed_mesh_path = f'{name}.vtk'
     run.command('mrcalc ' + ' '.join(aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq' for index, tissue, name in VENTRICLE_CP_ASEG[hemi_index]) + ' -add - | '
-                + 'voxel2mesh - -threshold 0.5 ' + init_mesh_path)
-    run.command('meshfilter ' + init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + smoothed_mesh_path)
+                + f'voxel2mesh - -threshold 0.5 {init_mesh_path}')
+    run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smoothed_mesh_path])
     app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
-    run.command('mesh2voxel ' + smoothed_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + name + '.mif')
+    run.command(['mesh2voxel', smoothed_mesh_path, template_image, f'{name}.mif'])
     app.cleanup(smoothed_mesh_path)
-    tissue_images[3].append(name + '.mif')
+    tissue_images[3].append(f'{name}.mif')
     progress.increment()
   progress.done()
 
@@ -397,18 +434,19 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Combine corpus callosum segments before smoothing
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Combining and smoothing corpus callosum segmentation', len(CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG) + 3)
   for (index, name) in CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG:
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq ' + name + '.mif -datatype bit')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {index} -eq {name}.mif -datatype bit')
     progress.increment()
   cc_init_mesh_path = 'combined_corpus_callosum_init.vtk'
   cc_smoothed_mesh_path = 'combined_corpus_callosum.vtk'
-  run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join([ name + '.mif' for (index, name) in CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG ]) + ' sum - | voxel2mesh - -threshold 0.5 ' + cc_init_mesh_path)
+  run.command(['mrmath', [f'{name}.mif' for (index, name) in CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG ], 'sum', '-', '|',
+               'voxel2mesh', '-', '-threshold', '0.5', cc_init_mesh_path])
   for name in [ n for _, n in CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG ]:
-    app.cleanup(name + '.mif')
+    app.cleanup(f'{name}.mif')
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('meshfilter ' + cc_init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + cc_smoothed_mesh_path)
+  run.command(['meshfilter', cc_init_mesh_path, 'smooth', cc_smoothed_mesh_path])
   app.cleanup(cc_init_mesh_path)
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mesh2voxel ' + cc_smoothed_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' combined_corpus_callosum.mif')
+  run.command(['mesh2voxel', cc_smoothed_mesh_path, template_image, 'combined_corpus_callosum.mif'])
   app.cleanup(cc_smoothed_mesh_path)
   progress.done()
   tissue_images[2].append('combined_corpus_callosum.mif')
@@ -421,25 +459,27 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   bs_fullmask_path = 'brain_stem_init.mif'
   bs_cropmask_path = ''
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Segmenting and cropping brain stem', 5)
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[0][0]) + ' -eq '
-              + ' -add '.join([ aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq' for index, name in BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[1:] ]) + ' -add '
-              + bs_fullmask_path + ' -datatype bit')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[0][0]} -eq '
+              + ' -add '.join([ f'{aparc_image} {index} -eq' for index, name in BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[1:] ])
+              + f' -add {bs_fullmask_path} -datatype bit')
   progress.increment()
   bs_init_mesh_path = 'brain_stem_init.vtk'
-  run.command('voxel2mesh ' + bs_fullmask_path + ' ' + bs_init_mesh_path)
+  run.command(['voxel2mesh', bs_fullmask_path, bs_init_mesh_path])
   progress.increment()
   bs_smoothed_mesh_path = 'brain_stem.vtk'
-  run.command('meshfilter ' + bs_init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + bs_smoothed_mesh_path)
+  run.command(['meshfilter', bs_init_mesh_path, 'smooth', bs_smoothed_mesh_path])
   app.cleanup(bs_init_mesh_path)
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mesh2voxel ' + bs_smoothed_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' brain_stem.mif')
+  run.command(['mesh2voxel', bs_smoothed_mesh_path, template_image, 'brain_stem.mif'])
   app.cleanup(bs_smoothed_mesh_path)
   progress.increment()
   fourthventricle_zmin = min(int(line.split()[2]) for line in run.command('maskdump 4th-Ventricle.mif')[0].splitlines())
   if fourthventricle_zmin:
     bs_cropmask_path = 'brain_stem_crop.mif'
-    run.command('mredit brain_stem.mif - ' + ' '.join([ '-plane 2 ' + str(index) + ' 0' for index in range(0, fourthventricle_zmin) ]) + ' | '
-                'mrcalc brain_stem.mif - -sub 1e-6 -gt ' + bs_cropmask_path + ' -datatype bit')
+    run.command('mredit brain_stem.mif - '
+                + ' '.join([ '-plane 2 ' + str(index) + ' 0' for index in range(0, fourthventricle_zmin) ])
+                + ' | '
+                + f'mrcalc brain_stem.mif - -sub 1e-6 -gt {bs_cropmask_path} -datatype bit')
   app.cleanup(bs_fullmask_path)
   progress.done()
 
@@ -455,21 +495,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     for subfields_lut_file, structure_name in subfields:
       for hemi, filename in zip([ 'Left', 'Right'], [ prefix + hipp_subfield_image_suffix for prefix in [ 'l', 'r' ] ]):
         # Extract individual components from image and assign to different tissues
-        subfields_all_tissues_image = hemi + '_' + structure_name + '_subfields.mif'
-        run.command('labelconvert ' + os.path.join(mri_dir, filename) + ' ' + freesurfer_lut_file + ' ' + subfields_lut_file + ' ' + subfields_all_tissues_image)
+        subfields_all_tissues_image = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfields.mif'
+        run.command(['labelconvert', os.path.join(mri_dir, filename), freesurfer_lut_file, subfields_lut_file, subfields_all_tissues_image])
         progress.increment()
         for tissue in range(0, 5):
-          init_mesh_path = hemi + '_' + structure_name + '_subfield_' + str(tissue) + '_init.vtk'
-          smooth_mesh_path = hemi + '_' + structure_name + '_subfield_' + str(tissue) + '.vtk'
-          subfield_tissue_image = hemi + '_' + structure_name + '_subfield_' + str(tissue) + '.mif'
-          run.command('mrcalc ' + subfields_all_tissues_image + ' ' + str(tissue+1) + ' -eq - | ' + \
-                      'voxel2mesh - ' + init_mesh_path)
+          init_mesh_path = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfield_{tissue}_init.vtk'
+          smooth_mesh_path = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfield_{tissue}.vtk'
+          subfield_tissue_image = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfield_{tissue}.mif'
+          run.command(f'mrcalc {subfields_all_tissues_image} {tissue+1} -eq - | '
+                      f'voxel2mesh - {init_mesh_path}')
           progress.increment()
           # Since the hippocampal subfields segmentation can include some fine structures, reduce the extent of smoothing
-          run.command('meshfilter ' + init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + smooth_mesh_path + ' -smooth_spatial 2 -smooth_influence 2')
+          run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smooth_mesh_path,
+                       '-smooth_spatial', '2', '-smooth_influence', '2'])
           app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
           progress.increment()
-          run.command('mesh2voxel ' + smooth_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + subfield_tissue_image)
+          run.command(['mesh2voxel', smooth_mesh_path, template_image, subfield_tissue_image])
           app.cleanup(smooth_mesh_path)
           progress.increment()
           tissue_images[tissue].append(subfield_tissue_image)
@@ -480,23 +521,24 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if thalami_method == 'nuclei':
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Using detected FreeSurfer thalamic nuclei module output', 6)
     for hemi in ['Left', 'Right']:
-      thal_mask_path = hemi + '_Thalamus_mask.mif'
-      init_mesh_path = hemi + '_Thalamus_init.vtk'
-      smooth_mesh_path = hemi + '_Thalamus.vtk'
-      thalamus_image = hemi + '_Thalamus.mif'
+      thal_mask_path = f'{hemi}_Thalamus_mask.mif'
+      init_mesh_path = f'{hemi}_Thalamus_init.vtk'
+      smooth_mesh_path = f'{hemi}_Thalamus.vtk'
+      thalamus_image = f'{hemi}_Thalamus.mif'
       if hemi == 'Right':
-        run.command('mrthreshold ' + os.path.join(mri_dir, thal_nuclei_image) + ' -abs 8200 ' + thal_mask_path)
+        run.command(['mrthreshold', os.path.join(mri_dir, thal_nuclei_image), '-abs', '8200', thal_mask_path])
       else:
-        run.command('mrcalc ' + os.path.join(mri_dir, thal_nuclei_image) + ' 0 -gt '
-                    + os.path.join(mri_dir, thal_nuclei_image) + ' 8200 -lt '
-                    + '-mult ' + thal_mask_path)
-      run.command('voxel2mesh ' + thal_mask_path + ' ' + init_mesh_path)
+        run.command(['mrcalc', os.path.join(mri_dir, thal_nuclei_image), '0', '-gt',
+                     os.path.join(mri_dir, thal_nuclei_image), '8200', '-lt',
+                    '-mult', thal_mask_path])
+      run.command(['voxel2mesh', thal_mask_path, init_mesh_path])
       app.cleanup(thal_mask_path)
       progress.increment()
-      run.command('meshfilter ' + init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + smooth_mesh_path + ' -smooth_spatial 2 -smooth_influence 2')
+      run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smooth_mesh_path,
+                   '-smooth_spatial', '2', '-smooth_influence', '2'])
       app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
       progress.increment()
-      run.command('mesh2voxel ' + smooth_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + thalamus_image)
+      run.command(['mesh2voxel', smooth_mesh_path, template_image, thalamus_image])
       app.cleanup(smooth_mesh_path)
       progress.increment()
       tissue_images[1].append(thalamus_image)
@@ -513,19 +555,19 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       from_first = { key: value for key, value in from_first.items() if 'Hippocampus' not in value and 'Amygdala' not in value }
     if thalami_method != 'first':
       from_first = { key: value for key, value in from_first.items() if 'Thalamus' not in value }
-    run.command(first_cmd + ' -s ' + ','.join(from_first.keys()) + ' -i T1.nii -b -o first')
+    run.command([first_cmd, '-s', ','.join(from_first.keys()), '-i', 'T1.nii', '-b', '-o', 'first'])
     fsl.check_first('first', from_first.keys())
     app.cleanup(glob.glob('T1_to_std_sub.*'))
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Mapping FIRST segmentations to image', 2*len(from_first))
     for key, value in from_first.items():
-      vtk_in_path = 'first-' + key + '_first.vtk'
-      vtk_converted_path = 'first-' + key + '_transformed.vtk'
-      run.command('meshconvert ' + vtk_in_path + ' ' + vtk_converted_path + ' -transform first2real T1.nii')
+      vtk_in_path = f'first-{key}_first.vtk'
+      vtk_converted_path = f'first-{key}_transformed.vtk'
+      run.command(['meshconvert', vtk_in_path, vtk_converted_path, '-transform', 'first2real', 'T1.nii'])
       app.cleanup(vtk_in_path)
       progress.increment()
-      run.command('mesh2voxel ' + vtk_converted_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + value + '.mif')
+      run.command(['mesh2voxel', vtk_converted_path, template_image, f'{value}.mif'])
       app.cleanup(vtk_converted_path)
-      tissue_images[1].append(value + '.mif')
+      tissue_images[1].append(f'{value}.mif')
       progress.increment()
     if not have_fast:
       app.cleanup('T1.nii')
@@ -539,17 +581,17 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # ACPCdetect requires input image to be 16-bit
     # We also want to realign to RAS beforehand so that we can interpret the output voxel locations properly
     acpcdetect_input_image = 'T1RAS_16b.nii'
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + norm_image + ' -datatype uint16 -stride +1,+2,+3 ' + acpcdetect_input_image)
+    run.command(['mrconvert', norm_image, '-datatype', 'uint16', '-stride', '+1,+2,+3', acpcdetect_input_image])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('acpcdetect -i ' + acpcdetect_input_image)
+    run.command(['acpcdetect', '-i', acpcdetect_input_image])
     progress.increment()
     # We need the header in order to go from voxel coordinates to scanner coordinates
     acpcdetect_input_header = image.Header(acpcdetect_input_image)
-    acpcdetect_output_path = os.path.splitext(acpcdetect_input_image)[0] + '_ACPC.txt'
+    acpcdetect_output_path = f'{os.path.splitext(acpcdetect_input_image)[0]}_ACPC.txt'
     app.cleanup(acpcdetect_input_image)
     with open(acpcdetect_output_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as acpc_file:
       acpcdetect_output_data = acpc_file.read().splitlines()
-    app.cleanup(glob.glob(os.path.splitext(acpcdetect_input_image)[0] + "*"))
+    app.cleanup(glob.glob(f'{os.path.splitext(acpcdetect_input_image)[0]}*'))
     # Need to scan through the contents of this file,
     #   isolating the AC and PC locations
     ac_voxel = pc_voxel = None
@@ -573,20 +615,20 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
 
     # Generate the mask image within which FAST will be run
     acpc_prefix = 'ACPC' if ATTEMPT_PC else 'AC'
-    acpc_mask_image = acpc_prefix + '_FAST_mask.mif'
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + template_image + ' nan -eq - | '
-                'mredit - ' + acpc_mask_image + ' -scanner '
-                '-sphere ' + ','.join(str(value) for value in ac_scanner) + ' 8 1 '
-                + ('-sphere ' + ','.join(str(value) for value in pc_scanner) + ' 5 1' if ATTEMPT_PC else ''))
+    acpc_mask_image = f'{acpc_prefix}_FAST_mask.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {template_image} nan -eq - | '
+                f'mredit - {acpc_mask_image} -scanner '
+                + '-sphere ' + ','.join(map(str, ac_scanner)) + ' 8 1 '
+                + ('-sphere ' + ','.join(map(str, pc_scanner)) + ' 5 1' if ATTEMPT_PC else ''))
     progress.increment()
 
-    acpc_t1_masked_image = acpc_prefix + '_T1.nii'
-    run.command('mrtransform ' + norm_image + ' -template ' + template_image + ' - | '
-                'mrcalc - ' + acpc_mask_image + ' -mult ' + acpc_t1_masked_image)
+    acpc_t1_masked_image = f'{acpc_prefix}_T1.nii'
+    run.command(['mrtransform', norm_image, '-template', template_image, '-', '|',
+                'mrcalc', '-', acpc_mask_image, '-mult', acpc_t1_masked_image])
     app.cleanup(acpc_mask_image)
     progress.increment()
 
-    run.command(fast_cmd + ' -N ' + acpc_t1_masked_image)
+    run.command([fast_cmd, '-N', acpc_t1_masked_image])
     app.cleanup(acpc_t1_masked_image)
     progress.increment()
 
@@ -595,10 +637,10 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     # This should involve grabbing just the WM component of these images
     # Actually, in retrospect, it may be preferable to do the AC PC segmentation
     #   earlier on, and simply add them to the list of WM structures
-    acpc_wm_image = acpc_prefix + '.mif'
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + fsl.find_image(acpc_prefix + '_T1_pve_2') + ' ' + acpc_wm_image)
+    acpc_wm_image = f'{acpc_prefix}.mif'
+    run.command(['mrconvert', fsl.find_image(f'{acpc_prefix}_T1_pve_2'), acpc_wm_image])
     tissue_images[2].append(acpc_wm_image)
-    app.cleanup(glob.glob(os.path.splitext(acpc_t1_masked_image)[0] + '*'))
+    app.cleanup(glob.glob(f'{os.path.splitext(acpc_t1_masked_image)[0]}*'))
     progress.done()
 
 
@@ -610,27 +652,28 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     for hemi in [ 'Left-', 'Right-' ]:
       wm_index = [ index for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if name.startswith(hemi) and 'White' in name ][0]
       gm_index = [ index for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if name.startswith(hemi) and 'Cortex' in name ][0]
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(wm_index) + ' -eq ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(gm_index) + ' -eq -add - | ' + \
-                  'voxel2mesh - ' + hemi + 'cerebellum_all_init.vtk')
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {wm_index} -eq {aparc_image} {gm_index} -eq -add - | '
+                  f'voxel2mesh - {hemi}cerebellum_all_init.vtk')
       progress.increment()
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(gm_index) + ' -eq - | ' + \
-                  'voxel2mesh - ' + hemi + 'cerebellum_grey_init.vtk')
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {gm_index} -eq - | '
+                  f'voxel2mesh - {hemi}cerebellum_grey_init.vtk')
       progress.increment()
       for name, tissue in { 'all':2, 'grey':1 }.items():
-        run.command('meshfilter ' + hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '_init.vtk smooth ' + hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '.vtk')
-        app.cleanup(hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '_init.vtk')
+        run.command(f'meshfilter {hemi}cerebellum_{name}_init.vtk smooth {hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk')
+        app.cleanup(f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}_init.vtk')
         progress.increment()
-        run.command('mesh2voxel ' + hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '.vtk ' + template_image + ' ' + hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '.mif')
-        app.cleanup(hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '.vtk')
+        run.command(f'mesh2voxel {hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk {template_image} {hemi}cerebellum_{name}.mif')
+        app.cleanup(f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk')
         progress.increment()
-        tissue_images[tissue].append(hemi + 'cerebellum_' + name + '.mif')
+        tissue_images[tissue].append(f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.mif')
     progress.done()
 
 
   # Construct images with the partial volume of each tissue
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Combining segmentations of all structures corresponding to each tissue type', 5)
   for tissue in range(0,5):
-    run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join(tissue_images[tissue]) + (' brain_stem.mif' if tissue == 2 else '') + ' sum - | mrcalc - 1.0 -min tissue' + str(tissue) + '_init.mif')
+    run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join(tissue_images[tissue]) + (' brain_stem.mif' if tissue == 2 else '') + ' sum - | '
+                f'mrcalc - 1.0 -min tissue{tissue}_init.mif')
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[tissue])
     progress.increment()
   progress.done()
@@ -644,34 +687,35 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   tissue_images = [ 'tissue0.mif', 'tissue1.mif', 'tissue2.mif', 'tissue3.mif', 'tissue4.mif' ]
   run.function(os.rename, 'tissue4_init.mif', 'tissue4.mif')
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrcalc tissue3_init.mif tissue3_init.mif ' + tissue_images[4] + ' -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max ' + tissue_images[3])
+  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue3_init.mif tissue3_init.mif {tissue_images[4]} -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[3]}')
   app.cleanup('tissue3_init.mif')
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join(tissue_images[3:5]) + ' sum tissuesum_34.mif')
+  run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images[3:5], 'sum', 'tissuesum_34.mif'])
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrcalc tissue1_init.mif tissue1_init.mif tissuesum_34.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max ' + tissue_images[1])
+  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue1_init.mif tissue1_init.mif tissuesum_34.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[1]}')
   app.cleanup('tissue1_init.mif')
   app.cleanup('tissuesum_34.mif')
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrmath ' + tissue_images[1] + ' ' + ' '.join(tissue_images[3:5]) + ' sum tissuesum_134.mif')
+  run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images[1], tissue_images[3:5], 'sum', 'tissuesum_134.mif'])
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrcalc tissue2_init.mif tissue2_init.mif tissuesum_134.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max ' + tissue_images[2])
+  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue2_init.mif tissue2_init.mif tissuesum_134.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[2]}')
   app.cleanup('tissue2_init.mif')
   app.cleanup('tissuesum_134.mif')
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join(tissue_images[1:5]) + ' sum tissuesum_1234.mif')
+  run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images[1:5], 'sum', 'tissuesum_1234.mif'])
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrcalc tissue0_init.mif tissue0_init.mif tissuesum_1234.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max ' + tissue_images[0])
+  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue0_init.mif tissue0_init.mif tissuesum_1234.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[0]}')
   app.cleanup('tissue0_init.mif')
   app.cleanup('tissuesum_1234.mif')
   progress.increment()
   tissue_sum_image = 'tissuesum_01234.mif'
-  run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join(tissue_images) + ' sum ' + tissue_sum_image)
+  run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images, 'sum', tissue_sum_image])
   progress.done()
 
 
   if app.ARGS.template:
-    run.command('mrtransform ' + mask_image + ' -template template.mif - | mrthreshold - brainmask.mif -abs 0.5')
+    run.command(['mrtransform', mask_image, '-template', 'template.mif', '-', '|',
+                'mrthreshold', '-', 'brainmask.mif', '-abs', '0.5'])
     mask_image = 'brainmask.mif'
 
 
@@ -699,18 +743,19 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
       progress = app.ProgressBar('Preparing images of cerebellum for intensity-based segmentation', 9)
       cerebellar_hemi_pvf_images = [ ]
       for hemi in [ 'Left', 'Right' ]:
-        init_mesh_path = hemi + '-Cerebellum-All-Init.vtk'
-        smooth_mesh_path = hemi + '-Cerebellum-All-Smooth.vtk'
-        pvf_image_path = hemi + '-Cerebellum-PVF-Template.mif'
+        init_mesh_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-All-Init.vtk'
+        smooth_mesh_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-All-Smooth.vtk'
+        pvf_image_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-PVF-Template.mif'
         cerebellum_aseg_hemi = [ entry for entry in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if hemi in entry[2] ]
-        run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(cerebellum_aseg_hemi[0][0]) + ' -eq ' + \
-                    ' -add '.join([ aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq' for index, tissue, name in cerebellum_aseg_hemi[1:] ]) + ' -add - | ' + \
-                    'voxel2mesh - ' + init_mesh_path)
+        run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {cerebellum_aseg_hemi[0][0]} -eq '
+                    + ' -add '.join([ aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq' for index, tissue, name in cerebellum_aseg_hemi[1:] ])
+                    + ' -add - | '
+                    f'voxel2mesh - {init_mesh_path}')
         progress.increment()
-        run.command('meshfilter ' + init_mesh_path + ' smooth ' + smooth_mesh_path)
+        run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smooth_mesh_path])
         app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
         progress.increment()
-        run.command('mesh2voxel ' + smooth_mesh_path + ' ' + template_image + ' ' + pvf_image_path)
+        run.command(['mesh2voxel', smooth_mesh_path, template_image, pvf_image_path])
         app.cleanup(smooth_mesh_path)
         cerebellar_hemi_pvf_images.append(pvf_image_path)
         progress.increment()
@@ -718,23 +763,23 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
       # Combine the two hemispheres together into:
       # - An image in preparation for running FAST
       # - A combined total partial volume fraction image that will be later used for tissue recombination
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + ' '.join(cerebellar_hemi_pvf_images) + ' -add 1.0 -min ' + cerebellum_volume_image)
+      run.command(['mrcalc', cerebellar_hemi_pvf_images, '-add', '1.0', '-min', cerebellum_volume_image])
       app.cleanup(cerebellar_hemi_pvf_images)
       progress.increment()
 
-      run.command('mrthreshold ' + cerebellum_volume_image + ' ' + cerebellum_mask_image + ' -abs 1e-6')
+      run.command(['mrthreshold', cerebellum_volume_image, cerebellum_mask_image, '-abs', '1e-6'])
       progress.increment()
-      run.command('mrtransform ' + norm_image + ' -template ' + template_image + ' - | ' + \
-                  'mrcalc - ' + cerebellum_mask_image + ' -mult ' + t1_cerebellum_masked)
+      run.command(['mrtransform', norm_image, '-template', template_image, '-', '|',
+                  'mrcalc', '-', cerebellum_mask_image, '-mult', t1_cerebellum_masked])
       progress.done()
 
     else:
       app.console('Preparing images of cerebellum for intensity-based segmentation')
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + aparc_image + ' ' + str(CEREBELLUM_ASEG[0][0]) + ' -eq ' + \
-                  ' -add '.join([ aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq' for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG[1:] ]) + ' -add ' + \
-                  cerebellum_volume_image)
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {CEREBELLUM_ASEG[0][0]} -eq '
+                  + ' -add '.join([ f'{aparc_image} {index} -eq' for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG[1:] ])
+                  + f' -add {cerebellum_volume_image}')
       cerebellum_mask_image = cerebellum_volume_image
-      run.command('mrcalc T1.nii ' + cerebellum_mask_image + ' -mult ' + t1_cerebellum_masked)
+      run.command(['mrcalc', 'T1.nii', cerebellum_mask_image, '-mult', t1_cerebellum_masked])
 
     app.cleanup('T1.nii')
 
@@ -747,25 +792,25 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     # FAST memory usage can also be huge when using a high-resolution template image:
     #   Crop T1 image around the cerebellum before feeding to FAST, then re-sample to full template image FoV
     fast_input_image = 'T1_cerebellum.nii'
-    run.command('mrgrid ' + t1_cerebellum_masked + ' crop -mask ' + cerebellum_mask_image + ' ' + fast_input_image)
+    run.command(['mrgrid', t1_cerebellum_masked, 'crop', '-mask', cerebellum_mask_image, fast_input_image])
     app.cleanup(t1_cerebellum_masked)
     # Cleanup of cerebellum_mask_image:
     #   May be same image as cerebellum_volume_image, which is required later
     if cerebellum_mask_image != cerebellum_volume_image:
       app.cleanup(cerebellum_mask_image)
-    run.command(fast_cmd + ' -N ' + fast_input_image)
+    run.command([fast_cmd, '-N', fast_input_image])
     app.cleanup(fast_input_image)
 
     # Use glob to clean up unwanted FAST outputs
     fast_output_prefix = os.path.splitext(fast_input_image)[0]
-    fast_pve_output_prefix = fast_output_prefix + '_pve_'
-    app.cleanup([ entry for entry in glob.glob(fast_output_prefix + '*') if not fast_pve_output_prefix in entry ])
+    fast_pve_output_prefix = f'{fast_output_prefix}_pve_'
+    app.cleanup([ entry for entry in glob.glob(f'{fast_output_prefix}*') if not fast_pve_output_prefix in entry ])
 
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Introducing intensity-based cerebellar segmentation into the 5TT image', 10)
-    fast_outputs_cropped = [ fast_pve_output_prefix + str(n) + fast_suffix for n in range(0,3) ]
-    fast_outputs_template = [ 'FAST_' + str(n) + '.mif' for n in range(0,3) ]
+    fast_outputs_cropped = [ f'{fast_pve_output_prefix}{n}{fast_suffix}' for n in range(0,3) ]
+    fast_outputs_template = [ f'FAST_{n}.mif' for n in range(0,3) ]
     for inpath, outpath in zip(fast_outputs_cropped, fast_outputs_template):
-      run.command('mrtransform ' + inpath + ' -interp nearest -template ' + template_image + ' ' + outpath)
+      run.command(['mrtransform', inpath, '-interp', 'nearest', '-template', template_image, outpath])
       app.cleanup(inpath)
       progress.increment()
     if app.ARGS.template:
@@ -782,29 +827,29 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     new_tissue_images = [ 'tissue0_fast.mif', 'tissue1_fast.mif', 'tissue2_fast.mif', 'tissue3_fast.mif', 'tissue4_fast.mif' ]
     new_tissue_sum_image = 'tissuesum_01234_fast.mif'
     cerebellum_multiplier_image = 'Cerebellar_multiplier.mif'
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + cerebellum_volume_image + ' ' + tissue_sum_image + ' -add 0.5 -gt 1.0 ' + tissue_sum_image + ' -sub 0.0 -if  ' + cerebellum_multiplier_image)
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {cerebellum_volume_image} {tissue_sum_image} -add 0.5 -gt 1.0 {tissue_sum_image} -sub 0.0 -if {cerebellum_multiplier_image}')
     app.cleanup(cerebellum_volume_image)
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + tissue_images[0] + ' ' + new_tissue_images[0])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_images[0], new_tissue_images[0]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[0])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[1] + ' ' + cerebellum_multiplier_image + ' ' + fast_outputs_template[1] + ' -mult -add ' + new_tissue_images[1])
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[1]} {cerebellum_multiplier_image} {fast_outputs_template[1]} -mult -add {new_tissue_images[1]}')
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[1])
     app.cleanup(fast_outputs_template[1])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[2] + ' ' + cerebellum_multiplier_image + ' ' + fast_outputs_template[2] + ' -mult -add ' + new_tissue_images[2])
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[2]} {cerebellum_multiplier_image} {fast_outputs_template[2]} -mult -add {new_tissue_images[2]}')
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[2])
     app.cleanup(fast_outputs_template[2])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[3] + ' ' + cerebellum_multiplier_image + ' ' + fast_outputs_template[0] + ' -mult -add ' + new_tissue_images[3])
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[3]} {cerebellum_multiplier_image} {fast_outputs_template[0]} -mult -add {new_tissue_images[3]}')
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[3])
     app.cleanup(fast_outputs_template[0])
     app.cleanup(cerebellum_multiplier_image)
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + tissue_images[4] + ' ' + new_tissue_images[4])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_images[4], new_tissue_images[4]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[4])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrmath ' + ' '.join(new_tissue_images) + ' sum ' + new_tissue_sum_image)
+    run.command(['mrmath', new_tissue_images, 'sum', new_tissue_sum_image])
     app.cleanup(tissue_sum_image)
     progress.done()
     tissue_images = new_tissue_images
@@ -825,16 +870,16 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   new_tissue_images = [ tissue_images[0],
                         tissue_images[1],
                         tissue_images[2],
-                        os.path.splitext(tissue_images[3])[0] + '_filled.mif',
+                        f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_images[3])[0]}_filled.mif',
                         tissue_images[4] ]
   csf_fill_image = 'csf_fill.mif'
-  run.command('mrcalc 1.0 ' + tissue_sum_image + ' -sub ' + tissue_sum_image + ' 0.0 -gt ' + mask_image + ' -add 1.0 -min -mult 0.0 -max ' + csf_fill_image)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc 1.0 {tissue_sum_image} -sub {tissue_sum_image} 0.0 -gt {mask_image} -add 1.0 -min -mult 0.0 -max {csf_fill_image}')
   app.cleanup(tissue_sum_image)
   # If no template is specified, this file is part of the FreeSurfer output; hence don't modify
   if app.ARGS.template:
     app.cleanup(mask_image)
   progress.increment()
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[3] + ' ' + csf_fill_image + ' -add ' + new_tissue_images[3])
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[3]} {csf_fill_image} -add {new_tissue_images[3]}')
   app.cleanup(csf_fill_image)
   app.cleanup(tissue_images[3])
   progress.done()
@@ -849,16 +894,16 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Moving brain stem to volume index 4', 3)
     new_tissue_images = [ tissue_images[0],
                           tissue_images[1],
-                          os.path.splitext(tissue_images[2])[0] + '_no_brainstem.mif',
+                          f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_images[2])[0]}_no_brainstem.mif',
                           tissue_images[3],
-                          os.path.splitext(tissue_images[4])[0] + '_with_brainstem.mif' ]
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[2] + ' brain_stem.mif -min brain_stem_white_overlap.mif')
+                          f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_images[4])[0]}_with_brainstem.mif' ]
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[2]} brain_stem.mif -min brain_stem_white_overlap.mif')
     app.cleanup('brain_stem.mif')
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[2] + ' brain_stem_white_overlap.mif -sub ' + new_tissue_images[2])
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[2]} brain_stem_white_overlap.mif -sub {new_tissue_images[2]}')
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[2])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + tissue_images[4] + ' brain_stem_white_overlap.mif -add ' + new_tissue_images[4])
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[4]} brain_stem_white_overlap.mif -add {new_tissue_images[4]}')
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[4])
     app.cleanup('brain_stem_white_overlap.mif')
     progress.done()
@@ -870,11 +915,11 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   app.console('Concatenating tissue volumes into 5TT format')
   precrop_result_image = '5TT.mif'
   if bs_cropmask_path:
-    run.command('mrcat ' + ' '.join(tissue_images) + ' - -axis 3 | ' + \
-                '5ttedit - ' + precrop_result_image + ' -none ' + bs_cropmask_path)
+    run.command(['mrcat', tissue_images, '-', '-axis', '3', '|',
+                '5ttedit', '-', precrop_result_image, '-none', bs_cropmask_path])
     app.cleanup(bs_cropmask_path)
   else:
-    run.command('mrcat ' + ' '.join(tissue_images) + ' ' + precrop_result_image + ' -axis 3')
+    run.command(['mrcat', tissue_images, precrop_result_image, '-axis', '3'])
   app.cleanup(tissue_images)
 
 
@@ -885,11 +930,14 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   else:
     app.console('Cropping final 5TT image')
     crop_mask_image = 'crop_mask.mif'
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + precrop_result_image + ' -coord 3 0,1,2,4 - | mrmath - sum - -axis 3 | mrthreshold - - -abs 0.001 | maskfilter - dilate ' + crop_mask_image)
-    run.command('mrgrid ' + precrop_result_image + ' crop result.mif -mask ' + crop_mask_image)
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {precrop_result_image} -coord 3 0,1,2,4 - | '
+                f'mrmath - sum - -axis 3 | '
+                f'mrthreshold - - -abs 0.001 | '
+                f'maskfilter - dilate {crop_mask_image}')
+    run.command(f'mrgrid {precrop_result_image} crop result.mif -mask {crop_mask_image}')
     app.cleanup(crop_mask_image)
     app.cleanup(precrop_result_image)
 
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'), True),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'),
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 7d2360d71f..438812560e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import argparse, inspect, math, os, random, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, textwrap, time
+import argparse, inspect, math, os, pathlib, random, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, textwrap, time
 from mrtrix3 import ANSI, CONFIG, MRtrixError, setup_ansi
 from mrtrix3 import utils # Needed at global level
 from ._version import __version__
@@ -183,16 +183,22 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     for keyval in ARGS.config:
       CONFIG[keyval[0]] = keyval[1]
 
+  # Now that FORCE_OVERWRITE has been set,
+  #   check any user-specified output paths
+  for arg in vars(ARGS):
+    if isinstance(arg, UserPath):
+      arg.check_output()
+
   # ANSI settings may have been altered at the command-line
   setup_ansi()
 
   # Check compatibility with command-line piping
   # if _STDIN_IMAGES and sys.stdin.isatty():
-  #   sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Piped input images not available from stdin' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+  #   sys.stderr.write(f{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] Piped input images not available from stdin{ANSI.clear}\n')
   #   sys.stderr.flush()
   #   sys.exit(1)
   if _STDOUT_IMAGES and sys.stdout.isatty():
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Cannot pipe output images as no command connected to stdout' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] Cannot pipe output images as no command connected to stdout{ANSI.clear}\n')
     sys.stderr.flush()
     sys.exit(1)
 
@@ -228,30 +234,30 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       filename = exception_frame[1]
       lineno = exception_frame[2]
     sys.stderr.write('\n')
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] ' + (exception.command if is_cmd else exception.function) + ANSI.clear + ' ' + ANSI.debug + '(' + os.path.basename(filename) + ':' + str(lineno) + ')' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] {exception.command if is_cmd else exception.function}{ANSI.clear} {ANSI.debug}({os.path.basename(filename)}:{lineno}){ANSI.clear}\n')
     if str(exception):
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Information from failed ' + ('command' if is_cmd else 'function') + ':' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ':\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] Information from failed {"command" if is_cmd else "function"}:{ANSI.clear}\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}:\n')
       for line in str(exception).splitlines():
-        sys.stderr.write(' ' * (len(EXEC_NAME)+2) + line + '\n')
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ':\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{" " * (len(EXEC_NAME)+2)}{line}\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}:\n')
     else:
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Failed ' + ('command' if is_cmd else 'function') + ' did not provide any output information' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] Failed {"command" if is_cmd else "function"} did not provide any output information{ANSI.clear}\n')
     if SCRATCH_DIR:
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] For debugging, inspect contents of scratch directory: ' + SCRATCH_DIR + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] For debugging, inspect contents of scratch directory: {SCRATCH_DIR}{ANSI.clear}\n')
     sys.stderr.flush()
   except MRtrixError as exception:
     return_code = 1
     sys.stderr.write('\n')
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] ' + str(exception) + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] {exception}{ANSI.clear}\n')
     sys.stderr.flush()
   except Exception as exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except
     return_code = 1
     sys.stderr.write('\n')
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Unhandled Python exception:' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR]' + ANSI.clear + '   ' + ANSI.console + type(exception).__name__ + ': ' + str(exception) + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] Unhandled Python exception:{ANSI.clear}\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR]{ANSI.clear}   {ANSI.console}{type(exception).__name__}: {exception}{ANSI.clear}\n')
     traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR] Traceback:' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] Traceback:{ANSI.clear}\n')
     for item in inspect.getinnerframes(traceback)[1:]:
       try:
         filename = item.filename
@@ -263,58 +269,41 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         lineno = item[2]
         function = item[3]
         calling_code = item[4]
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR]' + ANSI.clear + '   ' + ANSI.console + filename + ':' + str(lineno) + ' (in ' + function + '())' + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR]{ANSI.clear}   {ANSI.console}{filename}:{lineno} (in {function}()){ANSI.clear}\n')
       for line in calling_code:
-        sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + '[ERROR]' + ANSI.clear + '     ' + ANSI.debug + line.strip() + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR]{ANSI.clear}     {ANSI.debug}{line.strip()}{ANSI.clear}\n')
   finally:
     if os.getcwd() != WORKING_DIR:
       if not return_code:
-        console('Changing back to original directory (' + WORKING_DIR + ')')
+        console(f'Changing back to original directory ({WORKING_DIR})')
       os.chdir(WORKING_DIR)
     if _STDIN_IMAGES:
-      debug('Erasing ' + str(len(_STDIN_IMAGES)) + ' piped input images')
+      debug(f'Erasing {len(_STDIN_IMAGES)} piped input images')
       for item in _STDIN_IMAGES:
         try:
           os.remove(item)
-          debug('Successfully erased "' + item + '"')
+          debug(f'Successfully erased "{item}"')
         except OSError as exc:
-          debug('Unable to erase "' + item + '": ' + str(exc))
+          debug(f'Unable to erase "{item}": {exc}')
     if SCRATCH_DIR:
       if DO_CLEANUP:
         if not return_code:
-          console('Deleting scratch directory (' + SCRATCH_DIR + ')')
+          console(f'Deleting scratch directory ({SCRATCH_DIR})')
         try:
           shutil.rmtree(SCRATCH_DIR)
         except OSError:
           pass
         SCRATCH_DIR = ''
       else:
-        console('Scratch directory retained; location: ' + SCRATCH_DIR)
+        console(f'Scratch directory retained; location: {SCRATCH_DIR}')
     if _STDOUT_IMAGES:
-      debug('Emitting ' + str(len(_STDOUT_IMAGES)) + ' output piped images to stdout')
+      debug(f'Emitting {len(_STDOUT_IMAGES)} output piped images to stdout')
       sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(_STDOUT_IMAGES))
   sys.exit(return_code)
 
 
 
-def check_output_path(item): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  if not item:
-    return
-  abspath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, item))
-  if os.path.exists(abspath):
-    item_type = ''
-    if os.path.isfile(abspath):
-      item_type = ' file'
-    elif os.path.isdir(abspath):
-      item_type = ' directory'
-    if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-      warn('Output' + item_type + ' \'' + item + '\' already exists; will be overwritten at script completion')
-    else:
-      raise MRtrixError('Output' + item_type + ' \'' + item + '\' already exists (use -force to override)')
-
-
-
-def make_scratch_dir(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+def activate_scratch_dir(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   global SCRATCH_DIR
   if CONTINUE_OPTION:
@@ -327,34 +316,28 @@ def make_scratch_dir(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   else:
     # Defaulting to working directory since too many users have encountered storage issues
     dir_path = CONFIG.get('ScriptScratchDir', WORKING_DIR)
-  prefix = CONFIG.get('ScriptScratchPrefix', EXEC_NAME + '-tmp-')
+  prefix = CONFIG.get('ScriptScratchPrefix', f'{EXEC_NAME}-tmp-')
   SCRATCH_DIR = dir_path
   while os.path.isdir(SCRATCH_DIR):
     random_string = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(6))
-    SCRATCH_DIR = os.path.join(dir_path, prefix + random_string) + os.sep
+    SCRATCH_DIR = os.path.join(dir_path, f'{prefix}{random_string}') + os.sep
   os.makedirs(SCRATCH_DIR)
-  console('Generated scratch directory: ' + SCRATCH_DIR)
+  console(f'Generated scratch directory: {SCRATCH_DIR}')
   with open(os.path.join(SCRATCH_DIR, 'cwd.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
-    outfile.write(WORKING_DIR + '\n')
+    outfile.write(f'{WORKING_DIR}\n')
   with open(os.path.join(SCRATCH_DIR, 'command.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
-    outfile.write(' '.join(sys.argv) + '\n')
+    outfile.write(f'{" ".join(sys.argv)}\n')
   with open(os.path.join(SCRATCH_DIR, 'log.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8'):
     pass
+  if VERBOSITY:
+    console(f'Changing to scratch directory ({SCRATCH_DIR})')
+  os.chdir(SCRATCH_DIR)
   # Also use this scratch directory for any piped images within run.command() calls,
   #   and for keeping a log of executed commands / functions
   run.shared.set_scratch_dir(SCRATCH_DIR)
 
 
 
-def goto_scratch_dir(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  if not SCRATCH_DIR:
-    raise Exception('No scratch directory location set')
-  if VERBOSITY:
-    console('Changing to scratch directory (' + SCRATCH_DIR + ')')
-  os.chdir(SCRATCH_DIR)
-
-
-
 # This function can (and should in some instances) be called upon any file / directory
 #   that is no longer required by the script. If the script has been instructed to retain
 #   all intermediates, the resource will be retained; if not, it will be deleted (in particular
@@ -367,7 +350,7 @@ def cleanup(items): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       cleanup(items[0])
       return
     if VERBOSITY > 2:
-      console('Cleaning up ' + str(len(items)) + ' intermediate items: ' + str(items))
+      console(f'Cleaning up {len(items)} intermediate items: {items}')
     for item in items:
       if os.path.isfile(item):
         func = os.remove
@@ -388,14 +371,14 @@ def cleanup(items): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     item_type = 'directory'
     func = shutil.rmtree
   else:
-    debug('Unknown target \'' + str(item) + '\'')
+    debug(f'Unknown target "{item}"')
     return
   if VERBOSITY > 2:
-    console('Cleaning up intermediate ' + item_type + ': \'' + item + '\'')
+    console(f'Cleaning up intermediate {item_type}: "{item}"')
   try:
     func(item)
   except OSError:
-    debug('Unable to cleanup intermediate ' + item_type + ': \'' + item + '\'')
+    debug(f'Unable to cleanup intermediate {item_type}: "{item}"')
 
 
 
@@ -405,7 +388,7 @@ def cleanup(items): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 # A set of functions and variables for printing various information at the command-line.
 def console(text): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if VERBOSITY:
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.console + text + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.console}{text}{ANSI.clear}\n')
 
 def debug(text): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if VERBOSITY <= 2:
@@ -414,65 +397,44 @@ def debug(text): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   nearest = outer_frames[1]
   try:
     if len(outer_frames) == 2: # debug() called directly from script being executed
-      try:
-        origin = '(' + os.path.basename(nearest.filename) + ':' + str(nearest.lineno) + ')'
-      except AttributeError: # Prior to Python 3.5
-        origin = '(' + os.path.basename(nearest[1]) + ':' + str(nearest[2]) + ')'
+      origin = f'({os.path.basename(nearest.filename)}:{nearest.lineno})'
     else: # Some function has called debug(): Get location of both that function, and where that function was invoked
-      try:
-        filename = nearest.filename
-        funcname = nearest.function + '()'
-      except AttributeError: # Prior to Python 3.5
-        filename = nearest[1]
-        funcname = nearest[3] + '()'
+      filename = nearest.filename
+      funcname = f'{nearest.function}()'
       modulename = inspect.getmodulename(filename)
       if modulename:
-        funcname = modulename + '.' + funcname
+        funcname = f'{modulename}.{funcname}'
       origin = funcname
       caller = outer_frames[2]
-      try:
-        origin += ' (from ' + os.path.basename(caller.filename) + ':' + str(caller.lineno) + ')'
-      except AttributeError:
-        origin += ' (from ' + os.path.basename(caller[1]) + ':' + str(caller[2]) + ')'
-      finally:
-        del caller
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.debug + '[DEBUG] ' + origin + ': ' + text + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+      origin += f' (from {os.path.basename(caller.filename)}:{caller.lineno})'
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.debug}[DEBUG] {origin}: {text}{ANSI.clear}\n')
   finally:
     del nearest
 
 def trace(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   calling_frame = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1]
   try:
-    try:
-      filename = calling_frame.filename
-      lineno = calling_frame.lineno
-    except AttributeError: # Prior to Python 3.5
-      filename = calling_frame[1]
-      lineno = calling_frame[2]
-    sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': at ' + os.path.basename(filename) + ': ' + str(lineno) + '\n')
+    filename = calling_frame.filename
+    lineno = calling_frame.lineno
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: at {os.path.basename(filename)}:{lineno}\n')
   finally:
     del calling_frame
 
 def var(*variables): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   calling_frame = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1]
   try:
-    try:
-      calling_code = calling_frame.code_context[0]
-      filename = calling_frame.filename
-      lineno = calling_frame.lineno
-    except AttributeError: # Prior to Python 3.5
-      calling_code = calling_frame[4][0]
-      filename = calling_frame[1]
-      lineno = calling_frame[2]
+    calling_code = calling_frame.code_context[0]
+    filename = calling_frame.filename
+    lineno = calling_frame.lineno
     var_string = calling_code[calling_code.find('var(')+4:].rstrip('\n').rstrip(' ')[:-1].replace(',', ' ')
     var_names, var_values = var_string.split(), variables
     for name, value in zip(var_names, var_values):
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': [' + os.path.basename(filename) + ': ' + str(lineno) + ']: ' + name + ' = ' + str(value) + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: [{os.path.basename(filename)}:{lineno}]: {name} = {value}\n')
   finally:
     del calling_frame
 
 def warn(text): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.warn + '[WARNING] ' + text + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+  sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.warn}[WARNING] {text}{ANSI.clear}\n')
 
 
 
@@ -513,9 +475,10 @@ def __init__(self, msg, target=0):
     if not self.orig_verbosity:
       return
     if self.isatty:
-      sys.stderr.write(self.wrapoff + EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.execute + '[' + ('{0:>3}%'.format(self.value) if self.multiplier else ProgressBar.BUSY[0]) + ']' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + ANSI.console + self._get_message() + '... ' + ANSI.clear + ANSI.lineclear + self.wrapon + self.newline)
+      progress_bar = f'{self.value:>3}%' if self.multiplier else ProgressBar.BUSY[0]
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{self.wrapoff}{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.execute}[{progress_bar}]{ANSI.clear} {ANSI.console}{self._get_message()}... {ANSI.clear}{ANSI.lineclear}{self.wrapon}{self.newline}')
     else:
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + self._get_message() + '... [' + self.newline)
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {self._get_message()}... [{self.newline}')
     sys.stderr.flush()
 
   def increment(self, msg=None):
@@ -553,12 +516,13 @@ def done(self, msg=None):
     if not self.orig_verbosity:
       return
     if self.isatty:
-      sys.stderr.write('\r' + EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.execute + '[' + ('100%' if self.multiplier else 'done') + ']' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + ANSI.console + self._get_message() + ANSI.clear + ANSI.lineclear + '\n')
+      progress_bar = '100%' if self.multiplier else 'done'
+      sys.stderr.write(f'\r{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.execute}[{progress_bar}]{ANSI.clear} {ANSI.console}{self._get_message()}{ANSI.clear}{ANSI.lineclear}\n')
     else:
       if self.newline:
-        sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + self._get_message() + ' [' + ('=' * int(self.value/2)) + ']\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {self._get_message()} [{"=" * int(self.value/2)}]\n')
       else:
-        sys.stderr.write('=' * (int(self.value/2) - int(self.old_value/2)) + ']\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{"=" * (int(self.value/2) - int(self.old_value/2))}]\n')
     sys.stderr.flush()
 
 
@@ -567,10 +531,11 @@ def _update(self):
     if not self.orig_verbosity:
       return
     if self.isatty:
-      sys.stderr.write(self.wrapoff + '\r' + EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.execute + '[' + ('{0:>3}%'.format(self.value) if self.multiplier else ProgressBar.BUSY[self.counter%6]) + ']' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + ANSI.console + self._get_message() + '... ' + ANSI.clear + ANSI.lineclear + self.wrapon + self.newline)
+      progress_bar = f'{self.value:>3}%' if self.multiplier else ProgressBar.BUSY[self.counter%6]
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{self.wrapoff}\r{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.execute}[{progress_bar}]{ANSI.clear} {ANSI.console}{self._get_message()}... {ANSI.clear}{ANSI.lineclear}{self.wrapon}{self.newline}')
     else:
       if self.newline:
-        sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + self._get_message() + '... [' + ('=' * int(self.value/2)) + self.newline)
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {self._get_message()}... [{"=" * int(self.value/2)}{self.newline}')
       else:
         sys.stderr.write('=' * (int(self.value/2) - int(self.old_value/2)))
     sys.stderr.flush()
@@ -584,6 +549,77 @@ def _get_message(self):
 
 
 
+class _FilesystemPath(pathlib.Path):
+  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+    # TODO Can we use positional arguments rather than kwargs?
+    root_dir = kwargs.pop('root_dir', None)
+    assert root_dir is not None
+    return super().__new__(_WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else _PosixPath,
+                           os.path.normpath(os.path.join(root_dir, *args)),
+                           **kwargs)
+  def __format__(self, _):
+    return shlex.quote(str(self))
+
+class _WindowsPath(pathlib.PureWindowsPath, _FilesystemPath):
+  _flavour = pathlib._windows_flavour # pylint: disable=protected-access
+class _PosixPath(pathlib.PurePosixPath, _FilesystemPath):
+  _flavour = pathlib._posix_flavour # pylint: disable=protected-access
+
+class UserPath(_FilesystemPath):
+  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+    kwargs.update({'root_dir': WORKING_DIR})
+    return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+  def check_output(self):
+    pass
+
+class ScratchPath(_FilesystemPath): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+    assert SCRATCH_DIR is not None
+    kwargs.update({'root_dir': SCRATCH_DIR})
+    return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+class _UserFileOutPath(UserPath):
+  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+  def check_output(self):
+    if self.exists:
+      if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+        warn(f'Output file path "{str(self)}" already exists; '
+              'will be overwritten at script completion')
+      else:
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Output file "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                          '(use -force to override)')
+
+class _UserDirOutPath(UserPath):
+  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+  def check_output(self):
+    if self.exists:
+      if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+        warn(f'Output directory path "{str(self)}" already exists; '
+              'will be overwritten at script completion')
+      else:
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                          '(use -force to overwrite)')
+  def mkdir(self, **kwargs):
+    # Always force parents=True for user-specified path
+    parents = kwargs.pop('parents', True)
+    while True:
+      if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+        try:
+          shutil.rmtree(self)
+        except OSError:
+          pass
+      try:
+        super().mkdir(parents=parents, **kwargs)
+        return
+      except FileExistsError:
+        if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+          raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                            '(use -force to override)')
+
+
+
 # The Parser class is responsible for setting up command-line parsing for the script.
 #   This includes proper configuration of the argparse functionality, adding standard options
 #   that are common for all scripts, providing a custom help page that is consistent with the
@@ -610,7 +646,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
         processed_value = int(processed_value)
       except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as boolean value"') from exc
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as boolean value"') from exc
       return bool(processed_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
@@ -625,15 +661,15 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         try:
           value = int(input_value)
         except ValueError as exc:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer value') from exc
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as integer value') from exc
         if min_value is not None and value < min_value:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' less than minimum permissible value ' + str(min_value))
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input value "{input_value}" less than minimum permissible value {min_value}')
         if max_value is not None and value > max_value:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' greater than maximum permissible value ' + str(max_value))
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input value "{input_value}" greater than maximum permissible value {max_value}')
         return value
       @staticmethod
       def _typestring():
-        return 'INT ' + (str(-sys.maxsize - 1) if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + (str(sys.maxsize) if max_value is None else str(max_value))
+        return f'INT {-sys.maxsize - 1 if min_value is None else min_value} {sys.maxsize if max_value is None else max_value}'
     return IntChecker()
 
   def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
@@ -645,15 +681,15 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         try:
           value = float(input_value)
         except ValueError as exc:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point value') from exc
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as floating-point value') from exc
         if min_value is not None and value < min_value:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' less than minimum permissible value ' + str(min_value))
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input value "{input_value}" less than minimum permissible value {min_value}')
         if max_value is not None and value > max_value:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input value "' + input_value + ' greater than maximum permissible value ' + str(max_value))
+          raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input value "{input_value}" greater than maximum permissible value {max_value}')
         return value
       @staticmethod
       def _typestring():
-        return 'FLOAT ' + ('-inf' if min_value is None else str(min_value)) + ' ' + ('inf' if max_value is None else str(max_value))
+        return f'FLOAT {"-inf" if min_value is None else str(min_value)} {"inf" if max_value is None else str(max_value)}'
     return FloatChecker()
 
   class SequenceInt(CustomTypeBase):
@@ -661,7 +697,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
         return [int(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
       except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as integer sequence') from exc
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as integer sequence') from exc
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'ISEQ'
@@ -671,43 +707,49 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
         return [float(i) for i in input_value.split(',')]
       except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Could not interpret "' + input_value + '" as floating-point sequence') from exc
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as floating-point sequence') from exc
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'FSEQ'
 
   class DirectoryIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input directory "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
-      if not os.path.isdir(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a directory')
-      return input_value
+      abspath = UserPath(input_value)
+      if not abspath.exists():
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input directory "{input_value}" does not exist')
+      if not abspath.is_dir():
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input path "{input_value}" is not a directory')
+      return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'DIRIN'
 
+
   class DirectoryOut(CustomTypeBase):
+
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return input_value
+      abspath = _UserDirOutPath(input_value)
+      return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'DIROUT'
 
   class FileIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      if not os.path.exists(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input file "' + input_value + '" does not exist')
-      if not os.path.isfile(input_value):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input path "' + input_value + '" is not a file')
-      return input_value
+      abspath = UserPath(input_value)
+      if not abspath.exists():
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input file "{input_value}" does not exist')
+      if not abspath.is_file():
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input path "{input_value}" is not a file')
+      return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'FILEIN'
 
   class FileOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return input_value
+      abspath = _UserFileOutPath(input_value)
+      return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'FILEOUT'
@@ -717,7 +759,8 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
         input_value = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
         _STDIN_IMAGES.append(input_value)
-      return input_value
+      abspath = UserPath(input_value)
+      return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'IMAGEIN'
@@ -727,27 +770,30 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
         input_value = utils.name_temporary('mif')
         _STDOUT_IMAGES.append(input_value)
-      return input_value
+      # Not guaranteed to catch all cases of output images trying to overwrite existing files;
+      #   but will at least catch some of them
+      abspath = _UserFileOutPath(input_value)
+      return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'IMAGEOUT'
 
-  class TracksIn(FileIn):
+  class TracksIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      super().__call__(input_value)
-      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Input tractogram file "' + input_value + '" is not a valid track file')
-      return input_value
+      filepath = Parser.FileIn()(input_value)
+      if filepath.suffix.lower() != '.tck':
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input tractogram file "{filepath}" is not a valid track file')
+      return filepath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'TRACKSIN'
 
-  class TracksOut(FileOut):
+  class TracksOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      super().__call__(input_value)
-      if not input_value.endswith('.tck'):
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('Output tractogram path "' + input_value + '" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
-      return input_value
+      filepath = Parser.FileOut()(input_value)
+      if filepath.suffix.lower() != '.tck':
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Output tractogram path "{filepath}" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
+      return filepath
     @staticmethod
     def _typestring():
       return 'TRACKSOUT'
@@ -781,25 +827,65 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
         self._external_citations = self._external_citations or parent._external_citations
     else:
       standard_options = self.add_argument_group('Standard options')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-info', action='store_true', help='display information messages.')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-quiet', action='store_true', help='do not display information messages or progress status. Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-debug', action='store_true', help='display debugging messages.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-info',
+                                    action='store_true',
+                                    help='display information messages.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-quiet',
+                                    action='store_true',
+                                    help='do not display information messages or progress status. '
+                                         'Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-debug',
+                                    action='store_true',
+                                    help='display debugging messages.')
       self.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'info', 'quiet', 'debug' ] )
-      standard_options.add_argument('-force', action='store_true', help='force overwrite of output files.')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-nthreads', metavar='number', type=Parser.Int(0), help='use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-config', action='append', type=str, metavar=('key', 'value'), nargs=2, help='temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-help', action='store_true', help='display this information page and exit.')
-      standard_options.add_argument('-version', action='store_true', help='display version information and exit.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-force',
+                                    action='store_true',
+                                    help='force overwrite of output files.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-nthreads',
+                                    metavar='number',
+                                    type=Parser.Int(0),
+                                    help='use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications '
+                                         '(set to 0 to disable multi-threading).')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-config',
+                                    action='append',
+                                    type=str,
+                                    metavar=('key', 'value'),
+                                    nargs=2,
+                                    help='temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-help',
+                                    action='store_true',
+                                    help='display this information page and exit.')
+      standard_options.add_argument('-version',
+                                    action='store_true',
+                                    help='display version information and exit.')
       script_options = self.add_argument_group('Additional standard options for Python scripts')
-      script_options.add_argument('-nocleanup', action='store_true', help='do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.')
-      script_options.add_argument('-scratch', type=Parser.DirectoryOut(), metavar='/path/to/scratch/', help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
-      script_options.add_argument('-continue', type=Parser.Various(), nargs=2, dest='cont', metavar=('ScratchDir', 'LastFile'), help='continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-nocleanup',
+                                  action='store_true',
+                                  help='do not delete intermediate files during script execution, '
+                                       'and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-scratch',
+                                  type=Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                                  metavar='/path/to/scratch/',
+                                  help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
+      script_options.add_argument('-continue',
+                                  type=Parser.Various(),
+                                  nargs=2,
+                                  dest='cont',
+                                  metavar=('ScratchDir', 'LastFile'),
+                                  help='continue the script from a previous execution; '
+                                       'must provide the scratch directory path, '
+                                       'and the name of the last successfully-generated file.')
     module_file = os.path.realpath (inspect.getsourcefile(inspect.stack()[-1][0]))
     self._is_project = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(module_file), os.pardir, 'lib', 'mrtrix3', 'app.py')) != os.path.abspath(__file__)
     try:
-      with subprocess.Popen ([ 'git', 'describe', '--abbrev=8', '--dirty', '--always' ], cwd=os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(module_file), os.pardir)), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as process:
+      with subprocess.Popen ([ 'git', 'describe', '--abbrev=8', '--dirty', '--always' ],
+                             cwd=os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(module_file), os.pardir)),
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as process:
         self._git_version = process.communicate()[0]
-        self._git_version = str(self._git_version.decode(errors='ignore')).strip() if process.returncode == 0 else 'unknown'
+        self._git_version = str(self._git_version.decode(errors='ignore')).strip() \
+                            if process.returncode == 0 \
+                            else 'unknown'
     except OSError:
       self._git_version = 'unknown'
 
@@ -814,7 +900,8 @@ def add_citation(self, citation, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     condition = kwargs.pop('condition', None)
     is_external = kwargs.pop('is_external', False)
     if kwargs:
-      raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to app.Parser.add_citation(): ' + str(kwargs))
+      raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to app.Parser.add_citation(): '
+                      + str(kwargs))
     self._citation_list.append( (condition, citation) )
     if is_external:
       self._external_citations = True
@@ -882,9 +969,9 @@ def error(self, message):
         if alg == sys.argv[1]:
           usage = self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices[alg].format_usage()
           continue
-    sys.stderr.write('\nError: %s\n' % message)
-    sys.stderr.write('Usage: ' + usage + '\n')
-    sys.stderr.write('       (Run ' + self.prog + ' -help for more information)\n\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'\nError: {message}\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'Usage: {usage}\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'       (Run {self.prog} -help for more information)\n\n')
     sys.stderr.flush()
     sys.exit(2)
 
@@ -902,13 +989,13 @@ def _check_mutex_options(self, args_in):
                 count += 1
               break
       if count > 1:
-        sys.stderr.write('\nError: You cannot use more than one of the following options: ' + ', '.join([ '-' + o for o in group[0] ]) + '\n')
-        sys.stderr.write('(Consult the help page for more information: ' + self.prog + ' -help)\n\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'\nError: You cannot use more than one of the following options: {", ".join([ "-" + o for o in group[0] ])}\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'(Consult the help page for more information: {self.prog} -help)\n\n')
         sys.stderr.flush()
         sys.exit(1)
       if group[1] and not count:
-        sys.stderr.write('\nError: One of the following options must be provided: ' + ', '.join([ '-' + o for o in group[0] ]) + '\n')
-        sys.stderr.write('(Consult the help page for more information: ' + self.prog + ' -help)\n\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'\nError: One of the following options must be provided: {", ".join([ "-" + o for o in group[0] ])}\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'(Consult the help page for more information: {self.prog} -help)\n\n')
         sys.stderr.flush()
         sys.exit(1)
 
@@ -929,7 +1016,7 @@ def format_usage(self):
         argument_list.append(' '.join(arg.metavar))
       else:
         argument_list.append(arg.dest)
-    return self.prog + ' ' + ' '.join(argument_list) + ' [ options ]' + trailing_ellipsis
+    return f'{self.prog} {" ".join(argument_list)} [ options ]{trailing_ellipsis}'
 
   def print_help(self, file=None):
     def bold(text):
@@ -937,21 +1024,21 @@ def bold(text):
 
     def underline(text, ignore_whitespace = True):
       if not ignore_whitespace:
-        return ''.join( '_' + chr(0x08) + c for c in text)
-      return ''.join( '_' + chr(0x08) + c if c != ' ' else c for c in text)
+        return ''.join('_' + chr(0x08) + c for c in text)
+      return ''.join('_' + chr(0x08) + c if c != ' ' else c for c in text)
 
     wrapper_args = textwrap.TextWrapper(width=80, initial_indent='', subsequent_indent='                     ')
     wrapper_other = textwrap.TextWrapper(width=80, initial_indent='     ', subsequent_indent='     ')
     if self._is_project:
-      text = 'Version ' + self._git_version
+      text = f'Version {self._git_version}'
     else:
-      text = 'MRtrix ' + __version__
+      text = f'MRtrix {__version__}'
     text += ' ' * max(1, 40 - len(text) - int(len(self.prog)/2))
     text += bold(self.prog) + '\n'
     if self._is_project:
-      text += 'using MRtrix3 ' + __version__ + '\n'
+      text += f'using MRtrix3 {__version__}\n'
     text += '\n'
-    text += '     ' + bold(self.prog) + ': ' + ('external MRtrix3 project' if self._is_project else 'part of the MRtrix3 package') + '\n'
+    text += '     ' + bold(self.prog) + f': {"external MRtrix3 project" if self._is_project else "part of the MRtrix3 package"}\n'
     text += '\n'
     text += bold('SYNOPSIS') + '\n'
     text += '\n'
@@ -962,27 +1049,32 @@ def underline(text, ignore_whitespace = True):
     usage = self.prog + ' '
     # Compulsory subparser algorithm selection (if present)
     if self._subparsers:
-      usage += self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest + ' [ options ] ...'
+      usage += f'{self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest} [ options ] ...'
     else:
       usage += '[ options ]'
       # Find compulsory input arguments
       for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
-        usage += ' ' + arg.dest
+        usage += f' {arg.dest}'
     # Unfortunately this can line wrap early because textwrap is counting each
     #   underlined character as 3 characters when calculating when to wrap
     # Fix by underlining after the fact
     text += wrapper_other.fill(usage).replace(self.prog, underline(self.prog), 1) + '\n'
     text += '\n'
     if self._subparsers:
-      text += '        ' + wrapper_args.fill(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest + ' '*(max(13-len(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest), 1)) + self._subparsers._group_actions[0].help).replace (self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest, underline(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest), 1) + '\n'
+      text += '        ' + wrapper_args.fill(
+        self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest
+        + ' '*(max(13-len(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest), 1))
+        + self._subparsers._group_actions[0].help).replace(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest,
+                                                           underline(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest), 1) \
+           + '\n'
       text += '\n'
     for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
       line = '        '
       if arg.metavar:
-        name = " ".join(arg.metavar)
+        name = ' '.join(arg.metavar)
       else:
         name = arg.dest
-      line += name + ' '*(max(13-len(name), 1)) + arg.help
+      line += f'{name}{" "*(max(13-len(name), 1))}{arg.help}'
       text += wrapper_args.fill(line).replace(name, underline(name), 1) + '\n'
       text += '\n'
     if self._description:
@@ -996,8 +1088,10 @@ def underline(text, ignore_whitespace = True):
       text += '\n'
       for example in self._examples:
         for line in wrapper_other.fill(example[0] + ':').splitlines():
-          text += ' '*(len(line) - len(line.lstrip())) + underline(line.lstrip(), False) + '\n'
-        text += ' '*7 + '$ ' + example[1] + '\n'
+          text += ' '*(len(line) - len(line.lstrip())) \
+               + underline(line.lstrip(), False) \
+               + '\n'
+        text += f'{" "*7}$ {example[1]}\n'
         if example[2]:
           text += wrapper_other.fill(example[2]) + '\n'
         text += '\n'
@@ -1018,15 +1112,15 @@ def print_group_options(group):
             group_text += option.metavar
         elif option.nargs:
           if isinstance(option.nargs, int):
-            group_text += (' ' + option.dest.upper())*option.nargs
+            group_text += (f' {option.dest.upper()}')*option.nargs
           elif option.nargs in ('+', '*'):
             group_text += ' <space-separated list>'
           elif option.nargs == '?':
             group_text += ' <optional value>'
         elif option.type is not None:
-          group_text += ' ' + option.type.__name__.upper()
+          group_text += f' {option.type.__name__.upper()}'
         elif option.default is None:
-          group_text += ' ' + option.dest.upper()
+          group_text += f' {option.dest.upper()}'
         # Any options that haven't tripped one of the conditions above should be a store_true or store_false, and
         #   therefore there's nothing to be appended to the option instruction
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
@@ -1086,24 +1180,24 @@ def print_full_usage(self):
           self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices[alg].print_full_usage()
           return
       self.error('Invalid subparser nominated')
-    sys.stdout.write(self._synopsis + '\n')
+    sys.stdout.write(f'{self._synopsis}\n')
     if self._description:
       if isinstance(self._description, list):
         for line in self._description:
-          sys.stdout.write(line + '\n')
+          sys.stdout.write(f'{line}\n')
       else:
-        sys.stdout.write(self._description + '\n')
+        sys.stdout.write(f'{self._description}\n')
     for example in self._examples:
-      sys.stdout.write(example[0] + ': $ ' + example[1])
+      sys.stdout.write(f'{example[0]}: $ {example[1]}')
       if example[2]:
-        sys.stdout.write('; ' + example[2])
+        sys.stdout.write(f'; {example[2]}')
       sys.stdout.write('\n')
 
     def arg2str(arg):
       if arg.choices:
-        return 'CHOICE ' + ' '.join(arg.choices)
+        return f'CHOICE {" ".join(arg.choices)}'
       if isinstance(arg.type, int) or arg.type is int:
-        return 'INT ' + str(-sys.maxsize - 1) + ' ' + str(sys.maxsize)
+        return f'INT {-sys.maxsize - 1} {sys.maxsize}'
       if isinstance(arg.type, float) or arg.type is float:
         return 'FLOAT -inf inf'
       if isinstance(arg.type, str) or arg.type is str or arg.type is None:
@@ -1116,34 +1210,23 @@ def allow_multiple(nargs):
       return '1' if nargs in ('*', '+') else '0'
 
     for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
-      sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + arg.dest + ' 0 ' + allow_multiple(arg.nargs) + ' ' + arg2str(arg) + '\n')
-      sys.stdout.write(arg.help + '\n')
+      sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {arg.dest} 0 {allow_multiple(arg.nargs)} {arg2str(arg)}\n')
+      sys.stdout.write(f'{arg.help}\n')
 
     def print_group_options(group):
       for option in group._group_actions:
-        sys.stdout.write('OPTION '
-                         + '/'.join(option.option_strings)
-                         + ' '
-                         + ('0' if option.required else '1')
-                         + ' '
-                         + allow_multiple(option.nargs)
-                         + '\n')
-        sys.stdout.write(option.help + '\n')
+        sys.stdout.write(f'OPTION {"/".join(option.option_strings)} {"0" if option.required else "1"} {allow_multiple(option.nargs)}\n')
+        sys.stdout.write(f'{option.help}\n')
         if option.metavar and isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
           assert len(option.metavar) == option.nargs
           for arg in option.metavar:
-            sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT ' + arg + ' 0 0 ' + arg2str(option) + '\n')
+            sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {arg} 0 0 {arg2str(option)}\n')
         else:
           multiple = allow_multiple(option.nargs)
           nargs = 1 if multiple == '1' else (option.nargs if option.nargs is not None else 1)
           for _ in range(0, nargs):
-            sys.stdout.write('ARGUMENT '
-                             + (option.metavar if option.metavar else '/'.join(opt.lstrip('-') for opt in option.option_strings))
-                             + ' 0 '
-                             + multiple
-                             + ' '
-                             + arg2str(option)
-                             + '\n')
+            metavar_string = option.metavar if option.metavar else '/'.join(opt.lstrip('-') for opt in option.option_strings)
+            sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {metavar_string} 0 {multiple} {arg2str(option)}\n')
 
     ungrouped_options = self._get_ungrouped_options()
     if ungrouped_options and ungrouped_options._group_actions:
@@ -1161,28 +1244,28 @@ def print_usage_markdown(self):
           return
       self.error('Invalid subparser nominated')
     text = '## Synopsis\n\n'
-    text += self._synopsis + '\n\n'
+    text += f'{self._synopsis}\n\n'
     text += '## Usage\n\n'
-    text += '    ' + self.format_usage() + '\n\n'
+    text += f'    {self.format_usage()}\n\n'
     if self._subparsers:
-      text += '-  *' + self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest + '*: ' + self._subparsers._group_actions[0].help + '\n'
+      text += f'-  *{self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest}*: {self._subparsers._group_actions[0].help}\n'
     for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
       if arg.metavar:
         name = arg.metavar
       else:
         name = arg.dest
-      text += '-  *' + name + '*: ' + arg.help + '\n\n'
+      text += f'-  *{name}*: {arg.help}\n\n'
     if self._description:
       text += '## Description\n\n'
       for line in self._description:
-        text += line + '\n\n'
+        text += f'{line}\n\n'
     if self._examples:
       text += '## Example usages\n\n'
       for example in self._examples:
-        text += '__' + example[0] + ':__\n'
-        text += '`$ ' + example[1] + '`\n'
+        text += f'__{example[0]}:__\n'
+        text += f'`$ {example[1]}`\n'
         if example[2]:
-          text += example[2] + '\n'
+          text += f'{example[2]}\n'
         text += '\n'
     text += '## Options\n\n'
 
@@ -1196,10 +1279,10 @@ def print_group_options(group):
             option_text += ' '.join(option.metavar)
           else:
             option_text += option.metavar
-        group_text += '+ **-' + option_text + '**'
+        group_text += f'+ **-{option_text}**'
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
           group_text += '  *(multiple uses permitted)*'
-        group_text += '<br>' + option.help + '\n\n'
+        group_text += f'<br>{option.help}\n\n'
       return group_text
 
     ungrouped_options = self._get_ungrouped_options()
@@ -1207,24 +1290,27 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       text += print_group_options(ungrouped_options)
     for group in reversed(self._action_groups):
       if self._is_option_group(group):
-        text += '#### ' + group.title + '\n\n'
+        text += f'#### {group.title}\n\n'
         text += print_group_options(group)
     text += '## References\n\n'
     for ref in self._citation_list:
       ref_text = ''
       if ref[0]:
-        ref_text += ref[0] + ': '
+        ref_text += f'{ref[0]}: '
       ref_text += ref[1]
-      text += ref_text + '\n\n'
-    text += _MRTRIX3_CORE_REFERENCE + '\n\n'
+      text += f'{ref_text}\n\n'
+    text += f'{_MRTRIX3_CORE_REFERENCE}\n\n'
     text += '---\n\n'
-    text += '**Author:** ' + self._author + '\n\n'
-    text += '**Copyright:** ' + self._copyright + '\n\n'
+    text += f'**Author:** {self._author}\n\n'
+    text += f'**Copyright:** {self._copyright}\n\n'
     sys.stdout.write(text)
     sys.stdout.flush()
     if self._subparsers:
       for alg in self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices:
-        subprocess.call ([ sys.executable, os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0]), alg, '__print_usage_markdown__' ])
+        subprocess.call ([sys.executable,
+                          os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0]),
+                          alg,
+                          '__print_usage_markdown__'])
 
   def print_usage_rst(self):
     # Need to check here whether it's the documentation for a particular subparser that's being requested
@@ -1233,39 +1319,40 @@ def print_usage_rst(self):
         if alg == sys.argv[-2]:
           self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices[alg].print_usage_rst()
           return
-      self.error('Invalid subparser nominated: ' + sys.argv[-2])
-    text = '.. _' + self.prog.replace(' ', '_') + ':\n\n'
-    text += self.prog + '\n'
-    text += '='*len(self.prog) + '\n\n'
+      self.error(f'Invalid subparser nominated: {sys.argv[-2]}')
+    text = f'.. _{self.prog.replace(" ", "_")}:\n\n'
+    text += f'{self.prog}\n'
+    text += f'{"="*len(self.prog)}\n\n'
     text += 'Synopsis\n'
     text += '--------\n\n'
-    text += self._synopsis + '\n\n'
+    text += f'{self._synopsis}\n\n'
     text += 'Usage\n'
     text += '-----\n\n'
     text += '::\n\n'
-    text += '    ' + self.format_usage() + '\n\n'
+    text += f'    {self.format_usage()}\n\n'
     if self._subparsers:
-      text += '-  *' + self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest + '*: ' + self._subparsers._group_actions[0].help + '\n'
+      text += f'-  *{self._subparsers._group_actions[0].dest}*: {self._subparsers._group_actions[0].help}\n'
     for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
       if arg.metavar:
         name = arg.metavar
       else:
         name = arg.dest
-      text += '-  *' + (' '.join(name) if isinstance(name, tuple) else name)  + '*: ' + arg.help.replace('|', '\\|') + '\n'
+      arg_help = arg.help.replace('|', '\\|')
+      text += f'-  *{" ".join(name) if isinstance(name, tuple) else name}*: {arg_help}\n'
     text += '\n'
     if self._description:
       text += 'Description\n'
       text += '-----------\n\n'
       for line in self._description:
-        text += line + '\n\n'
+        text += f'{line}\n\n'
     if self._examples:
       text += 'Example usages\n'
       text += '--------------\n\n'
       for example in self._examples:
-        text += '-   *' + example[0] + '*::\n\n'
-        text += '        $ ' + example[1] + '\n\n'
+        text += f'-   *{example[0]}*::\n\n'
+        text += f'        $ {example[1]}\n\n'
         if example[2]:
-          text += '    ' + example[2] + '\n\n'
+          text += f'    {example[2]}\n\n'
     text += 'Options\n'
     text += '-------\n'
 
@@ -1280,10 +1367,11 @@ def print_group_options(group):
           else:
             option_text += option.metavar
         group_text += '\n'
-        group_text += '- **' + option_text + '**'
+        group_text += f'- **{option_text}**'
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
           group_text += '  *(multiple uses permitted)*'
-        group_text += ' ' + option.help.replace('|', '\\|') + '\n'
+        option_help = option.help.replace('|', '\\|')
+        group_text += f' {option_help}\n'
       return group_text
 
     ungrouped_options = self._get_ungrouped_options()
@@ -1292,8 +1380,8 @@ def print_group_options(group):
     for group in reversed(self._action_groups):
       if self._is_option_group(group):
         text += '\n'
-        text += group.title + '\n'
-        text += '^'*len(group.title) + '\n'
+        text += f'{group.title}\n'
+        text += f'{"^"*len(group.title)}\n'
         text += print_group_options(group)
     text += '\n'
     text += 'References\n'
@@ -1301,25 +1389,28 @@ def print_group_options(group):
     for ref in self._citation_list:
       ref_text = '* '
       if ref[0]:
-        ref_text += ref[0] + ': '
+        ref_text += f'{ref[0]}: '
       ref_text += ref[1]
-      text += ref_text + '\n\n'
-    text += _MRTRIX3_CORE_REFERENCE + '\n\n'
+      text += f'{ref_text}\n\n'
+    text += f'{_MRTRIX3_CORE_REFERENCE}\n\n'
     text += '--------------\n\n\n\n'
-    text += '**Author:** ' + self._author + '\n\n'
-    text += '**Copyright:** ' + self._copyright + '\n\n'
+    text += f'**Author:** {self._author}\n\n'
+    text += f'**Copyright:** {self._copyright}\n\n'
     sys.stdout.write(text)
     sys.stdout.flush()
     if self._subparsers:
       for alg in self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices:
-        subprocess.call ([ sys.executable, os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0]), alg, '__print_usage_rst__' ])
+        subprocess.call ([sys.executable,
+                          os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0]),
+                          alg,
+                          '__print_usage_rst__'])
 
   def print_version(self):
-    text = '== ' + self.prog + ' ' + (self._git_version if self._is_project else __version__) + ' ==\n'
+    text = f'== {self.prog} {self._git_version if self._is_project else __version__} ==\n'
     if self._is_project:
-      text += 'executing against MRtrix ' + __version__ + '\n'
-    text += 'Author(s): ' + self._author + '\n'
-    text += self._copyright + '\n'
+      text += f'executing against MRtrix {__version__}\n'
+    text += f'Author(s): {self._author}\n'
+    text += f'{self._copyright}\n'
     sys.stdout.write(text)
     sys.stdout.flush()
 
@@ -1342,17 +1433,24 @@ def _is_option_group(self, group):
 # Define functions for incorporating commonly-used command-line options / option groups
 def add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for importing the diffusion gradient table')
-  options.add_argument('-grad', type=Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format')
-  options.add_argument('-fslgrad', type=Parser.FileIn(), nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
+  options.add_argument('-grad',
+                       type=Parser.FileIn(),
+                       metavar='file',
+                       help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in MRtrix format')
+  options.add_argument('-fslgrad',
+                       type=Parser.FileIn(),
+                       nargs=2,
+                       metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'),
+                       help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'grad', 'fslgrad' ] )
 
+# TODO Change these to yield lists rather than strings
 def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   assert ARGS
   if ARGS.grad:
-    return ' -grad ' + path.from_user(ARGS.grad)
+    return f' -grad {ARGS.grad}'
   if ARGS.fslgrad:
-    return ' -fslgrad ' + path.from_user(ARGS.fslgrad[0]) + ' ' + path.from_user(ARGS.fslgrad[1])
+    return f' -fslgrad {ARGS.fslgrad[0]} {ARGS.fslgrad[1]}'
   return ''
 
 
@@ -1360,22 +1458,25 @@ def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for exporting the diffusion gradient table')
-  options.add_argument('-export_grad_mrtrix', type=Parser.FileOut(), metavar='grad', help='Export the final gradient table in MRtrix format')
-  options.add_argument('-export_grad_fsl', type=Parser.FileOut(), nargs=2, metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'), help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
+  options.add_argument('-export_grad_mrtrix',
+                       type=Parser.FileOut(),
+                       metavar='grad',
+                       help='Export the final gradient table in MRtrix format')
+  options.add_argument('-export_grad_fsl',
+                       type=Parser.FileOut(),
+                       nargs=2,
+                       metavar=('bvecs', 'bvals'),
+                       help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'export_grad_mrtrix', 'export_grad_fsl' ] )
 
 
 
 def read_dwgrad_export_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   assert ARGS
   if ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix:
-    check_output_path(path.from_user(ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix, False))
-    return ' -export_grad_mrtrix ' + path.from_user(ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix)
+    return f' -export_grad_mrtrix {ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix}'
   if ARGS.export_grad_fsl:
-    check_output_path(path.from_user(ARGS.export_grad_fsl[0], False))
-    check_output_path(path.from_user(ARGS.export_grad_fsl[1], False))
-    return ' -export_grad_fsl ' + path.from_user(ARGS.export_grad_fsl[0]) + ' ' + path.from_user(ARGS.export_grad_fsl[1])
+    return f' -export_grad_fsl {ARGS.export_grad_fsl[0]} {ARGS.export_grad_fsl[1]}'
   return ''
 
 
@@ -1398,14 +1499,14 @@ def handler(signum, _frame):
   for (key, value) in _SIGNALS.items():
     try:
       if getattr(signal, key) == signum:
-        msg += key + ' (' + str(int(signum)) + ')] ' + value
+        msg += f'{key} ({int(signum)})] {value}'
         signal_found = True
         break
     except AttributeError:
       pass
   if not signal_found:
     msg += '?] Unknown system signal'
-  sys.stderr.write('\n' + EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.error + msg + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+  sys.stderr.write(f'\n{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}{msg}{ANSI.clear}\n')
   if os.getcwd() != WORKING_DIR:
     os.chdir(WORKING_DIR)
   if SCRATCH_DIR:
@@ -1416,7 +1517,7 @@ def handler(signum, _frame):
         pass
       SCRATCH_DIR = ''
     else:
-      sys.stderr.write(EXEC_NAME + ': ' + ANSI.console + 'Scratch directory retained; location: ' + SCRATCH_DIR + ANSI.clear + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.console}Scratch directory retained; location: {SCRATCH_DIR}{ANSI.clear}\n')
   for item in _STDIN_IMAGES:
     try:
       os.remove(item)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
index a42b39ed22..c5be8d8f28 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
 from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 AFNI3DAUTOMASK_CMD = '3dAutomask'
 
 
@@ -24,72 +25,100 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('3dautomask', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Ricardo Rios (ricardo.rios@cimat.mx)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use AFNI 3dAutomask to derive a brain mask from the DWI mean b=0 image')
-  parser.add_citation('RW Cox. AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29:162-173, 1996.', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'afni_3dautomask\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-clfrac', type=app.Parser.Float(0.1, 0.9), help='Set the \'clip level fraction\', must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.')
-  options.add_argument('-nograd', action='store_true', help='The program uses a \'gradual\' clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
-  options.add_argument('-peels', type=app.Parser.Int(0), help='Peel (erode) the mask n times, then unpeel (dilate).')
-  options.add_argument('-nbhrs', type=app.Parser.Int(6, 26), help='Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded.  It should be between 6 and 26.')
-  options.add_argument('-eclip', action='store_true', help='After creating the mask, remove exterior voxels below the clip threshold.')
-  options.add_argument('-SI', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), help='After creating the mask, find the most superior voxel, then zero out everything more than SI millimeters inferior to that. 130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).')
-  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=app.Parser.Int(0), help='Dilate the mask outwards n times')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=app.Parser.Int(0), help='Erode the mask outwards n times')
-
-  options.add_argument('-NN1', action='store_true', help='Erode and dilate based on mask faces')
-  options.add_argument('-NN2', action='store_true', help='Erode and dilate based on mask edges')
-  options.add_argument('-NN3', action='store_true', help='Erode and dilate based on mask corners')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  parser.add_citation('RW Cox. '
+                      'AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. '
+                      'Computers and Biomedical Research, 29:162-173, 1996.',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "3dautomask" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-clfrac',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.1, 0.9),
+                       help='Set the "clip level fraction"; '
+                            'must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. '
+                            'A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, '
+                            'which will tend to make the mask larger.')
+  options.add_argument('-nograd',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='The program uses a "gradual" clip level by default. '
+                       'Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
+  options.add_argument('-peels',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       help='Peel (erode) the mask n times, '
+                            'then unpeel (dilate).')
+  options.add_argument('-nbhrs',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(6, 26),
+                       help='Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded. '
+                            'It should be between 6 and 26.')
+  options.add_argument('-eclip',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='After creating the mask, '
+                            'remove exterior voxels below the clip threshold.')
+  options.add_argument('-SI',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                       help='After creating the mask, '
+                            'find the most superior voxel, '
+                            'then zero out everything more than SI millimeters inferior to that. '
+                            '130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).')
+  options.add_argument('-dilate',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       help='Dilate the mask outwards n times')
+  options.add_argument('-erode',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       help='Erode the mask outwards n times')
+
+  options.add_argument('-NN1',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Erode and dilate based on mask faces')
+  options.add_argument('-NN2',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Erode and dilate based on mask edges')
+  options.add_argument('-NN3',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Erode and dilate based on mask corners')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not shutil.which(AFNI3DAUTOMASK_CMD):
-    raise MRtrixError('Unable to locate AFNI "'
-                      + AFNI3DAUTOMASK_CMD
-                      + '" executable; check installation')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to locate AFNI "{AFNI3DAUTOMASK_CMD}" executable; '
+                      f'check installation')
 
   # main command to execute
   mask_path = 'afni_mask.nii.gz'
-  cmd_string = AFNI3DAUTOMASK_CMD + ' -prefix ' + mask_path
+  cmd_string = [AFNI3DAUTOMASK_CMD, '-prefix', mask_path]
 
   # Adding optional parameters
   if app.ARGS.clfrac is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -clfrac ' + str(app.ARGS.clfrac)
+    cmd_string.extend(['-clfrac', str(app.ARGS.clfrac)])
   if app.ARGS.peels is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -peels ' + str(app.ARGS.peels)
+    cmd_string.extend(['-peels', str(app.ARGS.peels)])
   if app.ARGS.nbhrs is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -nbhrs ' + str(app.ARGS.nbhrs)
+    cmd_string.extend(['-nbhrs', str(app.ARGS.nbhrs)])
   if app.ARGS.dilate is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -dilate ' + str(app.ARGS.dilate)
+    cmd_string.extend(['-dilate', str(app.ARGS.dilate)])
   if app.ARGS.erode is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -erode ' + str(app.ARGS.erode)
+    cmd_string.extend(['-erode', str(app.ARGS.erode)])
   if app.ARGS.SI is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -SI ' + str(app.ARGS.SI)
+    cmd_string.extend(['-SI', str(app.ARGS.SI)])
 
   if app.ARGS.nograd:
-    cmd_string += ' -nograd'
+    cmd_string.append('-nograd')
   if app.ARGS.eclip:
-    cmd_string += ' -eclip'
+    cmd_string.append('-eclip')
   if app.ARGS.NN1:
-    cmd_string += ' -NN1'
+    cmd_string.append('-NN1')
   if app.ARGS.NN2:
-    cmd_string += ' -NN2'
+    cmd_string.append('-NN2')
   if app.ARGS.NN3:
-    cmd_string += ' -NN3'
+    cmd_string.append('-NN3')
 
   # Adding input dataset to main command
-  cmd_string +=  ' bzero.nii'
+  cmd_string.append('bzero.nii')
 
   # Execute main command for afni 3dautomask
   run.command(cmd_string)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
index 64c1649682..8ddab6d30f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
 
 import os, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 ANTS_BRAIN_EXTRACTION_CMD = 'antsBrainExtraction.sh'
 
 
@@ -25,33 +26,23 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('ants', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use ANTs Brain Extraction to derive a DWI brain mask')
-  parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. '
+                      'A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "ants" algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image and corresponding mask for antsBrainExtraction.sh to use; the template image should be T2-weighted.')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  if app.ARGS.template:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + app.ARGS.template[0] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_image.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + app.ARGS.template[1] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
-  elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_image.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
-  else:
-    raise MRtrixError('No template image information available from '
-                      'either command-line or MRtrix configuration file(s)')
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  options.add_argument('-template',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'),
+                       nargs=2,
+                       help='Provide the template image and corresponding mask for antsBrainExtraction.sh to use; '
+                            'the template image should be T2-weighted.')
 
 
 
@@ -61,9 +52,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('Environment variable ANTSPATH is not set; '
                       'please appropriately confirure ANTs software')
   if not shutil.which(ANTS_BRAIN_EXTRACTION_CMD):
-    raise MRtrixError('Unable to find command "'
-                      + ANTS_BRAIN_EXTRACTION_CMD
-                      + '"; please check ANTs installation')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to find command "{ANTS_BRAIN_EXTRACTION_CMD}"; '
+                      f'please check ANTs installation')
+
+  if app.ARGS.template:
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[0], 'template_image.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[1], 'template_mask.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+  elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
+    run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'], 'template_image.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'], 'template_mask.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+  else:
+    raise MRtrixError('No template image information available from '
+                      'either command-line or MRtrix configuration file(s)')
 
   run.command(ANTS_BRAIN_EXTRACTION_CMD
               + ' -d 3'
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index 44c4942c16..b8a5da1f11 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import os, shutil
+import os, pathlib, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 SOFTWARES = ['antsfull', 'antsquick', 'fsl']
 DEFAULT_SOFTWARE = 'antsquick'
@@ -53,207 +54,198 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('b02template', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Register the mean b=0 image to a T2-weighted template to back-propagate a brain mask')
-  parser.add_description('This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the first input to the -template option '
-                         'is T2-weighted, and can therefore be trivially registered to a mean b=0 image.')
+  parser.add_description('This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the first input to the -template option is T2-weighted, '
+                         'and can therefore be trivially registered to a mean b=0 image.')
   parser.add_description('Command-line option -ants_options can be used with either the "antsquick" or "antsfull" software options. '
-                         'In both cases, image dimensionality is assumed to be 3, and so this should be omitted from the user-specified options.'
-                         'The input can be either a string (encased in double-quotes if more than one option is specified), or a path to a text file containing the requested options. '
-                         'In the case of the "antsfull" software option, one will require the names of the fixed and moving images that are provided to the antsRegistration command: these are "template_image.nii" and "bzero.nii" respectively.')
-  parser.add_citation('M. Jenkinson, C.F. Beckmann, T.E. Behrens, M.W. Woolrich, S.M. Smith. FSL. NeuroImage, 62:782-90, 2012',
+                         'In both cases, image dimensionality is assumed to be 3, '
+                         'and so this should be omitted from the user-specified options.'
+                         'The input can be either a string '
+                         '(encased in double-quotes if more than one option is specified), '
+                         'or a path to a text file containing the requested options. '
+                         'In the case of the "antsfull" software option, '
+                         'one will require the names of the fixed and moving images that are provided to the antsRegistration command: '
+                         'these are "template_image.nii" and "bzero.nii" respectively.')
+  parser.add_citation('M. Jenkinson, C.F. Beckmann, T.E. Behrens, M.W. Woolrich, S.M. Smith. '
+                      'FSL. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 62:782-90, 2012',
                       condition='If FSL software is used for registration',
                       is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044',
+  parser.add_citation('B. Avants, N.J. Tustison, G. Song, P.A. Cook, A. Klein, J.C. Jee. '
+                      'A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2011, 54, 2033-2044',
                       condition='If ANTs software is used for registration',
                       is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "template" algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-software', choices=SOFTWARES, help='The software to use for template registration; options are: ' + ','.join(SOFTWARES) + '; default is ' + DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
-  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.')
+  options.add_argument('-software',
+                       choices=SOFTWARES,
+                       help='The software to use for template registration; '
+                            f'options are: {",".join(SOFTWARES)}; '
+                            f'default is {DEFAULT_SOFTWARE}')
+  options.add_argument('-template',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'),
+                       nargs=2,
+                       help='Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, '
+                            'and the mask to be projected to the input image. '
+                            'The template image should be T2-weighted.')
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the ANTs software for registration')
-  ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options', metavar='" ANTsOptions"', help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command (see Description)')
+  ants_options.add_argument('-ants_options',
+                            metavar='" ANTsOptions"',
+                            help='Provide options to be passed to the ANTs registration command '
+                                 '(see Description)')
   fsl_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options applicable when using the FSL software for registration')
-  fsl_options.add_argument('-flirt_options', metavar='" FlirtOptions"', help='Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)')
-  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-
-  reg_software = app.ARGS.software if app.ARGS.software else CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateSoftware', DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
-  if reg_software.startswith('ants'):
-    if not os.environ.get('ANTSPATH', ''):
-      raise MRtrixError('Environment variable ANTSPATH is not set; '
-                        'please appropriately configure ANTs software')
-    if app.ARGS.ants_options:
-      if os.path.isfile(path.from_user(app.ARGS.ants_options, False)):
-        run.function(shutil.copyfile, path.from_user(app.ARGS.ants_options, False), path.to_scratch('ants_options.txt', False))
-  elif reg_software == 'fsl':
-    fsl_path = os.environ.get('FSLDIR', '')
-    if not fsl_path:
-      raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
-                        'please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
-    if app.ARGS.fnirt_config:
-      fnirt_config = path.from_user(app.ARGS.fnirt_config, False)
-      if not os.path.isfile(fnirt_config):
-        raise MRtrixError('No file found at -fnirt_config location "' + fnirt_config + '"')
-    elif 'Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig' in CONFIG:
-      fnirt_config = CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig']
-      if not os.path.isfile(fnirt_config):
-        raise MRtrixError('No file found at config file entry "Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig" location "' + fnirt_config + '"')
+  fsl_options.add_argument('-flirt_options',
+                           metavar='" FlirtOptions"',
+                           help='Command-line options to pass to the FSL flirt command '
+                                '(provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, '
+                                'even if only passing a single command-line option to flirt)')
+  fsl_options.add_argument('-fnirt_config',
+                           type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                           metavar='file',
+                           help='Specify a FNIRT configuration file for registration')
+
+
+
+def execute_ants(mode):
+  assert mode in ('full', 'quick')
+
+  if not os.environ.get('ANTSPATH', ''):
+    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable ANTSPATH is not set; '
+                      'please appropriately configure ANTs software')
+  def check_ants_executable(cmdname):
+    if not shutil.which(cmdname):
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to find ANTs command "{cmdname}"; '
+                        'please check ANTs installation')
+  check_ants_executable(ANTS_REGISTERFULL_CMD if mode == 'full' else ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_CMD)
+  check_ants_executable(ANTS_TRANSFORM_CMD)
+  if app.ARGS.ants_options:
+    ants_options_as_path = app.UserPath(app.ARGS.ants_options)
+    if ants_options_as_path.is_file():
+      run.function(shutil.copyfile, ants_options_as_path, 'ants_options.txt')
+      with open('ants_options.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as ants_options_file:
+        ants_options = ants_options_file.readlines()
+      ants_options = ' '.join(line.lstrip().rstrip('\n \\') for line in ants_options if line.strip() and not line.lstrip()[0] == '#')
     else:
-      fnirt_config = None
-    if fnirt_config:
-      run.function(shutil.copyfile, fnirt_config, path.to_scratch('fnirt_config.cnf', False))
+      ants_options = app.ARGS.ants_options
   else:
-    assert False
+    if mode == 'full':
+      ants_options = CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateANTsFullOptions', ANTS_REGISTERFULL_OPTIONS)
+    elif mode == 'quick':
+      ants_options = CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateANTsQuickOptions', ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_OPTIONS)
 
-  if app.ARGS.template:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + app.ARGS.template[0] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_image.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + app.ARGS.template[1] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
-  elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_image.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
+  if mode == 'full':
+    # Use ANTs SyN for registration to template
+    run.command(f'{ANTS_REGISTERFULL_CMD} --dimensionality 3 --output ANTS {ants_options}')
+    ants_options_split = ants_options.split()
+    nonlinear = any(i for i in range(0, len(ants_options_split)-1)
+                    if ants_options_split[i] == '--transform'
+                    and not any(item in ants_options_split[i+1] for item in ['Rigid', 'Affine', 'Translation']))
   else:
-    raise MRtrixError('No template image information available from '
-                      'either command-line or MRtrix configuration file(s)')
-
+    # Use ANTs SyNQuick for registration to template
+    run.command(f'{ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_CMD} -d 3 -f template_image.nii -m bzero.nii -o ANTS {ants_options}')
+    ants_options_split = ants_options.split()
+    nonlinear = not [i for i in range(0, len(ants_options_split)-1)
+                      if ants_options_split[i] == '-t'
+                      and ants_options_split[i+1] in ['t', 'r', 'a']]
+
+  transformed_path = 'transformed.nii'
+  # Note: Don't use nearest-neighbour interpolation;
+  #   allow "partial volume fractions" in output, and threshold later
+  run.command(f'{ANTS_TRANSFORM_CMD} -d 3 -i template_mask.nii -o {transformed_path} -r bzero.nii -t [ANTS0GenericAffine.mat,1]'
+              + (' -t ANTS1InverseWarp.nii.gz' if nonlinear else ''))
+  return transformed_path
+
+
+
+def execute_fsl():
+  fsl_path = os.environ.get('FSLDIR', '')
+  if not fsl_path:
+    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
+                      'please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
+  flirt_cmd = fsl.exe_name('flirt')
+  fnirt_cmd = fsl.exe_name('fnirt')
+  invwarp_cmd = fsl.exe_name('invwarp')
+  applywarp_cmd = fsl.exe_name('applywarp')
+
+  flirt_options = app.ARGS.flirt_options \
+                  if app.ARGS.flirt_options \
+                  else CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFlirtOptions', '-dof 12')
+  if app.ARGS.fnirt_config:
+    fnirt_config = app.ARGS.fnirt_config
+  elif 'Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig' in CONFIG:
+    fnirt_config = pathlib.Path(CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig'])
+    if not fnirt_config.is_file:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'No file found at config file entry "Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig" location {fnirt_config}')
+  else:
+    fnirt_config = None
+  if fnirt_config:
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile, fnirt_config, 'fnirt_config.cnf')
+
+  # Initial affine registration to template
+  run.command(f'{flirt_cmd} -ref template_image.nii -in bzero.nii -omat bzero_to_template.mat {flirt_options}'
+              + (' -v' if app.VERBOSITY >= 3 else ''))
+
+  # Produce dilated template mask image, so that registration is not
+  #   too influenced by effects at the edge of the processing mask
+  run.command('maskfilter template_mask.nii dilate - -npass 3 | '
+              'mrconvert - template_mask_dilated.nii -datatype uint8')
+
+  # Non-linear registration to template
+  if os.path.isfile('fnirt_config.cnf'):
+    fnirt_config_option = ' --config=fnirt_config'
+  else:
+    fnirt_config_option = ''
+    app.console('No config file provided for FSL fnirt; it will use its internal defaults')
+  run.command(f'{fnirt_cmd} {fnirt_config_option} --ref=template_image.nii --refmask=template_mask_dilated.nii'
+              f' --in=bzero.nii --aff=bzero_to_template.mat --cout=bzero_to_template.nii'
+              + (' --verbose' if app.VERBOSITY >= 3 else ''))
+  fnirt_output_path = fsl.find_image('bzero_to_template')
 
+  # Invert non-linear warp from subject->template to template->subject
+  run.command(f'{invwarp_cmd} --ref=bzero.nii --warp={fnirt_output_path} --out=template_to_bzero.nii')
+  invwarp_output_path = fsl.find_image('template_to_bzero')
 
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  # Transform mask image from template to subject
+  # Note: Don't use nearest-neighbour interpolation;
+  #   allow "partial volume fractions" in output, and threshold later
+  run.command(f'{applywarp_cmd} --ref=bzero.nii --in=template_mask.nii --warp={invwarp_output_path} --out=transformed.nii')
+  return fsl.find_image('transformed.nii')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  reg_software = app.ARGS.software \
+                 if app.ARGS.software \
+                 else CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateSoftware', DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
 
-  reg_software = app.ARGS.software if app.ARGS.software else CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateSoftware', DEFAULT_SOFTWARE)
+  if app.ARGS.template:
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[0], 'template_image.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[1], 'template_mask.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+  elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
+    run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'], 'template_image.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'], 'template_mask.nii',
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+  else:
+    raise MRtrixError('No template image information available from '
+                      'either command-line or MRtrix configuration file(s)')
 
   if reg_software.startswith('ants'):
-
-    def check_ants_executable(cmdname):
-      if not shutil.which(cmdname):
-        raise MRtrixError('Unable to find ANTs command "' + cmdname + '"; please check ANTs installation')
-    check_ants_executable(ANTS_REGISTERFULL_CMD if reg_software == 'antsfull' else ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_CMD)
-    check_ants_executable(ANTS_TRANSFORM_CMD)
-
-    if app.ARGS.ants_options:
-      if os.path.isfile('ants_options.txt'):
-        with open('ants_options.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as ants_options_file:
-          ants_options = ants_options_file.readlines()
-        ants_options = ' '.join(line.lstrip().rstrip('\n \\') for line in ants_options if line.strip() and not line.lstrip()[0] == '#')
-      else:
-        ants_options = app.ARGS.ants_options
-    else:
-      if reg_software == 'antsfull':
-        ants_options = CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateANTsFullOptions', ANTS_REGISTERFULL_OPTIONS)
-      elif reg_software == 'antsquick':
-        ants_options = CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateANTsQuickOptions', ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_OPTIONS)
-
-    # Use ANTs SyN for registration to template
-    if reg_software == 'antsfull':
-      run.command(ANTS_REGISTERFULL_CMD
-                  + ' --dimensionality 3'
-                  + ' --output ANTS'
-                  + ' '
-                  + ants_options)
-      ants_options_split = ants_options.split()
-      nonlinear = any(i for i in range(0, len(ants_options_split)-1)
-                      if ants_options_split[i] == '--transform'
-                      and not any(item in ants_options_split[i+1] for item in ['Rigid', 'Affine', 'Translation']))
-    else:
-      # Use ANTs SyNQuick for registration to template
-      run.command(ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_CMD
-                  + ' -d 3'
-                  + ' -f template_image.nii'
-                  + ' -m bzero.nii'
-                  + ' -o ANTS'
-                  + ' '
-                  + ants_options)
-      ants_options_split = ants_options.split()
-      nonlinear = not [i for i in range(0, len(ants_options_split)-1)
-                       if ants_options_split[i] == '-t'
-                       and ants_options_split[i+1] in ['t', 'r', 'a']]
-
-    transformed_path = 'transformed.nii'
-    # Note: Don't use nearest-neighbour interpolation;
-    #   allow "partial volume fractions" in output, and threshold later
-    run.command(ANTS_TRANSFORM_CMD
-                + ' -d 3'
-                + ' -i template_mask.nii'
-                + ' -o ' + transformed_path
-                + ' -r bzero.nii'
-                + ' -t [ANTS0GenericAffine.mat,1]'
-                + (' -t ANTS1InverseWarp.nii.gz' if nonlinear else ''))
-
+    transformed_path = execute_ants('full' if reg_software == 'antsfull' else 'quick')
   elif reg_software == 'fsl':
-
-    flirt_cmd = fsl.exe_name('flirt')
-    fnirt_cmd = fsl.exe_name('fnirt')
-    invwarp_cmd = fsl.exe_name('invwarp')
-    applywarp_cmd = fsl.exe_name('applywarp')
-
-    flirt_options = app.ARGS.flirt_options \
-                    if app.ARGS.flirt_options \
-                    else CONFIG.get('Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFlirtOptions', '-dof 12')
-
-    # Initial affine registration to template
-    run.command(flirt_cmd
-                + ' -ref template_image.nii'
-                + ' -in bzero.nii'
-                + ' -omat bzero_to_template.mat'
-                + ' '
-                + flirt_options
-                + (' -v' if app.VERBOSITY >= 3 else ''))
-
-    # Produce dilated template mask image, so that registration is not
-    #   too influenced by effects at the edge of the processing mask
-    run.command('maskfilter template_mask.nii dilate - -npass 3 | '
-                'mrconvert - template_mask_dilated.nii -datatype uint8')
-
-    # Non-linear registration to template
-    if os.path.isfile('fnirt_config.cnf'):
-      fnirt_config_option = ' --config=fnirt_config'
-    else:
-      fnirt_config_option = ''
-      app.console('No config file provided for FSL fnirt; it will use its internal defaults')
-    run.command(fnirt_cmd
-                + fnirt_config_option
-                + ' --ref=template_image.nii'
-                + ' --refmask=template_mask_dilated.nii'
-                + ' --in=bzero.nii'
-                + ' --aff=bzero_to_template.mat'
-                + ' --cout=bzero_to_template.nii'
-                + (' --verbose' if app.VERBOSITY >= 3 else ''))
-    fnirt_output_path = fsl.find_image('bzero_to_template')
-
-    # Invert non-linear warp from subject->template to template->subject
-    run.command(invwarp_cmd
-                + ' --ref=bzero.nii'
-                + ' --warp=' + fnirt_output_path
-                + ' --out=template_to_bzero.nii')
-    invwarp_output_path = fsl.find_image('template_to_bzero')
-
-    # Transform mask image from template to subject
-    # Note: Don't use nearest-neighbour interpolation;
-    #   allow "partial volume fractions" in output, and threshold later
-    run.command(applywarp_cmd
-                + ' --ref=bzero.nii'
-                + ' --in=template_mask.nii'
-                + ' --warp=' + invwarp_output_path
-                + ' --out=transformed.nii')
-    transformed_path = fsl.find_image('transformed.nii')
-
+    transformed_path = execute_fsl()
   else:
     assert False
 
   # Instead of neaerest-neighbour interpolation during transformation,
   #   apply a threshold of 0.5 at this point
-  run.command('mrthreshold '
-              + transformed_path
-              + ' mask.mif -abs 0.5')
+  run.command(['mrthreshold', transformed_path, 'mask.mif', '-abs', '0.5'])
   return 'mask.mif'
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 5997117f61..bb8f7abe6b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -13,53 +13,46 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import os
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 DEFAULT_THRESHOLD = 0.501
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('consensus', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a brain mask based on the consensus of all dwi2mask algorithms')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-algorithms', nargs='+', help='Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
-  options.add_argument('-masks', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), metavar='image', help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
-  options.add_argument('-template', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'), nargs=2, help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
-  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_THRESHOLD) + ')')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  if app.ARGS.template:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + app.ARGS.template[0] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_image.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + app.ARGS.template[1] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
-  elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_image.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'] + ' ' + path.to_scratch('template_mask.nii')
-                + ' -strides +1,+2,+3 -datatype uint8')
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
+  options.add_argument('-algorithms',
+                       type=str,
+                       nargs='+',
+                       help='Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
+  options.add_argument('-masks',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
+  options.add_argument('-template',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar=('TemplateImage', 'MaskImage'),
+                       nargs=2,
+                       help='Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such')
+  options.add_argument('-threshold',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD,
+                       help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask '
+                            f'(default: {DEFAULT_THRESHOLD})')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  if app.ARGS.threshold <= 0.0 or app.ARGS.threshold > 1.0:
-    raise MRtrixError('-threshold parameter value must lie between 0.0 and 1.0')
-
-  if app.ARGS.masks:
-    app.check_output_path(path.from_user(app.ARGS.masks, False))
-
   algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm.get_list() if item != 'consensus']
   app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
@@ -71,10 +64,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError('Cannot provide "consensus" in list of dwi2mask algorithms to utilise')
     invalid_algs = [entry for entry in user_algorithms if entry not in algorithm_list]
     if invalid_algs:
-      raise MRtrixError('Requested dwi2mask algorithm'
-                        + ('s' if len(invalid_algs) > 1 else '')
-                        + ' not available: '
-                        + str(invalid_algs))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Requested dwi2mask {"algorithms" if len(invalid_algs) > 1 else "algorithm"} not available: '
+                        f'{invalid_algs}')
     algorithm_list = user_algorithms
 
   # For "template" algorithm, can run twice with two different softwares
@@ -87,21 +78,31 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     algorithm_list.append('b02template -software fsl')
   app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
-  if any(any(item in alg for item in ('ants', 'b02template')) for alg in algorithm_list) \
-      and not os.path.isfile('template_image.nii'):
-    raise MRtrixError('Cannot include within consensus algorithms that necessitate use of a template image '
+  if any(any(item in alg for item in ('ants', 'b02template')) for alg in algorithm_list):
+    if app.ARGS.template:
+      run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[0], 'template_image.nii',
+                  '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+      run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[1], 'template_mask.nii',
+                  '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+    elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
+      run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'], 'template_image.nii',
+                  '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+      run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'], 'template_mask.nii',
+                  '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+    else:
+      raise MRtrixError('Cannot include within consensus algorithms that necessitate use of a template image '
                       'if no template image is provided via command-line or configuration file')
 
   mask_list = []
   for alg in algorithm_list:
     alg_string = alg.replace(' -software ', '_')
-    mask_path = alg_string + '.mif'
-    cmd = 'dwi2mask ' + alg + ' input.mif ' + mask_path
+    mask_path = f'{alg_string}.mif'
+    cmd = f'dwi2mask {alg} input.mif {mask_path}'
     # Ideally this would be determined based on the presence of this option
     #   in the command's help page
     if any(item in alg for item in ['ants', 'b02template']):
       cmd += ' -template template_image.nii template_mask.nii'
-    cmd += ' -scratch ' + app.SCRATCH_DIR
+    cmd += f' -scratch {app.SCRATCH_DIR}'
     if not app.DO_CLEANUP:
       cmd += ' -nocleanup'
     try:
@@ -110,28 +111,29 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     except run.MRtrixCmdError as e_dwi2mask:
       app.warn('"dwi2mask ' + alg + '" failed; will be omitted from consensus')
       app.debug(str(e_dwi2mask))
-      with open('error_' + alg_string + '.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f_error:
-        f_error.write(str(e_dwi2mask))
+      with open(f'error_{alg_string}.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f_error:
+        f_error.write(str(e_dwi2mask) + '\n')
 
   app.debug(str(mask_list))
   if not mask_list:
     raise MRtrixError('No dwi2mask algorithms were successful; cannot generate mask')
   if len(mask_list) == 1:
-    app.warn('Only one dwi2mask algorithm was successful; output mask will be this result and not a "consensus"')
+    app.warn('Only one dwi2mask algorithm was successful; '
+             'output mask will be this result and not a "consensus"')
     if app.ARGS.masks:
-      run.command('mrconvert ' + mask_list[0] + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.masks),
-                  mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+      run.command(['mrconvert', mask_list[0], app.ARGS.masks],
+                  mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                   force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
     return mask_list[0]
   final_mask = 'consensus.mif'
-  app.console('Computing consensus from ' + str(len(mask_list)) + ' of ' + str(len(algorithm_list)) + ' algorithms')
+  app.console(f'Computing consensus from {len(mask_list)} of {len(algorithm_list)} algorithms')
   run.command(['mrcat', mask_list, '-axis', '3', 'all_masks.mif'])
-  run.command('mrmath all_masks.mif mean - -axis 3 | '
-              'mrthreshold - -abs ' + str(app.ARGS.threshold) + ' -comparison ge ' + final_mask)
+  run.command(f'mrmath all_masks.mif mean - -axis 3 | '
+              f'mrthreshold - -abs {app.ARGS.threshold} -comparison ge {final_mask}')
 
   if app.ARGS.masks:
-    run.command('mrconvert all_masks.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.masks),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'all_masks.mif', app.ARGS.masks],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   return final_mask
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index e439e71c54..6ab1f79058 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -17,37 +17,52 @@
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
 from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, image, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('fslbet', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) '
+                    'and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the FSL Brain Extraction Tool (bet) to generate a brain mask')
-  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping, 2002, 17, 143-155', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fslbet\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_f', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_g', type=app.Parser.Float(-1.0, 1.0), help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_c', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='i,j,k', help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
-  options.add_argument('-bet_r', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), help='Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
-  options.add_argument('-rescale', action='store_true', help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M. '
+                      'Fast robust automated brain extraction. '
+                      'Human Brain Mapping, 2002, 17, 143-155',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "fslbet" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_f',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       help='Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); '
+                            'smaller values give larger brain outline estimates')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_g',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(-1.0, 1.0),
+                       help='Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); '
+                            'positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_c',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       metavar='i,j,k',
+                       help='Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface')
+  options.add_argument('-bet_r',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                       help='Head radius (mm not voxels); '
+                            'initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
+  options.add_argument('-rescale',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; '
+                            'can improve results for rodent data')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not os.environ.get('FSLDIR', ''):
-    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
+    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
+                      'please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
   bet_cmd = fsl.exe_name('bet')
 
   # Starting brain masking using BET
@@ -58,22 +73,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   else:
     b0_image = 'bzero.nii'
 
-  cmd_string = bet_cmd + ' ' + b0_image + ' DWI_BET -R -m'
+  cmd_string = f'{bet_cmd} {b0_image} DWI_BET -R -m'
 
   if app.ARGS.bet_f is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -f ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_f)
+    cmd_string += f' -f {app.ARGS.bet_f}'
   if app.ARGS.bet_g is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -g ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_g)
+    cmd_string += f' -g {app.ARGS.bet_g}'
   if app.ARGS.bet_r is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -r ' + str(app.ARGS.bet_r)
+    cmd_string += f' -r {app.ARGS.bet_r}'
   if app.ARGS.bet_c is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -c ' + ' '.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.bet_c)
+    cmd_string += f' -c {" ".join(map(str, app.ARGS.bet_c))}'
 
   # Running BET command
   run.command(cmd_string)
   mask = fsl.find_image('DWI_BET_mask')
 
   if app.ARGS.rescale:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + mask + ' mask_rescaled.nii -vox ' + ','.join(str(value) for value in vox))
+    run.command(['mrconvert', mask, 'mask_rescaled.nii', '-vox', ','.join(map(str, vox))])
     return 'mask_rescaled.nii'
   return mask
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
index d25fdce53a..51c1897b1c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
 from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
-
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 OUTPUT_IMAGE_PATH = 'bzero_bet_mask.nii.gz'
 
 
@@ -26,22 +26,20 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('hdbet', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use HD-BET to derive a brain mask from the DWI mean b=0 image')
-  parser.add_citation('Isensee F, Schell M, Tursunova I, Brugnara G, Bonekamp D, Neuberger U, Wick A, Schlemmer HP, Heiland S, Wick W, Bendszus M, Maier-Hein KH, Kickingereder P. Automated brain extraction of multi-sequence MRI using artificial neural networks. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24750', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'hdbet\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-nogpu', action='store_true', help='Do not attempt to run on the GPU')
-
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  parser.add_citation('Isensee F, Schell M, Tursunova I, Brugnara G, Bonekamp D, Neuberger U, Wick A, Schlemmer HP, Heiland S, Wick W, Bendszus M, Maier-Hein KH, Kickingereder P. '
+                      'Automated brain extraction of multi-sequence MRI using artificial neural networks. '
+                      'Hum Brain Mapp. 2019; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24750',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "hdbet" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-nogpu',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Do not attempt to run on the GPU')
 
 
 
@@ -67,6 +65,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise
     gpu_header = ('===\nGPU\n===\n')
     cpu_header = ('===\nCPU\n===\n')
-    exception_stdout = gpu_header + e_gpu.stdout + '\n\n' + cpu_header + e_cpu.stdout + '\n\n'
-    exception_stderr = gpu_header + e_gpu.stderr + '\n\n' + cpu_header + e_cpu.stderr + '\n\n'
+    exception_stdout = f'{gpu_header}{e_gpu.stdout}\n\n{cpu_header}{e_cpu.stdout}\n\n'
+    exception_stderr = f'{gpu_header}{e_gpu.stderr}\n\n{cpu_header}{e_cpu.stderr}\n\n'
     raise run.MRtrixCmdError('hd-bet', 1, exception_stdout, exception_stderr)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
index 324d7230fe..002269fd82 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
@@ -15,32 +15,27 @@
 
 from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE = 2
 
 
-
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('legacy', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the legacy MRtrix3 dwi2mask heuristic (based on thresholded trace images)')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
   parser.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                       default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
-                      help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts '
-                           'bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting '
-                           'this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE) + ')')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
+                      help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. '
+                           'A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. '
+                           'Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. '
+                           f'(Default: {DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE})')
 
 
 
@@ -53,6 +48,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               'maskfilter - median - | '
               'maskfilter - connect -largest - | '
               'maskfilter - fill - | '
-              'maskfilter - clean -scale ' + str(app.ARGS.clean_scale) + ' mask.mif')
+              f'maskfilter - clean -scale {app.ARGS.clean_scale} mask.mif')
 
   return 'mask.mif'
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
index da2342f82a..d73b65f9f2 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
@@ -15,44 +15,43 @@
 
 from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE = 2
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mean', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Generate a mask based on simply averaging all volumes in the DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'mean\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mean" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-shells',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       metavar='bvalues',
+                       help='Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
-                       help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts '
-                            'bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting '
-                            'this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE) + ')')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
+                       help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. '
+                            'A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. '
+                            'Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. '
+                            f'(Default: {DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE})')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  run.command(('dwiextract input.mif - -shells ' + ','.join(str(f) for f in app.ARGS.shells) + ' | mrmath -' \
+  run.command(('dwiextract input.mif - -shells ' + ','.join(map(str, app.ARGS.shells)) + ' | mrmath -' \
                 if app.ARGS.shells \
-                else 'mrmath input.mif')
-              + ' mean - -axis 3 |'
-              + ' mrthreshold - - |'
-              + ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
-              + ' maskfilter - fill - |'
-              + ' maskfilter - clean -scale ' + str(app.ARGS.clean_scale) + ' mask.mif')
+                else 'mrmath input.mif') +
+              ' mean - -axis 3 |'
+              ' mrthreshold - - |'
+              ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
+              ' maskfilter - fill - |'
+              f' maskfilter - clean -scale {app.ARGS.clean_scale} mask.mif')
 
   return 'mask.mif'
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index a1f4c88301..e51825951e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
 
 import math
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 LMAXES_MULTI = [4, 0, 0]
 LMAXES_SINGLE = [4, 0]
 THRESHOLD_DEFAULT = 0.5
@@ -26,54 +27,58 @@
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mtnorm', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
+                    'and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Derives a DWI brain mask by calculating and then thresholding a sum-of-tissue-densities image')
   parser.add_description('This script attempts to identify brain voxels based on the total density of macroscopic '
-                         'tissues as estimated through multi-tissue deconvolution. Following response function '
-                         'estimation and multi-tissue deconvolution, the sum of tissue densities is thresholded at a '
-                         'fixed value (default is ' + str(THRESHOLD_DEFAULT) + '), and subsequent mask image cleaning '
-                         'operations are performed.')
+                         'tissues as estimated through multi-tissue deconvolution. '
+                         'Following response function estimation and multi-tissue deconvolution, '
+                         'the sum of tissue densities is thresholded at a fixed value '
+                         f'(default is {THRESHOLD_DEFAULT}), '
+                         'and subsequent mask image cleaning operations are performed.')
   parser.add_description('The operation of this script is a subset of that performed by the script "dwibiasnormmask". '
-                         'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; this dwi2mask algorithm is nevertheless '
-                         'provided to demonstrate specifically the mask estimation portion of that command.')
+                         'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; '
+                         'this dwi2mask algorithm is nevertheless provided to demonstrate specifically the mask estimation portion of that command.')
   parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal spherical harmonic '
-                         'degree than what would be advised for analysis. This is done for computational efficiency. This '
-                         'behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
+                         'degree than what would be advised for analysis. '
+                         'This is done for computational efficiency. '
+                         'This behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B; Tournier, J-D; Dhollander, T; Connelly, A & Sijbers, J. '
                       'Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. '
                       'NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-init_mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        metavar='image',
-                       help='Provide an initial brain mask, which will constrain the response function estimation '
+                       help='Provide an initial brain mask, '
+                            'which will constrain the response function estimation '
                             '(if omitted, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
-                            'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
+                            f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
+                            f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data')
   options.add_argument('-threshold',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
                        metavar='value',
                        default=THRESHOLD_DEFAULT,
-                       help='the threshold on the total tissue density sum image used to derive the brain mask; default is ' + str(THRESHOLD_DEFAULT))
-  options.add_argument('-tissuesum', metavar='image', help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the mask')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  if app.ARGS.init_mask:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', path.from_user(app.ARGS.init_mask, False), path.to_scratch('init_mask.mif', False), '-datatype', 'bit'])
-
+                       help='the threshold on the total tissue density sum image used to derive the brain mask; '
+                            f'default is {THRESHOLD_DEFAULT}')
+  options.add_argument('-tissuesum',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the mask')
 
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
@@ -81,16 +86,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Verify user inputs
   lmax = None
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    try:
-      lmax = [int(i) for i in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',')]
-    except ValueError as exc:
-      raise MRtrixError('Values provided to -lmax option must be a comma-separated list of integers') from exc
+    lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if any(value < 0 or value % 2 for value in lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('lmax values must be non-negative even integers')
     if len(lmax) not in [2, 3]:
       raise MRtrixError('Length of lmax vector expected to be either 2 or 3')
-  if app.ARGS.threshold <= 0.0 or app.ARGS.threshold >= 1.0:
-    raise MRtrixError('Tissue density sum threshold must lie within the range (0.0, 1.0)')
+  if app.ARGS.init_mask:
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.init_mask, 'init_mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'])
 
   # Determine whether we are working with single-shell or multi-shell data
   bvalues = [
@@ -101,62 +103,47 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
-    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, but input DWI is not multi-shell')
+    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, '
+                      'but input DWI is not multi-shell')
 
   class Tissue(object): #pylint: disable=useless-object-inheritance
     def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
-      self.tissue_rf = 'response_' + name + '.txt'
-      self.fod = 'FOD_' + name + '.mif'
+      self.tissue_rf = f'response_{name}.txt'
+      self.fod = f'FOD_{name}.mif'
 
   dwi_image = 'input.mif'
   tissues = [Tissue('WM'), Tissue('GM'), Tissue('CSF')]
 
-  run.command('dwi2response dhollander '
-              + dwi_image
-              + (' -mask init_mask.mif' if app.ARGS.init_mask else '')
-              + ' '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues))
+  run.command(['dwi2response', 'dhollander', dwi_image, [tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues]]
+              + (['-mask', 'init_mask.mif'] if app.ARGS.init_mask else []))
 
   # Immediately remove GM if we can't deal with it
   if not multishell:
     app.cleanup(tissues[1].tissue_rf)
     tissues = tissues[::2]
 
-  run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd '
-              + dwi_image
-              + ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in lmax)
-              + ' '
+  run.command(f'dwi2fod msmt_csd {dwi_image} -lmax {",".join(map(str, lmax))} '
               + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf + ' ' + tissue.fod
                          for tissue in tissues))
 
   tissue_sum_image = 'tissuesum.mif'
-  run.command('mrconvert '
-                + tissues[0].fod
-                + ' -coord 3 0 - |'
-                + ' mrmath - '
-                + ' '.join(tissue.fod for tissue in tissues[1:])
-                + ' sum - | '
-                + 'mrcalc - ' + str(math.sqrt(4.0 * math.pi)) + ' -mult '
-                + tissue_sum_image)
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {tissues[0].fod} -coord 3 0 - | '
+              f'mrmath - {" ".join(tissue.fod for tissue in tissues[1:])} sum - | '
+              f'mrcalc - {math.sqrt(4.0 * math.pi)} -mult {tissue_sum_image}')
 
   mask_image = 'mask.mif'
-  run.command('mrthreshold '
-              + tissue_sum_image
-              + ' -abs '
-              + str(app.ARGS.threshold)
-              + ' - |'
-              + ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
-              + ' mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit |'
-              + ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
-              + ' mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit |'
-              + ' maskfilter - clean '
-              + mask_image)
+  run.command(f'mrthreshold {tissue_sum_image} -abs {app.ARGS.threshold} - | '
+              f'maskfilter - connect -largest - | '
+              f'mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit | '
+              f'maskfilter - connect -largest - | '
+              f'mrcalc 1 - -sub - -datatype bit | '
+              f'maskfilter - clean {mask_image}')
   app.cleanup([tissue.fod for tissue in tissues])
 
   if app.ARGS.tissuesum:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_sum_image, path.from_user(app.ARGS.tissuesum, False)],
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_sum_image, app.ARGS.tissuesum],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   return mask_image
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
index f8f2296587..5d6b29a56e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 
 import shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, path, run
-
+from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 SYNTHSTRIP_CMD='mri_synthstrip'
 SYNTHSTRIP_SINGULARITY='sythstrip-singularity'
 
@@ -28,26 +28,37 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Ruobing Chen (chrc@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the FreeSurfer Synthstrip method on the mean b=0 image')
   parser.add_description('This algorithm requires that the SynthStrip method be installed and available via PATH; '
-                         'this could be via Freesufer 7.3.0 or later, or the dedicated Singularity container.')
-  parser.add_citation('A. Hoopes, J. S. Mora, A. V. Dalca, B. Fischl, M. Hoffmann. SynthStrip: Skull-Stripping for Any Brain Image. NeuroImage, 2022, 260, 119474', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
+                         'this could be via Freesufer 7.3.0 or later, '
+                         'or the dedicated Singularity container.')
+  parser.add_citation('A. Hoopes, J. S. Mora, A. V. Dalca, B. Fischl, M. Hoffmann. '
+                      'SynthStrip: Skull-Stripping for Any Brain Image. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2022, 260, 119474',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
   options=parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'Synthstrip\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-stripped', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output stripped image')
-  options.add_argument('-gpu', action='store_true', default=False, help='Use the GPU')
-  options.add_argument('-model', type=app.Parser.FileIn(), metavar='file', help='Alternative model weights')
-  options.add_argument('-nocsf', action='store_true', default=False, help='Compute the immediate boundary of brain matter excluding surrounding CSF')
-  options.add_argument('-border', type=float, help='Control the boundary distance from the brain')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  options.add_argument('-stripped',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='The output stripped image')
+  options.add_argument('-gpu',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=False,
+                       help='Use the GPU')
+  options.add_argument('-model',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       metavar='file',
+                       help='Alternative model weights')
+  options.add_argument('-nocsf',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=False,
+                       help='Compute the immediate boundary of brain matter excluding surrounding CSF')
+  options.add_argument('-border',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(),
+                       help='Control the boundary distance from the brain')
 
 
 
@@ -57,29 +68,30 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not synthstrip_cmd:
     synthstrip_cmd=shutil.which(SYNTHSTRIP_SINGULARITY)
     if not synthstrip_cmd:
-      raise MRtrixError('Unable to locate "Synthstrip" executable; please check installation')
+      raise MRtrixError('Unable to locate "Synthstrip" executable; '
+                        'please check installation')
 
   output_file = 'synthstrip_mask.nii'
   stripped_file = 'stripped.nii'
-  cmd_string = SYNTHSTRIP_CMD + ' -i bzero.nii -m ' + output_file
+  cmd = [SYNTHSTRIP_CMD, '-i', 'bzero.nii', '-m', output_file]
 
   if app.ARGS.stripped:
-    cmd_string += ' -o ' + stripped_file
+    cmd.extend(['-o', stripped_file])
   if app.ARGS.gpu:
-    cmd_string += ' -g'
+    cmd.append('-g')
 
   if app.ARGS.nocsf:
-    cmd_string += ' --no-csf'
+    cmd.append('--no-csf')
 
   if app.ARGS.border is not None:
-    cmd_string += ' -b' + ' ' + str(app.ARGS.border)
+    cmd.extend(['-b', str(app.ARGS.border)])
 
   if app.ARGS.model:
-    cmd_string += ' --model' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.model)
+    cmd.extend(['--model', app.ARGS.model])
 
-  run.command(cmd_string)
+  run.command(cmd)
   if app.ARGS.stripped:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + stripped_file + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.stripped),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', stripped_file, app.ARGS.stripped],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
   return output_file
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 99b38a050a..00b53d06d2 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -16,45 +16,50 @@
 import math, os
 from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
+NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE = 2
 DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS = 10
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('trace', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au) '
+                    'and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('A method to generate a brain mask from trace images of b-value shells')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output mask image')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'trace\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-shells', type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(), metavar='bvalues', help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output mask image')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "trace" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-shells',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       metavar='bvalues',
+                       help='Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking')
   options.add_argument('-clean_scale',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                        default=DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE,
-                       help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts '
-                            'bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting '
-                            'this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE) + ')')
-  iter_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for turning \'dwi2mask trace\' into an iterative algorithm')
+                       help='the maximum scale used to cut bridges. '
+                            'A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. '
+                            'Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. '
+                            f'(Default: {DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE})')
+  iter_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for turning "dwi2mask trace" into an iterative algorithm')
   iter_options.add_argument('-iterative',
                             action='store_true',
                             help='(EXPERIMENTAL) Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images prior to thresholding')
-  iter_options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(1), default=DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS, help='Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm (default: ' + str(DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS) + ')')
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_mean_bzero(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
+  iter_options.add_argument('-max_iters',
+                            type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                            default=DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS,
+                            help='Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm '
+                                 f'(default: {DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS})')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   if app.ARGS.shells:
-    run.command('dwiextract input.mif input_shells.mif -shells ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.shells))
+    run.command('dwiextract input.mif input_shells.mif '
+                f'-shells {",".join(map(str, app.ARGS.shells))}')
     run.command('dwishellmath input_shells.mif mean shell_traces.mif')
   else:
     run.command('dwishellmath input.mif mean shell_traces.mif')
@@ -66,9 +71,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   shell_count = image.Header('shell_traces.mif').size()[-1]
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Performing per-shell histogram matching', shell_count-1)
   for index in range(1, shell_count):
-    filename = 'shell-{:02d}.mif'.format(index)
-    run.command('mrconvert shell_traces.mif -coord 3 ' + str(index) + ' -axes 0,1,2 - | '
-                'mrhistmatch scale - shell-00.mif ' + filename)
+    filename = f'shell-{index:02d}.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrconvert shell_traces.mif -coord 3 {index} -axes 0,1,2 - | '
+                f'mrhistmatch scale - shell-00.mif {filename}')
     files.append(filename)
     progress.increment()
   progress.done()
@@ -96,29 +101,29 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   current_mask = 'init_mask.mif'
   iteration = 0
   while True:
-    current_mask_inv = os.path.splitext(current_mask)[0] + '_inv.mif'
-    run.command('mrcalc 1 ' + current_mask + ' -sub ' + current_mask_inv + ' -datatype bit')
+    current_mask_inv = f'{os.path.splitext(current_mask)[0]}_inv.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc 1 {current_mask} -sub {current_mask_inv} -datatype bit')
     shell_weights = []
     iteration += 1
     for index in range(0, shell_count):
-      stats_inside = image.statistics('shell-{:02d}.mif'.format(index), mask=current_mask)
-      stats_outside = image.statistics('shell-{:02d}.mif'.format(index), mask=current_mask_inv)
+      stats_inside = image.statistics(f'shell-{index:02d}.mif', mask=current_mask)
+      stats_outside = image.statistics(f'shell-{index:02d}.mif', mask=current_mask_inv)
       variance = (((stats_inside.count - 1) * stats_inside.std * stats_inside.std) \
                + ((stats_outside.count - 1) * stats_outside.std * stats_outside.std)) \
                / (stats_inside.count + stats_outside.count - 2)
       cohen_d = (stats_inside.mean - stats_outside.mean) / math.sqrt(variance)
       shell_weights.append(cohen_d)
-    mask_path = 'mask-{:02d}.mif'.format(iteration)
-    run.command('mrcalc shell-00.mif ' + str(shell_weights[0]) + ' -mult '
-                + ' -add '.join(filepath + ' ' + str(weight) + ' -mult' for filepath, weight in zip(files[1:], shell_weights[1:]))
-                + ' -add - |'
-                + ' mrthreshold - - |'
-                + ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
-                + ' maskfilter - fill - |'
-                + ' maskfilter - clean -scale ' + str(app.ARGS.clean_scale) + ' - |'
-                + ' mrcalc input_pos_mask.mif - -mult ' + mask_path + ' -datatype bit')
-    mask_mismatch_path = 'mask_mismatch-{:02d}.mif'.format(iteration)
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + current_mask + ' ' + mask_path + ' -sub -abs ' + mask_mismatch_path)
+    mask_path = f'mask-{iteration:02d}.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc shell-00.mif {shell_weights[0]} -mult ' +
+                ' -add '.join(filepath + ' ' + str(weight) + ' -mult' for filepath, weight in zip(files[1:], shell_weights[1:])) +
+                ' -add - |'
+                ' mrthreshold - - |'
+                ' maskfilter - connect -largest - |'
+                ' maskfilter - fill - |'
+                f' maskfilter - clean -scale {app.ARGS.clean_scale} - |'
+                f' mrcalc input_pos_mask.mif - -mult {mask_path} -datatype bit')
+    mask_mismatch_path = f'mask_mismatch-{iteration:02d}.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {current_mask} {mask_path} -sub -abs {mask_mismatch_path}')
     if not image.statistics(mask_mismatch_path).mean:
       app.console('Terminating optimisation due to convergence of masks between iterations')
       return mask_path
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index 135e4b6ef8..3294eb8863 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@
 
 import math, shlex, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
 
+NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+SUPPORTS_MASK = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+
 WM_ALGOS = [ 'fa', 'tax', 'tournier' ]
 
 
@@ -26,44 +29,72 @@
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('dhollander', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions that does not require a T1 image (or segmentation thereof)')
-  parser.add_description('This is an improved version of the Dhollander et al. (2016) algorithm for unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions, which includes the Dhollander et al. (2019) improvements for single-fibre WM response function estimation (prior to this update, the "dwi2response tournier" algorithm had been utilised specifically for the single-fibre WM response function estimation step).')
-  parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Mito, R.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. Improved white matter response function estimation for 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, 2019, 555',
+  parser.set_synopsis('Unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions '
+                      'that does not require a T1 image (or segmentation thereof)')
+  parser.add_description('This is an improved version of the Dhollander et al. (2016) algorithm for unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions, '
+                         'which includes the Dhollander et al. (2019) improvements for single-fibre WM response function estimation '
+                         '(prior to this update, '
+                         'the "dwi2response tournier" algorithm had been utilised specifically for the single-fibre WM response function estimation step).')
+  parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
+                      'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
+                      'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
+  parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Mito, R.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
+                      'Improved white matter response function estimation for 3-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution. '
+                      'Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med, 2019, 555',
                       condition='If -wm_algo option is not used')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input DWI dataset')
-  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response function text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response function text file')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the \'dhollander\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)')
-  options.add_argument('-fa', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='threshold', default=0.2, help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)')
-  options.add_argument('-sfwm', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined WM. (default: 0.5 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-gm', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='percentage', default=2.0, help='Final number of GM voxels to select, as a percentage of refined GM. (default: 2 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-csf', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='percentage', default=10.0, help='Final number of CSF voxels to select, as a percentage of refined CSF. (default: 10 per cent)')
-  options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, help='Use external dwi2response algorithm for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + ') (default: built-in Dhollander 2019)')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_sfwm)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_gm)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_csf)
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_single_shell(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
-
-
-
-def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='Input DWI dataset')
+  parser.add_argument('out_sfwm',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output single-fibre WM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output GM response function text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output CSF response function text file')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the "dhollander" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-erode',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='passes',
+                       default=3,
+                       help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. '
+                            'Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. '
+                            '(default: 3)')
+  options.add_argument('-fa',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       metavar='threshold',
+                       default=0.2,
+                       help='FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. '
+                            '(default: 0.2)')
+  options.add_argument('-sfwm',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0),
+                       metavar='percentage',
+                       default=0.5,
+                       help='Final number of single-fibre WM voxels to select, '
+                            'as a percentage of refined WM. '
+                            '(default: 0.5 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-gm',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0),
+                       metavar='percentage',
+                       default=2.0,
+                       help='Final number of GM voxels to select, '
+                            'as a percentage of refined GM. '
+                            '(default: 2 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-csf',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0),
+                       metavar='percentage',
+                       default=10.0,
+                       help='Final number of CSF voxels to select, '
+                            'as a percentage of refined CSF. '
+                            '(default: 10 per cent)')
+  options.add_argument('-wm_algo',
+                       metavar='algorithm',
+                       choices=WM_ALGOS,
+                       help='Use external dwi2response algorithm for WM single-fibre voxel selection '
+                            f'(options: {", ".join(WM_ALGOS)}) '
+                            '(default: built-in Dhollander 2019)')
 
 
 
@@ -77,10 +108,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get b-values and number of volumes per b-value.
   bvalues = [ int(round(float(x))) for x in image.mrinfo('dwi.mif', 'shell_bvalues').split() ]
   bvolumes = [ int(x) for x in image.mrinfo('dwi.mif', 'shell_sizes').split() ]
-  app.console(str(len(bvalues)) + ' unique b-value(s) detected: ' + ','.join(map(str,bvalues)) + ' with ' + ','.join(map(str,bvolumes)) + ' volumes')
+  app.console(f'{len(bvalues)} unique b-value(s) detected: '
+              f'{",".join(map(str,bvalues))} with {",".join(map(str,bvolumes))} volumes')
   if len(bvalues) < 2:
     raise MRtrixError('Need at least 2 unique b-values (including b=0).')
-  bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,bvalues))
+  bvalues_option = f' -shells {",".join(map(str,bvalues))}'
 
   # Get lmax information (if provided).
   sfwm_lmax_option = ''
@@ -88,7 +120,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     sfwm_lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if len(sfwm_lmax) != len(bvalues):
-      raise MRtrixError('Number of lmax\'s (' + str(len(sfwm_lmax)) + ', as supplied to the -lmax option: ' + ','.join(map(str,sfwm_lmax)) + ') does not match number of unique b-values.')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of lmax\'s ({len(sfwm_lmax)}, as supplied to the -lmax option: '
+                        f'{",".join(map(str,sfwm_lmax))}) does not match number of unique b-values.')
     if any(sfl%2 for sfl in sfwm_lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('Values supplied to the -lmax option must be even.')
     if any(sfl<0 for sfl in sfwm_lmax):
@@ -103,36 +136,39 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Erode (brain) mask.
   if app.ARGS.erode > 0:
     app.console('* Eroding brain mask by ' + str(app.ARGS.erode) + ' pass(es)...')
-    run.command('maskfilter mask.mif erode eroded_mask.mif -npass ' + str(app.ARGS.erode), show=False)
+    run.command(f'maskfilter mask.mif erode eroded_mask.mif -npass {app.ARGS.erode}', show=False)
   else:
     app.console('Not eroding brain mask.')
     run.command('mrconvert mask.mif eroded_mask.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   statmaskcount = image.statistics('mask.mif', mask='mask.mif').count
   statemaskcount = image.statistics('eroded_mask.mif', mask='eroded_mask.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ mask: ' + str(statmaskcount) + ' -> ' + str(statemaskcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ mask: {statmaskcount} -> {statemaskcount} ]')
 
   # Get volumes, compute mean signal and SDM per b-value; compute overall SDM; get rid of erroneous values.
   app.console('* Computing signal decay metric (SDM):')
   totvolumes = 0
   fullsdmcmd = 'mrcalc'
   errcmd = 'mrcalc'
-  zeropath = 'mean_b' + str(bvalues[0]) + '.mif'
+  zeropath = f'mean_b{bvalues[0]}.mif'
   for ibv, bval in enumerate(bvalues):
-    app.console(' * b=' + str(bval) + '...')
-    meanpath = 'mean_b' + str(bval) + '.mif'
-    run.command('dwiextract dwi.mif -shells ' + str(bval) + ' - | mrcalc - 0 -max - | mrmath - mean ' + meanpath + ' -axis 3', show=False)
-    errpath = 'err_b' + str(bval) + '.mif'
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + meanpath + ' -finite ' + meanpath + ' 0 -if 0 -le ' + errpath + ' -datatype bit', show=False)
-    errcmd += ' ' + errpath
+    app.console(f' * b={bval}...')
+    meanpath = f'mean_b{bval}.mif'
+    run.command(f'dwiextract dwi.mif -shells {bval} - | '
+                f'mrcalc - 0 -max - | '
+                f'mrmath - mean {meanpath} -axis 3',
+                show=False)
+    errpath = f'err_b{bval}.mif'
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {meanpath} -finite {meanpath} 0 -if 0 -le {errpath} -datatype bit', show=False)
+    errcmd += f' {errpath}'
     if ibv>0:
       errcmd += ' -add'
-      sdmpath = 'sdm_b' + str(bval) + '.mif'
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + zeropath + ' ' + meanpath +  ' -divide -log ' + sdmpath, show=False)
+      sdmpath = f'sdm_b{bval}.mif'
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {zeropath} {meanpath} -divide -log {sdmpath}', show=False)
       totvolumes += bvolumes[ibv]
-      fullsdmcmd += ' ' + sdmpath + ' ' + str(bvolumes[ibv]) + ' -mult'
+      fullsdmcmd += f' {sdmpath} {bvolumes[ibv]} -mult'
       if ibv>1:
         fullsdmcmd += ' -add'
-  fullsdmcmd += ' ' + str(totvolumes) + ' -divide full_sdm.mif'
+  fullsdmcmd += f' {totvolumes} -divide full_sdm.mif'
   run.command(fullsdmcmd, show=False)
   app.console('* Removing erroneous voxels from mask and correcting SDM...')
   run.command('mrcalc full_sdm.mif -finite full_sdm.mif 0 -if 0 -le err_sdm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
@@ -140,7 +176,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.command(errcmd, show=False)
   run.command('mrcalc safe_mask.mif full_sdm.mif 0 -if 10 -min safe_sdm.mif', show=False)
   statsmaskcount = image.statistics('safe_mask.mif', mask='safe_mask.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ mask: ' + str(statemaskcount) + ' -> ' + str(statsmaskcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ mask: {statemaskcount} -> {statsmaskcount} ]')
 
 
   # CRUDE SEGMENTATION
@@ -149,21 +185,26 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Compute FA and principal eigenvectors; crude WM versus GM-CSF separation based on FA.
   app.console('* Crude WM versus GM-CSF separation (at FA=' + str(app.ARGS.fa) + ')...')
-  run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask safe_mask.mif | tensor2metric - -fa safe_fa.mif -vector safe_vecs.mif -modulate none -mask safe_mask.mif', show=False)
-  run.command('mrcalc safe_mask.mif safe_fa.mif 0 -if ' + str(app.ARGS.fa) + ' -gt crude_wm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask safe_mask.mif | '
+              'tensor2metric - -fa safe_fa.mif -vector safe_vecs.mif -modulate none -mask safe_mask.mif',
+              show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc safe_mask.mif safe_fa.mif 0 -if {app.ARGS.fa} -gt crude_wm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   run.command('mrcalc crude_wm.mif 0 safe_mask.mif -if _crudenonwm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   statcrudewmcount = image.statistics('crude_wm.mif', mask='crude_wm.mif').count
   statcrudenonwmcount = image.statistics('_crudenonwm.mif', mask='_crudenonwm.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ ' + str(statsmaskcount) + ' -> ' + str(statcrudewmcount) + ' (WM) & ' + str(statcrudenonwmcount) + ' (GM-CSF) ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ {statsmaskcount} -> {statcrudewmcount} (WM) & {statcrudenonwmcount} (GM-CSF) ]')
 
   # Crude GM versus CSF separation based on SDM.
   app.console('* Crude GM versus CSF separation...')
   crudenonwmmedian = image.statistics('safe_sdm.mif', mask='_crudenonwm.mif').median
-  run.command('mrcalc _crudenonwm.mif safe_sdm.mif ' + str(crudenonwmmedian) + ' -subtract 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -mask _crudenonwm.mif | mrcalc _crudenonwm.mif - 0 -if crude_csf.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc _crudenonwm.mif safe_sdm.mif {crudenonwmmedian} -subtract 0 -if - | '
+              'mrthreshold - - -mask _crudenonwm.mif | '
+              'mrcalc _crudenonwm.mif - 0 -if crude_csf.mif -datatype bit',
+              show=False)
   run.command('mrcalc crude_csf.mif 0 _crudenonwm.mif -if crude_gm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   statcrudegmcount = image.statistics('crude_gm.mif', mask='crude_gm.mif').count
   statcrudecsfcount = image.statistics('crude_csf.mif', mask='crude_csf.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ ' + str(statcrudenonwmcount) + ' -> ' + str(statcrudegmcount) + ' (GM) & ' + str(statcrudecsfcount) + ' (CSF) ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ {statcrudenonwmcount} -> {statcrudegmcount} (GM) & {statcrudecsfcount} (CSF) ]')
 
 
   # REFINED SEGMENTATION
@@ -173,32 +214,40 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Refine WM: remove high SDM outliers.
   app.console('* Refining WM...')
   crudewmmedian = image.statistics('safe_sdm.mif', mask='crude_wm.mif').median
-  run.command('mrcalc crude_wm.mif safe_sdm.mif ' + str(crudewmmedian) + ' -subtract -abs 0 -if _crudewm_sdmad.mif', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc crude_wm.mif safe_sdm.mif {crudewmmedian} -subtract -abs 0 -if _crudewm_sdmad.mif', show=False)
   crudewmmad = image.statistics('_crudewm_sdmad.mif', mask='crude_wm.mif').median
   crudewmoutlthresh = crudewmmedian + (1.4826 * crudewmmad * 2.0)
-  run.command('mrcalc crude_wm.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if ' + str(crudewmoutlthresh) + ' -gt _crudewmoutliers.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc crude_wm.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if {crudewmoutlthresh} -gt _crudewmoutliers.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   run.command('mrcalc _crudewmoutliers.mif 0 crude_wm.mif -if refined_wm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   statrefwmcount = image.statistics('refined_wm.mif', mask='refined_wm.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ WM: ' + str(statcrudewmcount) + ' -> ' + str(statrefwmcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ WM: {statcrudewmcount} -> {statrefwmcount} ]')
 
   # Refine GM: separate safer GM from partial volumed voxels.
   app.console('* Refining GM...')
   crudegmmedian = image.statistics('safe_sdm.mif', mask='crude_gm.mif').median
-  run.command('mrcalc crude_gm.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if ' + str(crudegmmedian) + ' -gt _crudegmhigh.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc crude_gm.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if {crudegmmedian} -gt _crudegmhigh.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   run.command('mrcalc _crudegmhigh.mif 0 crude_gm.mif -if _crudegmlow.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
-  run.command('mrcalc _crudegmhigh.mif safe_sdm.mif ' + str(crudegmmedian) + ' -subtract 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -mask _crudegmhigh.mif -invert | mrcalc _crudegmhigh.mif - 0 -if _crudegmhighselect.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
-  run.command('mrcalc _crudegmlow.mif safe_sdm.mif ' + str(crudegmmedian) + ' -subtract -neg 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -mask _crudegmlow.mif -invert | mrcalc _crudegmlow.mif - 0 -if _crudegmlowselect.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc _crudegmhigh.mif safe_sdm.mif {crudegmmedian} -subtract 0 -if - | '
+              'mrthreshold - - -mask _crudegmhigh.mif -invert | '
+              'mrcalc _crudegmhigh.mif - 0 -if _crudegmhighselect.mif -datatype bit',
+              show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc _crudegmlow.mif safe_sdm.mif {crudegmmedian} -subtract -neg 0 -if - | '
+              'mrthreshold - - -mask _crudegmlow.mif -invert | '
+              'mrcalc _crudegmlow.mif - 0 -if _crudegmlowselect.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   run.command('mrcalc _crudegmhighselect.mif 1 _crudegmlowselect.mif -if refined_gm.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
   statrefgmcount = image.statistics('refined_gm.mif', mask='refined_gm.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ GM: ' + str(statcrudegmcount) + ' -> ' + str(statrefgmcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ GM: {statcrudegmcount} -> {statrefgmcount} ]')
 
   # Refine CSF: recover lost CSF from crude WM SDM outliers, separate safer CSF from partial volumed voxels.
   app.console('* Refining CSF...')
   crudecsfmin = image.statistics('safe_sdm.mif', mask='crude_csf.mif').min
-  run.command('mrcalc _crudewmoutliers.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if ' + str(crudecsfmin) + ' -gt 1 crude_csf.mif -if _crudecsfextra.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
-  run.command('mrcalc _crudecsfextra.mif safe_sdm.mif ' + str(crudecsfmin) + ' -subtract 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -mask _crudecsfextra.mif | mrcalc _crudecsfextra.mif - 0 -if refined_csf.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc _crudewmoutliers.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if {crudecsfmin} -gt 1 crude_csf.mif -if _crudecsfextra.mif -datatype bit', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc _crudecsfextra.mif safe_sdm.mif {crudecsfmin} -subtract 0 -if - | '
+              'mrthreshold - - -mask _crudecsfextra.mif | '
+              'mrcalc _crudecsfextra.mif - 0 -if refined_csf.mif -datatype bit',
+              show=False)
   statrefcsfcount = image.statistics('refined_csf.mif', mask='refined_csf.mif').count
-  app.console('  [ CSF: ' + str(statcrudecsfcount) + ' -> ' + str(statrefcsfcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'  [ CSF: {statcrudecsfcount} -> {statrefcsfcount} ]')
 
 
   # FINAL VOXEL SELECTION AND RESPONSE FUNCTION ESTIMATION
@@ -207,42 +256,49 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Get final voxels for CSF response function estimation from refined CSF.
   app.console('* CSF:')
-  app.console(' * Selecting final voxels (' + str(app.ARGS.csf) + '% of refined CSF)...')
+  app.console(f' * Selecting final voxels ({app.ARGS.csf}% of refined CSF)...')
   voxcsfcount = int(round(statrefcsfcount * app.ARGS.csf / 100.0))
-  run.command('mrcalc refined_csf.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -top ' + str(voxcsfcount) + ' -ignorezero | mrcalc refined_csf.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | mrconvert - voxels_csf.mif -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
+  run.command('mrcalc refined_csf.mif safe_sdm.mif 0 -if - | '
+              f'mrthreshold - - -top {voxcsfcount} -ignorezero | '
+              'mrcalc refined_csf.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | '
+              'mrconvert - voxels_csf.mif -axes 0,1,2',
+              show=False)
   statvoxcsfcount = image.statistics('voxels_csf.mif', mask='voxels_csf.mif').count
-  app.console('   [ CSF: ' + str(statrefcsfcount) + ' -> ' + str(statvoxcsfcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'   [ CSF: {statrefcsfcount} -> {statvoxcsfcount} ]')
   # Estimate CSF response function
   app.console(' * Estimating response function...')
-  run.command('amp2response dwi.mif voxels_csf.mif safe_vecs.mif response_csf.txt' + bvalues_option + ' -isotropic', show=False)
+  run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif voxels_csf.mif safe_vecs.mif response_csf.txt {bvalues_option} -isotropic', show=False)
 
   # Get final voxels for GM response function estimation from refined GM.
   app.console('* GM:')
-  app.console(' * Selecting final voxels (' + str(app.ARGS.gm) + '% of refined GM)...')
+  app.console(f' * Selecting final voxels ({app.ARGS.gm}% of refined GM)...')
   voxgmcount = int(round(statrefgmcount * app.ARGS.gm / 100.0))
   refgmmedian = image.statistics('safe_sdm.mif', mask='refined_gm.mif').median
-  run.command('mrcalc refined_gm.mif safe_sdm.mif ' + str(refgmmedian) + ' -subtract -abs 1 -add 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -bottom ' + str(voxgmcount) + ' -ignorezero | mrcalc refined_gm.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | mrconvert - voxels_gm.mif -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
+  run.command(f'mrcalc refined_gm.mif safe_sdm.mif {refgmmedian} -subtract -abs 1 -add 0 -if - | '
+              f'mrthreshold - - -bottom {voxgmcount} -ignorezero | '
+              'mrcalc refined_gm.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | '
+              'mrconvert - voxels_gm.mif -axes 0,1,2',
+              show=False)
   statvoxgmcount = image.statistics('voxels_gm.mif', mask='voxels_gm.mif').count
-  app.console('   [ GM: ' + str(statrefgmcount) + ' -> ' + str(statvoxgmcount) + ' ]')
+  app.console(f'   [ GM: {statrefgmcount} -> {statvoxgmcount} ]')
   # Estimate GM response function
   app.console(' * Estimating response function...')
-  run.command('amp2response dwi.mif voxels_gm.mif safe_vecs.mif response_gm.txt' + bvalues_option + ' -isotropic', show=False)
+  run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif voxels_gm.mif safe_vecs.mif response_gm.txt {bvalues_option} -isotropic', show=False)
 
   # Get final voxels for single-fibre WM response function estimation from refined WM.
   app.console('* Single-fibre WM:')
-  app.console(' * Selecting final voxels'
-              + ('' if app.ARGS.wm_algo == 'tax' else (' ('+ str(app.ARGS.sfwm) + '% of refined WM)'))
-              + '...')
+  sfwm_message = '' if app.ARGS.wm_algo == "tax" else f' ({app.ARGS.sfwm}% of refined WM)'
+  app.console(f' * Selecting final voxels{sfwm_message}...')
   voxsfwmcount = int(round(statrefwmcount * app.ARGS.sfwm / 100.0))
 
   if app.ARGS.wm_algo:
     recursive_cleanup_option=''
     if not app.DO_CLEANUP:
       recursive_cleanup_option = ' -nocleanup'
-    app.console('   Selecting WM single-fibre voxels using \'' + app.ARGS.wm_algo + '\' algorithm')
+    app.console(f'   Selecting WM single-fibre voxels using "{app.ARGS.wm_algo}" algorithm')
     if app.ARGS.wm_algo == 'tax' and app.ARGS.sfwm != 0.5:
       app.warn('Single-fibre WM response function selection algorithm "tax" will not honour requested WM voxel percentage')
-    run.command('dwi2response ' + app.ARGS.wm_algo + ' dwi.mif _respsfwmss.txt -mask refined_wm.mif -voxels voxels_sfwm.mif'
+    run.command(f'dwi2response {app.ARGS.wm_algo} dwi.mif _respsfwmss.txt -mask refined_wm.mif -voxels voxels_sfwm.mif'
                 + ('' if app.ARGS.wm_algo == 'tax' else (' -number ' + str(voxsfwmcount)))
                 + ' -scratch ' + shlex.quote(app.SCRATCH_DIR)
                 + recursive_cleanup_option,
@@ -258,20 +314,20 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     with open('ewmrf.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as ewr:
       for iis in isiso:
         if iis:
-          ewr.write("%s 0 0 0\n" % refwmcoef)
+          ewr.write(f'{refwmcoef} 0 0 0\n')
         else:
-          ewr.write("%s -%s %s -%s\n" % (refwmcoef, refwmcoef, refwmcoef, refwmcoef))
+          ewr.write(f'{refwmcoef} {-refwmcoef} {refwmcoef} {-refwmcoef}\n')
     run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd dwi.mif ewmrf.txt abs_ewm2.mif response_csf.txt abs_csf2.mif -mask refined_wm.mif -lmax 2,0' + bvalues_option, show=False)
     run.command('mrconvert abs_ewm2.mif - -coord 3 0 | mrcalc - abs_csf2.mif -add abs_sum2.mif', show=False)
     run.command('sh2peaks abs_ewm2.mif - -num 1 -mask refined_wm.mif | peaks2amp - - | mrcalc - abs_sum2.mif -divide - | mrconvert - metric_sfwm2.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
-    run.command('mrcalc refined_wm.mif metric_sfwm2.mif 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -top ' + str(voxsfwmcount * 2) + ' -ignorezero | mrcalc refined_wm.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | mrconvert - refined_sfwm.mif -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
+    run.command(f'mrcalc refined_wm.mif metric_sfwm2.mif 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -top {2*voxsfwmcount} -ignorezero | mrcalc refined_wm.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | mrconvert - refined_sfwm.mif -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
     run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd dwi.mif ewmrf.txt abs_ewm6.mif response_csf.txt abs_csf6.mif -mask refined_sfwm.mif -lmax 6,0' + bvalues_option, show=False)
     run.command('mrconvert abs_ewm6.mif - -coord 3 0 | mrcalc - abs_csf6.mif -add abs_sum6.mif', show=False)
     run.command('sh2peaks abs_ewm6.mif - -num 1 -mask refined_sfwm.mif | peaks2amp - - | mrcalc - abs_sum6.mif -divide - | mrconvert - metric_sfwm6.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
-    run.command('mrcalc refined_sfwm.mif metric_sfwm6.mif 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -top ' + str(voxsfwmcount) + ' -ignorezero | mrcalc refined_sfwm.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | mrconvert - voxels_sfwm.mif -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
+    run.command(f'mrcalc refined_sfwm.mif metric_sfwm6.mif 0 -if - | mrthreshold - - -top {voxsfwmcount} -ignorezero | mrcalc refined_sfwm.mif - 0 -if - -datatype bit | mrconvert - voxels_sfwm.mif -axes 0,1,2', show=False)
 
   statvoxsfwmcount = image.statistics('voxels_sfwm.mif', mask='voxels_sfwm.mif').count
-  app.console('   [ WM: ' + str(statrefwmcount) + ' -> ' + str(statvoxsfwmcount) + ' (single-fibre) ]')
+  app.console(f'   [ WM: {statrefwmcount} -> {statvoxsfwmcount} (single-fibre) ]')
   # Estimate SF WM response function
   app.console(' * Estimating response function...')
   run.command('amp2response dwi.mif voxels_sfwm.mif safe_vecs.mif response_sfwm.txt' + bvalues_option + sfwm_lmax_option, show=False)
@@ -287,12 +343,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.command('mrcat voxels_csf.mif voxels_gm.mif voxels_sfwm.mif check_voxels.mif -axis 3', show=False)
 
   # Copy results to output files
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_sfwm.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_sfwm, False), show=False)
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_gm.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_gm, False), show=False)
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_csf.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_csf, False), show=False)
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_sfwm.txt', app.ARGS.out_sfwm, show=False)
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_gm.txt', app.ARGS.out_gm, show=False)
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response_csf.txt', app.ARGS.out_csf, show=False)
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert check_voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'check_voxels.mif', app.ARGS.voxels],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True,
                 show=False)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index b0710bc0fd..e08767b492 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -15,68 +15,71 @@
 
 import shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
 
+NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+SUPPORTS_MASK = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('fa', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the old FA-threshold heuristic for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
-  parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F.; Gadian, D. G. & Connelly, A. Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, 1176-1185')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'fa\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-erode', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='passes', default=3, help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)')
-  options.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), metavar='voxels', default=300, help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
-  options.add_argument('-threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', help='Apply a hard FA threshold, rather than selecting the top voxels')
+  parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F.; Gadian, D. G. & Connelly, A. '
+                      'Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2004, 23, 1176-1185')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='The output response function text file')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "fa" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-erode',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='passes',
+                       default=3,
+                       help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold '
+                            '(not used if mask is provided manually)')
+  options.add_argument('-number',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                       metavar='voxels',
+                       default=300,
+                       help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
+  options.add_argument('-threshold',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       metavar='value',
+                       help='Apply a hard FA threshold, '
+                            'rather than selecting the top voxels')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'number', 'threshold' ] )
 
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_single_shell(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
-
-
-
-def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
-
-
-
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   bvalues = [ int(round(float(x))) for x in image.mrinfo('dwi.mif', 'shell_bvalues').split() ]
   if len(bvalues) < 2:
     raise MRtrixError('Need at least 2 unique b-values (including b=0).')
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
+    lmax_option = f' -lmax {",".join(map(str, app.ARGS.lmax))}'
   if not app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('maskfilter mask.mif erode mask_eroded.mif -npass ' + str(app.ARGS.erode))
+    run.command(f'maskfilter mask.mif erode mask_eroded.mif -npass {app.ARGS.erode}')
     mask_path = 'mask_eroded.mif'
   else:
     mask_path = 'mask.mif'
-  run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif -mask ' + mask_path + ' tensor.mif')
-  run.command('tensor2metric tensor.mif -fa fa.mif -vector vector.mif -mask ' + mask_path)
+  run.command(f'dwi2tensor dwi.mif -mask {mask_path} tensor.mif')
+  run.command(f'tensor2metric tensor.mif -fa fa.mif -vector vector.mif -mask {mask_path}')
   if app.ARGS.threshold:
-    run.command('mrthreshold fa.mif voxels.mif -abs ' + str(app.ARGS.threshold))
+    run.command(f'mrthreshold fa.mif voxels.mif -abs {app.ARGS.threshold}')
   else:
-    run.command('mrthreshold fa.mif voxels.mif -top ' + str(app.ARGS.number))
-  run.command('dwiextract dwi.mif - -singleshell -no_bzero | amp2response - voxels.mif vector.mif response.txt' + lmax_option)
+    run.command(f'mrthreshold fa.mif voxels.mif -top {app.ARGS.number}')
+  run.command('dwiextract dwi.mif - -singleshell -no_bzero | '
+              f'amp2response - voxels.mif vector.mif response.txt {lmax_option}')
 
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', app.ARGS.output)
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'voxels.mif', app.ARGS.voxels],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index aa6cdf50dd..0f36981cfb 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -15,75 +15,73 @@
 
 import os, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
+NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+SUPPORTS_MASK = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('manual', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Derive a response function using an input mask image alone (i.e. pre-selected voxels)')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('in_voxels', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input voxel selection mask')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output response function text file')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'manual\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  parser.set_synopsis('Derive a response function using an input mask image alone '
+                      '(i.e. pre-selected voxels)')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('in_voxels',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='Input voxel selection mask')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output response function text file')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "manual" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel '
+                            '(a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
 
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
+def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  # TODO Can usage() wipe this from the CLI?
+  if os.path.exists('mask.mif'):
+    app.warn('-mask option is ignored by algorithm "manual"')
+    os.remove('mask.mif')
 
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  mask_path = path.to_scratch('mask.mif', False)
-  if os.path.exists(mask_path):
-    app.warn('-mask option is ignored by algorithm \'manual\'')
-    os.remove(mask_path)
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.in_voxels) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('in_voxels.mif'),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.in_voxels, 'in_voxels.mif'],
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.dirs:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.dirs) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dirs.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.dirs, 'dirs.mif', '-strides', '0,0,0,1'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-
-
-def needs_single_shell(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
-
-
-
-def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
-
-
-
-def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   shells = [ int(round(float(x))) for x in image.mrinfo('dwi.mif', 'shell_bvalues').split() ]
-  bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,shells))
+  bvalues_option = f' -shells {",".join(map(str,shells))}'
 
   # Get lmax information (if provided)
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     if len(app.ARGS.lmax) != len(shells):
-      raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(app.ARGS.lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-value shells (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of manually-defined lmax\'s ({len(app.ARGS.lmax)}) '
+                        f'does not match number of b-value shells ({len(shells)})')
     if any(l % 2 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be even')
     if any(l < 0 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be non-negative')
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.lmax))
+    lmax_option = f' -lmax {",".join(map(str,app.ARGS.lmax))}'
 
   # Do we have directions, or do we need to calculate them?
   if not os.path.exists('dirs.mif'):
-    run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask in_voxels.mif | tensor2metric - -vector dirs.mif')
+    run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask in_voxels.mif | '
+                'tensor2metric - -vector dirs.mif')
 
   # Get response function
   run.command('amp2response dwi.mif in_voxels.mif dirs.mif response.txt' + bvalues_option + lmax_option)
 
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', app.ARGS.output)
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert in_voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'in_voxels.mif', app.ARGS.voxels],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 50037f0622..0b01e2ca13 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 
 import os, shlex, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
 
+NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+SUPPORTS_MASK = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 WM_ALGOS = [ 'fa', 'tax', 'tournier' ]
 
@@ -27,51 +29,67 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('msmt_5tt', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Derive MSMT-CSD tissue response functions based on a co-registered five-tissue-type (5TT) image')
-  parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Tournier, J.-D.; Dhollander, T.; Connelly, A. & Sijbers, J. Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('in_5tt', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
-  parser.add_argument('out_wm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output WM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_gm', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output GM response text file')
-  parser.add_argument('out_csf', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Output CSF response text file')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'msmt_5tt\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-dirs', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), metavar='image', help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
-  options.add_argument('-fa', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', default=0.2, help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection (default: 0.2)')
-  options.add_argument('-pvf', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='fraction', default=0.95, help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection (default: 0.95)')
-  options.add_argument('-wm_algo', metavar='algorithm', choices=WM_ALGOS, default='tournier', help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection (options: ' + ', '.join(WM_ALGOS) + '; default: tournier)')
-  options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm (warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
+  parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Tournier, J.-D.; Dhollander, T.; Connelly, A. & Sijbers, J. '
+                      'Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('in_5tt',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='Input co-registered 5TT image')
+  parser.add_argument('out_wm',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output WM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_gm',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output GM response text file')
+  parser.add_argument('out_csf',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='Output CSF response text file')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "msmt_5tt" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-dirs',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                       metavar='image',
+                       help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel '
+                            '(a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
+  options.add_argument('-fa',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       metavar='value',
+                       default=0.2,
+                       help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection '
+                            '(default: 0.2)')
+  options.add_argument('-pvf',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       metavar='fraction',
+                       default=0.95,
+                       help='Partial volume fraction threshold for tissue voxel selection '
+                            '(default: 0.95)')
+  options.add_argument('-wm_algo',
+                       metavar='algorithm',
+                       choices=WM_ALGOS,
+                       default='tournier',
+                       help='dwi2response algorithm to use for WM single-fibre voxel selection '
+                            f'(options: {", ".join(WM_ALGOS)}; default: tournier)')
+  options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       metavar='value',
+                       help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, '
+                            'which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm '
+                            '(warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
 
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_wm)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_gm)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_csf)
-
-
+def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  # Ideally want to use the oversampling-based regridding of the 5TT image from the SIFT model, not mrtransform
+  # May need to commit 5ttregrid...
 
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.in_5tt) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('5tt.mif'),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.in_5tt, '5tt.mif'],
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.dirs:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.dirs) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('dirs.mif') + ' -strides 0,0,0,1',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.dirs, 'dirs.mif', '-strides', '0,0,0,1'],
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
-
-
-def needs_single_shell(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return False
-
-
-
-def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
-
-
-
-def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  # Ideally want to use the oversampling-based regridding of the 5TT image from the SIFT model, not mrtransform
-  # May need to commit 5ttregrid...
-
   # Verify input 5tt image
   verification_text = ''
   try:
@@ -79,7 +97,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   except run.MRtrixCmdError as except_5ttcheck:
     verification_text = except_5ttcheck.stderr
   if 'WARNING' in verification_text or 'ERROR' in verification_text:
-    app.warn('Command 5ttcheck indicates problems with provided input 5TT image \'' + app.ARGS.in_5tt + '\':')
+    app.warn(f'Command 5ttcheck indicates problems with provided input 5TT image "{app.ARGS.in_5tt}":')
     for line in verification_text.splitlines():
       app.warn(line)
     app.warn('These may or may not interfere with the dwi2response msmt_5tt script')
@@ -87,39 +105,49 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get shell information
   shells = [ int(round(float(x))) for x in image.mrinfo('dwi.mif', 'shell_bvalues').split() ]
   if len(shells) < 3:
-    app.warn('Less than three b-values; response functions will not be applicable in resolving three tissues using MSMT-CSD algorithm')
+    app.warn('Less than three b-values; '
+             'response functions will not be applicable in resolving three tissues using MSMT-CSD algorithm')
 
   # Get lmax information (if provided)
   sfwm_lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
     if len(app.ARGS.lmax) != len(shells):
-      raise MRtrixError('Number of manually-defined lmax\'s (' + str(len(app.ARGS.lmax)) + ') does not match number of b-values (' + str(len(shells)) + ')')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of manually-defined lmax\'s ({len(app.ARGS.lmax)}) '
+                        f'does not match number of b-values ({len(shells)})')
     if any(l % 2 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be even')
     if any(l < 0 for l in app.ARGS.lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('Values for lmax must be non-negative')
     sfwm_lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.lmax))
 
-  run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask mask.mif | tensor2metric - -fa fa.mif -vector vector.mif')
+  run.command('dwi2tensor dwi.mif - -mask mask.mif | '
+              'tensor2metric - -fa fa.mif -vector vector.mif')
   if not os.path.exists('dirs.mif'):
     run.function(shutil.copy, 'vector.mif', 'dirs.mif')
   run.command('mrtransform 5tt.mif 5tt_regrid.mif -template fa.mif -interp linear')
 
   # Basic tissue masks
-  run.command('mrconvert 5tt_regrid.mif - -coord 3 2 -axes 0,1,2 | mrcalc - ' + str(app.ARGS.pvf) + ' -gt mask.mif -mult wm_mask.mif')
-  run.command('mrconvert 5tt_regrid.mif - -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2 | mrcalc - ' + str(app.ARGS.pvf) + ' -gt fa.mif ' + str(app.ARGS.fa) + ' -lt -mult mask.mif -mult gm_mask.mif')
-  run.command('mrconvert 5tt_regrid.mif - -coord 3 3 -axes 0,1,2 | mrcalc - ' + str(app.ARGS.pvf) + ' -gt fa.mif ' + str(app.ARGS.fa) + ' -lt -mult mask.mif -mult csf_mask.mif')
+  run.command('mrconvert 5tt_regrid.mif - -coord 3 2 -axes 0,1,2 | '
+              f'mrcalc - {app.ARGS.pvf} -gt mask.mif -mult wm_mask.mif')
+  run.command('mrconvert 5tt_regrid.mif - -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2 | '
+              f'mrcalc - {app.ARGS.pvf} -gt fa.mif {app.ARGS.fa} -lt -mult mask.mif -mult gm_mask.mif')
+  run.command('mrconvert 5tt_regrid.mif - -coord 3 3 -axes 0,1,2 | '
+              f'mrcalc - {app.ARGS.pvf} -gt fa.mif {app.ARGS.fa} -lt -mult mask.mif -mult csf_mask.mif')
 
   # Revise WM mask to only include single-fibre voxels
   recursive_cleanup_option=''
   if not app.DO_CLEANUP:
     recursive_cleanup_option = ' -nocleanup'
   if not app.ARGS.sfwm_fa_threshold:
-    app.console('Selecting WM single-fibre voxels using \'' + app.ARGS.wm_algo + '\' algorithm')
-    run.command('dwi2response ' + app.ARGS.wm_algo + ' dwi.mif wm_ss_response.txt -mask wm_mask.mif -voxels wm_sf_mask.mif -scratch ' + shlex.quote(app.SCRATCH_DIR) + recursive_cleanup_option)
+    app.console(f'Selecting WM single-fibre voxels using "{app.ARGS.wm_algo}" algorithm')
+    run.command(f'dwi2response {app.ARGS.wm_algo} dwi.mif wm_ss_response.txt -mask wm_mask.mif -voxels wm_sf_mask.mif'
+                ' -scratch %s' % shlex.quote(app.SCRATCH_DIR)
+                + recursive_cleanup_option)
   else:
-    app.console('Selecting WM single-fibre voxels using \'fa\' algorithm with a hard FA threshold of ' + str(app.ARGS.sfwm_fa_threshold))
-    run.command('dwi2response fa dwi.mif wm_ss_response.txt -mask wm_mask.mif -threshold ' + str(app.ARGS.sfwm_fa_threshold) + ' -voxels wm_sf_mask.mif -scratch ' + shlex.quote(app.SCRATCH_DIR) + recursive_cleanup_option)
+    app.console(f'Selecting WM single-fibre voxels using "fa" algorithm with a hard FA threshold of {app.ARGS.sfwm_fa_threshold}')
+    run.command(f'dwi2response fa dwi.mif wm_ss_response.txt -mask wm_mask.mif -threshold {app.ARGS.sfwm_fa_threshold} -voxels wm_sf_mask.mif'
+                ' -scratch %s' % shlex.quote(app.SCRATCH_DIR)
+                + recursive_cleanup_option)
 
   # Check for empty masks
   wm_voxels  = image.statistics('wm_sf_mask.mif', mask='wm_sf_mask.mif').count
@@ -133,28 +161,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not csf_voxels:
     empty_masks.append('CSF')
   if empty_masks:
-    message = ','.join(empty_masks)
-    message += ' tissue mask'
-    if len(empty_masks) > 1:
-      message += 's'
-    message += ' empty; cannot estimate response function'
-    if len(empty_masks) > 1:
-      message += 's'
-    raise MRtrixError(message)
+    raise MRtrixError(f'{",".join(empty_masks)} tissue {("masks" if len(empty_masks) > 1 else "mask")} empty; '
+                      f'cannot estimate response {"functions" if len(empty_masks) > 1 else "function"}')
 
   # For each of the three tissues, generate a multi-shell response
-  bvalues_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,shells))
-  run.command('amp2response dwi.mif wm_sf_mask.mif dirs.mif wm.txt' + bvalues_option + sfwm_lmax_option)
-  run.command('amp2response dwi.mif gm_mask.mif dirs.mif gm.txt' + bvalues_option + ' -isotropic')
-  run.command('amp2response dwi.mif csf_mask.mif dirs.mif csf.txt' + bvalues_option + ' -isotropic')
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'wm.txt',  path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_wm,  False))
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'gm.txt',  path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_gm,  False))
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'csf.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_csf, False))
+  bvalues_option = f' -shells {",".join(map(str,shells))}'
+  run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif wm_sf_mask.mif dirs.mif wm.txt {bvalues_option} {sfwm_lmax_option}')
+  run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif gm_mask.mif dirs.mif gm.txt {bvalues_option} -isotropic')
+  run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif csf_mask.mif dirs.mif csf.txt {bvalues_option} -isotropic')
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'wm.txt',  app.ARGS.out_wm)
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'gm.txt',  app.ARGS.out_gm)
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'csf.txt', app.ARGS.out_csf)
 
   # Generate output 4D binary image with voxel selections; RGB as in MSMT-CSD paper
   run.command('mrcat csf_mask.mif gm_mask.mif wm_sf_mask.mif voxels.mif -axis 3')
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'voxels.mif', app.ARGS.voxels],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index dbab94380d..18400c335a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -15,48 +15,49 @@
 
 import math, os, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, run
 
+NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+SUPPORTS_MASK = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('tax', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tax et al. (2014) recursive calibration algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
-  parser.add_citation('Tax, C. M.; Jeurissen, B.; Vos, S. B.; Viergever, M. A. & Leemans, A. Recursive calibration of the fiber response function for spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage, 2014, 86, 67-80')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tax\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-peak_ratio', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), metavar='value', default=0.1, help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
-  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='iterations', default=20, help='Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)')
-  options.add_argument('-convergence', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), metavar='percentage', default=0.5, help='Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_single_shell(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
-
-
-
-def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  parser.add_citation('Tax, C. M.; Jeurissen, B.; Vos, S. B.; Viergever, M. A. & Leemans, A. '
+                      'Recursive calibration of the fiber response function for spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2014, 86, 67-80')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='The output response function text file')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "tax" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-peak_ratio',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                       metavar='value',
+                       default=0.1,
+                       help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
+  options.add_argument('-max_iters',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='iterations',
+                       default=20,
+                       help='Maximum number of iterations '
+                            '(set to 0 to force convergence)')
+  options.add_argument('-convergence',
+                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                       metavar='percentage',
+                       default=0.5,
+                       help='Percentile change in any RF coefficient required to continue iterating')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
+    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str, app.ARGS.lmax))
 
   convergence_change = 0.01 * app.ARGS.convergence
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   iteration = 0
   while iteration < app.ARGS.max_iters or not app.ARGS.max_iters:
-    prefix = 'iter' + str(iteration) + '_'
+    prefix = f'iter{iteration}_'
 
     # How to initialise response function?
     # old dwi2response command used mean & standard deviation of DWI data; however
@@ -88,36 +89,39 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       with open('init_RF.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as init_rf_file:
         init_rf_file.write(' '.join(init_rf))
     else:
-      rf_in_path = 'iter' + str(iteration-1) + '_RF.txt'
-      mask_in_path = 'iter' + str(iteration-1) + '_SF.mif'
+      rf_in_path = f'iter{iteration-1}_RF.txt'
+      mask_in_path = f'iter{iteration-1}_SF.mif'
 
     # Run CSD
-    run.command('dwi2fod csd dwi.mif ' + rf_in_path + ' ' + prefix + 'FOD.mif -mask ' + mask_in_path)
+    run.command(f'dwi2fod csd dwi.mif {rf_in_path} {prefix}FOD.mif -mask {mask_in_path}')
     # Get amplitudes of two largest peaks, and directions of largest
-    run.command('fod2fixel ' + prefix + 'FOD.mif ' + prefix + 'fixel -peak peaks.mif -mask ' + mask_in_path + ' -fmls_no_thresholds')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'FOD.mif')
-    run.command('fixel2voxel ' + prefix + 'fixel/peaks.mif none ' + prefix + 'amps.mif')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + prefix + 'amps.mif ' + prefix + 'first_peaks.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + prefix + 'amps.mif ' + prefix + 'second_peaks.mif -coord 3 1 -axes 0,1,2')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'amps.mif')
-    run.command('fixel2peaks ' + prefix + 'fixel/directions.mif ' + prefix + 'first_dir.mif -number 1')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'fixel')
+    run.command(f'fod2fixel {prefix}FOD.mif {prefix}fixel -peak peaks.mif -mask {mask_in_path} -fmls_no_thresholds')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}FOD.mif')
+    run.command(f'fixel2voxel {prefix}fixel/peaks.mif none {prefix}amps.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {prefix}amps.mif {prefix}first_peaks.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {prefix}amps.mif {prefix}second_peaks.mif -coord 3 1 -axes 0,1,2')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}amps.mif')
+    run.command(f'fixel2peaks {prefix}fixel/directions.mif {prefix}first_dir.mif -number 1')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}fixel')
     # Revise single-fibre voxel selection based on ratio of tallest to second-tallest peak
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + prefix + 'second_peaks.mif ' + prefix + 'first_peaks.mif -div ' + prefix + 'peak_ratio.mif')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'first_peaks.mif')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'second_peaks.mif')
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + prefix + 'peak_ratio.mif ' + str(app.ARGS.peak_ratio) + ' -lt ' + mask_in_path + ' -mult ' + prefix + 'SF.mif -datatype bit')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'peak_ratio.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {prefix}second_peaks.mif {prefix}first_peaks.mif -div {prefix}peak_ratio.mif')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}first_peaks.mif')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}second_peaks.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {prefix}peak_ratio.mif {app.ARGS.peak_ratio} -lt {mask_in_path} -mult {prefix}SF.mif -datatype bit')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}peak_ratio.mif')
     # Make sure image isn't empty
-    sf_voxel_count = image.statistics(prefix + 'SF.mif', mask=prefix+'SF.mif').count
+    sf_voxel_count = image.statistics(prefix + 'SF.mif', mask=f'{prefix}SF.mif').count
     if not sf_voxel_count:
       raise MRtrixError('Aborting: All voxels have been excluded from single-fibre selection')
     # Generate a new response function
-    run.command('amp2response dwi.mif ' + prefix + 'SF.mif ' + prefix + 'first_dir.mif ' + prefix + 'RF.txt' + lmax_option)
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'first_dir.mif')
+    run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif {prefix}SF.mif {prefix}first_dir.mif {prefix}RF.txt {lmax_option}')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}first_dir.mif')
 
-    new_rf = matrix.load_vector(prefix + 'RF.txt')
-    progress.increment('Optimising (' + str(iteration+1) + ' iterations, ' + str(sf_voxel_count) + ' voxels, RF: [ ' + ', '.join('{:.3f}'.format(n) for n in new_rf) + '] )')
+    new_rf = matrix.load_vector(f'{prefix}RF.txt')
+    rf_string = ', '.join(f'{n:.3f}' for n in new_rf)
+    progress.increment(f'Optimising ({iteration+1} iterations, '
+                       f'{sf_voxel_count} voxels, '
+                       f'RF: [ {rf_string} ]' )
 
     # Detect convergence
     # Look for a change > some percentage - don't bother looking at the masks
@@ -131,8 +135,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         if ratio > convergence_change:
           reiterate = True
       if not reiterate:
-        run.function(shutil.copyfile, prefix + 'RF.txt', 'response.txt')
-        run.function(shutil.copyfile, prefix + 'SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
+        run.function(shutil.copyfile, f'{prefix}RF.txt', 'response.txt')
+        run.function(shutil.copyfile, f'{prefix}SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
         break
 
     app.cleanup(rf_in_path)
@@ -144,15 +148,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # If we've terminated due to hitting the iteration limiter, we still need to copy the output file(s) to the correct location
   if os.path.exists('response.txt'):
-    app.console('Exited at iteration ' + str(iteration+1) + ' with ' + str(sf_voxel_count) + ' SF voxels due to unchanged RF coefficients')
+    app.console(f'Exited at iteration {iteration+1} with {sf_voxel_count} SF voxels due to unchanged RF coefficients')
   else:
-    app.console('Exited after maximum ' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters) + ' iterations with ' + str(sf_voxel_count) + ' SF voxels')
-    run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'iter' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters-1) + '_RF.txt', 'response.txt')
-    run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'iter' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters-1) + '_SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
+    app.console(f'Exited after maximum {app.ARGS.max_iters} iterations with {sf_voxel_count} SF voxels')
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile, f'iter{app.ARGS.max_iters-1}_RF.txt', 'response.txt')
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile, f'iter{app.ARGS.max_iters-1}_SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
 
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', app.ARGS.output)
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'voxels.mif', app.ARGS.voxels],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index e6fb866c16..5659c24608 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -15,49 +15,55 @@
 
 import os, shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, run
 
+NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+SUPPORTS_MASK = True # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('tournier', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tournier et al. (2013) iterative algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
-  parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. Determination of the appropriate b-value and number of gradient directions for high-angular-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging. NMR Biomedicine, 2013, 26, 1775-1786')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='The output response function text file')
-  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the \'tournier\' algorithm')
-  options.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), metavar='voxels', default=300, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
-  options.add_argument('-iter_voxels', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='voxels', default=0, help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)')
-  options.add_argument('-dilate', type=app.Parser.Int(1), metavar='passes', default=1, help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
-  options.add_argument('-max_iters', type=app.Parser.Int(0), metavar='iterations', default=10, help='Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def needs_single_shell(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
-
-
-
-def supports_mask(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  return True
+  parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. '
+                      'Determination of the appropriate b-value and number of gradient directions for high-angular-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging. '
+                      'NMR Biomedicine, 2013, 26, 1775-1786')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='The output response function text file')
+  options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "tournier" algorithm')
+  options.add_argument('-number',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                       metavar='voxels',
+                       default=300,
+                       help='Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function')
+  options.add_argument('-iter_voxels',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='voxels',
+                       default=0,
+                       help='Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration '
+                            '(default = 10 x value given in -number)')
+  options.add_argument('-dilate',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                       metavar='passes',
+                       default=1,
+                       help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
+  options.add_argument('-max_iters',
+                       type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='iterations',
+                       default=10,
+                       help='Maximum number of iterations '
+                            '(set to 0 to force convergence)')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   lmax_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    lmax_option = ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in app.ARGS.lmax)
+    lmax_option = f' -lmax {",".join(map(str, app.ARGS.lmax))}'
 
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Optimising')
 
@@ -65,11 +71,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if iter_voxels == 0:
     iter_voxels = 10*app.ARGS.number
   elif iter_voxels < app.ARGS.number:
-    raise MRtrixError ('Number of selected voxels (-iter_voxels) must be greater than number of voxels desired (-number)')
+    raise MRtrixError ('Number of selected voxels (-iter_voxels) '
+                       'must be greater than number of voxels desired (-number)')
 
   iteration = 0
   while iteration < app.ARGS.max_iters or not app.ARGS.max_iters:
-    prefix = 'iter' + str(iteration) + '_'
+    prefix = f'iter{iteration}_'
 
     if iteration == 0:
       rf_in_path = 'init_RF.txt'
@@ -79,55 +86,61 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         init_rf_file.write(init_rf)
       iter_lmax_option = ' -lmax 4'
     else:
-      rf_in_path = 'iter' + str(iteration-1) + '_RF.txt'
-      mask_in_path = 'iter' + str(iteration-1) + '_SF_dilated.mif'
+      rf_in_path = f'iter{iteration-1}_RF.txt'
+      mask_in_path = f'iter{iteration-1}_SF_dilated.mif'
       iter_lmax_option = lmax_option
 
     # Run CSD
-    run.command('dwi2fod csd dwi.mif ' + rf_in_path + ' ' + prefix + 'FOD.mif -mask ' + mask_in_path)
+    run.command(f'dwi2fod csd dwi.mif {rf_in_path} {prefix}FOD.mif -mask {mask_in_path}')
     # Get amplitudes of two largest peaks, and direction of largest
-    run.command('fod2fixel ' + prefix + 'FOD.mif ' + prefix + 'fixel -peak_amp peak_amps.mif -mask ' + mask_in_path + ' -fmls_no_thresholds')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'FOD.mif')
+    run.command(f'fod2fixel {prefix}FOD.mif {prefix}fixel -peak_amp peak_amps.mif -mask {mask_in_path} -fmls_no_thresholds')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}FOD.mif')
     if iteration:
       app.cleanup(mask_in_path)
-    run.command('fixel2voxel ' + os.path.join(prefix + 'fixel', 'peak_amps.mif') + ' none ' + prefix + 'amps.mif -number 2')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + prefix + 'amps.mif ' + prefix + 'first_peaks.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2')
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + prefix + 'amps.mif ' + prefix + 'second_peaks.mif -coord 3 1 -axes 0,1,2')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'amps.mif')
-    run.command('fixel2peaks ' + os.path.join(prefix + 'fixel', 'directions.mif') + ' ' + prefix + 'first_dir.mif -number 1')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'fixel')
+    run.command(['fixel2voxel', os.path.join(f'{prefix}fixel', 'peak_amps.mif'), 'none', f'{prefix}amps.mif', '-number', '2'])
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {prefix}amps.mif {prefix}first_peaks.mif -coord 3 0 -axes 0,1,2')
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {prefix}amps.mif {prefix}second_peaks.mif -coord 3 1 -axes 0,1,2')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}amps.mif')
+    run.command(['fixel2peaks', os.path.join(f'{prefix}fixel', 'directions.mif'), f'{prefix}first_dir.mif', '-number', '1'])
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}fixel')
     # Calculate the 'cost function' Donald derived for selecting single-fibre voxels
     # https://github.com/MRtrix3/mrtrix3/pull/426
     #  sqrt(|peak1|) * (1 - |peak2| / |peak1|)^2
-    run.command('mrcalc ' + prefix + 'first_peaks.mif -sqrt 1 ' + prefix + 'second_peaks.mif ' + prefix + 'first_peaks.mif -div -sub 2 -pow -mult '+ prefix + 'CF.mif')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'first_peaks.mif')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'second_peaks.mif')
-    voxel_count = image.statistics(prefix + 'CF.mif').count
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {prefix}first_peaks.mif -sqrt 1 {prefix}second_peaks.mif {prefix}first_peaks.mif -div -sub 2 -pow -mult {prefix}CF.mif')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}first_peaks.mif')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}second_peaks.mif')
+    voxel_count = image.statistics(f'{prefix}CF.mif').count
     # Select the top-ranked voxels
-    run.command('mrthreshold ' + prefix + 'CF.mif -top ' + str(min([app.ARGS.number, voxel_count])) + ' ' + prefix + 'SF.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrthreshold {prefix}CF.mif -top {min([app.ARGS.number, voxel_count])} {prefix}SF.mif')
     # Generate a new response function based on this selection
-    run.command('amp2response dwi.mif ' + prefix + 'SF.mif ' + prefix + 'first_dir.mif ' + prefix + 'RF.txt' + iter_lmax_option)
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'first_dir.mif')
+    run.command(f'amp2response dwi.mif {prefix}SF.mif {prefix}first_dir.mif {prefix}RF.txt {iter_lmax_option}')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}first_dir.mif')
+
+    new_rf = matrix.load_vector(f'{prefix}RF.txt')
+    rf_string = ', '.join(f'{n:.3f}' for n in new_rf)
+    progress.increment('Optimising '
+                       f'({iteration+1} iterations, '
+                       f'RF: [ {rf_string} ])')
 
-    new_rf = matrix.load_vector(prefix + 'RF.txt')
-    progress.increment('Optimising (' + str(iteration+1) + ' iterations, RF: [ ' + ', '.join('{:.3f}'.format(n) for n in new_rf) + '] )')
 
     # Should we terminate?
     if iteration > 0:
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + prefix + 'SF.mif iter' + str(iteration-1) + '_SF.mif -sub ' + prefix + 'SF_diff.mif')
-      app.cleanup('iter' + str(iteration-1) + '_SF.mif')
-      max_diff = image.statistics(prefix + 'SF_diff.mif').max
-      app.cleanup(prefix + 'SF_diff.mif')
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {prefix}SF.mif iter{iteration-1}_SF.mif -sub {prefix}SF_diff.mif')
+      app.cleanup(f'iter{iteration-1}_SF.mif')
+      max_diff = image.statistics(f'{prefix}SF_diff.mif').max
+      app.cleanup(f'{prefix}SF_diff.mif')
       if not max_diff:
-        app.cleanup(prefix + 'CF.mif')
-        run.function(shutil.copyfile, prefix + 'RF.txt', 'response.txt')
-        run.function(shutil.move, prefix + 'SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
+        app.cleanup(f'{prefix}CF.mif')
+        run.function(shutil.copyfile, f'{prefix}RF.txt', 'response.txt')
+        run.function(shutil.move, f'{prefix}SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
         break
 
     # Select a greater number of top single-fibre voxels, and dilate (within bounds of initial mask);
     #   these are the voxels that will be re-tested in the next iteration
-    run.command('mrthreshold ' + prefix + 'CF.mif -top ' + str(min([iter_voxels, voxel_count])) + ' - | maskfilter - dilate - -npass ' + str(app.ARGS.dilate) + ' | mrcalc mask.mif - -mult ' + prefix + 'SF_dilated.mif')
-    app.cleanup(prefix + 'CF.mif')
+    run.command(f'mrthreshold {prefix}CF.mif -top {min([iter_voxels, voxel_count])} - | '
+                f'maskfilter - dilate - -npass {app.ARGS.dilate} | '
+                f'mrcalc mask.mif - -mult {prefix}SF_dilated.mif')
+    app.cleanup(f'{prefix}CF.mif')
 
     iteration += 1
 
@@ -135,15 +148,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # If terminating due to running out of iterations, still need to put the results in the appropriate location
   if os.path.exists('response.txt'):
-    app.console('Convergence of SF voxel selection detected at iteration ' + str(iteration+1))
+    app.console(f'Convergence of SF voxel selection detected at iteration {iteration+1}')
   else:
-    app.console('Exiting after maximum ' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters) + ' iterations')
-    run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'iter' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters-1) + '_RF.txt', 'response.txt')
-    run.function(shutil.move, 'iter' + str(app.ARGS.max_iters-1) + '_SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
+    app.console(f'Exiting after maximum {app.ARGS.max_iters} iterations')
+    run.function(shutil.copyfile, f'iter{app.ARGS.max_iters-1}_RF.txt', 'response.txt')
+    run.function(shutil.move, f'iter{app.ARGS.max_iters-1}_SF.mif', 'voxels.mif')
 
-  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', path.from_user(app.ARGS.output, False))
+  run.function(shutil.copyfile, 'response.txt', app.ARGS.output)
   if app.ARGS.voxels:
-    run.command('mrconvert voxels.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.voxels),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'voxels.mif', app.ARGS.voxels],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
index 08928a88d6..790a80da76 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 import shutil
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
 
 
@@ -30,38 +30,39 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('ants', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Perform DWI bias field correction using the N4 algorithm as provided in ANTs')
-  parser.add_citation('Tustison, N.; Avants, B.; Cook, P.; Zheng, Y.; Egan, A.; Yushkevich, P. & Gee, J. N4ITK: Improved N3 Bias Correction. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2010, 29, 1310-1320', is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Tustison, N.; Avants, B.; Cook, P.; Zheng, Y.; Egan, A.; Yushkevich, P. & Gee, J. '
+                      'N4ITK: Improved N3 Bias Correction. '
+                      'IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2010, 29, 1310-1320',
+                      is_external=True)
   ants_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for ANTs N4BiasFieldCorrection command')
   for key in sorted(OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION):
-    ants_options.add_argument('-ants_'+key, metavar=OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][0], help='N4BiasFieldCorrection option -%s: %s' % (key,OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][1]))
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
+    ants_options.add_argument(f'-ants_{key}',
+                              metavar=OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][0],
+                              help=f'N4BiasFieldCorrection option -{key}: {OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key][1]}')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output corrected image series')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not shutil.which('N4BiasFieldCorrection'):
-    raise MRtrixError('Could not find ANTS program N4BiasFieldCorrection; please check installation')
+    raise MRtrixError('Could not find ANTS program N4BiasFieldCorrection; '
+                      'please check installation')
 
   for key in sorted(OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION):
-    if hasattr(app.ARGS, 'ants_' + key):
-      val = getattr(app.ARGS, 'ants_' + key)
+    if hasattr(app.ARGS, f'ants_{key}'):
+      val = getattr(app.ARGS, f'ants_{key}')
       if val is not None:
         OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION[key] = (val, 'user defined')
-  ants_options = ' '.join(['-%s %s' %(k, v[0]) for k, v in OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION.items()])
+  ants_options = ' '.join([f'-{k} {v[0]}' for k, v in OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION.items()])
 
   # Generate a mean b=0 image
-  run.command('dwiextract in.mif - -bzero | mrmath - mean mean_bzero.mif -axis 3')
+  run.command('dwiextract in.mif - -bzero | '
+              'mrmath - mean mean_bzero.mif -axis 3')
 
   # Use the brain mask as a weights image rather than a mask; means that voxels at the edge of the mask
   #   will have a smoothly-varying bias field correction applied, rather than multiplying by 1.0 outside the mask
@@ -69,24 +70,32 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   run.command('mrconvert mask.mif mask.nii -strides +1,+2,+3')
   init_bias_path = 'init_bias.nii'
   corrected_path = 'corrected.nii'
-  run.command('N4BiasFieldCorrection -d 3 -i mean_bzero.nii -w mask.nii -o [' + corrected_path + ',' + init_bias_path + '] ' + ants_options)
+  run.command(f'N4BiasFieldCorrection -d 3 -i mean_bzero.nii -w mask.nii -o [{corrected_path},{init_bias_path}] {ants_options}')
 
   # N4 can introduce large differences between subjects via a global scaling of the bias field
   # Estimate this scaling based on the total integral of the pre- and post-correction images within the brain mask
-  input_integral  = float(run.command('mrcalc mean_bzero.mif mask.mif -mult - | mrmath - sum - -axis 0 | mrmath - sum - -axis 1 | mrmath - sum - -axis 2 | mrdump -').stdout)
-  output_integral = float(run.command('mrcalc ' + corrected_path + ' mask.mif -mult - | mrmath - sum - -axis 0 | mrmath - sum - -axis 1 | mrmath - sum - -axis 2 | mrdump -').stdout)
+  input_integral  = float(run.command('mrcalc mean_bzero.mif mask.mif -mult - | '
+                                      'mrmath - sum - -axis 0 | '
+                                      'mrmath - sum - -axis 1 | '
+                                      'mrmath - sum - -axis 2 | '
+                                      'mrdump -').stdout)
+  output_integral = float(run.command(f'mrcalc {corrected_path} mask.mif -mult - | '
+                                      'mrmath - sum - -axis 0 | '
+                                      'mrmath - sum - -axis 1 | '
+                                      'mrmath - sum - -axis 2 | '
+                                      'mrdump -').stdout)
   multiplier = output_integral / input_integral
-  app.debug('Integrals: Input = ' + str(input_integral) + '; Output = ' + str(output_integral) + '; resulting multiplier = ' + str(multiplier))
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + init_bias_path + ' ' + str(multiplier) + ' -mult bias.mif')
+  app.debug(f'Integrals: Input = {input_integral}; Output = {output_integral}; resulting multiplier = {multiplier}')
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {init_bias_path} {multiplier} -mult bias.mif')
 
   # Common final steps for all algorithms
   run.command('mrcalc in.mif bias.mif -div result.mif')
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.bias:
-    run.command('mrconvert bias.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'bias.mif', app.ARGS.bias],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
index dd78ad7335..7e335d663d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
@@ -15,29 +15,34 @@
 
 import os
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, path, run, utils
+from mrtrix3 import app, fsl, run, utils
 
 
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('fsl', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Perform DWI bias field correction using the \'fast\' command as provided in FSL')
-  parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219', is_external=True)
-  parser.add_description('The FSL \'fast\' command only estimates the bias field within a brain mask, and cannot extrapolate this smoothly-varying field beyond the defined mask. As such, this algorithm by necessity introduces a hard masking of the input DWI. Since this attribute may interfere with the purpose of using the command (e.g. correction of a bias field is commonly used to improve brain mask estimation), use of this particular algorithm is generally not recommended.')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
+  parser.set_synopsis('Perform DWI bias field correction using the "fast" command as provided in FSL')
+  parser.add_citation('Zhang, Y.; Brady, M. & Smith, S. '
+                      'Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm. '
+                      'IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2001, 20, 45-57',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_citation('Smith, S. M.; Jenkinson, M.; Woolrich, M. W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Behrens, T. E.; Johansen-Berg, H.; Bannister, P. R.; De Luca, M.; Drobnjak, I.; Flitney, D. E.; Niazy, R. K.; Saunders, J.; Vickers, J.; Zhang, Y.; De Stefano, N.; Brady, J. M. & Matthews, P. M. '
+                      'Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. '
+                      'NeuroImage, 2004, 23, S208-S219',
+                      is_external=True)
+  parser.add_description('The FSL "fast" command only estimates the bias field within a brain mask, '
+                         'and cannot extrapolate this smoothly-varying field beyond the defined mask. '
+                         'As such, this algorithm by necessity introduces a hard masking of the input DWI. '
+                         'Since this attribute may interfere with the purpose of using the command '
+                         '(e.g. correction of a bias field is commonly used to improve brain mask estimation), '
+                         'use of this particular algorithm is generally not recommended.')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output corrected image series')
 
 
 
@@ -46,7 +51,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('Script cannot run using FSL on Windows due to FSL dependency')
 
   if not os.environ.get('FSLDIR', ''):
-    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
+    raise MRtrixError('Environment variable FSLDIR is not set; '
+                      'please run appropriate FSL configuration script')
 
   fast_cmd = fsl.exe_name('fast')
 
@@ -55,22 +61,24 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
            'Use of the ants algorithm is recommended for quantitative DWI analyses.')
 
   # Generate a mean b=0 image
-  run.command('dwiextract in.mif - -bzero | mrmath - mean mean_bzero.mif -axis 3')
+  run.command('dwiextract in.mif - -bzero | '
+              'mrmath - mean mean_bzero.mif -axis 3')
 
   # FAST doesn't accept a mask input; therefore need to explicitly mask the input image
-  run.command('mrcalc mean_bzero.mif mask.mif -mult - | mrconvert - mean_bzero_masked.nii -strides -1,+2,+3')
-  run.command(fast_cmd + ' -t 2 -o fast -n 3 -b mean_bzero_masked.nii')
+  run.command('mrcalc mean_bzero.mif mask.mif -mult - | '
+              'mrconvert - mean_bzero_masked.nii -strides -1,+2,+3')
+  run.command(f'{fast_cmd} -t 2 -o fast -n 3 -b mean_bzero_masked.nii')
   bias_path = fsl.find_image('fast_bias')
 
   # Rather than using a bias field estimate of 1.0 outside the brain mask, zero-fill the
   #   output image outside of this mask
-  run.command('mrcalc in.mif ' + bias_path + ' -div mask.mif -mult result.mif')
-  run.command('mrconvert result.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(f'mrcalc in.mif {bias_path} -div mask.mif -mult result.mif')
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.bias:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + bias_path + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', bias_path, app.ARGS.bias],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index 5a7276a068..acf4903bf9 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, run
 
 
 LMAXES_MULTI = [4, 0, 0]
@@ -22,19 +22,23 @@
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mtnorm', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
+                    'and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Perform DWI bias field correction using the "mtnormalise" command')
   parser.add_description('This algorithm bases its operation almost entirely on the utilisation of multi-tissue '
-                         'decomposition information to estimate an underlying B1 receive field, as is implemented '
-                         'in the MRtrix3 command "mtnormalise". Its typical usage is however slightly different, '
-                         'in that the primary output of the command is not the bias-field-corrected FODs, but a '
-                         'bias-field-corrected version of the DWI series.')
+                         'decomposition information to estimate an underlying B1 receive field, '
+                         'as is implemented in the MRtrix3 command "mtnormalise". '
+                         'Its typical usage is however slightly different, '
+                         'in that the primary output of the command is not the bias-field-corrected FODs, '
+                         'but a bias-field-corrected version of the DWI series.')
   parser.add_description('The operation of this script is a subset of that performed by the script "dwibiasnormmask". '
-                         'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; this dwibiascorrect algorithm is '
-                         'nevertheless provided to demonstrate specifically the bias field correction portion of that command.')
-  parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal spherical harmonic '
-                         'degree than what would be advised for analysis. This is done for computational efficiency. This '
-                         'behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
+                         'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; '
+                         'this dwibiascorrect algorithm is nevertheless provided to demonstrate '
+                         'specifically the bias field correction portion of that command.')
+  parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal '
+                         'spherical harmonic degree than what would be advised for analysis. '
+                         'This is done for computational efficiency. '
+                         'This behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B; Tournier, J-D; Dhollander, T; Connelly, A & Sijbers, J. '
                       'Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. '
                       'NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
@@ -44,24 +48,19 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Tabbara, R.; Rosnarho-Tornstrand, J.; Tournier, J.-D.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Multi-tissue log-domain intensity and inhomogeneity normalisation for quantitative apparent fibre density. '
                       'In Proc. ISMRM, 2021, 29, 2472')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input image series to be corrected')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output corrected image series')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input image series to be corrected')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output corrected image series')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
-                            'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
-
-
-
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  pass
+                            f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
+                            f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
 
 
 
@@ -70,10 +69,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Verify user inputs
   lmax = None
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    try:
-      lmax = [int(i) for i in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',')]
-    except ValueError as exc:
-      raise MRtrixError('Values provided to -lmax option must be a comma-separated list of integers') from exc
+    lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if any(value < 0 or value % 2 for value in lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('lmax values must be non-negative even integers')
     if len(lmax) not in [2, 3]:
@@ -88,49 +84,48 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
-    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, but input DWI is not multi-shell')
+    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, '
+                      'but input DWI is not multi-shell')
 
   # RF estimation and multi-tissue CSD
   class Tissue(object): #pylint: disable=useless-object-inheritance
     def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
-      self.tissue_rf = 'response_' + name + '.txt'
-      self.fod = 'FOD_' + name + '.mif'
-      self.fod_norm = 'FODnorm_' + name + '.mif'
+      self.rffile = f'response_{name}.txt'
+      self.fod = f'FOD_{name}.mif'
+      self.fod_norm = f'FODnorm_{name}.mif'
 
   tissues = [Tissue('WM'), Tissue('GM'), Tissue('CSF')]
 
-  run.command('dwi2response dhollander in.mif'
-              + (' -mask mask.mif' if app.ARGS.mask else '')
-              + ' '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues))
+  # TODO Fix
+  run.command(['dwi2response', 'dhollander', 'in.mif', [tissue.rffile for tissue in tissues]]
+              .extend(['-mask', 'mask.mif'] if app.ARGS.mask else []))
 
   # Immediately remove GM if we can't deal with it
   if not multishell:
-    app.cleanup(tissues[1].tissue_rf)
+    app.cleanup(tissues[1].rffile)
     tissues = tissues[::2]
 
   run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd in.mif'
-              + ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in lmax)
+              + ' -lmax ' + ','.join(map(str, lmax))
               + ' '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf + ' ' + tissue.fod
+              + ' '.join(f'{tissue.rffile} {tissue.fod}'
                          for tissue in tissues))
 
   run.command('maskfilter mask.mif erode - | '
-              + 'mtnormalise -mask - -balanced'
-              + ' -check_norm field.mif '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.fod + ' ' + tissue.fod_norm
-                          for tissue in tissues))
+              'mtnormalise -mask - -balanced -check_norm field.mif '
+              + ' '.join(f'{tissue.fod} {tissue.fod_norm}'
+                         for tissue in tissues))
   app.cleanup([tissue.fod for tissue in tissues])
   app.cleanup([tissue.fod_norm for tissue in tissues])
-  app.cleanup([tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues])
+  app.cleanup([tissue.rffile for tissue in tissues])
 
-  run.command('mrcalc in.mif field.mif -div - | '
-              'mrconvert - '+ path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(['mrcalc', 'in.mif', 'field.mif', '-div', '-', '|',
+              'mrconvert', '-', app.ARGS.output],
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.bias:
-    run.command('mrconvert field.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.bias),
-                mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'field.mif', app.ARGS.bias],
+                mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index 7be4759902..1fd8901085 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import os, shlex
+import os
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
 from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run, utils
 
@@ -24,22 +24,40 @@
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('group', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Performs a global DWI intensity normalisation on a group of subjects using the median b=0 white matter value as the reference')
-  parser.add_description('The white matter mask is estimated from a population average FA template then warped back to each subject to perform the intensity normalisation. Note that bias field correction should be performed prior to this step.')
-  parser.add_description('All input DWI files must contain an embedded diffusion gradient table; for this reason, these images must all be in either .mif or .mif.gz format.')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('mask_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(), help='Input directory containing brain masks, corresponding to one per input image (with the same file name prefix)')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dir', type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(), help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
-  parser.add_argument('fa_template', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output population-specific FA template, which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
-  parser.add_argument('wm_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output white matter mask (in template space), used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
-  parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT, metavar='value', help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template used to derive an approximate white matter mask (default: ' + str(FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT) + ')')
-
-
-
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output_dir)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.fa_template)
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.wm_mask)
+  parser.set_synopsis('Performs a global DWI intensity normalisation on a group of subjects '
+                      'using the median b=0 white matter value as the reference')
+  parser.add_description('The white matter mask is estimated from a population average FA template '
+                         'then warped back to each subject to perform the intensity normalisation. '
+                         'Note that bias field correction should be performed prior to this step.')
+  parser.add_description('All input DWI files must contain an embedded diffusion gradient table; '
+                         'for this reason, '
+                         'these images must all be in either .mif or .mif.gz format.')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dir',
+                      type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                      help='The input directory containing all DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('mask_dir',
+                      type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                      help='Input directory containing brain masks, '
+                           'corresponding to one per input image '
+                           '(with the same file name prefix)')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dir',
+                      type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                      help='The output directory containing all of the intensity normalised DWI images')
+  parser.add_argument('fa_template',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output population-specific FA template, '
+                           'which is thresholded to estimate a white matter mask')
+  parser.add_argument('wm_mask',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output white matter mask (in template space), '
+                           'used to estimate the median b=0 white matter value for normalisation')
+  parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold',
+                      type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                      default=FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT,
+                      metavar='value',
+                      help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template '
+                           'used to derive an approximate white matter mask '
+                           f'(default: {FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT})')
 
 
 
@@ -52,21 +70,17 @@ def __init__(self, filename, prefix, mask_filename = ''):
       self.mask_filename = mask_filename
 
 
-  input_dir = path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dir, False)
-  if not os.path.exists(input_dir):
-    raise MRtrixError('input directory not found')
-  in_files = path.all_in_dir(input_dir, dir_path=False)
+  in_files = path.all_in_dir(app.ARGS.input_dir, dir_path=False)
   if len(in_files) <= 1:
-    raise MRtrixError('not enough images found in input directory: more than one image is needed to perform a group-wise intensity normalisation')
+    raise MRtrixError('not enough images found in input directory: '
+                      'more than one image is needed to perform a group-wise intensity normalisation')
 
-  app.console('performing global intensity normalisation on ' + str(len(in_files)) + ' input images')
+  app.console(f'Performing global intensity normalisation on {len(in_files)} input images')
 
-  mask_dir = path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask_dir, False)
-  if not os.path.exists(mask_dir):
-    raise MRtrixError('mask directory not found')
-  mask_files = path.all_in_dir(mask_dir, dir_path=False)
+  mask_files = path.all_in_dir(app.ARGS.mask_dir, dir_path=False)
   if len(mask_files) != len(in_files):
-    raise MRtrixError('the number of images in the mask directory does not equal the number of images in the input directory')
+    raise MRtrixError('the number of images in the mask directory does not equal the '
+                      'number of images in the input directory')
   mask_common_postfix = os.path.commonprefix([i[::-1] for i in mask_files])[::-1]
   mask_prefixes = []
   for mask_file in mask_files:
@@ -77,48 +91,61 @@ def __init__(self, filename, prefix, mask_filename = ''):
   for i in in_files:
     subj_prefix = i.split(common_postfix)[0]
     if subj_prefix not in mask_prefixes:
-      raise MRtrixError ('no matching mask image was found for input image ' + i)
-    image.check_3d_nonunity(os.path.join(input_dir, i))
+      raise MRtrixError (f'no matching mask image was found for input image {i}')
+    image.check_3d_nonunity(os.path.join(app.ARGS.input_dir, i))
     index = mask_prefixes.index(subj_prefix)
     input_list.append(Input(i, subj_prefix, mask_files[index]))
 
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
   utils.make_dir('fa')
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Computing FA images', len(input_list))
   for i in input_list:
-    run.command('dwi2tensor ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(input_dir, i.filename)) + ' -mask ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(mask_dir, i.mask_filename)) + ' - | tensor2metric - -fa ' + os.path.join('fa', i.prefix + '.mif'))
+    run.command(['dwi2tensor', os.path.join(app.ARGS.input_dir, i.filename), '-mask', os.path.join(app.ARGS.mask_dir, i.mask_filename), '-', '|',
+                 'tensor2metric', '-', '-fa', os.path.join('fa', f'{i.prefix}.mif')])
     progress.increment()
   progress.done()
 
   app.console('Generating FA population template')
-  run.command('population_template fa fa_template.mif'
-              + ' -mask_dir ' + mask_dir
-              + ' -type rigid_affine_nonlinear'
-              + ' -rigid_scale 0.25,0.5,0.8,1.0'
-              + ' -affine_scale 0.7,0.8,1.0,1.0'
-              + ' -nl_scale 0.5,0.75,1.0,1.0,1.0'
-              + ' -nl_niter 5,5,5,5,5'
-              + ' -warp_dir warps'
-              + ' -linear_no_pause'
-              + ' -scratch population_template'
-              + ('' if app.DO_CLEANUP else ' -nocleanup'))
+  run.command(['population_template', 'fa', 'fa_template.mif',
+               '-mask_dir', app.ARGS.mask_dir,
+               '-type', 'rigid_affine_nonlinear',
+               '-rigid_scale', '0.25,0.5,0.8,1.0',
+               '-affine_scale', '0.7,0.8,1.0,1.0',
+               '-nl_scale', '0.5,0.75,1.0,1.0,1.0',
+               '-nl_niter', '5,5,5,5,5',
+               '-warp_dir', 'warps',
+               '-linear_no_pause',
+               '-scratch', 'population_template']
+               + ([] if app.DO_CLEANUP else ['-nocleanup']))
 
   app.console('Generating WM mask in template space')
-  run.command('mrthreshold fa_template.mif -abs ' +  str(app.ARGS.fa_threshold) + ' template_wm_mask.mif')
+  run.command(f'mrthreshold fa_template.mif -abs {app.ARGS.fa_threshold} template_wm_mask.mif')
 
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Intensity normalising subject images', len(input_list))
-  utils.make_dir(path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dir, False))
+  utils.make_dir(app.ARGS.output_dir)
   utils.make_dir('wm_mask_warped')
   for i in input_list:
-    run.command('mrtransform template_wm_mask.mif -interp nearest -warp_full ' + os.path.join('warps', i.prefix + '.mif') + ' ' + os.path.join('wm_mask_warped', i.prefix + '.mif') + ' -from 2 -template ' + os.path.join('fa', i.prefix + '.mif'))
-    run.command('dwinormalise manual ' + shlex.quote(os.path.join(input_dir, i.filename)) + ' ' + os.path.join('wm_mask_warped', i.prefix + '.mif') + ' temp.mif')
-    run.command('mrconvert temp.mif ' + path.from_user(os.path.join(app.ARGS.output_dir, i.filename)), mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(os.path.join(input_dir, i.filename), False), force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+    run.command(['mrtransform', 'template_wm_mask.mif', os.path.join('wm_mask_warped', f'{i.prefix}.mif'),
+                 '-interp', 'nearest',
+                 '-warp_full', os.path.join('warps', f'{i.prefix}.mif'),
+                 '-from', '2',
+                 '-template', os.path.join('fa', f'{i.prefix}.mif')])
+    run.command(['dwinormalise', 'manual',
+                 os.path.join(app.ARGS.input_dir, i.filename),
+                 os.path.join('wm_mask_warped', f'{i.prefix}.mif'),
+                 'temp.mif'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', 'temp.mif', os.path.join(app.ARGS.output_dir, i.filename)],
+                mrconvert_keyval=os.path.join(app.ARGS.input_dir, i.filename),
+                force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
     os.remove('temp.mif')
     progress.increment()
   progress.done()
 
   app.console('Exporting template images to user locations')
-  run.command('mrconvert template_wm_mask.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.wm_mask), mrconvert_keyval='NULL', force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-  run.command('mrconvert fa_template.mif ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.fa_template), mrconvert_keyval='NULL', force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'template_wm_mask.mif', app.ARGS.wm_mask],
+              mrconvert_keyval='NULL',
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'fa_template.mif', app.ARGS.fa_template],
+              mrconvert_keyval='NULL',
+              force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
index 61dffd009c..7e7dc84a8d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 import math
-from mrtrix3 import app, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, run
 
 
 DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY=1000
@@ -23,34 +23,47 @@
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('manual', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
+                    'and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Intensity normalise a DWI series based on the b=0 signal within a supplied mask')
-  parser.add_argument('input_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('input_mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
-  parser.add_argument('output_dwi', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('-intensity', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0), metavar='value', default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY, help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value (Default: ' + str(DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY) + ')')
-  parser.add_argument('-percentile', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0), metavar='value', help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
+  parser.add_argument('input_dwi',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input_mask',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The mask within which a reference b=0 intensity will be sampled')
+  parser.add_argument('output_dwi',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('-intensity',
+                      type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                      metavar='value',
+                      default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY,
+                      help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value '
+                           f'(Default: {DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY})')
+  parser.add_argument('-percentile',
+                      type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0),
+                      metavar='value',
+                      help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; '
+                           'if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) '
+                           'will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)
 
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output_dwi)
-
-
-
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   grad_option = ''
   if app.ARGS.grad:
-    grad_option = ' -grad ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.grad)
+    grad_option = f' -grad {app.ARGS.grad}'
   elif app.ARGS.fslgrad:
-    grad_option = ' -fslgrad ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[0]) + ' ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.fslgrad[1])
+    grad_option = f' -fslgrad {app.ARGS.fslgrad[0]} {app.ARGS.fslgrad[1]}'
 
   if app.ARGS.percentile:
-    intensities = [float(value) for value in run.command('dwiextract ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi) + grad_option + ' -bzero - | ' + \
-                                                         'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | ' + \
-                                                         'mrdump - -mask ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_mask)).stdout.splitlines()]
+    intensities = [float(value) for value in run.command(f'dwiextract {app.ARGS.input_dwi} {grad_option} -bzero - | '
+                                                         f'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | '
+                                                         f'mrdump - -mask {app.ARGS.input_mask}',
+                                                         preserve_pipes=True).stdout.splitlines()]
     intensities = sorted(intensities)
     float_index = 0.01 * app.ARGS.percentile * len(intensities)
     lower_index = int(math.floor(float_index))
@@ -60,14 +73,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       interp_mu = float_index - float(lower_index)
       reference_value = (1.0-interp_mu)*intensities[lower_index] + interp_mu*intensities[lower_index+1]
   else:
-    reference_value = float(run.command('dwiextract ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi) + grad_option + ' -bzero - | ' + \
-                                        'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | ' + \
-                                        'mrstats - -mask ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_mask) + ' -output median',
+    reference_value = float(run.command(f'dwiextract {app.ARGS.input_dwi} {grad_option} -bzero - | '
+                                        f'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | '
+                                        f'mrstats - -mask {app.ARGS.input_mask} -output median',
                                         preserve_pipes=True).stdout)
   multiplier = app.ARGS.intensity / reference_value
 
-  run.command('mrcalc ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi) + ' ' + str(multiplier) + ' -mult - | ' + \
-              'mrconvert - ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output_dwi) + grad_option, \
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input_dwi, False), \
+  run.command(f'mrcalc {app.ARGS.input_dwi} {multiplier} -mult - | '
+              f'mrconvert - {app.ARGS.output_dwi} {grad_option}',
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input_dwi,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index 38f1a1f091..574152dd3e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 import math
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, path, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, run
 
 
 REFERENCE_INTENSITY = 1000
@@ -26,17 +26,21 @@
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mtnorm', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
+                    'and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Normalise a DWI series to the estimated b=0 CSF intensity')
   parser.add_description('This algorithm determines an appropriate global scaling factor to apply to a DWI series '
-                         'such that after the scaling is applied, the b=0 CSF intensity corresponds to some '
-                         'reference value (' + str(REFERENCE_INTENSITY) + ' by default).')
+                         'such that after the scaling is applied, '
+                         'the b=0 CSF intensity corresponds to some reference value '
+                         f'({REFERENCE_INTENSITY} by default).')
   parser.add_description('The operation of this script is a subset of that performed by the script "dwibiasnormmask". '
-                         'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; this dwinormalise algorithm is '
-                         'nevertheless provided to demonstrate specifically the global intensituy normalisation portion of that command.')
-  parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal spherical harmonic '
-                         'degree than what would be advised for analysis. This is done for computational efficiency. This '
-                         'behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
+                         'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; '
+                         'this dwinormalise algorithm is nevertheless provided to demonstrate '
+                         'specifically the global intensituy normalisation portion of that command.')
+  parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal '
+                         'spherical harmonic degree than what would be advised for analysis. '
+                         'This is done for computational efficiency. '
+                         'This behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B; Tournier, J-D; Dhollander, T; Connelly, A & Sijbers, J. '
                       'Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. '
                       'NeuroImage, 2014, 103, 411-426')
@@ -49,14 +53,19 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
-  parser.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input DWI series')
-  parser.add_argument('output', type=app.Parser.ImageOut(), help='The normalised DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('input',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='The input DWI series')
+  parser.add_argument('output',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='The normalised DWI series')
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                        metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
-                            'defaults are "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_MULTI) + '" for multi-shell and "' + ','.join(str(item) for item in LMAXES_SINGLE) + '" for single-shell data)')
+                            f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
+                            f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
   options.add_argument('-mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        metavar='image',
@@ -67,7 +76,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        metavar='value',
                        default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
                        help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series '
-                            '(default: ' + str(REFERENCE_INTENSITY) + ')')
+                            f'(default: {REFERENCE_INTENSITY})')
   options.add_argument('-scale',
                        type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
                        metavar='file',
@@ -76,46 +85,30 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 
-def check_output_paths(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.output)
-
-
-
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Verify user inputs
   lmax = None
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
-    try:
-      lmax = [int(i) for i in app.ARGS.lmax.split(',')]
-    except ValueError as exc:
-      raise MRtrixError('Values provided to -lmax option must be a comma-separated list of integers') from exc
+    lmax = app.ARGS.lmax
     if any(value < 0 or value % 2 for value in lmax):
       raise MRtrixError('lmax values must be non-negative even integers')
     if len(lmax) not in [2, 3]:
       raise MRtrixError('Length of lmax vector expected to be either 2 or 3')
-  if app.ARGS.reference <= 0.0:
-    raise MRtrixError('Reference intensity must be positive')
-
-  grad_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
 
   # Get input data into the scratch directory
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
-  run.command('mrconvert '
-              + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input)
-              + ' '
-              + path.to_scratch('input.mif')
-              + grad_option)
+  grad_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options().split(' ')
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif'] + grad_option)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif') + ' -datatype bit')
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'])
 
   # Make sure we have a valid mask available
   if app.ARGS.mask:
     if not image.match('input.mif', 'mask.mif', up_to_dim=3):
       raise MRtrixError('Provided mask image does not match input DWI')
   else:
-    run.command('dwi2mask ' + CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'] + ' input.mif mask.mif')
+    run.command(['dwi2mask', CONFIG['Dwi2maskAlgorithm'], 'input.mif', 'mask.mif'])
 
   # Determine whether we are working with single-shell or multi-shell data
   bvalues = [
@@ -126,37 +119,37 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
-    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, but input DWI is not multi-shell')
+    raise MRtrixError('User specified 3 lmax values for three-tissue decomposition, '
+                      'but input DWI is not multi-shell')
 
   # RF estimation and multi-tissue CSD
   class Tissue(object): #pylint: disable=useless-object-inheritance
     def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
-      self.tissue_rf = 'response_' + name + '.txt'
-      self.fod = 'FOD_' + name + '.mif'
-      self.fod_norm = 'FODnorm_' + name + '.mif'
+      self.tissue_rf = f'response_{name}.txt'
+      self.fod = f'FOD_{name}.mif'
+      self.fod_norm = f'FODnorm_{name}.mif'
 
   tissues = [Tissue('WM'), Tissue('GM'), Tissue('CSF')]
 
   run.command('dwi2response dhollander input.mif -mask mask.mif '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues))
+              f'{" ".join(tissue.tissue_rf for tissue in tissues)}')
 
   # Immediately remove GM if we can't deal with it
   if not multishell:
     app.cleanup(tissues[1].tissue_rf)
     tissues = tissues[::2]
 
-  run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd input.mif'
-              + ' -lmax ' + ','.join(str(item) for item in lmax)
-              + ' '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.tissue_rf + ' ' + tissue.fod
+  run.command('dwi2fod msmt_csd input.mif '
+              f'-lmax {",".join(map(str, lmax))} '
+              + ' '.join(f'{tissue.tissue_rf} {tissue.fod}'
                          for tissue in tissues))
 
   # Normalisation in brain mask
-  run.command('maskfilter mask.mif erode - |'
-              + ' mtnormalise -mask - -balanced'
-              + ' -check_factors factors.txt '
-              + ' '.join(tissue.fod + ' ' + tissue.fod_norm
+  run.command('maskfilter mask.mif erode - | '
+              'mtnormalise -mask - -balanced '
+              '-check_factors factors.txt '
+              + ' '.join(f'{tissue.fod} {tissue.fod_norm}'
                          for tissue in tissues))
   app.cleanup([tissue.fod for tissue in tissues])
   app.cleanup([tissue.fod_norm for tissue in tissues])
@@ -169,10 +162,10 @@ def __init__(self, name):
   csf_balance_factor = balance_factors[-1]
   scale_multiplier = (app.ARGS.reference * math.sqrt(4.0*math.pi)) / (csf_rf_bzero_lzero / csf_balance_factor)
 
-  run.command('mrcalc input.mif ' + str(scale_multiplier) + ' -mult - | '
-              + 'mrconvert - ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.output),
-              mrconvert_keyval=path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False),
+  run.command(f'mrcalc input.mif {scale_multiplier} -mult - | '
+              f'mrconvert - {app.ARGS.output}',
+              mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.scale:
-    matrix.save_vector(path.from_user(app.ARGS.scale, False), [scale_multiplier])
+    matrix.save_vector(app.ARGS.scale, [scale_multiplier])
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py b/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
index 1fc1c71833..40c19d73f4 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
@@ -34,12 +34,16 @@ def check_first(prefix, structures): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   existing_file_count = sum(os.path.exists(filename) for filename in vtk_files)
   if existing_file_count != len(vtk_files):
     if 'SGE_ROOT' in os.environ and os.environ['SGE_ROOT']:
-      app.console('FSL FIRST job may have been run via SGE; awaiting completion')
-      app.console('(note however that FIRST may fail silently, and hence this script may hang indefinitely)')
+      app.console('FSL FIRST job may have been run via SGE; '
+                  'awaiting completion')
+      app.console('(note however that FIRST may fail silently, '
+                  'and hence this script may hang indefinitely)')
       path.wait_for(vtk_files)
     else:
       app.DO_CLEANUP = False
-      raise MRtrixError('FSL FIRST has failed; ' + ('only ' if existing_file_count else '') + str(existing_file_count) + ' of ' + str(len(vtk_files)) + ' structures were segmented successfully (check ' + path.to_scratch('first.logs', False) + ')')
+      raise MRtrixError('FSL FIRST has failed; '
+                        f'{"only " if existing_file_count else ""}{existing_file_count} of {len(vtk_files)} structures were segmented successfully '
+                        f'(check {app.ScratchPath("first.logs")})')
 
 
 
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ def eddy_binary(cuda): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   if cuda:
     if shutil.which('eddy_cuda'):
-      app.debug('Selected soft-linked CUDA version (\'eddy_cuda\')')
+      app.debug('Selected soft-linked CUDA version ("eddy_cuda")')
       return 'eddy_cuda'
     # Cuda versions are now provided with a CUDA trailing version number
     # Users may not necessarily create a softlink to one of these and
@@ -75,7 +79,7 @@ def eddy_binary(cuda): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       except ValueError:
         pass
     if exe_path:
-      app.debug('CUDA version ' + str(max_version) + ': ' + exe_path)
+      app.debug(f'CUDA version {max_version}: {exe_path}')
       return exe_path
     app.debug('No CUDA version of eddy found')
     return ''
@@ -96,11 +100,13 @@ def exe_name(name): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   if shutil.which(name):
     output = name
-  elif shutil.which('fsl5.0-' + name):
-    output = 'fsl5.0-' + name
-    app.warn('Using FSL binary \"' + output + '\" rather than \"' + name + '\"; suggest checking FSL installation')
+  elif shutil.which(f'fsl5.0-{name}'):
+    output = f'fsl5.0-{name}'
+    app.warn(f'Using FSL binary "{output}" rather than "{name}"; '
+             'suggest checking FSL installation')
   else:
-    raise MRtrixError('Could not find FSL program \"' + name + '\"; please verify FSL install')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find FSL program "{name}"; '
+                      'please verify FSL install')
   app.debug(output)
   return output
 
@@ -114,13 +120,14 @@ def find_image(name): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   prefix = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(name), os.path.basename(name).split('.')[0])
   if os.path.isfile(prefix + suffix()):
-    app.debug('Image at expected location: \"' + prefix + suffix() + '\"')
-    return prefix + suffix()
+    app.debug(f'Image at expected location: "{prefix}{suffix()}"')
+    return f'{prefix}{suffix()}'
   for suf in ['.nii', '.nii.gz', '.img']:
-    if os.path.isfile(prefix + suf):
-      app.debug('Expected image at \"' + prefix + suffix() + '\", but found at \"' + prefix + suf + '\"')
-      return prefix + suf
-  raise MRtrixError('Unable to find FSL output file for path \"' + name + '\"')
+    if os.path.isfile(f'{prefix}{suf}'):
+      app.debug(f'Expected image at "{prefix}{suffix()}", '
+                f'but found at "{prefix}{suf}"')
+      return f'{prefix}{suf}'
+  raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to find FSL output file for path "{name}"')
 
 
 
@@ -144,11 +151,16 @@ def suffix(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.debug('NIFTI_PAIR -> .img')
     _SUFFIX = '.img'
   elif fsl_output_type == 'NIFTI_PAIR_GZ':
-    raise MRtrixError('MRtrix3 does not support compressed NIFTI pairs; please change FSLOUTPUTTYPE environment variable')
+    raise MRtrixError('MRtrix3 does not support compressed NIFTI pairs; '
+                      'please change FSLOUTPUTTYPE environment variable')
   elif fsl_output_type:
-    app.warn('Unrecognised value for environment variable FSLOUTPUTTYPE (\"' + fsl_output_type + '\"): Expecting compressed NIfTIs, but FSL commands may fail')
+    app.warn('Unrecognised value for environment variable FSLOUTPUTTYPE '
+             f'("{fsl_output_type}"): '
+             'Expecting compressed NIfTIs, but FSL commands may fail')
     _SUFFIX = '.nii.gz'
   else:
-    app.warn('Environment variable FSLOUTPUTTYPE not set; FSL commands may fail, or script may fail to locate FSL command outputs')
+    app.warn('Environment variable FSLOUTPUTTYPE not set; '
+             'FSL commands may fail, '
+             'or script may fail to locate FSL command outputs')
     _SUFFIX = '.nii.gz'
   return _SUFFIX
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
index 37264e7e1f..06431ebff3 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #   in Python.
 
 
-import json, math, os, subprocess
+import json, math, os, pathlib, subprocess
 from collections import namedtuple
 from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
 
@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@
 class Header:
   def __init__(self, image_path):
     from mrtrix3 import app, run, utils #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
+    image_path_str = str(image_path) if isinstance(image_path, pathlib.Path) else image_path
     filename = utils.name_temporary('json')
     command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-json_all', filename, '-nodelete' ]
     if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-      app.console('Loading header for image file \'' + image_path + '\'')
+      app.console(f'Loading header for image file "{image_path_str}"')
     app.debug(str(command))
     result = subprocess.call(command, stdout=None, stderr=None)
     if result:
-      raise MRtrixError('Could not access header information for image \'' + image_path + '\'')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Could not access header information for image "{image_path_str}"')
     try:
       with open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as json_file:
         data = json.load(json_file)
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def __init__(self, image_path):
       else:
         self._keyval = data['keyval']
     except Exception as exception:
-      raise MRtrixError('Error in reading header information from file \'' + image_path + '\'') from exception
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Error in reading header information from file "{image_path}"') from exception
     app.debug(str(vars(self)))
 
   def name(self):
@@ -116,8 +117,8 @@ def axis2dir(string): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   elif string == 'k-':
     direction = [0,0,-1]
   else:
-    raise MRtrixError('Unrecognized NIfTI axis & direction specifier: ' + string)
-  app.debug(string + ' -> ' + str(direction))
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Unrecognized NIfTI axis & direction specifier: {string}')
+  app.debug(f'{string} -> {direction}')
   return direction
 
 
@@ -128,14 +129,17 @@ def axis2dir(string): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def check_3d_nonunity(image_in): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   if not isinstance(image_in, Header):
-    if not isinstance(image_in, str):
-      raise MRtrixError('Error trying to test \'' + str(image_in) + '\': Not an image header or file path')
+    if not isinstance(image_in, str) and not isinstance(image_in, app._FilesystemPath):
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Error trying to test "{image_in}": '
+                        'Not an image header or file path')
     image_in = Header(image_in)
   if len(image_in.size()) < 3:
-    raise MRtrixError('Image \'' + image_in.name() + '\' does not contain 3 spatial dimensions')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{image_in.name()}" does not contain 3 spatial dimensions')
   if min(image_in.size()[:3]) == 1:
-    raise MRtrixError('Image \'' + image_in.name() + '\' does not contain 3D spatial information (has axis with size 1)')
-  app.debug('Image \'' + image_in.name() + '\' is >= 3D, and does not contain a unity spatial dimension')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'Image "{image_in.name()}" does not contain 3D spatial information '
+                      '(has axis with size 1)')
+  app.debug(f'Image "{image_in.name()}" is >= 3D, '
+            'and does not contain a unity spatial dimension')
 
 
 
@@ -148,12 +152,13 @@ def mrinfo(image_path, field): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app, run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrinfo')), image_path, '-' + field, '-nodelete' ]
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console('Command: \'' + ' '.join(command) + '\' (piping data to local storage)')
+    app.console(f'Command: "{" ".join(command)}" '
+                '(piping data to local storage)')
   with subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=None) as proc:
     result, dummy_err = proc.communicate()
   result = result.rstrip().decode('utf-8')
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console('Result: ' + result)
+    app.console(f'Result: {result}')
   # Don't exit on error; let the calling function determine whether or not
   #   the absence of the key is an issue
   return result
@@ -167,48 +172,56 @@ def match(image_one, image_two, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable, too
   up_to_dim = kwargs.pop('up_to_dim', 0)
   check_transform = kwargs.pop('check_transform', True)
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to image.match(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to image.match(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
   if not isinstance(image_one, Header):
     if not isinstance(image_one, str):
-      raise MRtrixError('Error trying to test \'' + str(image_one) + '\': Not an image header or file path')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Error trying to test "{image_one}": '
+                        'Not an image header or file path')
     image_one = Header(image_one)
   if not isinstance(image_two, Header):
     if not isinstance(image_two, str):
-      raise MRtrixError('Error trying to test \'' + str(image_two) + '\': Not an image header or file path')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Error trying to test "{image_two}": '
+                        'Not an image header or file path')
     image_two = Header(image_two)
-  debug_prefix = '\'' + image_one.name() + '\' \'' + image_two.name() + '\''
+  debug_prefix = f'"{image_one.name()}" "{image_two.name()}"'
   # Handle possibility of only checking up to a certain axis
   if up_to_dim:
     if up_to_dim > min(len(image_one.size()), len(image_two.size())):
-      app.debug(debug_prefix + ' dimensionality less than specified maximum (' + str(up_to_dim) + ')')
+      app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} dimensionality less than specified maximum ({up_to_dim})')
       return False
   else:
     if len(image_one.size()) != len(image_two.size()):
-      app.debug(debug_prefix + ' dimensionality mismatch (' + str(len(image_one.size())) + ' vs. ' + str(len(image_two.size())) + ')')
+      app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} dimensionality mismatch '
+                f'({len(image_one.size())}) vs. {len(image_two.size())})')
       return False
     up_to_dim = len(image_one.size())
   # Image dimensions
   if not image_one.size()[:up_to_dim] == image_two.size()[:up_to_dim]:
-    app.debug(debug_prefix + ' axis size mismatch (' + str(image_one.size()) + ' ' + str(image_two.size()) + ')')
+    app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} axis size mismatch '
+              f'({image_one.size()} {image_two.size()})')
     return False
   # Voxel size
   for one, two in zip(image_one.spacing()[:up_to_dim], image_two.spacing()[:up_to_dim]):
     if one and two and not math.isnan(one) and not math.isnan(two):
       if (abs(two-one) / (0.5*(one+two))) > 1e-04:
-        app.debug(debug_prefix + ' voxel size mismatch (' + str(image_one.spacing()) + ' ' + str(image_two.spacing()) + ')')
+        app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} voxel size mismatch '
+                  f'({image_one.spacing()} {image_two.spacing()})')
         return False
   # Image transform
   if check_transform:
     for line_one, line_two in zip(image_one.transform(), image_two.transform()):
       for one, two in zip(line_one[:3], line_two[:3]):
         if abs(one-two) > 1e-4:
-          app.debug(debug_prefix + ' transform (rotation) mismatch (' + str(image_one.transform()) + ' ' + str(image_two.transform()) + ')')
+          app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} transform (rotation) mismatch '
+                    f'({image_one.transform()} {image_two.transform()})')
           return False
       if abs(line_one[3]-line_two[3]) > 1e-2:
-        app.debug(debug_prefix + ' transform (translation) mismatch (' + str(image_one.transform()) + ' ' + str(image_two.transform()) + ')')
+        app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} transform (translation) mismatch '
+                  f'({image_one.transform()} {image_two.transform()})')
         return False
   # Everything matches!
-  app.debug(debug_prefix + ' image match')
+  app.debug(f'{debug_prefix} image match')
   return True
 
 
@@ -225,7 +238,8 @@ def statistics(image_path, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   allvolumes = kwargs.pop('allvolumes', False)
   ignorezero = kwargs.pop('ignorezero', False)
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to image.statistics(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to image.statistics(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
 
   command = [ run.exe_name(run.version_match('mrstats')), image_path ]
   for stat in IMAGE_STATISTICS:
@@ -237,7 +251,8 @@ def statistics(image_path, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if ignorezero:
     command.append('-ignorezero')
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console('Command: \'' + ' '.join(command) + '\' (piping data to local storage)')
+    app.console(f'Command: "{" ".join(command)}" '
+                '(piping data to local storage)')
 
   try:
     from subprocess import DEVNULL #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
@@ -250,7 +265,7 @@ def statistics(image_path, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     except AttributeError:
       pass
     if proc.returncode:
-      raise MRtrixError('Error trying to calculate statistics from image \'' + image_path + '\'')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Error trying to calculate statistics from image "{image_path}"')
 
   stdout_lines = [ line.strip() for line in stdout.decode('cp437').splitlines() ]
   result = [ ]
@@ -261,5 +276,5 @@ def statistics(image_path, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if len(result) == 1:
     result = result[0]
   if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console('Result: ' + str(result))
+    app.console(f'Result: {result}')
   return result
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py b/lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py
index ad0f34f5fd..6a536ded6d 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py
@@ -29,20 +29,21 @@
 def dot(input_a, input_b): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if not input_a:
     if input_b:
-      raise MRtrixError('Dimension mismatch (0 vs. ' + str(len(input_b)) + ')')
+      raise MRtrixError('Dimension mismatch '
+                        f'(0 vs. {len(input_b)})')
     return [ ]
   if is_2d_matrix(input_a):
     if not is_2d_matrix(input_b):
       raise MRtrixError('Both inputs must be either 1D vectors or 2D matrices')
     if len(input_a[0]) != len(input_b):
-      raise MRtrixError('Invalid dimensions for matrix dot product(' + \
-                            str(len(input_a)) + 'x' + str(len(input_a[0])) + ' vs. ' + \
-                            str(len(input_b)) + 'x' + str(len(input_b[0])) + ')')
+      raise MRtrixError('Invalid dimensions for matrix dot product '
+                        f'({len(input_a)}x{len(input_a[0])} vs. {len(input_b)}x{len(input_b[0])})')
     return [[sum(x*y for x,y in zip(a_row,b_col)) for b_col in zip(*input_b)] for a_row in input_a]
   if is_2d_matrix(input_b):
     raise MRtrixError('Both inputs must be either 1D vectors or 2D matrices')
   if len(input_a) != len(input_b):
-    raise MRtrixError('Dimension mismatch (' + str(len(input_a)) + ' vs. ' + str(len(input_b)) + ')')
+    raise MRtrixError('Dimension mismatch '
+                      f'({len(input_a)} vs. {len(input_b)})')
   return sum(x*y for x,y in zip(input_a, input_b))
 
 
@@ -88,7 +89,8 @@ def load_numeric(filename, **kwargs):
   encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', 'latin1')
   errors = kwargs.pop('errors', 'ignore')
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to matrix.load_numeric(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to matrix.load_numeric(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
 
   def decode(line):
     if isinstance(line, bytes):
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ def load_matrix(filename, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   columns = len(data[0])
   for line in data[1:]:
     if len(line) != columns:
-      raise MRtrixError('Inconsistent number of columns in matrix text file "' + filename + '"')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Inconsistent number of columns in matrix text file "{filename}"')
   return data
 
 
@@ -134,13 +136,16 @@ def load_transform(filename, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   data = load_matrix(filename, **kwargs)
   if len(data) == 4:
     if any(a!=b for a, b in zip(data[3], _TRANSFORM_LAST_ROW)):
-      raise MRtrixError('File "' + filename + '" does not contain a valid transform (fourth line contains values other than "0,0,0,1")')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filename}" does not contain a valid transform '
+                        '(fourth line contains values other than "0,0,0,1")')
   elif len(data) == 3:
     data.append(_TRANSFORM_LAST_ROW)
   else:
-    raise MRtrixError('File "' + filename + '" does not contain a valid transform (must contain 3 or 4 lines)')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filename}" does not contain a valid transform '
+                      '(must contain 3 or 4 lines)')
   if len(data[0]) != 4:
-    raise MRtrixError('File "' + filename + '" does not contain a valid transform (must contain 4 columns)')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filename}" does not contain a valid transform '
+                      '(must contain 4 columns)')
   return data
 
 
@@ -152,7 +157,8 @@ def load_vector(filename, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     return data[0]
   for line in data:
     if len(line) != 1:
-      raise MRtrixError('File "' + filename + '" does not contain vector data (multiple columns detected)')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'File "{filename}" does not contain vector data '
+                        '(multiple columns detected)')
   return [ line[0] for line in data ]
 
 
@@ -169,10 +175,12 @@ def save_numeric(filename, data, **kwargs):
   encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', None)
   force = kwargs.pop('force', False)
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to matrix.save_numeric(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to matrix.save_numeric(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
 
   if not force and os.path.exists(filename):
-    raise MRtrixError('output file "' + filename + '" already exists (use -force option to force overwrite)')
+    raise MRtrixError(f'output file "{filename}" already exists '
+                      '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
 
   encode_args = {'errors': 'ignore'}
   if encoding:
@@ -192,7 +200,7 @@ def save_numeric(filename, data, **kwargs):
 
   if add_to_command_history and COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING:
     if 'command_history' in header:
-      header['command_history'] += '\n' + COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING
+      header['command_history'] += f'\n{COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING}'
     else:
       header['command_history'] = COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING
 
@@ -217,7 +225,7 @@ def save_numeric(filename, data, **kwargs):
   with io.open(file_descriptor, 'wb') as outfile:
     for key, value in sorted(header.items()):
       for line in value.splitlines():
-        outfile.write((comments + key + ': ' + line + newline).encode(**encode_args))
+        outfile.write(f'{comments}{key}: {line}{newline}'.encode(**encode_args))
 
     if data:
       if isinstance(data[0], list):
@@ -233,7 +241,7 @@ def save_numeric(filename, data, **kwargs):
 
     for key, value in sorted(footer.items()):
       for line in value.splitlines():
-        outfile.write((comments + key + ': ' + line + newline).encode(**encode_args))
+        outfile.write(f'{comments}{key}: {line}{newline}'.encode(**encode_args))
 
 
 
@@ -259,7 +267,8 @@ def save_transform(filename, data, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise TypeError('Input to matrix.save_transform() must be a 3x4 or 4x4 matrix')
   if len(data) == 4:
     if any(a!=b for a, b in zip(data[3], _TRANSFORM_LAST_ROW)):
-      raise TypeError('Input to matrix.save_transform() is not a valid affine matrix (fourth line contains values other than "0,0,0,1")')
+      raise TypeError('Input to matrix.save_transform() is not a valid affine matrix '
+                      '(fourth line contains values other than "0,0,0,1")')
     save_matrix(filename, data, **kwargs)
   elif len(data) == 3:
     padded_data = data[:]
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/path.py b/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
index cc618fefee..ecadec9829 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 
 
-import ctypes, inspect, os, shlex, shutil, subprocess, time
+import ctypes, inspect, os, shutil, subprocess, time
 
 
 
@@ -27,11 +27,12 @@ def all_in_dir(directory, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   dir_path = kwargs.pop('dir_path', True)
   ignore_hidden_files = kwargs.pop('ignore_hidden_files', True)
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to path.all_in_dir(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to path.all_in_dir(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
   def is_hidden(directory, filename):
     if utils.is_windows():
       try:
-        attrs = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetFileAttributesW("%s" % str(os.path.join(directory, filename)))
+        attrs = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetFileAttributesW(str(os.path.join(directory, filename)))
         assert attrs != -1
         return bool(attrs & 2)
       except (AttributeError, AssertionError):
@@ -44,25 +45,6 @@ def is_hidden(directory, filename):
 
 
 
-# Get the full absolute path to a user-specified location.
-# This function serves two purposes:
-# - To get the intended user-specified path when a script is operating inside a scratch directory, rather than
-#     the directory that was current when the user specified the path;
-# - To add quotation marks where the output path is being interpreted as part of a full command string
-#     (e.g. to be passed to run.command()); without these quotation marks, paths that include spaces would be
-#     erroneously split, subsequently confusing whatever command is being invoked.
-#   If the filesystem path provided by the script is to be interpreted in isolation, rather than as one part
-#     of a command string, then parameter 'escape' should be set to False in order to not add quotation marks
-def from_user(filename, escape=True): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  fullpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(app.WORKING_DIR, filename))
-  if escape:
-    fullpath = shlex.quote(fullpath)
-  app.debug(filename + ' -> ' + fullpath)
-  return fullpath
-
-
-
 # Determine the name of a sub-directory containing additional data / source files for a script
 # This can be algorithm files in lib/mrtrix3/, or data files in share/mrtrix3/
 # This function appears here rather than in the algorithm module as some scripts may
@@ -96,20 +78,6 @@ def shared_data_path(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 
-# Get the full absolute path to a location in the script's scratch directory
-# Also deals with the potential for special characters in a path (e.g. spaces) by wrapping in quotes,
-#   as long as parameter 'escape' is true (if the path yielded by this function is to be interpreted in
-#   isolation rather than as one part of a command string, parameter 'escape' should be set to False)
-def to_scratch(filename, escape=True): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  fullpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(app.SCRATCH_DIR, filename))
-  if escape:
-    fullpath = shlex.quote(fullpath)
-  app.debug(filename + ' -> ' + fullpath)
-  return fullpath
-
-
-
 # Wait until a particular file not only exists, but also does not have any
 #   other process operating on it (so hopefully whatever created it has
 #   finished its work)
@@ -182,7 +150,8 @@ def num_in_use(data):
   # Wait until all files exist
   num_exist = num_exit(paths)
   if num_exist != len(paths):
-    progress = app.ProgressBar('Waiting for creation of ' + (('new item \"' + paths[0] + '\"') if len(paths) == 1 else (str(len(paths)) + ' new items')), len(paths))
+    item_message = f'new item "{paths[0]}"' if len(paths) == 1 else f'{len(paths)} new items'
+    progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Waiting for creation of {item_message}', len(paths))
     for _ in range(num_exist):
       progress.increment()
     delay = 1.0/1024.0
@@ -198,7 +167,7 @@ def num_in_use(data):
         delay = 1.0/1024.0
     progress.done()
   else:
-    app.debug('Item' + ('s' if len(paths) > 1 else '') + ' existed immediately')
+    app.debug(f'{"Items" if len(paths) > 1 else "Item"} existed immediately')
 
   # Check to see if active use of the file(s) needs to be tested
   at_least_one_file = False
@@ -207,7 +176,8 @@ def num_in_use(data):
       at_least_one_file = True
       break
   if not at_least_one_file:
-    app.debug('No target files, directories only; not testing for finalization')
+    app.debug('No target files, directories only; '
+              'not testing for finalization')
     return
 
   # Can we query the in-use status of any of these paths
@@ -218,10 +188,11 @@ def num_in_use(data):
 
   # Wait until all files are not in use
   if not num_in_use:
-    app.debug('Item' + ('s' if len(paths) > 1 else '') + ' immediately ready')
+    app.debug(f'{"Items" if len(paths) > 1 else "Item"} immediately ready')
     return
 
-  progress = app.ProgressBar('Waiting for finalization of ' + (('new file \"' + paths[0] + '\"') if len(paths) == 1 else (str(len(paths)) + ' new files')))
+  item_message = f'new file "{paths[0]}"' if len(paths) == 1 else f'{len(paths)} new files'
+  progress = app.ProgressBar('Waiting for finalization of {item_message}')
   for _ in range(len(paths) - num_in_use):
     progress.increment()
   delay = 1.0/1024.0
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py b/lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py
index 91a70d1e7f..8eb3cf57bd 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ def direction(string): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   try:
     pe_axis = abs(int(string))
     if pe_axis > 2:
-      raise MRtrixError('When specified as a number, phase encoding axis must be either 0, 1 or 2 (positive or negative)')
+      raise MRtrixError('When specified as a number, '
+                        'phase encoding axis must be either 0, 1 or 2 '
+                        '(positive or negative)')
     reverse = (string.contains('-')) # Allow -0
     pe_dir = [0,0,0]
     if reverse:
@@ -61,8 +63,8 @@ def direction(string): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     elif string == 'k-':
       pe_dir = [0,0,-1]
     else:
-      raise MRtrixError('Unrecognized phase encode direction specifier: ' + string) # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-  app.debug(string + ' -> ' + str(pe_dir))
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Unrecognized phase encode direction specifier: {string}') # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+  app.debug(f'{string} -> {pe_dir}')
   return pe_dir
 
 
@@ -73,7 +75,8 @@ def get_scheme(arg): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app, image #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   if not isinstance(arg, image.Header):
     if not isinstance(arg, str):
-      raise TypeError('Error trying to derive phase-encoding scheme from \'' + str(arg) + '\': Not an image header or file path')
+      raise TypeError(f'Error trying to derive phase-encoding scheme from "{arg}": '
+                      'Not an image header or file path')
     arg = image.Header(arg)
   if 'pe_scheme' in arg.keyval():
     app.debug(str(arg.keyval()['pe_scheme']))
@@ -96,7 +99,8 @@ def save(filename, scheme, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   add_to_command_history = bool(kwargs.pop('add_to_command_history', True))
   header = kwargs.pop('header', { })
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to phaseencoding.save(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to phaseencoding.save(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
 
   if not scheme:
     raise MRtrixError('phaseencoding.save() cannot be run on an empty scheme')
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ def save(filename, scheme, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise TypeError('Input to phaseencoding.save() must be a 2D matrix')
   if len(scheme[0]) != 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input to phaseencoding.save() not a valid scheme '
-                      '(contains ' + str(len(scheme[0])) + ' columns rather than 4)')
+                      f'(contains {len(scheme[0])} columns rather than 4)')
 
   if header:
     if isinstance(header, str):
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ def save(filename, scheme, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   if add_to_command_history and COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING:
     if 'command_history' in header:
-      header['command_history'] += '\n' + COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING
+      header['command_history'] += f'\n{COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING}'
     else:
       header['command_history'] = COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING
 
@@ -129,4 +133,4 @@ def save(filename, scheme, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       for line in value.splitlines():
         outfile.write('# ' + key + ': ' + line + '\n')
     for line in scheme:
-      outfile.write('{:.0f} {:.0f} {:.0f} {:.15g}\n'.format(*line))
+      outfile.write(f'{line[0]:.0f} {line[1]:.0f} {line[2]:.0f} {line[3]:.15g}\n')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
index 75a05c2fab..3ae730a7e8 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import collections, itertools, os, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading
+import collections, itertools, os, pathlib, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading
 from mrtrix3 import ANSI, BIN_PATH, COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING, EXE_LIST, MRtrixBaseError, MRtrixError
 
 IOStream = collections.namedtuple('IOStream', 'handle filename')
@@ -242,7 +242,8 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
     # Reference rather than copying
     env = shared.env
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to run.command(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to run.command(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
 
   if shell and mrconvert_keyval:
     raise TypeError('Cannot use "mrconvert_keyval=" parameter in shell mode')
@@ -256,12 +257,13 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
 
   if isinstance(cmd, list):
     if shell:
-      raise TypeError('When using run.command() with shell=True, input must be a text string')
+      raise TypeError('When using run.command() with shell=True, '
+                      'input must be a text string')
     cmdstring = ''
     cmdsplit = []
     for entry in cmd:
       if isinstance(entry, str):
-        cmdstring += (' ' if cmdstring else '') + quote_nonpipe(entry)
+        cmdstring += f'{" " if cmdstring else ""}{quote_nonpipe(entry)}'
         cmdsplit.append(entry)
       elif isinstance(entry, list):
         assert all(isinstance(item, str) for item in entry)
@@ -269,14 +271,19 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
           common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix(entry)
           common_suffix = os.path.commonprefix([i[::-1] for i in entry])[::-1]
           if common_prefix == entry[0] and common_prefix == common_suffix:
-            cmdstring += (' ' if cmdstring else '') + '[' + entry[0] + ' (x' + str(len(entry)) + ')]'
+            cmdstring += f'{" " if cmdstring else ""}[{entry[0]} (x{len(entry)})]'
           else:
-            cmdstring += (' ' if cmdstring else '') + '[' + common_prefix + '*' + common_suffix + ' (' + str(len(entry)) + ' items)]'
+            cmdstring += f'{" " if cmdstring else ""}[{common_prefix}*{common_suffix} ({len(entry)} items)]'
         else:
-          cmdstring += (' ' if cmdstring else '') + quote_nonpipe(entry[0])
+          cmdstring += f'{" " if cmdstring else ""}{quote_nonpipe(entry[0])}'
         cmdsplit.extend(entry)
+      elif isinstance(entry, pathlib.Path):
+        cmdstring += f'{" " if cmdstring else ""}{shlex.quote(str(entry))}'
+        cmdsplit.append(str(entry))
       else:
-        raise TypeError('When run.command() is provided with a list as input, entries in the list must be either strings or lists of strings')
+        raise TypeError('When run.command() is provided with a list as input, '
+                        'entries in the list must be either strings or lists of strings; '
+                        f'received: {repr(cmd)}')
   elif isinstance(cmd, str):
     cmdstring = cmd
     # Split the command string by spaces, preserving anything encased within quotation marks
@@ -285,17 +292,17 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
     else: # Native Windows Python
       cmdsplit = [ entry.strip('\"') for entry in shlex.split(cmd, posix=False) ]
   else:
-    raise TypeError('run.command() function only operates on strings, or lists of strings')
+    raise TypeError('run.command() function only operates on strings or lists of strings')
 
   if shared.get_continue():
     if shared.trigger_continue(cmdsplit):
-      app.debug('Detected last file in command \'' + cmdstring + '\'; this is the last run.command() / run.function() call that will be skipped')
+      app.debug(f'Detected last file in command "{cmdstring}"; '
+                'this is the last run.command() / run.function() call that will be skipped')
     if shared.verbosity:
-      sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Skipping command:' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + cmdstring + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{ANSI.execute}Skipping command:{ANSI.clear} {cmdstring}\n')
       sys.stderr.flush()
     return CommandReturn('', '')
 
-
   # If operating in shell=True mode, handling of command execution is significantly different:
   #   Unmodified command string is executed using subprocess, with the shell being responsible for its parsing
   #   Only a single process per run.command() invocation is possible (since e.g. any piping will be
@@ -306,9 +313,9 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
 
     cmdstack = [ cmdsplit ]
     with shared.lock:
-      app.debug('To execute: ' + str(cmdsplit))
+      app.debug(f'To execute: {cmdsplit}')
       if (shared.verbosity and show) or shared.verbosity > 1:
-        sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Command:' + ANSI.clear + '  ' + cmdstring + '\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{ANSI.execute}Command:{ANSI.clear}  {cmdstring}\n')
         sys.stderr.flush()
     # No locking required for actual creation of new process
     this_stdout = shared.make_temporary_file()
@@ -326,7 +333,7 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
         pre_result = command(cmdsplit[:index])
         if operator == '||':
           with shared.lock:
-            app.debug('Due to success of "' + cmdsplit[:index] + '", "' + cmdsplit[index+1:] + '" will not be run')
+            app.debug(f'Due to success of "{cmdsplit[:index]}", "{cmdsplit[index+1:]}" will not be run')
           return pre_result
       except MRtrixCmdError:
         if operator == '&&':
@@ -341,9 +348,13 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
 
     if mrconvert_keyval:
       if cmdstack[-1][0] != 'mrconvert':
-        raise TypeError('Argument "mrconvert_keyval=" can only be used if the mrconvert command is being invoked')
-      assert not (mrconvert_keyval[0] in [ '\'', '"' ] or mrconvert_keyval[-1] in [ '\'', '"' ])
-      cmdstack[-1].extend([ '-copy_properties', mrconvert_keyval ])
+        raise TypeError('Argument "mrconvert_keyval=" can only be used '
+                        'if the mrconvert command is being invoked')
+      if isinstance(mrconvert_keyval, app._FilesystemPath):
+        cmdstack[-1].extend([ '-copy_properties', str(mrconvert_keyval) ])
+      else:
+        assert not (mrconvert_keyval[0] in [ '\'', '"' ] or mrconvert_keyval[-1] in [ '\'', '"' ])
+        cmdstack[-1].extend([ '-copy_properties', mrconvert_keyval ])
       if COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING:
         cmdstack[-1].extend([ '-append_property', 'command_history', COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING ])
 
@@ -370,7 +381,7 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
     with shared.lock:
       app.debug('To execute: ' + str(cmdstack))
       if (shared.verbosity and show) or shared.verbosity > 1:
-        sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Command:' + ANSI.clear + '  ' + cmdstring + '\n')
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{ANSI.execute}Command:{ANSI.clear}  {cmdstring}\n')
         sys.stderr.flush()
 
     this_command_index = shared.get_command_index()
@@ -415,7 +426,8 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
       stderrdata = b''
       do_indent = True
       while True:
-        # Have to read one character at a time: Waiting for a newline character using e.g. readline() will prevent MRtrix progressbars from appearing
+        # Have to read one character at a time:
+        # Waiting for a newline character using e.g. readline() will prevent MRtrix progressbars from appearing
         byte = process.stderr.read(1)
         stderrdata += byte
         char = byte.decode('cp1252', errors='ignore')
@@ -492,21 +504,27 @@ def function(fn_to_execute, *args, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   show = kwargs.pop('show', True)
 
-  fnstring = fn_to_execute.__module__ + '.' + fn_to_execute.__name__ + \
-             '(' + ', '.join(['\'' + str(a) + '\'' if isinstance(a, str) else str(a) for a in args]) + \
-             (', ' if (args and kwargs) else '') + \
-             ', '.join([key+'='+str(value) for key, value in kwargs.items()]) + ')'
+  def quoted(text):
+    return f'"{text}"'
+  def format_keyval(key, value):
+    return f'{key}={value}'
+
+  fnstring = f'{fn_to_execute.__module__}.{fn_to_execute.__name__}' \
+             f'({", ".join([quoted(a) if isinstance(a, str) else str(a) for a in args])}' \
+             f'{", " if (args and kwargs) else ""}' \
+             f'{", ".join([format_keyval(key, value) for key, value in kwargs.items()])}'
 
   if shared.get_continue():
     if shared.trigger_continue(args) or shared.trigger_continue(kwargs.values()):
-      app.debug('Detected last file in function \'' + fnstring + '\'; this is the last run.command() / run.function() call that will be skipped')
+      app.debug(f'Detected last file in function "{fnstring}"; '
+                'this is the last run.command() / run.function() call that will be skipped')
     if shared.verbosity:
-      sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Skipping function:' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + fnstring + '\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{ANSI.execute}Skipping function:{ANSI.clear} {fnstring}\n')
       sys.stderr.flush()
     return None
 
   if (shared.verbosity and show) or shared.verbosity > 1:
-    sys.stderr.write(ANSI.execute + 'Function:' + ANSI.clear + ' ' + fnstring + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{ANSI.execute}Function:{ANSI.clear} {fnstring}\n')
     sys.stderr.flush()
 
   # Now we need to actually execute the requested function
@@ -538,16 +556,16 @@ def exe_name(item):
     path = item
   elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BIN_PATH, item)):
     path = item
-  elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BIN_PATH, item + '.exe')):
+  elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BIN_PATH, f'{item}.exe')):
     path = item + '.exe'
   elif shutil.which(item) is not None:
     path = item
-  elif shutil.which(item + '.exe') is not None:
-    path = item + '.exe'
+  elif shutil.which(f'{item}.exe') is not None:
+    path = f'{item}.exe'
   # If it can't be found, return the item as-is
   else:
     path = item
-  app.debug(item + ' -> ' + path)
+  app.debug(f'{item} -> {path}')
   return path
 
 
@@ -560,17 +578,17 @@ def exe_name(item):
 def version_match(item):
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   if not item in EXE_LIST:
-    app.debug('Command ' + item + ' not found in MRtrix3 bin/ directory')
+    app.debug(f'Command "{item}" not found in MRtrix3 bin/ directory')
     return item
   exe_path_manual = os.path.join(BIN_PATH, exe_name(item))
   if os.path.isfile(exe_path_manual):
-    app.debug('Version-matched executable for ' + item + ': ' + exe_path_manual)
+    app.debug(f'Version-matched executable for "{item}": {exe_path_manual}')
     return exe_path_manual
   exe_path_sys = shutil.which(exe_name(item))
   if exe_path_sys and os.path.isfile(exe_path_sys):
-    app.debug('Using non-version-matched executable for ' + item + ': ' + exe_path_sys)
+    app.debug(f'Using non-version-matched executable for "{item}": {exe_path_sys}')
     return exe_path_sys
-  raise MRtrixError('Unable to find executable for MRtrix3 command ' + item)
+  raise MRtrixError(f'Unable to find executable for MRtrix3 command "{item}"')
 
 
 
@@ -586,7 +604,7 @@ def _shebang(item):
     if path == item:
       path = shutil.which(exe_name(item))
   if not path:
-    app.debug('File \"' + item + '\": Could not find file to query')
+    app.debug(f'File "{item}": Could not find file to query')
     return []
   # Read the first 1024 bytes of the file
   with open(path, 'rb') as file_in:
@@ -597,7 +615,7 @@ def _shebang(item):
     try:
       line = str(line.decode('utf-8'))
     except UnicodeDecodeError:
-      app.debug('File \"' + item + '\": Not a text file')
+      app.debug(f'File "{item}": Not a text file')
       return []
     line = line.strip()
     if len(line) > 2 and line[0:2] == '#!':
@@ -609,19 +627,21 @@ def _shebang(item):
       #   as long as Python2 is not explicitly requested
       if os.path.basename(shebang[0]) == 'env':
         if len(shebang) < 2:
-          app.warn('Invalid shebang in script file \"' + item + '\" (missing interpreter after \"env\")')
+          app.warn(f'Invalid shebang in script file "{item}" '
+                   '(missing interpreter after "env")')
           return []
         if shebang[1] == 'python' or shebang[1] == 'python3':
           if not sys.executable:
-            app.warn('Unable to self-identify Python interpreter; file \"' + item + '\" not guaranteed to execute on same version')
+            app.warn('Unable to self-identify Python interpreter; '
+                     f'file "{item}" not guaranteed to execute on same version')
             return []
           shebang = [ sys.executable ] + shebang[2:]
-          app.debug('File \"' + item + '\": Using current Python interpreter')
+          app.debug(f'File "{item}": Using current Python interpreter')
         elif utils.is_windows():
           shebang = [ os.path.abspath(shutil.which(exe_name(shebang[1]))) ] + shebang[2:]
       elif utils.is_windows():
         shebang = [ os.path.abspath(shutil.which(exe_name(os.path.basename(shebang[0])))) ] + shebang[1:]
-      app.debug('File \"' + item + '\": string \"' + line + '\": ' + str(shebang))
+      app.debug(f'File "{item}": string "{line}": {shebang}')
       return shebang
-  app.debug('File \"' + item + '\": No shebang found')
+  app.debug(f'File "{item}": No shebang found')
   return []
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py b/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
index 6e76926a86..50046808f0 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ def __init__(self, message, value):
       self.progress.done()
       self.valid = False
     else:
-      raise TypeError('Construction of RunList class expects either an '
-                      'integer (number of commands/functions to run), or a '
-                      'list of command strings to execute')
+      raise TypeError('Construction of RunList class expects either '
+                      'an integer (number of commands/functions to run), '
+                      'or a list of command strings to execute')
   def command(self, cmd, **kwargs):
     from mrtrix3 import run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
     assert self.valid
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ def load_keyval(filename, **kwargs): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', 'latin1')
   errors = kwargs.pop('errors', 'ignore')
   if kwargs:
-    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to utils.load_keyval(): ' + str(kwargs))
+    raise TypeError('Unsupported keyword arguments passed to utils.load_keyval(): '
+                    + str(kwargs))
 
   def decode(line):
     if isinstance(line, bytes):
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ def name_temporary(suffix): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   suffix = suffix.lstrip('.')
   while os.path.exists(full_path):
     random_string = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for x in range(6))
-    full_path = os.path.join(dir_path, prefix + random_string + '.' + suffix)
+    full_path = os.path.join(dir_path, f'{prefix}{random_string}.{suffix}')
   app.debug(full_path)
   return full_path
 
@@ -153,8 +154,8 @@ def make_dir(path): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   try:
     os.makedirs(path)
-    app.debug('Created directory ' + path)
+    app.debug(f'Created directory {path}')
   except OSError as exception:
     if exception.errno != errno.EEXIST:
       raise
-    app.debug('Directory \'' + path + '\' already exists')
+    app.debug(f'Directory "{path}" already exists')
diff --git a/testing/pylint.rc b/testing/pylint.rc
index 1c27f7dea6..97a07bb23c 100644
--- a/testing/pylint.rc
+++ b/testing/pylint.rc
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ confidence=
 # no Warning level messages displayed, use"--disable=all --enable=classes
 # --disable=W"
 #disable=print-statement,parameter-unpacking,unpacking-in-except,old-raise-syntax,backtick,long-suffix,old-ne-operator,old-octal-literal,import-star-module-level,raw-checker-failed,bad-inline-option,locally-disabled,locally-enabled,file-ignored,suppressed-message,useless-suppression,deprecated-pragma,apply-builtin,basestring-builtin,buffer-builtin,cmp-builtin,coerce-builtin,execfile-builtin,file-builtin,long-builtin,raw_input-builtin,reduce-builtin,standarderror-builtin,unicode-builtin,xrange-builtin,coerce-method,delslice-method,getslice-method,setslice-method,no-absolute-import,old-division,dict-iter-method,dict-view-method,next-method-called,metaclass-assignment,indexing-exception,raising-string,reload-builtin,oct-method,hex-method,nonzero-method,cmp-method,input-builtin,round-builtin,intern-builtin,unichr-builtin,map-builtin-not-iterating,zip-builtin-not-iterating,range-builtin-not-iterating,filter-builtin-not-iterating,using-cmp-argument,eq-without-hash,div-method,idiv-method,rdiv-method,exception-message-attribute,invalid-str-codec,sys-max-int,bad-python3-import,deprecated-string-function,deprecated-str-translate-call
-disable=line-too-long,multiple-imports,missing-docstring,global-statement,too-many-branches,too-many-statements,too-many-nested-blocks,too-many-locals,too-many-instance-attributes,too-few-public-methods,too-many-arguments,too-many-lines,consider-using-f-string
+disable=line-too-long,multiple-imports,missing-docstring,global-statement,too-many-branches,too-many-statements,too-many-nested-blocks,too-many-locals,too-many-instance-attributes,too-few-public-methods,too-many-arguments,too-many-lines
 # Enable the message, report, category or checker with the given id(s). You can
 # either give multiple identifier separated by comma (,) or put this option
 # multiple time (only on the command line, not in the configuration file where
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
index 9f7cdf3e0a..367342ba99 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_fsl_fnirtcmdlin
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_fsl_fnirtconfig.mif -software fsl -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -config Dwi2maskTemplateFSLFnirtConfig $(pwd)/dwi2mask/fnirt_config.cnf -force
 dwi2mask consensus tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/consensus_output.mif -masks ../tmp/dwi2mask/consensus_masks.mif -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
 dwi2mask fslbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/fslbet_default.mif -force
-dwi2mask fslbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/fslbet_options.mif -bet_f 0.5 -bet_g 0.0 -bet_c 14 18 16 -bet_r 130.0 -force
+dwi2mask fslbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/fslbet_options.mif -bet_f 0.5 -bet_g 0.0 -bet_c 14,18,16 -bet_r 130.0 -force
 dwi2mask fslbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/fslbet_rescale.mif -rescale -force
 dwi2mask hdbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/hdbet.mif -force
 dwi2mask legacy tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/legacy.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/legacy.mif dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz

From b31c9d9631a6dbdadd9ac7a7e3a00e395c18141d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 14 Feb 2024 11:19:27 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 040/182] New unit test for Python CLI typing

---
 run_tests                |  3 ++-
 testing/tests/python_cli | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 testing/tests/python_cli

diff --git a/run_tests b/run_tests
index 3cb38f83c2..757fb19e72 100755
--- a/run_tests
+++ b/run_tests
@@ -188,7 +188,8 @@ EOD
     [[ -n "$cmd" ]] || continue
     echo -n '# command: '$cmd >> $LOGFILE
     (
-      export PATH="$(pwd)/testing/bin:${MRTRIX_BINDIR}:$PATH";
+      export PATH="$(pwd)/testing/bin:${MRTRIX_BINDIR}:$PATH"
+      export PYTHONPATH="$(pwd)/lib"
       cd $datadir
       eval $cmd
     ) > .__tmp.log 2>&1
diff --git a/testing/tests/python_cli b/testing/tests/python_cli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eccf20d1d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/tests/python_cli
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+mkdir -p tmp-newdirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -untyped my_untyped -string my_string -bool false -int_builtin 0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_builtin 0.0 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -intseq 1,2,3 -floatseq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dirin tmp-dirin/ -dirout tmp-dirout/ -filein tmp-filein.txt -fileout tmp-fileout.txt -tracksin tmp-tracksin.tck -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various
+testing_python_cli -bool false
+testing_python_cli -bool False
+testing_python_cli -bool FALSE
+testing_python_cli -bool true
+testing_python_cli -bool True
+testing_python_cli -bool TRUE
+testing_python_cli -bool 0
+testing_python_cli -bool 1
+testing_python_cli -bool 2
+testing_python_cli -bool NotABool && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_builtin 0.1 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_builtin NotAnInt && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_unbound 0.1 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_unbound NotAnInt && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_nonneg -1 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_bound 101 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -float_builtin NotAFloat && false || true
+testing_python_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat && false || true
+testing_python_cli -float_nonneg -0.1 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -intseq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -intseq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
+testing_python_cli -floatseq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+testing_python_cli -dirin does/not/exist/ && false || true
+mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dirout tmp-dirout/ && false || true
+testing_python_cli -dirout tmp-dirout/ -force
+testing_python_cli -filein does/not/exist.txt && false || true
+touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -fileout tmp-fileout.txt && false || true
+touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -fileout tmp-fileout.txt -force
+testing_python_cli -tracksin does/not/exist.txt && false || true
+testing_python_cli -tracksin tmp-filein.txt && false || true
+touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck && false || true
+testing_python_cli -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck -force
+testing_python_cli -tracksout tmp-tracksout.txt && false || true

From 7791a38a629040bb39c0795fa569c24828659ca3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 10:15:47 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 041/182] Fix Python help pages for bound integers & floats

---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 438812560e..11daa9e4c2 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, int)
     assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, int)
     assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
-    class IntChecker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+    class IntBounded(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
       def __call__(self, input_value):
         try:
           value = int(input_value)
@@ -670,13 +670,13 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       @staticmethod
       def _typestring():
         return f'INT {-sys.maxsize - 1 if min_value is None else min_value} {sys.maxsize if max_value is None else max_value}'
-    return IntChecker()
+    return IntBounded()
 
   def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, float)
     assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, float)
     assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
-    class FloatChecker(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+    class FloatBounded(Parser.CustomTypeBase):
       def __call__(self, input_value):
         try:
           value = float(input_value)
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       @staticmethod
       def _typestring():
         return f'FLOAT {"-inf" if min_value is None else str(min_value)} {"inf" if max_value is None else str(max_value)}'
-    return FloatChecker()
+    return FloatBounded()
 
   class SequenceInt(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -1118,7 +1118,10 @@ def print_group_options(group):
           elif option.nargs == '?':
             group_text += ' <optional value>'
         elif option.type is not None:
-          group_text += f' {option.type.__name__.upper()}'
+          if hasattr(option.type, '__class__'):
+            group_text += f' {option.type.__class__.__name__.upper()}'
+          else:
+            group_text += f' {option.type.__name__.upper()}'
         elif option.default is None:
           group_text += f' {option.dest.upper()}'
         # Any options that haven't tripped one of the conditions above should be a store_true or store_false, and

From 4da90a068c370eeab1cef2604c807f4adf1dcc64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 10:58:26 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 042/182] Python API: Multiple API/CLI changes

- Rename app.read_dwgrad_import_options() and app.read_dwgrad_export_options() to just app.dwgrad_import_options() and app.dwgrad_export_options().
- Change these functions to return lists of strings rather than strings.
- Fix check_output() functions for output file and directory CLI types.
- Fix app.DirectoryOut.mkdir() function.
- Remove manual handling of gradient import options in dwi2response manual; replace with app.dwgrad_import_options().
---
 bin/dwi2mask                         |  9 ++++---
 bin/dwi2response                     | 22 ++++++++++-------
 bin/dwibiascorrect                   |  4 +--
 bin/dwibiasnormmask                  |  9 ++++---
 bin/dwifslpreproc                    | 17 +++++--------
 bin/dwigradcheck                     | 12 ++++++---
 bin/dwishellmath                     |  6 +++--
 bin/population_template              |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py                   | 37 +++++++++++++---------------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py       |  3 ++-
 lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py |  4 +--
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py   | 28 ++++++++++-----------
 lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py   |  8 +++---
 lib/mrtrix3/image.py                 |  2 +-
 lib/mrtrix3/run.py                   |  2 +-
 15 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwi2mask b/bin/dwi2mask
index 703575731e..a1b11031aa 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2mask
+++ b/bin/dwi2mask
@@ -46,14 +46,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   input_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.input)
   image.check_3d_nonunity(input_header)
-  grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
+  grad_import_option = app.dwgrad_import_options()
   if not grad_import_option and 'dw_scheme' not in input_header.keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('Script requires diffusion gradient table: '
                       'either in image header, or using -grad / -fslgrad option')
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
   # Get input data into the scratch directory
-  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} input.mif -strides 0,0,0,1 {grad_import_option}',
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif', '-strides', '0,0,0,1']
+              + grad_import_option,
               preserve_pipes=True)
 
   # Generate a mean b=0 image (common task in many algorithms)
@@ -84,8 +85,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   #   the DWI data are valid
   #   (want to ensure that no algorithm includes any voxels where
   #   there is no valid DWI data, regardless of how they operate)
-  run.command(f'mrcalc {mask_path} input_pos_mask.mif -mult - | '
-              f'mrconvert - {app.ARGS.output} -strides {strides} -datatype bit',
+  run.command(['mrcalc', mask_path, 'input_pos_mask.mif', '-mult', '-', '|',
+               'mrconvert', '-', app.ARGS.output, '-strides', strides, '-datatype', 'bit'],
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/bin/dwi2response b/bin/dwi2response
index 94c7b0ca59..8c8e8687d6 100755
--- a/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/bin/dwi2response
@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError('Value(s) of lmax must be even')
     if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL and not len(app.ARGS.lmax) == 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single lmax value for single-shell algorithms')
-  shells_option = ''
+  shells_option = []
   if app.ARGS.shells:
     if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL and len(app.ARGS.shells) != 1:
       raise MRtrixError('Can only specify a single b-value shell for single-shell algorithms')
-    shells_option = ' -shells ' + ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.shells))
-  singleshell_option = ''
+    shells_option = ['-shells', ','.join(map(str,app.ARGS.shells))]
+  singleshell_option = []
   if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL:
-    singleshell_option = ' -singleshell -no_bzero'
+    singleshell_option = ['-singleshell', '-no_bzero']
 
-  grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
+  grad_import_option = app.dwgrad_import_options()
   if not grad_import_option and 'dw_scheme' not in image.Header(app.ARGS.input).keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('Script requires diffusion gradient table: '
                       'either in image header, or using -grad / -fslgrad option')
@@ -96,18 +96,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Get standard input data into the scratch directory
   if alg.NEEDS_SINGLE_SHELL or shells_option:
     app.console(f'Importing DWI data ({app.ARGS.input}) and selecting b-values...')
-    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} - -strides 0,0,0,1 {grad_import_option} | '
-                f'dwiextract - dwi.mif {shells_option} {singleshell_option}',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, '-', '-strides', '0,0,0,1']
+                + grad_import_option
+                + ['|', 'dwiextract', '-', 'dwi.mif']
+                + shells_option
+                + singleshell_option,
                 show=False,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   else: # Don't discard b=0 in multi-shell algorithms
     app.console(f'Importing DWI data ({app.ARGS.input})...')
-    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} dwi.mif -strides 0,0,0,1 {grad_import_option}',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'dwi.mif', '-strides', '0,0,0,1']
+                + grad_import_option,
                 show=False,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
     app.console(f'Importing mask ({app.ARGS.mask})...')
-    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.mask} mask.mif -datatype bit',
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
                 show=False,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
diff --git a/bin/dwibiascorrect b/bin/dwibiascorrect
index 910df34216..ffc6015790 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/bin/dwibiascorrect
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
-  grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} in.mif {grad_import_option}',
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'in.mif']
+              + app.dwgrad_import_options(),
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
     run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
diff --git a/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index 86762d9e47..8f1ea152e3 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -172,10 +172,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError(f'{software} command "{command}" not found; cannot use for internal mask calculations')
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
-  grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} input.mif {grad_import_option}')
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif']
+              + app.dwgrad_import_options(),
+              preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.init_mask:
-    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.init_mask} dwi_mask_init.mif -datatype bit')
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.init_mask, 'dwi_mask_init.mif',
+                 '-datatype', 'bit'],
+                 preserve_pipes=True)
 
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwifslpreproc b/bin/dwifslpreproc
index f600e8af70..313c4ed385 100755
--- a/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -288,10 +288,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError('Could not find any version of FSL eddy command')
   fsl_suffix = fsl.suffix()
 
-  # Export the gradient table to the path requested by the user if necessary
-  grad_export_option = app.read_dwgrad_export_options()
-
-
   eddyqc_files = [ 'eddy_parameters', 'eddy_movement_rms', 'eddy_restricted_movement_rms', \
                    'eddy_post_eddy_shell_alignment_parameters', 'eddy_post_eddy_shell_PE_translation_parameters', \
                    'eddy_outlier_report', 'eddy_outlier_map', 'eddy_outlier_n_stdev_map', 'eddy_outlier_n_sqr_stdev_map', \
@@ -377,12 +373,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Convert all input images into MRtrix format and store in scratch directory first
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
-  grad_import_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
-  json_import_option = ''
-  if app.ARGS.json_import:
-    json_import_option = f' -json_import {app.ARGS.json_import}'
-  json_export_option = ' -json_export dwi.json'
-  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} dwi.mif {grad_import_option} {json_import_option} {json_export_option}',
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'dwi.mif']
+              + (['-json_import', app.ARGS.json_import] if app.ARGS.json_import else [])
+              + ['-json_export', 'dwi.json']
+              + app.dwgrad_import_options(),
               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.se_epi:
     image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.se_epi)
@@ -1575,7 +1569,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
   # Finish!
-  run.command(f'mrconvert result.mif {app.ARGS.output} {grad_export_option}',
+  run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output]
+              + app.dwgrad_export_options(),
               mrconvert_keyval='output.json',
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index 9b32ba819a..d6efe5226f 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -206,16 +206,20 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # If requested, extract what has been detected as the best gradient table, and
   #   export it in the format requested by the user
-  grad_export_option = app.read_dwgrad_export_options()
+  grad_export_option = app.dwgrad_export_options()
   if grad_export_option:
     best = lengths[0]
     perm = ''.join(map(str, best[2]))
     suffix = f'_flip{best[1]}_perm{perm}_{best[3]}'
     if best[3] == 'scanner':
-      grad_import_option = f' -grad grad{suffix}.b'
+      grad_import_option = ['-grad', 'grad{suffix}.b']
     elif best[3] == 'image':
-      grad_import_option = f' -fslgrad bvecs{suffix} bvals'
-    run.command(f'mrinfo data.mif {grad_import_option} {grad_export_option}',
+      grad_import_option = ['-fslgrad', 'bvecs{suffix}', 'bvals']
+    else:
+      assert False
+    run.command(['mrinfo', 'data.mif']
+                + grad_import_option
+                + grad_export_option,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwishellmath b/bin/dwishellmath
index 76cfcf7e2d..9d1a192e65 100755
--- a/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -52,12 +52,14 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   dwi_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.input)
   if len(dwi_header.size()) != 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
-  gradimport = app.read_dwgrad_import_options()
+  gradimport = app.dwgrad_import_options()
   if not gradimport and 'dw_scheme' not in dwi_header.keyval():
     raise MRtrixError('No diffusion gradient table provided, and none present in image header')
   # import data and gradient table
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
-  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} in.mif {gradimport} -strides 0,0,0,1',
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'in.mif',
+               '-strides', '0,0,0,1']
+              + gradimport,
               preserve_pipes=True)
   # run per-shell operations
   files = []
diff --git a/bin/population_template b/bin/population_template
index d7c76bb820..70d3e9e39f 100755
--- a/bin/population_template
+++ b/bin/population_template
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ class Contrasts:
     self.suff = [f'_c{c}' for c in map(str, range(n_contrasts))]
     self.names = [os.path.relpath(f, os.path.commonprefix(app.ARGS.input_dir)) for f in app.ARGS.input_dir]
 
-    self.templates_out = [t for t in app.ARGS.template]
+    self.templates_out = list(app.ARGS.template)
 
     self.mc_weight_initial_alignment = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
     self.mc_weight_rigid = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 11daa9e4c2..f6580cec5c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ class _UserFileOutPath(UserPath):
   def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
   def check_output(self):
-    if self.exists:
+    if self.exists():
       if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
         warn(f'Output file path "{str(self)}" already exists; '
               'will be overwritten at script completion')
@@ -594,16 +594,16 @@ class _UserDirOutPath(UserPath):
   def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
   def check_output(self):
-    if self.exists:
+    if self.exists():
       if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
         warn(f'Output directory path "{str(self)}" already exists; '
               'will be overwritten at script completion')
       else:
         raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
                           '(use -force to overwrite)')
-  def mkdir(self, **kwargs):
-    # Always force parents=True for user-specified path
-    parents = kwargs.pop('parents', True)
+  # Force parents=True for user-specified path
+  # Force exist_ok=False for user-specified path
+  def mkdir(self, mode=0o777):
     while True:
       if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
         try:
@@ -611,11 +611,11 @@ def mkdir(self, **kwargs):
         except OSError:
           pass
       try:
-        super().mkdir(parents=parents, **kwargs)
+        super().mkdir(mode, parents=True, exist_ok=False)
         return
       except FileExistsError:
         if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-          raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
+          raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
                             '(use -force to override)')
 
 
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
     def _typestring():
       return 'BOOL'
 
-  def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+  def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name,no-self-argument
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, int)
     assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, int)
     assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ def _typestring():
         return f'INT {-sys.maxsize - 1 if min_value is None else min_value} {sys.maxsize if max_value is None else max_value}'
     return IntBounded()
 
-  def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+  def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name,no-self-argument
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, float)
     assert max_value is None or isinstance(max_value, float)
     assert min_value is None or max_value is None or max_value >= min_value
@@ -1447,14 +1447,13 @@ def add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Provide the diffusion gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'grad', 'fslgrad' ] )
 
-# TODO Change these to yield lists rather than strings
-def read_dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+def dwgrad_import_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   assert ARGS
   if ARGS.grad:
-    return f' -grad {ARGS.grad}'
+    return ['-grad', ARGS.grad]
   if ARGS.fslgrad:
-    return f' -fslgrad {ARGS.fslgrad[0]} {ARGS.fslgrad[1]}'
-  return ''
+    return ['-fslgrad', ARGS.fslgrad[0], ARGS.fslgrad[1]]
+  return []
 
 
 
@@ -1472,15 +1471,13 @@ def add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Export the final gradient table in FSL bvecs/bvals format')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'export_grad_mrtrix', 'export_grad_fsl' ] )
 
-
-
-def read_dwgrad_export_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+def dwgrad_export_options(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   assert ARGS
   if ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix:
-    return f' -export_grad_mrtrix {ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix}'
+    return ['-export_grad_mrtrix', ARGS.export_grad_mrtrix]
   if ARGS.export_grad_fsl:
-    return f' -export_grad_fsl {ARGS.export_grad_fsl[0]} {ARGS.export_grad_fsl[1]}'
-  return ''
+    return ['-export_grad_fsl', ARGS.export_grad_fsl[0], ARGS.export_grad_fsl[1]]
+  return []
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index e51825951e..a143f081ee 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     if len(lmax) not in [2, 3]:
       raise MRtrixError('Length of lmax vector expected to be either 2 or 3')
   if app.ARGS.init_mask:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.init_mask, 'init_mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.init_mask, 'init_mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   # Determine whether we are working with single-shell or multi-shell data
   bvalues = [
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index acf4903bf9..9934cb6f9e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ def __init__(self, name):
 
   tissues = [Tissue('WM'), Tissue('GM'), Tissue('CSF')]
 
-  # TODO Fix
+  dwi2response_mask_option = ['-mask', 'mask.mif'] if app.ARGS.mask else []
   run.command(['dwi2response', 'dhollander', 'in.mif', [tissue.rffile for tissue in tissues]]
-              .extend(['-mask', 'mask.mif'] if app.ARGS.mask else []))
+              + dwi2response_mask_option)
 
   # Immediately remove GM if we can't deal with it
   if not multishell:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
index 7e7dc84a8d..5540b9e01e 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
@@ -53,16 +53,13 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  grad_option = ''
-  if app.ARGS.grad:
-    grad_option = f' -grad {app.ARGS.grad}'
-  elif app.ARGS.fslgrad:
-    grad_option = f' -fslgrad {app.ARGS.fslgrad[0]} {app.ARGS.fslgrad[1]}'
-
+  grad_option = app.dwgrad_import_options()
   if app.ARGS.percentile:
-    intensities = [float(value) for value in run.command(f'dwiextract {app.ARGS.input_dwi} {grad_option} -bzero - | '
-                                                         f'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | '
-                                                         f'mrdump - -mask {app.ARGS.input_mask}',
+    intensities = [float(value) for value in run.command(['dwiextract', app.ARGS.input_dwi]
+                                                         + grad_option
+                                                         + ['-bzero', '-', '|',
+                                                            'mrmath', '-', 'mean', '-', '-axis', '3', '|',
+                                                            'mrdump', '-', '-mask', app.ARGS.input_mask],
                                                          preserve_pipes=True).stdout.splitlines()]
     intensities = sorted(intensities)
     float_index = 0.01 * app.ARGS.percentile * len(intensities)
@@ -73,14 +70,17 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       interp_mu = float_index - float(lower_index)
       reference_value = (1.0-interp_mu)*intensities[lower_index] + interp_mu*intensities[lower_index+1]
   else:
-    reference_value = float(run.command(f'dwiextract {app.ARGS.input_dwi} {grad_option} -bzero - | '
-                                        f'mrmath - mean - -axis 3 | '
-                                        f'mrstats - -mask {app.ARGS.input_mask} -output median',
+    reference_value = float(run.command(['dwiextract', app.ARGS.input_dwi]
+                                        + grad_option
+                                        + ['-bzero', '-', '|',
+                                           'mrmath', '-', 'mean', '-', '-axis', '3', '|',
+                                           'mrstats', '-', '-mask', app.ARGS.input_mask, '-output', 'median'],
                                         preserve_pipes=True).stdout)
   multiplier = app.ARGS.intensity / reference_value
 
-  run.command(f'mrcalc {app.ARGS.input_dwi} {multiplier} -mult - | '
-              f'mrconvert - {app.ARGS.output_dwi} {grad_option}',
+  run.command(['mrcalc', app.ARGS.input_dwi, str(multiplier), '-mult', '-', '|',
+               'mrconvert', '-', app.ARGS.output_dwi]
+              + grad_option,
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input_dwi,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index 574152dd3e..1765ce089f 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -97,11 +97,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       raise MRtrixError('Length of lmax vector expected to be either 2 or 3')
 
   # Get input data into the scratch directory
-  grad_option = app.read_dwgrad_import_options().split(' ')
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
-  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif'] + grad_option)
+  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'input.mif']
+               + app.dwgrad_import_options(),
+               preserve_pipes=True)
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'])
+    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, 'mask.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
 
   # Make sure we have a valid mask available
   if app.ARGS.mask:
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
index 06431ebff3..f4b0bc946a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def axis2dir(string): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 def check_3d_nonunity(image_in): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   if not isinstance(image_in, Header):
-    if not isinstance(image_in, str) and not isinstance(image_in, app._FilesystemPath):
+    if not isinstance(image_in, str) and not isinstance(image_in, pathlib.Path):
       raise MRtrixError(f'Error trying to test "{image_in}": '
                         'Not an image header or file path')
     image_in = Header(image_in)
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
index 3ae730a7e8..aa06444162 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
       if cmdstack[-1][0] != 'mrconvert':
         raise TypeError('Argument "mrconvert_keyval=" can only be used '
                         'if the mrconvert command is being invoked')
-      if isinstance(mrconvert_keyval, app._FilesystemPath):
+      if isinstance(mrconvert_keyval, pathlib.Path):
         cmdstack[-1].extend([ '-copy_properties', str(mrconvert_keyval) ])
       else:
         assert not (mrconvert_keyval[0] in [ '\'', '"' ] or mrconvert_keyval[-1] in [ '\'', '"' ])

From 4c747590155854b6c259886e6d912fef96bed771 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 11:57:15 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 043/182] Testing: Verify piped image support for Python
 scripts

---
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py       | 12 ++++++++----
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py            |  1 +
 lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py        |  1 +
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen              |  7 +++++--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask            |  5 +++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response        | 10 ++++++++--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect      |  3 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask     |  3 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwicat              |  2 ++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc       |  2 ++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck        |  3 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise        |  6 ++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath        |  1 +
 testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfix         |  2 ++
 testing/scripts/tests/population_template |  2 ++
 15 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index b8a5da1f11..76b42a922a 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -226,14 +226,18 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   if app.ARGS.template:
     run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[0], 'template_image.nii',
-                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
     run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[1], 'template_mask.nii',
-                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   elif all(item in CONFIG for item in ['Dwi2maskTemplateImage', 'Dwi2maskTemplateMask']):
     run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateImage'], 'template_image.nii',
-                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
     run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'], 'template_mask.nii',
-                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
+                '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'],
+                preserve_pipes=True)
   else:
     raise MRtrixError('No template image information available from '
                       'either command-line or MRtrix configuration file(s)')
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index a143f081ee..d0348bc50c 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ def __init__(self, name):
   if app.ARGS.tissuesum:
     run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_sum_image, app.ARGS.tissuesum],
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
+                preserve_pipes=True,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   return mask_image
diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
index 5d6b29a56e..603620ed3b 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
@@ -93,5 +93,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.stripped:
     run.command(['mrconvert', stripped_file, app.ARGS.stripped],
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
+                preserve_pipes=True,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
   return output_file
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen
index 8b9e99e2bd..9c62b6564c 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer && 5ttgen freesurfer BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz - | 5ttgen freesurfer - - && testing_diff_image - 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
 5ttgen freesurfer BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/nocrop.mif -nocrop -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/nocrop.mif 5ttgen/freesurfer/nocrop.mif.gz
 5ttgen freesurfer BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif -sgm_amyg_hipp -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif 5ttgen/freesurfer/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl && 5ttgen fsl BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/default.mif -force # && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/default.mif 5ttgen/fsl/default.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz - | 5ttgen fsl - - | mrconvert - ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/default.mif -force
 5ttgen fsl BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/nocrop.mif -nocrop -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/nocrop.mif 5ttgen/fsl/nocrop.mif.gz
 5ttgen fsl BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif -sgm_amyg_hipp -force # && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif 5ttgen/fsl/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif.gz
 5ttgen fsl BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif 5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif.gz
 mrcalc BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -mult tmp1.mif -force && 5ttgen fsl tmp1.mif ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/premasked.mif -premasked -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/premasked.mif 5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs && 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
+5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 - && testing_diff_header - 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/white_stem.mif -white_stem -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/white_stem.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/white_stem.mif.gz
 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/modules.mif -hippocampi subfields -thalami nuclei -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/modules.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/modules.mif.gz
-5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif -hippocampi first -thalami first -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif  5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif.gz
-5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/aseg.mif -hippocampi aseg -thalami aseg -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/aseg.mif  5ttgen/hsvs/aseg.mif.gz
+5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif -hippocampi first -thalami first -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif.gz
+5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/aseg.mif -hippocampi aseg -thalami aseg -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/aseg.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/aseg.mif.gz
 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/template.mif -template BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/template.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/template.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
index 367342ba99..d98f3dc403 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ dwi2mask ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/ants_default.mif -template dwi2
 dwi2mask ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/ants_config.mif -config Dwi2maskTemplateImage dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz -config Dwi2maskTemplateMask dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsfull_default.mif -software antsfull -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsquick_default.mif -software antsquick -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
+mrconvert dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz - | dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsquick_default.mif -software antsquick -template - dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
+mrconvert dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz - | dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsquick_default.mif -software antsquick -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz - -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsfull_cmdline.mif -software antsfull -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -ants_options "--use-histogram-matching 1 --initial-moving-transform [template_image.nii,bzero.nii,1] --transform Rigid[0.1] --metric MI[template_image.nii,bzero.nii,1,32,Regular,0.25] --convergence 1000x500x250x100 --smoothing-sigmas 3x2x1x0 --shrink-factors 8x4x2x1" -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsfull_config.mif -software antsfull -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -config Dwi2maskTemplateAntsFullOptions "--use-histogram-matching 1 --initial-moving-transform [template_image.nii,bzero.nii,1] --transform Rigid[0.1] --metric MI[template_image.nii,bzero.nii,1,32,Regular,0.25] --convergence 1000x500x250x100 --smoothing-sigmas 3x2x1x0 --shrink-factors 8x4x2x1" -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsfull_file1.mif -software antsfull -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -ants_options dwi2mask/config_antsfull_1.txt -force
@@ -21,12 +23,15 @@ dwi2mask fslbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/fslbet_options.mif -bet_f 0.5
 dwi2mask fslbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/fslbet_rescale.mif -rescale -force
 dwi2mask hdbet tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/hdbet.mif -force
 dwi2mask legacy tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/legacy.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/legacy.mif dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz
+mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - | dwi2mask legacy - - | testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz
 dwi2mask mean tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mean.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mean.mif dwi2mask/mean.mif.gz
 dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif -tissuesum ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
+dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif -tissuesum - | testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -init_mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_mask.mif -tissuesum ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_mask.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_tissuesum.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -lmax 6,0,0 ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_mask.mif -tissuesum ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_mask.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_tissuesum.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwi2mask synthstrip tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/synthstrip_default.mif -force
 dwi2mask synthstrip tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/synthstrip_options.mif -stripped ../tmp/dwi2mask/synthstrip_stripped.mif -gpu -nocsf -border 0 -force
+dwi2mask synthstrip tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/synthstrip_options.mif -stripped - -gpu -nocsf -border 0 | mrconvert - ../tmp/dwi2mask/synthstrip_stripped.mif -force
 dwi2mask trace tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/trace_default.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/trace_default.mif dwi2mask/trace_default.mif.gz
 dwi2mask trace tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/trace_iterative.mif -iterative -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/trace_iterative.mif dwi2mask/trace_iterative.mif.gz
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response
index 76651900d5..9b633ac9b5 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander && mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -export_grad_mrtrix tmp-sub-01_dwi.b -strides 0,0,0,1 && dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif.gz
+mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - | dwi2response dhollander - ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt -voxels - -force | testing_diff_image - dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad.mif -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fslgrad.mif dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad.mif -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/grad.mif dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/masked_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/masked_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/masked_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif -mask - -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/masked_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/masked_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/masked_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa_csf.txt -wm_algo fa -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/fa_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/fa_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/fa_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/fa.mif dwi2response/dhollander/fa.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax_csf.txt -wm_algo tax -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/tax_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/tax_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/tax_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tax.mif dwi2response/dhollander/tax.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_csf.txt -wm_algo tournier -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/tournier_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/tournier.mif dwi2response/dhollander/tournier.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -shells 0,3000 ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/shells_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/shells_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/shells_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/shells.mif dwi2response/dhollander/shells.mif.gz
 dwi2response dhollander tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -lmax 0,2,4,6 ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_wm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_gm.txt dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_csf.txt dwi2response/dhollander/lmax_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/dhollander/lmax.mif dwi2response/dhollander/lmax.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2response/fa && dwi2response fa tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/default.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/default.mif -number 20 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/default.txt dwi2response/fa/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/default.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
+dwi2response fa tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/default.txt -voxels - -number 20 -force | testing_diff_image - dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response fa BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/fslgrad.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/fslgrad.mif -number 20 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/fslgrad.txt dwi2response/fa/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/fslgrad.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response fa BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/grad.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/grad.mif -number 20 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/grad.txt dwi2response/fa/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/grad.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response fa tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/masked.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -number 20 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/masked.txt dwi2response/fa/masked.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/masked.mif dwi2response/fa/masked.mif.gz
@@ -17,25 +20,28 @@ dwi2response fa tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/fa/shells.txt -voxels ../
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2response/manual && dwi2response manual tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/default.txt -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/default.txt dwi2response/manual/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 dwi2response manual BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/fslgrad.txt -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/fslgrad.txt dwi2response/manual/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 dwi2response manual BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/grad.txt -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/grad.txt dwi2response/manual/default.txt -abs 1e-2
-dwi2tensor tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | tensor2metric - -vector tmp.mif -force && dwi2response manual tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz -dirs tmp.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt -abs 1e-2
+dwi2tensor tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | tensor2metric - -vector - | dwi2response manual tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz -dirs - ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt -abs 1e-2
 dwi2response manual tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/lmax.txt -lmax 0,2,4,6 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/lmax.txt dwi2response/manual/lmax.txt -abs 1e-2
 dwi2response manual tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/shells.txt -shells 0,3000 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/manual/shells.txt dwi2response/manual/shells.txt -abs 1e-2
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt && dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz - | dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -voxels - -pvf 0.9 -force | testing_diff_image - dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad.mif -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/fslgrad.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad.mif -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/grad.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/masked.mif.gz
-dwi2tensor tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | tensor2metric - -vector tmp-dirs.mif -force && dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs.mif -dirs tmp-dirs.mif -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
+dwi2tensor tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | tensor2metric - -vector - | dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs.mif -dirs - -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/dirs.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax.mif -wm_algo tax -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/tax.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa.mif -sfwm_fa_threshold 0.7 -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/sfwmfa.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax.mif -lmax 0,2,4,6 -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/lmax.mif.gz
 dwi2response msmt_5tt tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_wm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_gm.txt ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_csf.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells.mif -shells 0,2000 -pvf 0.9 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_wm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_wm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_gm.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_gm.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_csf.txt dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells_csf.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells.mif dwi2response/msmt_5tt/shells.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2response/tax && dwi2response tax tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/default.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/default.mif -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/default.txt dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/default.mif dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
+dwi2response tax tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/default.txt -voxels - -force | testing_diff_image - dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/fslgrad.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/fslgrad.mif -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/fslgrad.txt dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/fslgrad.mif dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/grad.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/grad.mif -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/grad.txt dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/grad.mif dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response tax tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/masked.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/masked.txt dwi2response/tax/masked.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/masked.mif dwi2response/tax/masked.mif.gz
 dwi2response tax tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/lmax.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/lmax.mif -lmax 6 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/lmax.txt dwi2response/tax/lmax.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/lmax.mif dwi2response/tax/lmax.mif.gz
 dwi2response tax tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/shell.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/shell.mif -shell 2000 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/shell.txt dwi2response/tax/shell.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tax/shell.mif dwi2response/tax/shell.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier && dwi2response tournier tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/default.mif -number 20 -iter_voxels 200 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/default.txt dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/default.mif dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
+dwi2response tournier tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -voxels - -number 20 -iter_voxels 200 -force | testing_diff_image - dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/fslgrad.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/fslgrad.mif -number 20 -iter_voxels 200 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/fslgrad.txt dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/fslgrad.mif dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/grad.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/grad.mif -number 20 -iter_voxels 200 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/grad.txt dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/grad.mif dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
 dwi2response tournier tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/masked.txt -voxels ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -number 20 -iter_voxels 200 -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/masked.txt dwi2response/tournier/masked.txt -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2response/tournier/masked.mif dwi2response/tournier/masked.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect
index c75f2f6632..a01debff72 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants && mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -export_grad_mrtrix tmp-sub-01_dwi.b -strides 0,0,0,1 && dwibiascorrect ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif.gz
+mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - | dwibiascorrect ants - - | testing_diff_header - dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif.gz
+dwibiascorrect ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif -bias - -force | testing_diff_header - dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif.gz
 dwibiascorrect ants BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/fslgrad_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/fslgrad_bias.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/fslgrad_out.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/fslgrad_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif.gz
 dwibiascorrect ants BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/grad_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/grad_bias.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/grad_out.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/grad_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif.gz
 dwibiascorrect ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_bias.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_out.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_bias.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | dwibiascorrect ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_out.mif -mask - -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_out.mif dwibiascorrect/ants/masked_out.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl && dwibiascorrect fsl tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
 dwibiascorrect fsl BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/fslgrad_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/fslgrad_bias.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/fslgrad_out.mif dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/fslgrad_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
 dwibiascorrect fsl BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/grad_out.mif -bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/grad_bias.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/grad_out.mif dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif.gz && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/fsl/grad_bias.mif dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask
index d3936e70ee..666f15d02a 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask && mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -force && dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif -output_bias ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif -output_scale ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_scale.txt -output_tissuesum ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_scale.txt dwibiasnormmask/default_scale.txt -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
+mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - | dwibiasnormmask - - ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif -force | testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif -output_bias - -force | testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif -output_tissuesum - -force | testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -max_iters 3 -dice 1.0 ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_out.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_mask.mif -output_bias ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_bias.mif -output_scale ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_scale.txt -output_tissuesum ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_out.mif dwibiasnormmask/3iters_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_mask.mif dwibiasnormmask/3iters_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_bias.mif dwibiasnormmask/3iters_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_scale.txt dwibiasnormmask/3iters_scale.txt -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/3iters_tissuesum.mif dwibiasnormmask/3iters_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -lmax 6,0,0 ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_out.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_mask.mif -output_bias ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_bias.mif -output_scale ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_scale.txt -output_tissuesum ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_out.mif dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_mask.mif dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_bias.mif dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_scale.txt dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_scale.txt -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_tissuesum.mif dwibiasnormmask/lmax600_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -reference 1.0 ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/reference_out.mif ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/reference_mask.mif -output_scale ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/scale.txt -force && mrcalc ../tmp/dwibiasnormmask/reference_out.mif 1000.0 -mult - | testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat
index 4974fb837e..d1a3e68faa 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwicat && mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp.mif -force && dwiextract tmp.mif tmp01_b1000.mif -shells 0,1000 -force && dwiextract tmp.mif tmp01_b2000.mif -shells 0,2000 -force && dwiextract tmp.mif tmp01_b3000.mif -shells 0,3000 -force && mrcat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp01_b2000.mif tmp01_b3000.mif -axis 3 tmp02.mif -force && mrcalc tmp01_b2000.mif 0.2 -mult tmp03_b2000.mif -force && mrcalc tmp01_b3000.mif 5.0 -mult tmp03_b3000.mif && mrcat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif -axis 3 tmp03.mif -force && dwicat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif ../tmp/dwicat/sharedb0_masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwicat/sharedb0_masked.mif tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
+dwicat $(mrconvert tmp01_b1000.mif -) $(mrconvert tmp03_b2000.mif -) $(mrconvert tmp03_b3000.mif -) - | testing_diff_image - tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | dwicat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif ../tmp/dwicat/sharedb0_masked.mif -mask - -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwicat/sharedb0_masked.mif tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
 dwicat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif ../tmp/dwicat/sharedb0_unmasked.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwicat/sharedb0_unmasked.mif tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
 dwiextract tmp.mif tmp11_b0.mif -shell 0 -force && dwiextract tmp.mif tmp11_b1000.mif -shell 1000 -force && dwiextract tmp.mif tmp11_b2000.mif -shell 2000 -force && dwiextract tmp.mif tmp11_b3000.mif -shell 3000 -force && mrconvert tmp11_b0.mif -coord 3 0,1 - | mrcat - tmp11_b1000.mif tmp12_b1000.mif -axis 3 -force && mrconvert tmp11_b0.mif -coord 3 2,3 - | mrcat - tmp11_b2000.mif tmp12_b2000.mif -axis 3 -force && mrconvert tmp11_b0.mif -coord 3 4,5 - | mrcat - tmp11_b3000.mif tmp12_b3000.mif -axis 3 -force && mrcalc tmp12_b2000.mif 0.2 -mult tmp13_b2000.mif -force && mrcalc tmp12_b3000.mif 5.0 -mult tmp13_b3000.mif -force && mrcat tmp12_b1000.mif tmp12_b2000.mif tmp12_b3000.mif tmp14.mif -axis 3 -force && dwicat tmp12_b1000.mif tmp13_b2000.mif tmp13_b3000.mif ../tmp/dwicat/ownb0_masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwicat/ownb0_masked.mif tmp14.mif -frac 0.01
 dwicat tmp12_b1000.mif tmp13_b2000.mif tmp13_b3000.mif ../tmp/dwicat/ownb0_unmasked.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwicat/ownb0_unmasked.mif tmp14.mif -frac 0.02
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc
index fa3a742d3c..339a1019aa 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwifslpreproc && mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval -json_import BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.json tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif -export_grad_mrtrix tmp-sub-04_dwi.b -strides 0,0,0,1 && dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_none -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif.gz
+mrconvert tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif - | dwifslpreproc - - -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_none | testing_diff_header - dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif.gz
 dwifslpreproc BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/fslgrad.mif -export_grad_fsl ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/fslgrad.bvec ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/fslgrad.bval -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_none -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/fslgrad.mif dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif.gz && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/fslgrad.bvec dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.bvec -abs 1e-2 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/fslgrad.bval dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.bval
 dwifslpreproc BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-04_dwi.b ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/grad.mif -export_grad_mrtrix ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/grad.b -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_none -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/grad.mif dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif.gz && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/grad.b dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.b -abs 1e-2
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-1_epi.nii.gz -json_import BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-1_epi.json tmp-sub-04_dir-1_epi.mif -force && mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.nii.gz -json_import BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.json tmp-sub-04_dir-2_epi.mif -force && mrcat tmp-sub-04_dir-1_epi.mif tmp-sub-04_dir-2_epi.mif tmp-sub-04_dir-all_epi.mif -axis 3 -force && dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair -se_epi tmp-sub-04_dir-all_epi.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif.gz
+mrconvert tmp-sub-04_dir-all_epi.mif - | dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair -se_epi - -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif.gz
 dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpepair_align.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair -se_epi tmp-sub-04_dir-all_epi.mif -align_seepi -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/rpepair_align.mif dwifslpreproc/rpepair_align.mif.gz
 dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/eddyqc_text.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair -se_epi tmp-sub-04_dir-all_epi.mif -eddyqc_text ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/eddyqc_text/ -force
 dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/eddyqc_all.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair -se_epi tmp-sub-04_dir-all_epi.mif -eddyqc_all ../tmp/dwifslpreproc/eddyqc_all/ -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck
index 80431d222d..71a38b2596 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -export_grad_mrtrix tmp-sub-01_dwi.b -strides 0,0,0,1 && dwigradcheck tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif
+mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - | dwigradcheck -
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwigradcheck && dwigradcheck BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval -export_grad_fsl ../tmp/dwigradcheck/fsl.bvec ../tmp/dwigradcheck/fsl.bval -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwigradcheck/fsl.bvec dwigradcheck/fsl.bvec -abs 1e-3
 dwigradcheck BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp-sub-01_dwi.b -export_grad_mrtrix ../tmp/dwigradcheck/grad.b -force && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwigradcheck/grad.b dwigradcheck/grad.b -abs 1e-3
 dwigradcheck tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | dwigradcheck tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -mask -
+dwigradcheck $(mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -) -mask $(mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise
index 1b66ebfd0e..25385e4331 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwinormalise/group && mkdir -p tmp-dwi && mkdir -p tmp-mask && mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bval tmp-dwi/sub-02.mif -force && mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-02.mif -force && mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval tmp-dwi/sub-03.mif -force && mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-03.mif -force && dwinormalise group tmp-dwi/ tmp-mask/ ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/ ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/fa.mif ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/sub-02.mif dwinormalise/group/sub-02.mif.gz -frac 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/sub-03.mif dwinormalise/group/sub-03.mif.gz -frac 1e-2 && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/fa.mif dwinormalise/group/fa.mif.gz -abs 1e-3 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter dwinormalise/group/mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
+dwinormalise group tmp-dwi/ tmp-mask/ ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/ - ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/mask.mif -force | testing_diff_image - dwinormalise/group/fa.mif.gz -abs 1e-3
+dwinormalise group tmp-dwi/ tmp-mask/ ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/ ../tmp/dwinormalise/group/fa.mif - -force | testing_diff_image $(mrfilter - smooth -) $(mrfilter dwinormalise/group/mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 mkdir ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual && dwinormalise manual BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual/out.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual/out.mif dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval - | dwinormalise manual - BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | testing_diff_image - dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | dwinormalise manual BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval - ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual/out.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual/out.mif dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 dwinormalise manual BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual/percentile.mif -percentile 40 -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/manual/percentile.mif dwinormalise/manual/percentile.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 mkdir ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm && dwinormalise mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_out.mif -scale ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_scale.txt -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_out.mif dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_scale.txt dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_scale.txt -abs 1e-5
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval - | dwinormalise mtnorm - - | testing_diff_image - dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 dwinormalise mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif -scale ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_scale.txt -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_scale.txt dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_scale.txt -abs 1e-5
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | dwinormalise mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -mask - -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif -force | testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 dwinormalise mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -lmax 6,0,0 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/lmax600_out.mif -scale ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/lmax600_scale.txt -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/lmax600_out.mif dwinormalise/mtnorm/lmax600_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5 && testing_diff_matrix ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/lmax600_scale.txt dwinormalise/mtnorm/lmax600_scale.txt -abs 1e-5
 mrcalc BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz 1000.0 -div tmp-sub-01_dwi_scaled.mif -force && dwinormalise mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi_scaled.mif -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/scaled_out.mif -scale ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/scaled_scale.txt -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/scaled_out.mif dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 dwinormalise mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -reference 1.0 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/reference_out.mif -scale ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/reference_scale.txt -force && mrcalc ../tmp/dwinormalise/mtnorm/reference_out.mif 1000.0 -mult - | testing_diff_image - dwinormalise/mtnorm/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath
index a3421e5777..41e47fca2e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwishellmath && mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp1.mif -export_grad_mrtrix tmp1.b -force && dwiextract tmp1.mif tmp1_b0.mif -shell 0 -force && dwiextract tmp1.mif tmp1_b1000.mif -shell 1000 -force && dwiextract tmp1.mif tmp1_b2000.mif -shell 2000 -force && dwiextract tmp1.mif tmp1_b3000.mif -shell 3000 -force && mrmath tmp1_b0.mif mean tmp2_b0.mif -axis 3 -force && mrmath tmp1_b1000.mif mean tmp2_b1000.mif -axis 3 -force && mrmath tmp1_b2000.mif mean tmp2_b2000.mif -axis 3 -force && mrmath tmp1_b3000.mif mean tmp2_b3000.mif -axis 3 -force && mrcat tmp2_b0.mif tmp2_b1000.mif tmp2_b2000.mif tmp2_b3000.mif -axis 3 tmp2.mif -force && dwishellmath tmp1.mif mean ../tmp/dwishellmath/default.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwishellmath/default.mif tmp2.mif
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval - | dwishellmath - mean - | testing_diff_image - tmp2.mif
 dwishellmath BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval mean ../tmp/dwishellmath/fslgrad.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwishellmath/fslgrad.mif tmp2.mif
 dwishellmath BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -grad tmp1.b mean ../tmp/dwishellmath/grad.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwishellmath/grad.mif tmp2.mif
 dwishellmath tmp1_b3000.mif mean ../tmp/dwishellmath/onebvalue.mif -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfix b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfix
index 93aa7c45c7..2da7d232e1 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfix
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfix
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/labelsgmfix && labelsgmfix BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz labelsgmfix/FreeSurferColorLUT.txt ../tmp/labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz - | labelsgmfix - BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz labelsgmfix/FreeSurferColorLUT.txt - | testing_diff_header - labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif.gz
+labelsgmfix $(mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz -) $(mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz -) labelsgmfix/FreeSurferColorLUT.txt ../tmp/labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif labelsgmfix/freesurfer.mif.gz
 labelsgmfix BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt ../tmp/labelsgmfix/default.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/labelsgmfix/default.mif labelsgmfix/default.mif.gz
 mrcalc BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -mult tmp.mif -force && labelsgmfix BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz tmp.mif BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt ../tmp/labelsgmfix/premasked.mif -premasked -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/labelsgmfix/premasked.mif labelsgmfix/premasked.mif.gz
 labelsgmfix BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt ../tmp/labelsgmfix/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif -sgm_amyg_hipp -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/labelsgmfix/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif labelsgmfix/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template
index 58b9cb02d5..d1b0ed1618 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/population_template && mkdir -p tmp-mask && mkdir -p tmp-fa && mkdir -p tmp-fod && mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-02.mif -force && mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-03.mif -force && dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bval -mask BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz - | tensor2metric - -fa tmp-fa/sub-02.mif -force && dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval -mask BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz - | tensor2metric - -fa tmp-fa/sub-03.mif -force && population_template tmp-fa ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_template.mif -warp_dir ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_warpdir/ -transformed_dir ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_transformeddir/ -linear_transformations_dir ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_lineartransformsdir/ -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_template.mif population_template/fa_default_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01
+population_template tmp-fa/ - | testing_diff_image - population_template/fa_default_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif population_template/fa_masked_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
+population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask - | testing_diff_image $(mrfilter - smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_template.mif -type rigid -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_template.mif population_template/fa_rigid_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_rigid_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_template.mif -type affine -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_template.mif population_template/fa_affine_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_affine_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_template.mif -type nonlinear -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_template.mif population_template/fa_nonlinear_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_nonlinear_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3

From ff86c44de38b6ac19fe0c892fc91d0c5f143d8ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 12:47:07 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 044/182] Python API: Fix __print_full_usage__ for algorithm
 wrappers

---
 lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index f6580cec5c..29cc181154 100644
--- a/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1212,9 +1212,12 @@ def arg2str(arg):
     def allow_multiple(nargs):
       return '1' if nargs in ('*', '+') else '0'
 
-    for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
-      sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {arg.dest} 0 {allow_multiple(arg.nargs)} {arg2str(arg)}\n')
-      sys.stdout.write(f'{arg.help}\n')
+    if self._subparsers:
+      sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT algorithm 0 0 CHOICE {" ".join(self._subparsers._group_actions[0].choices)}\n')
+    else:
+      for arg in self._positionals._group_actions:
+        sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {arg.dest} 0 {allow_multiple(arg.nargs)} {arg2str(arg)}\n')
+        sys.stdout.write(f'{arg.help}\n')
 
     def print_group_options(group):
       for option in group._group_actions:

From 24f1c322401ebed4b5a83ecc2aa74897ca000b5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 15:26:52 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 045/182] Fix Python issues identified by latest tests

---
 bin/dwibiasnormmask            | 4 ++++
 bin/dwigradcheck               | 4 ++--
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen   | 4 ++--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index 8f1ea152e3..3559c2aecf 100755
--- a/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -425,16 +425,19 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   run.command(['mrconvert', dwi_image, app.ARGS.output_dwi],
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
+              preserve_pipes=True,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_bias:
     run.command(['mrconvert', bias_field_image, app.ARGS.output_bias],
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
+                preserve_pipes=True,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_mask:
     run.command(['mrconvert', dwi_mask_image, app.ARGS.output_mask],
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
+                preserve_pipes=True,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.output_scale:
@@ -445,6 +448,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.output_tissuesum:
     run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_sum_image, app.ARGS.output_tissuesum],
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
+                preserve_pipes=True,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
 
diff --git a/bin/dwigradcheck b/bin/dwigradcheck
index d6efe5226f..5b39ea2288 100755
--- a/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     perm = ''.join(map(str, best[2]))
     suffix = f'_flip{best[1]}_perm{perm}_{best[3]}'
     if best[3] == 'scanner':
-      grad_import_option = ['-grad', 'grad{suffix}.b']
+      grad_import_option = ['-grad', f'grad{suffix}.b']
     elif best[3] == 'image':
-      grad_import_option = ['-fslgrad', 'bvecs{suffix}', 'bvals']
+      grad_import_option = ['-fslgrad', f'bvecs{suffix}', 'bvals']
     else:
       assert False
     run.command(['mrinfo', 'data.mif']
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen
index 9c62b6564c..69eb1e266c 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer && 5ttgen freesurfer BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz - | 5ttgen freesurfer - - && testing_diff_image - 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz - | 5ttgen freesurfer - - | testing_diff_image - 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
 5ttgen freesurfer BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/nocrop.mif -nocrop -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/nocrop.mif 5ttgen/freesurfer/nocrop.mif.gz
 5ttgen freesurfer BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif -sgm_amyg_hipp -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/5ttgen/freesurfer/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif 5ttgen/freesurfer/sgm_amyg_hipp.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl && 5ttgen fsl BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/default.mif -force # && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/default.mif 5ttgen/fsl/default.mif.gz
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz - | 5ttgen fsl - - | mrconvert - ..
 5ttgen fsl BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif -mask BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif 5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif.gz
 mrcalc BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz -mult tmp1.mif -force && 5ttgen fsl tmp1.mif ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/premasked.mif -premasked -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/fsl/premasked.mif 5ttgen/fsl/masked.mif.gz
 mkdir -p ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs && 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
-5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 - && testing_diff_header - 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
+5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 - | testing_diff_header - 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/white_stem.mif -white_stem -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/white_stem.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/white_stem.mif.gz
 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/modules.mif -hippocampi subfields -thalami nuclei -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/modules.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/modules.mif.gz
 5ttgen hsvs freesurfer/sub-01 ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif -hippocampi first -thalami first -force && testing_diff_header ../tmp/5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif 5ttgen/hsvs/first.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
index d98f3dc403..0d702f7e84 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/dwi2mask && mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -force && dwi2mask 3dautomask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/3dautomask_default.mif
 dwi2mask 3dautomask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/3dautomask_options.mif -clfrac 0.5 -nograd -peels 1 -nbhrs 17 -eclip -SI 130 -dilate 0 -erode 0 -NN1 -NN2 -NN3
 dwi2mask ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/ants_default.mif -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
-dwi2mask ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/ants_config.mif -config Dwi2maskTemplateImage dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz -config Dwi2maskTemplateMask dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
+dwi2mask ants tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/ants_config.mif -config Dwi2maskTemplateImage $(pwd)/dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz -config Dwi2maskTemplateMask $(pwd)/dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsfull_default.mif -software antsfull -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
 dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsquick_default.mif -software antsquick -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
 mrconvert dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz - | dwi2mask b02template tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/template_antsquick_default.mif -software antsquick -template - dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz -force
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ dwi2mask legacy tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/legacy.mif -force && testing_
 mrconvert tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif - | dwi2mask legacy - - | testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz
 dwi2mask mean tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mean.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mean.mif dwi2mask/mean.mif.gz
 dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif -tissuesum ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
-dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif -tissuesum - | testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
+dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif -tissuesum - -force | testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -init_mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_mask.mif -tissuesum ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_mask.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_tissuesum.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwi2mask mtnorm tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif -lmax 6,0,0 ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_mask.mif -tissuesum ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_tissuesum.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_mask.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_mask.mif.gz && testing_diff_image ../tmp/dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_tissuesum.mif dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax600_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
 dwi2mask synthstrip tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif ../tmp/dwi2mask/synthstrip_default.mif -force

From a483d00d99ef31933751e662672b5548fccadc6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2024 17:00:28 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 046/182] Python: Code formatting & documentation regeneration

- Some limited modification of code structure to be more faithful to C++ changes in #2818.
- Resolution of documentation changes occurring in #2678, particularly in its merge to dev following cmake adoption (#2689).
---
 docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst            |  10 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          |  24 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst      |  19 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst    |   4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst   |  16 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst     |  13 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst      |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst          |   4 +-
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |  24 +-
 docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst      |  21 +-
 python/bin/5ttgen                             |  21 +-
 python/bin/dwi2mask                           |  12 +-
 python/bin/dwi2response                       |  19 +-
 python/bin/dwibiasnormmask                    | 139 +++++----
 python/bin/dwicat                             |  17 +-
 python/bin/dwifslpreproc                      | 248 ++++++++++-------
 python/bin/dwigradcheck                       |   8 +-
 python/bin/dwinormalise                       |  13 +-
 python/bin/dwishellmath                       |  14 +-
 python/bin/for_each                           | 112 ++++----
 python/bin/labelsgmfix                        |   8 +-
 python/bin/mask2glass                         |  29 +-
 python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup                     |  30 +-
 python/bin/population_template                | 263 ++++++++++--------
 python/bin/responsemean                       |  24 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py    |   9 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      |   6 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py         |   7 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |   4 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py |  11 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |   3 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   |   3 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py     |   3 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py   |   4 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py     |   4 +-
 35 files changed, 653 insertions(+), 495 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
index 45e15bd715..83bbf1829a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-5ttgen acts as a 'master' script for generating a five-tissue-type (5TT) segmented tissue image suitable for use in Anatomically-Constrained Tractography (ACT). A range of different algorithms are available for completing this task. When using this script, the name of the algorithm to be used must appear as the first argument on the command-line after '5ttgen'. The subsequent compulsory arguments and options available depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.
+5ttgen acts as a "master" script for generating a five-tissue-type (5TT) segmented tissue image suitable for use in Anatomically-Constrained Tractography (ACT). A range of different algorithms are available for completing this task. When using this script, the name of the algorithm to be used must appear as the first argument on the command-line after "5ttgen". The subsequent compulsory arguments and options available depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.
 
-Each algorithm available also has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the 'fsl' algorithm, type '5ttgen fsl'.
+Each algorithm available also has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the "fsl" algorithm, type "5ttgen fsl".
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ Usage
 
     5ttgen freesurfer input output [ options ]
 
--  *input*: The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing 'aseg' in its name)
+-  *input*: The input FreeSurfer parcellation image (any image containing "aseg" in its name)
 -  *output*: The output 5TT image
 
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'freesurfer' algorithm
+Options specific to the "freesurfer" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-lut file** Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based (e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'fsl' algorithm
+Options specific to the "fsl" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-t2 image** Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index 6ef9814a03..6325cd6270 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-This script serves as an interface for many different algorithms that generate a binary mask from DWI data in different ways. Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the 'fslbet' algorithm, type 'dwi2mask fslbet'.
+This script serves as an interface for many different algorithms that generate a binary mask from DWI data in different ways. Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the "fslbet" algorithm, type "dwi2mask fslbet".
 
 More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: 
 https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'afni_3dautomask' algorithm
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Options specific to the "3dautomask" algorithm
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-clfrac** Set the 'clip level fraction', must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.
+- **-clfrac** Set the "clip level fraction"; must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.
 
-- **-nograd** The program uses a 'gradual' clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.
+- **-nograd** The program uses a "gradual" clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.
 
 - **-peels** Peel (erode) the mask n times, then unpeel (dilate).
 
-- **-nbhrs** Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded.  It should be between 6 and 26.
+- **-nbhrs** Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded. It should be between 6 and 26.
 
 - **-eclip** After creating the mask, remove exterior voxels below the clip threshold.
 
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'fslbet' algorithm
+Options specific to the "fslbet" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-bet_f** Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'hdbet' algorithm
+Options specific to the "hdbet" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-nogpu** Do not attempt to run on the GPU
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'mean' algorithm
+Options specific to the "mean" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-shells bvalues** Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm
 
 - **-init_mask image** Provide an initial brain mask, which will constrain the response function estimation (if omitted, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)
 
-- **-lmax values** The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); defaults are "4,0,0" for multi-shell and "4,0" for single-shell data)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); defaults are "4,0,0" for multi-shell and "4,0" for single-shell data
 
 - **-threshold value** the threshold on the total tissue density sum image used to derive the brain mask; default is 0.5
 
@@ -1102,14 +1102,14 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options for turning 'dwi2mask trace' into an iterative algorithm
+Options for turning "dwi2mask trace" into an iterative algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-iterative** (EXPERIMENTAL) Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images prior to thresholding
 
 - **-max_iters** Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm (default: 10)
 
-Options specific to the 'trace' algorithm
+Options specific to the "trace" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-shells bvalues** Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index dfc28d4d11..ce15f18d44 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -20,14 +20,15 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-dwi2response offers different algorithms for performing various types of response function estimation. The name of the algorithm must appear as the first argument on the command-line after 'dwi2response'. The subsequent arguments and options depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.
+dwi2response offers different algorithms for performing various types of response function estimation. The name of the algorithm must appear as the first argument on the command-line after "dwi2response". The subsequent arguments and options depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.
 
-Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the 'fa' algorithm, type 'dwi2response fa'.
+Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; e.g. to see the help page of the "fa" algorithm, type "dwi2response fa".
 
 More information on response function estimation for spherical deconvolution can be found at the following link: 
 https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/constrained_spherical_deconvolution/response_function_estimation.html
 
-Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive an initial voxel exclusion mask. More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html
+Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive an initial voxel exclusion mask. More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: 
+https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ This is an improved version of the Dhollander et al. (2016) algorithm for unsupe
 Options
 -------
 
-Options for the 'dhollander' algorithm
+Options for the "dhollander" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-erode passes** Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'fa' algorithm
+Options specific to the "fa" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-erode passes** Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'manual' algorithm
+Options specific to the "manual" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-dirs image** Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
@@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'msmt_5tt' algorithm
+Options specific to the "msmt_5tt" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-dirs image** Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel (a tensor fit will be used otherwise)
@@ -568,7 +569,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'tax' algorithm
+Options specific to the "tax" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-peak_ratio value** Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold
@@ -674,7 +675,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-Options specific to the 'tournier' algorithm
+Options specific to the "tournier" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-number voxels** Number of single-fibre voxels to use when calculating response function
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index d2ec382651..0cba332966 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ dwibiascorrect fsl
 Synopsis
 --------
 
-Perform DWI bias field correction using the 'fast' command as provided in FSL
+Perform DWI bias field correction using the "fast" command as provided in FSL
 
 Usage
 -----
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-The FSL 'fast' command only estimates the bias field within a brain mask, and cannot extrapolate this smoothly-varying field beyond the defined mask. As such, this algorithm by necessity introduces a hard masking of the input DWI. Since this attribute may interfere with the purpose of using the command (e.g. correction of a bias field is commonly used to improve brain mask estimation), use of this particular algorithm is generally not recommended.
+The FSL "fast" command only estimates the bias field within a brain mask, and cannot extrapolate this smoothly-varying field beyond the defined mask. As such, this algorithm by necessity introduces a hard masking of the input DWI. Since this attribute may interfere with the purpose of using the command (e.g. correction of a bias field is commonly used to improve brain mask estimation), use of this particular algorithm is generally not recommended.
 
 Options
 -------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
index c8ffd5b80e..7016a43c59 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ DWI bias field correction, intensity normalisation and masking are inter-related
 
 The operation of the algorithm is as follows. An initial mask is defined, either using the default dwi2mask algorithm or as provided by the user. Based on this mask, a sequence of response function estimation, multi-shell multi-tissue CSD, bias field correction (using the mtnormalise command), and intensity normalisation is performed. The default dwi2mask algorithm is then re-executed on the bias-field-corrected DWI series. This sequence of steps is then repeated based on the revised mask, until either a convergence criterion or some number of maximum iterations is reached.
 
-The MRtrix3 mtnormalise command is used to estimate information relating to bias field and intensity normalisation. However its usage in this context is different to its conventional usage. Firstly, while the corrected ODF images are typically used directly following invocation of this command, here the estimated bias field and scaling factors are instead used to apply the relevant corrections to the originating DWI data. Secondly, the global intensity scaling that is calculated and applied is typically based on achieving close to a unity sum of tissue signal fractions throughout the masked region. Here, it is instead the b=0 signal in CSF that forms the reference for this global intensity scaling; this is calculated based on the estimated CSF response function and the tissue-specific intensity scaling (this is calculated internally by mtnormalise as part of its optimisation process, but typically subsequently discarded in favour of a single scaling factor for all tissues)
+The MRtrix3 mtnormalise command is used to estimate information relating to bias field and intensity normalisation. However its usage in this context is different to its conventional usage. Firstly, while the corrected ODF images are typically used directly following invocation of this command here the estimated bias field and scaling factors are instead used to apply the relevant corrections to the originating DWI data. Secondly, the global intensity scaling that is calculated and applied is typically based on achieving close to a unity sum of tissue signal fractions throughout the masked region. Here, it is instead the b=0 signal in CSF that forms the reference for this global intensity scaling; this is calculated based on the estimated CSF response function and the tissue-specific intensity scaling (this is calculated internally by mtnormalise as part of its optimisation process, but typically subsequently discarded in favour of a single scaling factor for all tissues)
 
 The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal spherical harmonic degree than what would be advised for analysis. This is done for computational efficiency. This behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.
 
 By default, the optimisation procedure will terminate after only two iterations. This is done because it has been observed for some data / configurations that additional iterations can lead to unstable divergence and erroneous results for bias field estimation and masking. For other configurations, it may be preferable to use a greater number of iterations, and allow the iterative algorithm to converge to a stable solution. This can be controlled via the -max_iters command-line option.
 
-Within the optimisation algorithm, derivation of the mask may potentially be performed differently to a conventional mask derivation that is based on a DWI series (where, in many instances, it is actually only the mean b=0 image that is used). Here, the image corresponding to the sum of tissue signal fractions following spherical deconvolution / bias field correction / intensity normalisation is also available, and this can potentially be used for mask derivation. Available options are as follows. "dwi2mask": Use the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask on the bias-field-corrected DWI series (ie. do not use the ODF tissue sum image for mask derivation); the algorithm to be invoked can be controlled by the user via the MRtrix config file entry "Dwi2maskAlgorithm". "fslbet": Invoke the FSL command "bet" on the ODF tissue sum image. "hdbet": Invoke the HD-BET command on the ODF tissue sum image. "mrthreshold": Invoke the MRtrix3 command "mrthreshold" on the ODF tissue sum image, where an appropriate threshold value will be determined automatically (and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed). "synthstrip": Invoke the FreeSurfer SynthStrip method on the ODF tissue sum image. "threshold": Apply a fixed partial volume threshold of 0.5 to the ODF tissue sum image  (and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed).
+Within the optimisation algorithm, derivation of the mask may potentially be performed differently to a conventional mask derivation that is based on a DWI series (where, in many instances, it is actually only the mean b=0 image that is used). Here, the image corresponding to the sum of tissue signal fractions following spherical deconvolution / bias field correction / intensity normalisation is also available,  and this can potentially be used for mask derivation. Available options are as follows. "dwi2mask": Use the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask on the bias-field-corrected DWI series (ie. do not use the ODF tissue sum image for mask derivation); the algorithm to be invoked can be controlled by the user via the MRtrix config file entry "Dwi2maskAlgorithm". "fslbet": Invoke the FSL command "bet" on the ODF tissue sum image. "hdbet": Invoke the HD-BET command on the ODF tissue sum image. "mrthreshold": Invoke the MRtrix3 command "mrthreshold" on the ODF tissue sum image, where an appropriate threshold value will be determined automatically (and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed). "synthstrip": Invoke the FreeSurfer SynthStrip method on the ODF tissue sum image. "threshold": Apply a fixed partial volume threshold of 0.5 to the ODF tissue sum image (and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed).
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -47,24 +47,24 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 Options relevant to the internal optimisation procedure
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-dice value** Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations that will result in termination due to convergence; default = 0.999
+- **-dice value** Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations  that will result in termination due to convergence; default = 0.999
 
-- **-init_mask image** Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm (if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)
+- **-init_mask** Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm (if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)
 
 - **-max_iters count** The maximum number of iterations (see Description); default is 2; set to 0 to proceed until convergence
 
 - **-mask_algo algorithm** The algorithm to use for mask estimation, potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description); default: threshold
 
-- **-lmax values** The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); defaults are "4,0,0" for multi-shell and "4,0" for single-shell data)
+- **-lmax values** The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); defaults are "4,0,0" for multi-shell  and "4,0" for single-shell data)
 
 Options that modulate the outputs of the script
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-output_bias image** Export the final estimated bias field to an image
+- **-output_bias** Export the final estimated bias field to an image
 
-- **-output_scale file** Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file
+- **-output_scale** Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file
 
-- **-output_tissuesum image** Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask
+- **-output_tissuesum** Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask
 
 - **-reference value** Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series (default: 1000.0)
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
index d0c3a02faf..81927c4f0a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
@@ -26,13 +26,16 @@ This script is intended to provide convenience of use of the FSL software tools
 More information on use of the dwifslpreproc command can be found at the following link: 
 https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/dwi_preprocessing/dwifslpreproc.html
 
-Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy", which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters and possibly also the classification of outlier slices. If FSL command "topup" is used to estimate a susceptibility field, then dwi2mask will be executed on the resuts of running FSL command "applytopup" to the input DWIs; otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs. Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask. More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html
+Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy", which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters and possibly also the classification of outlier slices. If FSL command "topup" is used to estimate a susceptibility field, then dwi2mask will be executed on the resuts of running FSL command "applytopup" to the input DWIs; otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs. Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask. More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: 
+https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/3.0.4/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html
 
-The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy. The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL; users can interrogate such by querying the help pages of the installed software, and/or the FSL online documentation: (topup) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/topup/TopupUsersGuide ; (eddy) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/eddy/UsersGuide
+The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy. The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL; users can interrogate such by querying the help pages of the installed software, and/or the FSL online documentation: 
+(topup) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/topup/TopupUsersGuide ; 
+(eddy) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/eddy/UsersGuide
 
 The script will attempt to run the CUDA version of eddy; if this does not succeed for any reason, or is not present on the system, the CPU version will be attempted instead. By default, the CUDA eddy binary found that indicates compilation against the most recent version of CUDA will be attempted; this can be over-ridden by providing a soft-link "eddy_cuda" within your path that links to the binary you wish to be executed.
 
-Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, guaranteeing alignment. But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle (note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).
+Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, guaranteeing alignment.  But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle (note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).
 
 Example usages
 --------------
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ Example usages
 
         $ mrcat DWI_*.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; mrcat b0_*.mif b0_all.mif -axis 3; dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_header -se_epi b0_all.mif -align_seepi
 
-    With this usage, the relevant phase encoding information is determined entirely based on the contents of the relevant image headers, and dwifslpreproc prepares all metadata for the executed FSL commands accordingly. This can therefore be used if the particular DWI acquisition strategy used does not correspond to one of the simple examples as described in the prior examples. This usage is predicated on the headers of the input files containing appropriately-named key-value fields such that MRtrix3 tools identify them as such. In some cases, conversion from DICOM using MRtrix3 commands will automatically extract and embed this information; however this is not true for all scanner vendors and/or software versions. In the latter case it may be possible to manually provide these metadata; either using the -json_import command-line option of dwifslpreproc, or the -json_import or one of the -import_pe_* command-line options of MRtrix3's mrconvert command (and saving in .mif format) prior to running dwifslpreproc.
+    With this usage, the relevant phase encoding information is determined entirely based on the contents of the relevant image headers, and dwifslpreproc prepares all metadata for the executed FSL commands accordingly.  This can therefore be used if the particular DWI acquisition strategy used does not correspond to one of the simple examples as described in the prior examples. This usage is predicated on the headers of the input files containing appropriately-named key-value fields such that MRtrix3 tools identify them as such. In some cases, conversion from DICOM using MRtrix3 commands will automatically extract and embed this information; however this is not true for all scanner vendors and/or software versions. In the latter case it may be possible to manually provide these metadata; either using the -json_import command-line option of dwifslpreproc, or the -json_import or one of the -import_pe_* command-line options of MRtrix3's mrconvert command (and saving in .mif format) prior to running dwifslpreproc.
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions
 
 - **-se_epi image** Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)
 
-- **-align_seepi** Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation, and the DWIs (more information in Description section)
+- **-align_seepi** Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation and the DWIs (more information in Description section)
 
 - **-topup_options " TopupOptions"** Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
index 4c6611b63f..005820818b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-The output of this command is a 4D image, where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), and the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.
+The output of this command is a 4D image, where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), an the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.
 
 Example usages
 --------------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst b/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
index c1375d0395..b09948c876 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ Example usages
 
         $ for_each folder/*.mif : mrinfo IN
 
-    This will run the "mrinfo" command for every .mif file present in "folder/". Note that the compulsory colon symbol is used to separate the list of items on which for_each is being instructed to operate, from the command that is intended to be run for each input.
+    This will run the "mrinfo" command for every .mif file present in "folder/". Note that the compulsory colon symbol is used to separate the list of items on which for_each is being instructed to operate from the command that is intended to be run for each input.
 
 -   *Multi-threaded use of for_each*::
 
         $ for_each -nthreads 4 freesurfer/subjects/* : recon-all -subjid NAME -all
 
-    In this example, for_each is instructed to run the FreeSurfer command 'recon-all' for all subjects within the 'subjects' directory, with four subjects being processed in parallel at any one time. Whenever processing of one subject is completed, processing for a new unprocessed subject will commence. This technique is useful for improving the efficiency of running single-threaded commands on multi-core systems, as long as the system possesses enough memory to support such parallel processing. Note that in the case of multi-threaded commands (which includes many MRtrix3 commands), it is generally preferable to permit multi-threaded execution of the command on a single input at a time, rather than processing multiple inputs in parallel.
+    In this example, for_each is instructed to run the FreeSurfer command "recon-all" for all subjects within the "subjects" directory, with four subjects being processed in parallel at any one time. Whenever processing of one subject is completed, processing for a new unprocessed subject will commence. This technique is useful for improving the efficiency of running single-threaded commands on multi-core systems, as long as the system possesses enough memory to support such parallel processing. Note that in the case of multi-threaded commands (which includes many MRtrix3 commands), it is generally preferable to permit multi-threaded execution of the command on a single input at a time, rather than processing multiple inputs in parallel.
 
 -   *Excluding specific inputs from execution*::
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index e9b64da171..9e38019957 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -38,17 +38,17 @@ Options
 Input, output and general options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-type** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are "rigid" (perform rigid registration only which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), "affine" (perform affine registration) and "nonlinear" as well as cominations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
+- **-type** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are: "rigid" (perform rigid registration only, which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis); "affine" (perform affine registration); "nonlinear"; as well as cominations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
 
 - **-voxel_size** Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.
 
-- **-initial_alignment** Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are "mass" (default), "robust_mass" (requires masks), "geometric" and "none".
+- **-initial_alignment** Method of alignment to form the initial template.Options are: "mass" (default); "robust_mass" (requires masks); "geometric"; "none".
 
 - **-mask_dir** Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.
 
 - **-warp_dir** Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
 
-- **-transformed_dir** Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide comma separated list of directories.
+- **-transformed_dir** Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.
 
 - **-linear_transformations_dir** Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Input, output and general options
 
 - **-noreorientation** Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)
 
-- **-leave_one_out** Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: 0, 1, auto. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15)) 
+- **-leave_one_out** Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: 0, 1, auto. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))
 
 - **-aggregate** Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: mean, median. Default: mean
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Input, output and general options
 Options for the non-linear registration
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-nl_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0). This implicitly defines the number of template levels
+- **-nl_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0). This implicitly defines the number of template levels
 
 - **-nl_lmax** Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list
 
@@ -96,24 +96,24 @@ Options for the linear registration
 
 - **-rigid_lmax** Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
-- **-rigid_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
+- **-rigid_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
 - **-affine_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels
 
 - **-affine_lmax** Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
-- **-affine_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default:500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
+- **-affine_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
 Multi-contrast options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mc_weight_initial_alignment** Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0
+- **-mc_weight_initial_alignment** Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).
 
-- **-mc_weight_rigid** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0
+- **-mc_weight_rigid** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
 
-- **-mc_weight_affine** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0
+- **-mc_weight_affine** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
 
-- **-mc_weight_nl** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0
+- **-mc_weight_nl** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch
 
 
 
-**Author:** David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) & Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) & Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)
+**Author:** David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) and Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)
 
 **Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
index 1036ea8272..3d5663cbfb 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
@@ -21,16 +21,29 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-Example usage: responsemean input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt ... output_average_response.txt
-
 All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), as well as the same number of coefficients per line.
 
-As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the coefficients will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the responsemean command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.
+As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, the response functions will be averaged. This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. This is however impossible for the responsemean command to determine based on the data provided; it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.
+
+Example usages
+--------------
+
+-   *Usage where all response functions are in the same directory:*::
+
+        $ responsemean input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt output_average_response.txt
+
+-   *Usage selecting response functions within a directory using a wildcard:*::
+
+        $ responsemean input_response*.txt output_average_response.txt
+
+-   *Usage where data for each participant reside in a participant-specific directory:*::
+
+        $ responsemean subject-*/response.txt output_average_response.txt
 
 Options
 -------
 
-- **-legacy** Use the legacy behaviour of former command 'average_response': average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files
+- **-legacy** Use the legacy behaviour of former command "average_response": average response function coefficients directly, without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/python/bin/5ttgen b/python/bin/5ttgen
index ccb5522d56..8e5d962899 100755
--- a/python/bin/5ttgen
+++ b/python/bin/5ttgen
@@ -23,14 +23,21 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image suitable for ACT')
   cmdline.add_citation('Smith, R. E.; Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. '
-                       'Anatomically-constrained tractography: Improved diffusion MRI streamlines tractography through effective use of anatomical information. '
+                       'Anatomically-constrained tractography:'
+                       ' Improved diffusion MRI streamlines tractography through effective use of anatomical information. '
                        'NeuroImage, 2012, 62, 1924-1938')
-  cmdline.add_description('5ttgen acts as a "master" script for generating a five-tissue-type (5TT) segmented tissue image suitable for use in Anatomically-Constrained Tractography (ACT). '
-                          'A range of different algorithms are available for completing this task. '
-                          'When using this script, the name of the algorithm to be used must appear as the first argument on the command-line after "5ttgen". '
-                          'The subsequent compulsory arguments and options available depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available also has its own help page, including necessary references; '
-                          'e.g. to see the help page of the "fsl" algorithm, type "5ttgen fsl".')
+  cmdline.add_description('5ttgen acts as a "master" script'
+                          ' for generating a five-tissue-type (5TT) segmented tissue image'
+                          ' suitable for use in Anatomically-Constrained Tractography (ACT).'
+                          ' A range of different algorithms are available for completing this task.'
+                          ' When using this script,'
+                          ' the name of the algorithm to be used must appear'
+                          ' as the first argument on the command-line after "5ttgen".'
+                          ' The subsequent compulsory arguments and options available'
+                          ' depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available also has its own help page,'
+                          ' including necessary references;'
+                          ' e.g. to see the help page of the "fsl" algorithm, type "5ttgen fsl".')
 
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all 5ttgen algorithms')
   common_options.add_argument('-nocrop',
diff --git a/python/bin/dwi2mask b/python/bin/dwi2mask
index a1b11031aa..ab805cc103 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwi2mask
+++ b/python/bin/dwi2mask
@@ -20,11 +20,15 @@
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generate a binary mask from DWI data')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script serves as an interface for many different algorithms that generate a binary mask from DWI data in different ways. '
-                          'Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; '
-                          'e.g. to see the help page of the "fslbet" algorithm, type "dwi2mask fslbet".')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script serves as an interface for many different algorithms'
+                          ' that generate a binary mask from DWI data in different ways.'
+                          ' Each algorithm available has its own help page,'
+                          ' including necessary references;'
+                          ' e.g. to see the help page of the "fslbet" algorithm,'
+                          ' type "dwi2mask fslbet".')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
 
diff --git a/python/bin/dwi2response b/python/bin/dwi2response
index 8c8e8687d6..c1e1a5f53e 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/python/bin/dwi2response
@@ -20,18 +20,23 @@
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Estimate response function(s) for spherical deconvolution')
   cmdline.add_description('dwi2response offers different algorithms for performing various types of response function estimation. '
                           'The name of the algorithm must appear as the first argument on the command-line after "dwi2response". '
                           'The subsequent arguments and options depend on the particular algorithm being invoked.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available has its own help page, including necessary references; '
-                          'e.g. to see the help page of the "fa" algorithm, type "dwi2response fa".')
-  cmdline.add_description('More information on response function estimation for spherical deconvolution can be found at the following link: \n'
+  cmdline.add_description('Each algorithm available has its own help page,'
+                          ' including necessary references;'
+                          ' e.g. to see the help page of the "fa" algorithm,'
+                           ' type "dwi2response fa".')
+  cmdline.add_description('More information on response function estimation for spherical deconvolution'
+                          ' can be found at the following link: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/constrained_spherical_deconvolution/response_function_estimation.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
-                          'derive an initial voxel exclusion mask. '
-                          'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: '
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified,'
+                          ' the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to'
+                          ' derive an initial voxel exclusion mask.'
+                          ' More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
 
   # General options
diff --git a/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index 3559c2aecf..e5c4e91dc6 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -27,50 +27,70 @@ DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT = 1.0 - 1e-3
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform a combination of bias field correction, intensity normalisation, and mask derivation, for DWI data')
-  cmdline.add_description('DWI bias field correction, intensity normalisation and masking are inter-related steps, and errors '
-                          'in each may influence other steps. This script is designed to perform all of these steps in an integrated '
-                          'iterative fashion, with the intention of making all steps more robust.')
-  cmdline.add_description('The operation of the algorithm is as follows. An initial mask is defined, either using the default dwi2mask '
-                          'algorithm or as provided by the user. Based on this mask, a sequence of response function estimation, '
-                          'multi-shell multi-tissue CSD, bias field correction (using the mtnormalise command), and intensity '
-                          'normalisation is performed. The default dwi2mask algorithm is then re-executed on the bias-field-corrected '
-                          'DWI series. This sequence of steps is then repeated based on the revised mask, until either a convergence '
-                          'criterion or some number of maximum iterations is reached.')
-  cmdline.add_description('The MRtrix3 mtnormalise command is used to estimate information relating to bias field and intensity '
-                          'normalisation. However its usage in this context is different to its conventional usage. Firstly, '
-                          'while the corrected ODF images are typically used directly following invocation of this command, '
-                          'here the estimated bias field and scaling factors are instead used to apply the relevant corrections to '
-                          'the originating DWI data. Secondly, the global intensity scaling that is calculated and applied is '
-                          'typically based on achieving close to a unity sum of tissue signal fractions throughout the masked region. '
-                          'Here, it is instead the b=0 signal in CSF that forms the reference for this global intensity scaling; '
-                          'this is calculated based on the estimated CSF response function and the tissue-specific intensity '
-                          'scaling (this is calculated internally by mtnormalise as part of its optimisation process, but typically '
-                          'subsequently discarded in favour of a single scaling factor for all tissues)')
-  cmdline.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal spherical harmonic '
-                          'degree than what would be advised for analysis. This is done for computational efficiency. This '
-                          'behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
-  cmdline.add_description('By default, the optimisation procedure will terminate after only two iterations. This is done because '
-                          'it has been observed for some data / configurations that additional iterations can lead to unstable '
-                          'divergence and erroneous results for bias field estimation and masking. For other configurations, '
-                          'it may be preferable to use a greater number of iterations, and allow the iterative algorithm to '
-                          'converge to a stable solution. This can be controlled via the -max_iters command-line option.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Within the optimisation algorithm, derivation of the mask may potentially be performed differently to '
-                          'a conventional mask derivation that is based on a DWI series (where, in many instances, it is actually '
-                          'only the mean b=0 image that is used). Here, the image corresponding to the sum of tissue signal fractions '
-                          'following spherical deconvolution / bias field correction / intensity normalisation is also available, '
-                          'and this can potentially be used for mask derivation. Available options are as follows. '
-                          '"dwi2mask": Use the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask on the bias-field-corrected DWI series '
-                          '(ie. do not use the ODF tissue sum image for mask derivation); '
-                          'the algorithm to be invoked can be controlled by the user via the MRtrix config file entry "Dwi2maskAlgorithm". '
-                          '"fslbet": Invoke the FSL command "bet" on the ODF tissue sum image. '
-                          '"hdbet": Invoke the HD-BET command on the ODF tissue sum image. '
-                          '"mrthreshold": Invoke the MRtrix3 command "mrthreshold" on the ODF tissue sum image, '
-                          'where an appropriate threshold value will be determined automatically '
-                          '(and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed). '
-                          '"synthstrip": Invoke the FreeSurfer SynthStrip method on the ODF tissue sum image. '
-                          '"threshold": Apply a fixed partial volume threshold of 0.5 to the ODF tissue sum image '
+  cmdline.add_description('DWI bias field correction,'
+                          ' intensity normalisation and masking are inter-related steps,'
+                          ' and errors in each may influence other steps.'
+                          ' This script is designed to perform all of these steps in an integrated iterative fashion,'
+                          ' with the intention of making all steps more robust.')
+  cmdline.add_description('The operation of the algorithm is as follows.'
+                          ' An initial mask is defined,'
+                          ' either using the default dwi2mask algorithm or as provided by the user.'
+                          ' Based on this mask,'
+                          ' a sequence of response function estimation, '
+                          'multi-shell multi-tissue CSD,'
+                          ' bias field correction (using the mtnormalise command),'
+                          ' and intensity normalisation is performed.'
+                          ' The default dwi2mask algorithm is then re-executed on the bias-field-corrected DWI series.'
+                          ' This sequence of steps is then repeated based on the revised mask,'
+                          ' until either a convergence criterion or some number of maximum iterations is reached.')
+  cmdline.add_description('The MRtrix3 mtnormalise command is used to estimate information'
+                          ' relating to bias field and intensity normalisation.'
+                          ' However its usage in this context is different to its conventional usage.'
+                          ' Firstly, while the corrected ODF images are typically used directly following invocation of this command'
+                          ' here the estimated bias field and scaling factors are instead used'
+                          ' to apply the relevant corrections to the originating DWI data.'
+                          ' Secondly, the global intensity scaling that is calculated and applied is typically based'
+                          ' on achieving close to a unity sum of tissue signal fractions throughout the masked region.'
+                          ' Here, it is instead the b=0 signal in CSF that forms the reference for this global intensity scaling;'
+                          ' this is calculated based on the estimated CSF response function'
+                          ' and the tissue-specific intensity scaling'
+                          ' (this is calculated internally by mtnormalise as part of its optimisation process,'
+                          ' but typically subsequently discarded in favour of a single scaling factor for all tissues)')
+  cmdline.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default'
+                          ' of lower maximal spherical harmonic degree than what would be advised for analysis.'
+                          ' This is done for computational efficiency.'
+                          ' This behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
+  cmdline.add_description('By default, the optimisation procedure will terminate after only two iterations.'
+                          ' This is done because it has been observed for some data / configurations that'
+                          ' additional iterations can lead to unstable divergence'
+                          ' and erroneous results for bias field estimation and masking.'
+                          ' For other configurations,'
+                          ' it may be preferable to use a greater number of iterations,'
+                          ' and allow the iterative algorithm to converge to a stable solution.'
+                          ' This can be controlled via the -max_iters command-line option.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Within the optimisation algorithm,'
+                          ' derivation of the mask may potentially be performed'
+                          ' differently to a conventional mask derivation that is based on a DWI series'
+                          ' (where, in many instances, it is actually only the mean b=0 image that is used).'
+                          ' Here, the image corresponding to the sum of tissue signal fractions'
+                          ' following spherical deconvolution / bias field correction / intensity normalisation'
+                          ' is also available, '
+                          ' and this can potentially be used for mask derivation.'
+                          ' Available options are as follows.'
+                          ' "dwi2mask": Use the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask on the bias-field-corrected DWI series'
+                          ' (ie. do not use the ODF tissue sum image for mask derivation);'
+                          ' the algorithm to be invoked can be controlled by the user'
+                          ' via the MRtrix config file entry "Dwi2maskAlgorithm".'
+                          ' "fslbet": Invoke the FSL command "bet" on the ODF tissue sum image.'
+                          ' "hdbet": Invoke the HD-BET command on the ODF tissue sum image.'
+                          ' "mrthreshold": Invoke the MRtrix3 command "mrthreshold" on the ODF tissue sum image,'
+                          ' where an appropriate threshold value will be determined automatically'
+                          ' (and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed).'
+                          ' "synthstrip": Invoke the FreeSurfer SynthStrip method on the ODF tissue sum image.'
+                          ' "threshold": Apply a fixed partial volume threshold of 0.5 to the ODF tissue sum image'
                           ' (and some heuristic cleanup of the resulting mask will be performed).')
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B; Tournier, J-D; Dhollander, T; Connelly, A & Sijbers, J. '
                        'Multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution for improved analysis of multi-shell diffusion MRI data. '
@@ -96,47 +116,54 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   output_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options that modulate the outputs of the script')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_bias',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                              metavar='image',
                               help='Export the final estimated bias field to an image')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_scale',
                               type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                              metavar='file',
                               help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_tissuesum',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                              metavar='image',
                               help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask')
   output_options.add_argument('-reference',
                               type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                               metavar='value',
                               default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
-                              help=f'Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series (default: {REFERENCE_INTENSITY})')
+                              help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series'
+                                   f' (default: {REFERENCE_INTENSITY})')
   internal_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options relevant to the internal optimisation procedure')
   internal_options.add_argument('-dice',
                                 type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
                                 default=DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT,
                                 metavar='value',
-                                help=f'Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations that will '
-                                     f'result in termination due to convergence; default = {DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT}')
+                                help='Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations'
+                                     ' that will result in termination due to convergence;'
+                                     f' default = {DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT}')
   internal_options.add_argument('-init_mask',
                                 type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                                 help='Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm '
-                                      '(if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
+                                metavar='image',
+                                help='Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm'
+                                     ' (if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   internal_options.add_argument('-max_iters',
                                 type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                                 default=DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS,
                                 metavar='count',
-                                help=f'The maximum number of iterations (see Description); default is {DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS}; '
-                                     f'set to 0 to proceed until convergence')
+                                help='The maximum number of iterations (see Description);'
+                                     f' default is {DWIBIASCORRECT_MAX_ITERS};'
+                                     ' set to 0 to proceed until convergence')
   internal_options.add_argument('-mask_algo',
                                 choices=MASK_ALGOS,
                                 metavar='algorithm',
-                                help=f'The algorithm to use for mask estimation, '
-                                     f'potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description); '
-                                     f'default: {MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT}')
+                                help='The algorithm to use for mask estimation,'
+                                     ' potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description);'
+                                     f' default: {MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT}')
   internal_options.add_argument('-lmax',
                                 metavar='values',
                                 type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                                help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
-                                     f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
-                                     f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
+                                help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description);'
+                                     f' defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
+                                     f' and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
 
diff --git a/python/bin/dwicat b/python/bin/dwicat
index e7ede9a896..810fe14ead 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwicat
+++ b/python/bin/dwicat
@@ -24,15 +24,16 @@ import json, shutil
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  cmdline.set_author('Lena Dorfschmidt (ld548@cam.ac.uk) '
-                     'and Jakub Vohryzek (jakub.vohryzek@queens.ox.ac.uk) '
-                     'and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Lena Dorfschmidt (ld548@cam.ac.uk)'
+                     ' and Jakub Vohryzek (jakub.vohryzek@queens.ox.ac.uk)'
+                     ' and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Concatenating multiple DWI series accounting for differential intensity scaling')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script concatenates two or more 4D DWI series, accounting for the '
-                          'fact that there may be differences in intensity scaling between those series. '
-                          'This intensity scaling is corrected by determining scaling factors that will '
-                          'make the overall image intensities in the b=0 volumes of each series approximately '
-                          'equivalent.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script concatenates two or more 4D DWI series,'
+                          ' accounting for the fact that there may be differences in'
+                          ' intensity scaling between those series.'
+                          ' This intensity scaling is corrected by determining scaling factors'
+                          ' that will make the overall image intensities in the b=0 volumes'
+                          ' of each series approximately equivalent.')
   cmdline.add_argument('inputs',
                        nargs='+',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
diff --git a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc b/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 313c4ed385..fd90aa5ae3 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -26,87 +26,116 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform diffusion image pre-processing using FSL\'s eddy tool; '
                        'including inhomogeneity distortion correction using FSL\'s topup tool if possible')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script is intended to provide convenience of use of the FSL software tools topup and eddy for performing DWI pre-processing, '
-                          'by encapsulating some of the surrounding image data and metadata processing steps. '
-                          'It is intended to simply these processing steps for most commonly-used DWI acquisition strategies, '
-                          'whilst also providing support for some more exotic acquisitions. '
-                          'The "example usage" section demonstrates the ways in which the script can be used based on the (compulsory) -rpe_* command-line options.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script is intended to provide convenience of use of the FSL software tools'
+                          ' topup and eddy for performing DWI pre-processing,'
+                          ' by encapsulating some of the surrounding image data and metadata processing steps.'
+                          ' It is intended to simply these processing steps for most commonly-used DWI acquisition strategies,'
+                          ' whilst also providing support for some more exotic acquisitions.'
+                          ' The "example usage" section demonstrates the ways in which the script can be used'
+                          ' based on the (compulsory) -rpe_* command-line options.')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the dwifslpreproc command can be found at the following link: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/dwifslpreproc.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy", '
-                          'which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters and possibly also the classification of outlier slices. '
-                          'If FSL command "topup" is used to estimate a susceptibility field, '
-                          'then dwi2mask will be executed on the resuts of running FSL command "applytopup" to the input DWIs; '
-                          'otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs. '
-                          'Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask. '
-                          'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: '
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called'
+                          ' to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy",'
+                          ' which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters'
+                          ' and possibly also the classification of outlier slices.'
+                          ' If FSL command "topup" is used to estimate a susceptibility field,'
+                          ' then dwi2mask will be executed on the resuts of running FSL command "applytopup" to the input DWIs;'
+                          ' otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs.'
+                          ' Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask.'
+                          ' More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy. '
-                          'The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL; '
-                          'users can interrogate such by querying the help pages of the installed software, '
-                          'and/or the FSL online documentation: '
-                          '(topup) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/topup/TopupUsersGuide ; '
+  cmdline.add_description('The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user'
+                          ' to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy.'
+                          ' The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL;'
+                          ' users can interrogate such by querying the help pages of the installed software,'
+                          ' and/or the FSL online documentation: \n'
+                          '(topup) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/topup/TopupUsersGuide ; \n'
                           '(eddy) https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/eddy/UsersGuide')
-  cmdline.add_description('The script will attempt to run the CUDA version of eddy; '
-                          'if this does not succeed for any reason, or is not present on the system, '
-                          'the CPU version will be attempted instead. '
-                          'By default, the CUDA eddy binary found that indicates compilation against the most recent version of CUDA will be attempted; '
-                          'this can be over-ridden by providing a soft-link "eddy_cuda" within your path that links to the binary you wish to be executed.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, '
-                          'and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. '
-                          'In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. '
-                          'Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, '
-                          'which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, '
-                          'guaranteeing alignment. '
-                          'But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option '
-                          'must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: '
-                          'this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle '
-                          '(note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).')
-  cmdline.add_example_usage('A basic DWI acquisition, where all image volumes are acquired in a single protocol with fixed phase encoding',
+  cmdline.add_description('The script will attempt to run the CUDA version of eddy;'
+                          ' if this does not succeed for any reason,'
+                          ' or is not present on the system,'
+                          ' the CPU version will be attempted instead.'
+                          ' By default, the CUDA eddy binary found that indicates compilation'
+                          ' against the most recent version of CUDA will be attempted;'
+                          ' this can be over-ridden by providing a soft-link "eddy_cuda" within your path'
+                          ' that links to the binary you wish to be executed.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration'
+                          ' between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option,'
+                          ' and the DWI volumes provided to eddy.'
+                          ' In some instances (motion between acquisitions)'
+                          ' this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction.'
+                          ' Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario,'
+                          ' which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup'
+                          ' is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy,'
+                          ' guaranteeing alignment.'
+                          ' But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast'
+                          ' within the images provided to the -se_epi option'
+                          ' must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series:'
+                          ' this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle'
+                          ' (note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions'
+                          ' may lead to differences in TR).')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('A basic DWI acquisition,'
+                            ' where all image volumes are acquired in a single protocol with fixed phase encoding',
                             'dwifslpreproc DWI_in.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_none -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.55',
-                            'Due to use of a single fixed phase encoding, no EPI distortion correction can be applied in this case.')
+                            'Due to use of a single fixed phase encoding,'
+                            ' no EPI distortion correction can be applied in this case.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('DWIs all acquired with a single fixed phase encoding; '
-                            'but additionally a pair of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding to estimate the inhomogeneity field',
-                            'mrcat b0_ap.mif b0_pa.mif b0_pair.mif -axis 3; '
-                            'dwifslpreproc DWI_in.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_pair -se_epi b0_pair.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.72 -align_seepi',
-                            'Here the two individual b=0 volumes are concatenated into a single 4D image series, '
-                            'and this is provided to the script via the -se_epi option. '
-                            'Note that with the -rpe_pair option used here, '
-                            'which indicates that the SE-EPI image series contains one or more pairs of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding, '
-                            'the FIRST HALF of the volumes in the SE-EPI series must possess the same phase encoding as the input DWI series, '
-                            'while the second half are assumed to contain the opposite phase encoding direction but identical total readout time. '
-                            'Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated as long as its use is valid '
-                            '(more information in the Description section).')
-  cmdline.add_example_usage('All DWI directions & b-values are acquired twice, '
-                            'with the phase encoding direction of the second acquisition protocol being reversed with respect to the first',
-                            'mrcat DWI_lr.mif DWI_rl.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; '
-                            'dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_all -pe_dir lr -readout_time 0.66',
-                            'Here the two acquisition protocols are concatenated into a single DWI series containing all acquired volumes. '
-                            'The direction indicated via the -pe_dir option should be the direction of '
-                            'phase encoding used in acquisition of the FIRST HALF of volumes in the input DWI series; '
-                            'ie. the first of the two files that was provided to the mrcat command. '
-                            'In this usage scenario, '
-                            'the output DWI series will contain the same number of image volumes as ONE of the acquired DWI series '
-                            '(ie. half of the number in the concatenated series); '
-                            'this is because the script will identify pairs of volumes that possess the same diffusion sensitisation but reversed phase encoding, '
-                            'and perform explicit recombination of those volume pairs in such a way that image contrast in '
-                            'regions of inhomogeneity is determined from the stretched rather than the compressed image.')
+                            'but additionally a pair of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding'
+                            ' to estimate the inhomogeneity field',
+                            'mrcat b0_ap.mif b0_pa.mif b0_pair.mif -axis 3;'
+                            ' dwifslpreproc DWI_in.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_pair -se_epi b0_pair.mif -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.72 -align_seepi',
+                            'Here the two individual b=0 volumes are concatenated into a single 4D image series,'
+                            ' and this is provided to the script via the -se_epi option.'
+                            ' Note that with the -rpe_pair option used here,'
+                            ' which indicates that the SE-EPI image series contains'
+                            ' one or more pairs of b=0 images with reversed phase encoding,'
+                            ' the FIRST HALF of the volumes in the SE-EPI series must possess'
+                            ' the same phase encoding as the input DWI series,'
+                            ' while the second half are assumed to contain the opposite'
+                            ' phase encoding direction but identical total readout time.'
+                            ' Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated as long as its use is valid'
+                            ' (more information in the Description section).')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('All DWI directions & b-values are acquired twice,'
+                            ' with the phase encoding direction of the second acquisition protocol'
+                            ' being reversed with respect to the first',
+                            'mrcat DWI_lr.mif DWI_rl.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3;'
+                            ' dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_all -pe_dir lr -readout_time 0.66',
+                            'Here the two acquisition protocols are concatenated'
+                            ' into a single DWI series containing all acquired volumes.'
+                            ' The direction indicated via the -pe_dir option should be the direction of'
+                            ' phase encoding used in acquisition of the FIRST HALF of volumes in the input DWI series;'
+                            ' ie. the first of the two files that was provided to the mrcat command.'
+                            ' In this usage scenario,'
+                            ' the output DWI series will contain the same number of image volumes'
+                            ' as ONE of the acquired DWI series'
+                            ' (ie. half of the number in the concatenated series);'
+                            ' this is because the script will identify pairs of volumes that possess'
+                            ' the same diffusion sensitisation but reversed phase encoding,'
+                            ' and perform explicit recombination of those volume pairs in such a way'
+                            ' that image contrast in regions of inhomogeneity is determined'
+                            ' from the stretched rather than the compressed image.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Any acquisition scheme that does not fall into one of the example usages above',
-                            'mrcat DWI_*.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3; '
-                            'mrcat b0_*.mif b0_all.mif -axis 3; '
-                            'dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_header -se_epi b0_all.mif -align_seepi',
-                            'With this usage, '
-                            'the relevant phase encoding information is determined entirely based on the contents of the relevant image headers, '
-                            'and dwifslpreproc prepares all metadata for the executed FSL commands accordingly. '
-                            'This can therefore be used if the particular DWI acquisition strategy used does not correspond to one of the simple examples as described in the prior examples. '
-                            'This usage is predicated on the headers of the input files containing appropriately-named key-value fields such that MRtrix3 tools identify them as such. '
-                            'In some cases, conversion from DICOM using MRtrix3 commands will automatically extract and embed this information; '
-                            'however this is not true for all scanner vendors and/or software versions. '
-                            'In the latter case it may be possible to manually provide these metadata; '
-                            'either using the -json_import command-line option of dwifslpreproc, '
-                            'or the -json_import or one of the -import_pe_* command-line options of MRtrix3\'s mrconvert command '
-                            '(and saving in .mif format) '
-                            'prior to running dwifslpreproc.')
+                            'mrcat DWI_*.mif DWI_all.mif -axis 3;'
+                            ' mrcat b0_*.mif b0_all.mif -axis 3;'
+                            ' dwifslpreproc DWI_all.mif DWI_out.mif -rpe_header -se_epi b0_all.mif -align_seepi',
+                            'With this usage,'
+                            ' the relevant phase encoding information is determined'
+                            ' entirely based on the contents of the relevant image headers,'
+                            ' and dwifslpreproc prepares all metadata for the executed FSL commands accordingly. '
+                            ' This can therefore be used if the particular DWI acquisition strategy used'
+                            ' does not correspond to one of the simple examples as described in the prior examples.'
+                            ' This usage is predicated on the headers of the input files'
+                            ' containing appropriately-named key-value fields'
+                            ' such that MRtrix3 tools identify them as such.'
+                            ' In some cases,'
+                            ' conversion from DICOM using MRtrix3 commands will automatically extract and embed this information;'
+                            ' however this is not true for all scanner vendors and/or software versions.'
+                            ' In the latter case it may be possible to manually provide these metadata;'
+                            ' either using the -json_import command-line option of dwifslpreproc,'
+                            ' or the -json_import or one of the -import_pe_* command-line options of MRtrix3\'s mrconvert command'
+                            ' (and saving in .mif format)'
+                            ' prior to running dwifslpreproc.')
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. '
                        'An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. '
                        'NeuroImage, 2015, 125, 1063-1078',
@@ -118,7 +147,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_citation('Skare, S. & Bammer, R. '
                        'Jacobian weighting of distortion corrected EPI data. '
                        'Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2010, 5063',
-                       condition='If performing recombination of diffusion-weighted volume pairs with opposing phase encoding directions',
+                       condition='If performing recombination of diffusion-weighted volume pairs'
+                                 ' with opposing phase encoding directions',
                        is_external=True)
   cmdline.add_citation('Andersson, J. L.; Skare, S. & Ashburner, J. '
                        'How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: '
@@ -151,15 +181,15 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument('-json_import',
                        type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
                        metavar='file',
-                       help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file '
-                            '(may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
+                       help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file'
+                            ' (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
   pe_options.add_argument('-pe_dir',
                           metavar='PE',
-                          help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series; '
-                               'can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2), '
-                               'an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS), '
-                               'or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
+                          help='Manually specify the phase encoding direction of the input series;'
+                               ' can be a signed axis number (e.g. -0, 1, +2),'
+                               ' an axis designator (e.g. RL, PA, IS),'
+                               ' or NIfTI axis codes (e.g. i-, j, k)')
   pe_options.add_argument('-readout_time',
                           type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                           metavar='time',
@@ -168,18 +198,18 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi',
                                 type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                                 metavar='image',
-                                help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images, '
-                                     'which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field '
-                                     '(i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
+                                help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images,'
+                                     ' which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field'
+                                     ' (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi',
                                 action='store_true',
-                                help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation and the DWIs '
-                                     '(more information in Description section)')
+                                help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation and the DWIs'
+                                     ' (more information in Description section)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options',
                                 metavar='" TopupOptions"',
-                                help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command '
-                                     '(provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, '
-                                     'even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
+                                help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the topup command'
+                                     ' (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space,'
+                                     ' even if only passing a single command-line option to topup)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_files',
                                 metavar='prefix',
                                 help='Provide files generated by prior execution of the FSL "topup" command to be utilised by eddy')
@@ -190,50 +220,52 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask',
                             type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                             metavar='image',
-                            help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy, '
-                                 'instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
+                            help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy,'
+                                 ' instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec',
                             type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
                             metavar='file',
                             help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options',
                             metavar='" EddyOptions"',
-                            help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command '
-                                 '(provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space, '
-                                 'even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
+                            help='Manually provide additional command-line options to the eddy command'
+                                 ' (provide a string within quotation marks that contains at least one space,'
+                                 ' even if only passing a single command-line option to eddy)')
   eddyqc_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for utilising EddyQC')
   eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text',
                               type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
                               metavar='directory',
-                              help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy, '
-                                   'and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), '
-                                   'into an output directory')
+                              help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy,'
+                                   ' and the output of eddy_qc (if installed),'
+                                   ' into an output directory')
   eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all',
                               type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
                               metavar='directory',
-                              help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images), '
-                                   'and the output of eddy_qc (if installed), '
-                                   'into an output directory')
+                              help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images),'
+                                   ' and the output of eddy_qc (if installed),'
+                                   ' into an output directory')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'eddyqc_text', 'eddyqc_all' ], False )
   app.add_dwgrad_export_options(cmdline)
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
-  rpe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for specifying the acquisition phase-encoding design; '
-                                           'note that one of the -rpe_* options MUST be provided')
+  rpe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for specifying the acquisition phase-encoding design;'
+                                           ' note that one of the -rpe_* options MUST be provided')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_none',
                            action='store_true',
-                           help='Specify that no reversed phase-encoding image data is being provided; '
-                                'eddy will perform eddy current and motion correction only')
+                           help='Specify that no reversed phase-encoding image data is being provided;'
+                                ' eddy will perform eddy current and motion correction only')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_pair',
                            action='store_true',
-                           help='Specify that a set of images (typically b=0 volumes) will be provided for use in inhomogeneity field estimation only '
-                                '(using the -se_epi option)')
+                           help='Specify that a set of images'
+                                ' (typically b=0 volumes)'
+                                ' will be provided for use in inhomogeneity field estimation only'
+                                ' (using the -se_epi option)')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_all',
                            action='store_true',
                            help='Specify that ALL DWIs have been acquired with opposing phase-encoding')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_header',
                            action='store_true',
-                           help='Specify that the phase-encoding information can be found in the image header(s), '
-                                'and that this is the information that the script should use')
+                           help='Specify that the phase-encoding information can be found in the image header(s),'
+                                ' and that this is the information that the script should use')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_none', 'rpe_pair', 'rpe_all', 'rpe_header' ], True )
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_none', 'se_epi' ], False ) # May still technically provide -se_epi even with -rpe_all
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_pair', 'topup_files'] ) # Would involve two separate sources of inhomogeneity field information
diff --git a/python/bin/dwigradcheck b/python/bin/dwigradcheck
index 5b39ea2288..611530c62a 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/python/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -24,9 +24,11 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Check the orientation of the diffusion gradient table')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the corrected gradient table can be output using the -export_grad_{mrtrix,fsl} option.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
-                          'derive a binary mask image to be used for streamline seeding and to constrain streamline propagation. '
-                          'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified,'
+                          ' the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called'
+                          ' to derive a binary mask image to be used for streamline seeding'
+                          ' and to constrain streamline propagation.'
+                          ' More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. '
                        'Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. '
diff --git a/python/bin/dwinormalise b/python/bin/dwinormalise
index 6f5ee6d49c..db6ea2720f 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwinormalise
+++ b/python/bin/dwinormalise
@@ -20,11 +20,14 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import algorithm #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform various forms of intensity normalisation of DWIs')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script provides access to different techniques for globally scaling the intensity of diffusion-weighted images. '
-                          'The different algorithms have different purposes, '
-                          'and different requirements with respect to the data with which they must be provided & will produce as output. '
-                          'Further information on the individual algorithms available can be accessed via their individual help pages; '
-                          'eg. "dwinormalise group -help".')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script provides access to different techniques'
+                          ' for globally scaling the intensity of diffusion-weighted images.'
+                          ' The different algorithms have different purposes,'
+                          ' and different requirements with respect to the data'
+                          ' with which they must be provided & will produce as output.'
+                          ' Further information on the individual algorithms available'
+                          ' can be accessed via their individual help pages;'
+                          ' eg. "dwinormalise group -help".')
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
   algorithm.usage(cmdline)
diff --git a/python/bin/dwishellmath b/python/bin/dwishellmath
index 9d1a192e65..5b06cecc37 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/python/bin/dwishellmath
@@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Daan Christiaens (daan.christiaens@kcl.ac.uk)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Apply an mrmath operation to each b-value shell in a DWI series')
-  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image, '
-                          'where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell '
-                          '(in order of increasing b-value), '
-                          'an the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been '
-                          'computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
+  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a 4D image,'
+                          ' where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell'
+                          ' (in order of increasing b-value),'
+                          ' and the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic'
+                          ' having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.')
   cmdline.add_argument('input',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        help='The input diffusion MRI series')
   cmdline.add_argument('operation',
                        choices=SUPPORTED_OPS,
-                       help='The operation to be applied to each shell; '
-                            'this must be one of the following: '
+                       help='The operation to be applied to each shell;'
+                            ' this must be one of the following: '
                             + ', '.join(SUPPORTED_OPS))
   cmdline.add_argument('output',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
diff --git a/python/bin/for_each b/python/bin/for_each
index 1743bfd760..0931606b8b 100755
--- a/python/bin/for_each
+++ b/python/bin/for_each
@@ -31,19 +31,24 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform some arbitrary processing step for each of a set of inputs')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script greatly simplifies various forms of batch processing by enabling the execution of a command '
-                          '(or set of commands) '
-                          'independently for each of a set of inputs.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script greatly simplifies various forms of batch processing'
+                          ' by enabling the execution of a command'
+                          ' (or set of commands)'
+                          ' independently for each of a set of inputs.')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the for_each command can be found at the following link: \n'
                           f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/tips_and_tricks/batch_processing_with_foreach.html')
-  cmdline.add_description('The way that this batch processing capability is achieved is by providing basic text substitutions, '
-                          'which simplify the formation of valid command strings based on the unique components of the input strings on which the script is instructed to execute. '
-                          'This does however mean that the items to be passed as inputs to the for_each command '
-                          '(e.g. file / directory names) '
-                          'MUST NOT contain any instances of these substitution strings, '
-                          'as otherwise those paths will be corrupted during the course of the substitution.')
+  cmdline.add_description('The way that this batch processing capability is achieved'
+                          ' is by providing basic text substitutions,'
+                          ' which simplify the formation of valid command strings'
+                          ' based on the unique components of the input strings'
+                          ' on which the script is instructed to execute. '
+                          'This does however mean that the items to be passed as inputs to the for_each command'
+                          ' (e.g. file / directory names)'
+                          ' MUST NOT contain any instances of these substitution strings,'
+                          ' as otherwise those paths will be corrupted during the course of the substitution.')
   cmdline.add_description('The available substitutions are listed below '
-                          '(note that the -test command-line option can be used to ensure correct command string formation prior to actually executing the commands):')
+                          '(note that the -test command-line option can be used'
+                          ' to ensure correct command string formation prior to actually executing the commands):')
   cmdline.add_description('   - IN:   '
                           'The full matching pattern, including leading folders. '
                           'For example, if the target list contains a file "folder/image.mif", '
@@ -61,52 +66,61 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           'The unique part of the input after removing any common prefix and common suffix. '
                           'For example, if the target list contains files: "folder/001dwi.mif", "folder/002dwi.mif", "folder/003dwi.mif", '
                           'any occurrence of "UNI" will be substituted with "001", "002", "003".')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that due to a limitation of the Python "argparse" module, '
-                          'any command-line OPTIONS that the user intends to provide specifically to the for_each script '
-                          'must appear BEFORE providing the list of inputs on which for_each is intended to operate. '
-                          'While command-line options provided as such will be interpreted specifically by the for_each script, '
-                          'any command-line options that are provided AFTER the COLON separator will form part of the executed COMMAND, '
-                          'and will therefore be interpreted as command-line options having been provided to that underlying command.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that due to a limitation of the Python "argparse" module,'
+                          ' any command-line OPTIONS that the user intends to provide specifically to the for_each script'
+                          ' must appear BEFORE providing the list of inputs on which for_each is intended to operate.'
+                          ' While command-line options provided as such will be interpreted specifically by the for_each script,'
+                          ' any command-line options that are provided AFTER the COLON separator will form part of the executed COMMAND,'
+                          ' and will therefore be interpreted as command-line options having been provided to that underlying command.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Demonstration of basic usage syntax',
                             'for_each folder/*.mif : mrinfo IN',
-                            'This will run the "mrinfo" command for every .mif file present in "folder/". '
-                            'Note that the compulsory colon symbol is used to separate the list of items on which for_each is being instructed to operate, '
-                            'from the command that is intended to be run for each input.')
+                            'This will run the "mrinfo" command for every .mif file present in "folder/".'
+                            ' Note that the compulsory colon symbol is used'
+                            ' to separate the list of items on which for_each is being instructed to operate'
+                            ' from the command that is intended to be run for each input.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Multi-threaded use of for_each',
                             'for_each -nthreads 4 freesurfer/subjects/* : recon-all -subjid NAME -all',
                             'In this example, '
-                            'for_each is instructed to run the FreeSurfer command "recon-all" for all subjects within the "subjects" directory, '
-                            'with four subjects being processed in parallel at any one time. '
-                            'Whenever processing of one subject is completed, '
-                            'processing for a new unprocessed subject will commence. '
-                            'This technique is useful for improving the efficiency of running single-threaded commands on multi-core systems, '
-                            'as long as the system possesses enough memory to support such parallel processing. '
-                            'Note that in the case of multi-threaded commands '
-                            '(which includes many MRtrix3 commands), '
-                            'it is generally preferable to permit multi-threaded execution of the command on a single input at a time, '
-                            'rather than processing multiple inputs in parallel.')
+                            'for_each is instructed to run the FreeSurfer command "recon-all"'
+                            ' for all subjects within the "subjects" directory,'
+                            ' with four subjects being processed in parallel at any one time.'
+                            ' Whenever processing of one subject is completed,'
+                            ' processing for a new unprocessed subject will commence.'
+                            ' This technique is useful for improving the efficiency'
+                            ' of running single-threaded commands on multi-core systems,'
+                            ' as long as the system possesses enough memory to support such parallel processing.'
+                            ' Note that in the case of multi-threaded commands'
+                            ' (which includes many MRtrix3 commands),'
+                            ' it is generally preferable to permit multi-threaded execution'
+                            ' of the command on a single input at a time,'
+                            ' rather than processing multiple inputs in parallel.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Excluding specific inputs from execution',
                             'for_each *.nii -exclude 001.nii : mrconvert IN PRE.mif',
-                            'Particularly when a wildcard is used to define the list of inputs for for_each, '
-                            'it is possible in some instances that this list will include one or more strings for which execution should in fact not be performed; '
-                            'for instance, if a command has already been executed for one or more files, '
-                            'and then for_each is being used to execute the same command for all other files. '
-                            'In this case, '
-                            'the -exclude option can be used to effectively remove an item from the list of inputs that would otherwise be included due to the use of a wildcard '
-                            '(and can be used more than once to exclude more than one string). '
-                            'In this particular example, '
-                            'mrconvert is instructed to perform conversions from NIfTI to MRtrix image formats, '
-                            'for all except the first image in the directory. '
-                            'Note that any usages of this option must appear AFTER the list of inputs. '
-                            'Note also that the argument following the -exclude option can alternatively be a regular expression, '
-                            'in which case any inputs for which a match to the expression is found will be excluded from processing.')
+                            'Particularly when a wildcard is used to define the list of inputs for for_each,'
+                            ' it is possible in some instances that this list will include one or more strings'
+                            ' for which execution should in fact not be performed;'
+                            ' for instance, if a command has already been executed for one or more files,'
+                            ' and then for_each is being used to execute the same command for all other files.'
+                            ' In this case,'
+                            ' the -exclude option can be used to effectively remove an item'
+                            ' from the list of inputs that would otherwise be included due to the use of a wildcard'
+                            ' (and can be used more than once to exclude more than one string).'
+                            ' In this particular example,'
+                            ' mrconvert is instructed to perform conversions from NIfTI to MRtrix image formats,'
+                            ' for all except the first image in the directory.'
+                            ' Note that any usages of this option must appear AFTER the list of inputs.'
+                            ' Note also that the argument following the -exclude option'
+                            ' can alternatively be a regular expression,'
+                            ' in which case any inputs for which a match to the expression is found'
+                            ' will be excluded from processing.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Testing the command string substitution',
                             'for_each -test * : mrconvert IN PRE.mif',
-                            'By specifying the -test option, '
-                            'the script will print to the terminal the results of text substitutions for all of the specified inputs, '
-                            'but will not actually execute those commands. '
-                            'It can therefore be used to verify that the script is receiving the intended set of inputs, '
-                            'and that the text substitutions on those inputs lead to the intended command strings.')
+                            'By specifying the -test option,'
+                            ' the script will print to the terminal the results of text substitutions'
+                            ' for all of the specified inputs,'
+                            ' but will not actually execute those commands.'
+                            ' It can therefore be used to verify that the script is receiving the intended set of inputs,'
+                            ' and that the text substitutions on those inputs lead to the intended command strings.')
   cmdline.add_argument('inputs',
                        nargs='+',
                        help='Each of the inputs for which processing should be run')
@@ -127,8 +141,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument('-test',
                        action='store_true',
                        default=False,
-                       help='Test the operation of the for_each script, '
-                            'by printing the command strings following string substitution but not actually executing them')
+                       help='Test the operation of the for_each script,'
+                            ' by printing the command strings following string substitution but not actually executing them')
 
   # Usage of for_each needs to be handled slightly differently here:
   # We want argparse to parse only the contents of the command-line before the colon symbol,
diff --git a/python/bin/labelsgmfix b/python/bin/labelsgmfix
index e1b941a440..ad8d7de722 100755
--- a/python/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/python/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ import math, os
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  cmdline.set_synopsis('In a FreeSurfer parcellation image, '
-                       'replace the sub-cortical grey matter structure delineations using FSL FIRST')
+  cmdline.set_synopsis('In a FreeSurfer parcellation image,'
+                       ' replace the sub-cortical grey matter structure delineations using FSL FIRST')
   cmdline.add_citation('Patenaude, B.; Smith, S. M.; Kennedy, D. N. & Jenkinson, M. '
                        'A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. '
                        'NeuroImage, 2011, 56, 907-922',
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp',
                        action='store_true',
                        default=False,
-                       help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures, '
-                            'and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
+                       help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures,'
+                            ' and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
 
 
 
diff --git a/python/bin/mask2glass b/python/bin/mask2glass
index 3a3e028450..d2c8fab50b 100755
--- a/python/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/python/bin/mask2glass
@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('Remika Mito (remika.mito@florey.edu.au) '
-                     'and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Remika Mito (remika.mito@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Create a glass brain from mask input')
-  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a glass brain image, '
-                          'which can be viewed using the volume render option in mrview, '
-                          'and used for visualisation purposes to view results in 3D.')
-  cmdline.add_description('While the name of this script indicates that a binary mask image is required as input, '
-                          'it can also operate on a floating-point image. '
-                          'One way in which this can be exploited is to compute the mean of all subject masks within template space, '
-                          'in which case this script will produce a smoother result than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
+  cmdline.add_description('The output of this command is a glass brain image,'
+                          ' which can be viewed using the volume render option in mrview,'
+                          ' and used for visualisation purposes to view results in 3D.')
+  cmdline.add_description('While the name of this script indicates that a binary mask image is required as input,'
+                          ' it can also operate on a floating-point image.'
+                          ' One way in which this can be exploited'
+                          ' is to compute the mean of all subject masks within template space,'
+                          ' in which case this script will produce a smoother result'
+                          ' than if a binary template mask were to be used as input.')
   cmdline.add_argument('input',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        help='The input mask image')
@@ -36,15 +38,18 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   cmdline.add_argument('-dilate',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
                        default=2,
-                       help='Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2')
+                       help='Provide number of passes for dilation step;'
+                            ' default = 2')
   cmdline.add_argument('-scale',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                        default=2.0,
-                       help='Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0')
+                       help='Provide resolution upscaling value;'
+                            ' default = 2.0')
   cmdline.add_argument('-smooth',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                        default=1.0,
-                       help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0')
+                       help='Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm);'
+                            ' default = 1.0')
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
diff --git a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index a2a7702226..f1275414c1 100755
--- a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -27,24 +27,28 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Clean up residual temporary files & scratch directories from MRtrix3 commands')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location '
-                          '(and in sub-directories thereof) '
-                          'for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands, '
-                          'and attempt to delete them.')
-  cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location. '
-                          'This means that any built-in or user-specified default location for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched. '
-                          'Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly: '
-                          'e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
-  cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed: '
-                          'it may delete temporary items during operation that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script will search the file system at the specified location'
+                          ' (and in sub-directories thereof)'
+                          ' for any temporary files or directories that have been left behind'
+                          ' by failed or terminated MRtrix3 commands,'
+                          ' and attempt to delete them.')
+  cmdline.add_description('Note that the script\'s search for temporary items'
+                          ' will not extend beyond the user-specified filesystem location.'
+                          ' This means that any built-in or user-specified default location'
+                          ' for MRtrix3 piped data and scripts will not be automatically searched.'
+                          ' Cleanup of such locations should instead be performed explicitly:'
+                          ' e.g. "mrtrix_cleanup /tmp/" to remove residual piped images from /tmp/.')
+  cmdline.add_description('This script should not be run while other MRtrix3 commands are being executed:'
+                          ' it may delete temporary items during operation'
+                          ' that may lead to unexpected behaviour.')
   cmdline.add_argument('path',
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
                        help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test',
                        action='store_true',
-                       help='Run script in test mode: '
-                            'will list identified files / directories, '
-                            'but not attempt to delete them')
+                       help='Run script in test mode:'
+                            ' will list identified files / directories,'
+                            ' but not attempt to delete them')
   cmdline.add_argument('-failed',
                        type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
                        metavar='file',
diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 70d3e9e39f..d6219ea94a 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -34,7 +34,13 @@ DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH = 2.0
 DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH = 1.0
 DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP = 0.5
 
-REGISTRATION_MODES = ['rigid', 'affine', 'nonlinear', 'rigid_affine', 'rigid_nonlinear', 'affine_nonlinear', 'rigid_affine_nonlinear']
+REGISTRATION_MODES = ['rigid',
+                      'affine',
+                      'nonlinear',
+                      'rigid_affine',
+                      'rigid_nonlinear',
+                      'affine_nonlinear',
+                      'rigid_affine_nonlinear']
 
 AGGREGATION_MODES = ['mean', 'median']
 
@@ -48,14 +54,14 @@ IMAGEEXT = ['mif', 'nii', 'mih', 'mgh', 'mgz', 'img', 'hdr']
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au) '
-                     '& Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk) '
-                     '& Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
+  cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk)'
+                     ' and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
 
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
-  cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration '
-                          '(rigid and/or affine, both by default), '
-                          'then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
+  cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration'
+                          ' (rigid and/or affine, both by default),'
+                          ' then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
   cmdline.add_argument('input_dir',
                        nargs='+',
                        type=app.Parser.Various(),
@@ -65,28 +71,36 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Output template image')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Multi-contrast registration',
                             'population_template input_WM_ODFs/ output_WM_template.mif input_GM_ODFs/ output_GM_template.mif',
-                            'When performing multi-contrast registration, '
-                            'the input directory and corresponding output template '
-                            'image for a given contrast are to be provided as a pair, '
-                            'with the pairs corresponding to different contrasts provided sequentially.')
+                            'When performing multi-contrast registration,'
+                            ' the input directory and corresponding output template image'
+                            ' for a given contrast are to be provided as a pair,'
+                            ' with the pairs corresponding to different contrasts provided sequentially.')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. '
-                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).')
+                       metavar='values',
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. '
-                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+                       metavar='values',
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. '
-                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+                       metavar='values',
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. '
-                            'Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+                       metavar='values',
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
 
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause',
@@ -97,170 +111,179 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator',
                           choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS,
-                          help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. '
-                               'Valid choices are: '
-                               'l1 (least absolute: |x|), '
-                               'l2 (ordinary least squares), '
-                               'lp (least powers: |x|^1.2), '
-                               'none (no robust estimator). '
-                               'Default: none.')
+                          help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric.'
+                               ' Valid choices are:'
+                               ' l1 (least absolute: |x|),'
+                               ' l2 (ordinary least squares),'
+                               ' lp (least powers: |x|^1.2),'
+                               ' none (no robust estimator).'
+                               ' Default: none.')
   linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale',
                           type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, '
-                          'in the form of a list of scale factors '
-                          f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES])}). '
-                          'This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
+                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES])}).'
+                               ' This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
   linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax',
                           type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, '
-                               'in the form of a list of integers '
-                               f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX])}). '
-                               'The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+                          help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX])}).'
+                               ' The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
   linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter',
                           type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, '
-                               'in the form of a list of integers '
-                               '(default: 50 for each scale). '
-                               'This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used'
+                               ' within each level before updating the template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               ' (default: 50 for each scale).'
+                               ' This must be a single number'
+                               ' or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
   linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale',
                           type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, '
-                               'in the form of a list of scale factors '
-                               f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES])}). '
-                               'This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
+                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES])}).'
+                               ' This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
   linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax',
                           type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, '
-                               'in the form of a list of integers '
-                               f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX])}). '
-                               'The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+                          help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX])}).'
+                               ' The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
   linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter',
                           type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, '
-                               'in the form of a list of integers '
-                               '(default: 500 for each scale). '
-                               'This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations'
+                               ' used within each level before updating the template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               ' (default: 500 for each scale).'
+                               ' This must be a single number'
+                               ' or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
 
   nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale',
                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                         help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, '
-                              'in the form of a list of scale factors '
-                              f'(default: {" ".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES])}). '
-                              'This implicitly defines the number of template levels')
+                         help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template,'
+                              ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
+                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES])}).'
+                              ' This implicitly defines the number of template levels')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax',
                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                         help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, '
-                              'in the form of a list of integers '
-                              f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX])}). '
-                              'The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
+                         help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor,'
+                              ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX])}).'
+                              ' The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter',
                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                         help='Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, '
-                              'in the form of a list of integers '
-                              f'(default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER])}). '
-                              'The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
+                         help='Specify the number of registration iterations'
+                              ' used within each level before updating the template,'
+                              ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER])}).'
+                              ' The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth',
                          type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                          default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH,
-                         help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing '
-                              '(standard deviation in voxel units, '
-                              f'Default {DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
+                         help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing'
+                              ' (standard deviation in voxel units,'
+                              f' Default {DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth',
                          type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                          default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH,
-                         help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing '
-                              '(standard deviation in voxel units, '
-                              f'Default {DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
+                         help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing'
+                              ' (standard deviation in voxel units,'
+                              f' Default {DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
   nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step',
                          type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
                          default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP,
-                         help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration '
-                              f'(Default: {DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP})')
+                         help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration'
+                              f' (Default: {DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP})')
 
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
   registration_modes_string = ', '.join(f'"{x}"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if '_' in x)
   options.add_argument('-type',
                        choices=REGISTRATION_MODES,
-                       help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform. '
-                            'Options are: '
-                            '"rigid" (perform rigid registration only, '
-                            'which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis), '
-                            '"affine" (perform affine registration), '
-                            '"nonlinear", '
-                            f'as well as cominations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}. '
-                            'Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear',
+                       help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform.'
+                            ' Options are:'
+                            ' "rigid" (perform rigid registration only,'
+                            ' which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis);'
+                            ' "affine" (perform affine registration);'
+                            ' "nonlinear";'
+                            f' as well as cominations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}.'
+                            ' Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear',
                             default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
   options.add_argument('-voxel_size',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Define the template voxel size in mm. '
-                            'Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+                       help='Define the template voxel size in mm.'
+                            ' Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
   options.add_argument('-initial_alignment',
                        choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT,
                        default='mass',
-                       help='Method of alignment to form the initial template. '
-                       'Options are: '
-                       '"mass" (default), '
-                       '"robust_mass" (requires masks), '
-                       '"geometric", '
-                       '"none".')
+                       help='Method of alignment to form the initial template.'
+                            ' Options are:'
+                            ' "mass" (default);'
+                            ' "robust_mass" (requires masks);'
+                            ' "geometric";'
+                            ' "none".')
   options.add_argument('-mask_dir',
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
-                       help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, '
-                            'one per input image '
-                            '(with the same file name prefix). '
-                            'Using masks will speed up registration significantly. '
-                            'Note that masks are used for registration, '
-                            'not for aggregation. '
-                            'To exclude areas from aggregation, '
-                            'NaN-mask your input images.')
+                       help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory,'
+                            ' one per input image'
+                            ' (with the same file name prefix).'
+                            ' Using masks will speed up registration significantly.'
+                            ' Note that masks are used for registration,'
+                            ' not for aggregation.'
+                            ' To exclude areas from aggregation,'
+                            ' NaN-mask your input images.')
   options.add_argument('-warp_dir',
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                       help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. '
-                            'If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+                       help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template.'
+                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
   # TODO Would prefer for this to be exclusively a directory;
   #   but to do so will need to provide some form of disambiguation of multi-contrast files
   options.add_argument('-transformed_dir',
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                       help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. '
-                            'If the folder does not exist it will be created. '
-                            'For multi-contrast registration, '
-                            'this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.')
+                       help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template.'
+                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created.'
+                            ' For multi-contrast registration,'
+                            ' this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.')
   options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir',
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                       help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. '
-                            'If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+                       help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations'
+                            ' used to generate the template.'
+                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
   options.add_argument('-template_mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                       help='Output a template mask. '
-                            'Only works if -mask_dir has been input. '
-                            'The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.')
+                       help='Output a template mask.'
+                            ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.'
+                            ' The template mask is computed as the intersection'
+                            ' of all subject masks in template space.')
   options.add_argument('-noreorientation',
                        action='store_true',
-                       help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. '
-                            'Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension '
-                            'corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series '
-                            '(i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
+                       help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister.'
+                            ' Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension'
+                            ' corresponds to the number of coefficients'
+                            ' in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series'
+                            ' (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
   options.add_argument('-leave_one_out',
                        choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT,
                        default='auto',
-                       help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. '
-                            f'Valid choices: {", ".join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT)}. '
-                            '(Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))')
+                       help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image.'
+                            f' Valid choices: {", ".join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT)}.'
+                            ' (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))')
   options.add_argument('-aggregate',
                        choices=AGGREGATION_MODES,
-                       help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. '
-                            f'Valid choices: {", ".join(AGGREGATION_MODES)}. '
-                            'Default: mean')
+                       help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image.'
+                            f' Valid choices: {", ".join(AGGREGATION_MODES)}.'
+                            ' Default: mean')
   options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights',
                        type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
-                       help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. '
-                            'Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. '
-                            'Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+                       help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation.'
+                            ' Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight.'
+                            ' Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
   options.add_argument('-nanmask',
                        action='store_true',
-                       help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. '
-                            'Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
+                       help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values'
+                            ' to specify include areas for registration and aggregation.'
+                            ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
   options.add_argument('-copy_input',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
diff --git a/python/bin/responsemean b/python/bin/responsemean
index 627d47e766..d34eaff2d6 100755
--- a/python/bin/responsemean
+++ b/python/bin/responsemean
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ import math, sys
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
-                     'and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Calculate the mean response function from a set of text files')
-  cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines), '
-                          'as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
-  cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files, '
-                          'the coefficients will be averaged. '
-                          'This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical. '
-                          'This is however impossible for the responsemean command to determine based on the data provided; '
-                          'it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
+  cmdline.add_description('All response function files provided must contain the same number of unique b-values (lines),'
+                          ' as well as the same number of coefficients per line.')
+  cmdline.add_description('As long as the number of unique b-values is identical across all input files,'
+                          ' the response functions will be averaged.'
+                          ' This is performed on the assumption that the actual acquired b-values are identical.'
+                          ' This is however impossible for the responsemean command to determine based on the data provided;'
+                          ' it is therefore up to the user to ensure that this requirement is satisfied.')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Usage where all response functions are in the same directory:',
                             'responsemean input_response1.txt input_response2.txt input_response3.txt output_average_response.txt')
   cmdline.add_example_usage('Usage selecting response functions within a directory using a wildcard:',
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy',
                        action='store_true',
-                       help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command "average_response": '
-                            'average response function coefficients directly, '
-                            'without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
+                       help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command "average_response":'
+                            ' average response function coefficients directly,'
+                            ' without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
 
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index 019cea50ed..b086fe0e7b 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -54,16 +54,19 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('b02template', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Register the mean b=0 image to a T2-weighted template to back-propagate a brain mask')
-  parser.add_description('This script currently assumes that the template image provided via the first input to the -template option is T2-weighted, '
+  parser.add_description('This script currently assumes that the template image '
+                         'provided via the first input to the -template option is T2-weighted, '
                          'and can therefore be trivially registered to a mean b=0 image.')
-  parser.add_description('Command-line option -ants_options can be used with either the "antsquick" or "antsfull" software options. '
+  parser.add_description('Command-line option -ants_options can be used '
+                         'with either the "antsquick" or "antsfull" software options. '
                          'In both cases, image dimensionality is assumed to be 3, '
                          'and so this should be omitted from the user-specified options.'
                          'The input can be either a string '
                          '(encased in double-quotes if more than one option is specified), '
                          'or a path to a text file containing the requested options. '
                          'In the case of the "antsfull" software option, '
-                         'one will require the names of the fixed and moving images that are provided to the antsRegistration command: '
+                         'one will require the names of the fixed and moving images '
+                         'that are provided to the antsRegistration command: '
                          'these are "template_image.nii" and "bzero.nii" respectively.')
   parser.add_citation('M. Jenkinson, C.F. Beckmann, T.E. Behrens, M.W. Woolrich, S.M. Smith. '
                       'FSL. '
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 10a4b0c7f5..db9995bcd0 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options.add_argument('-algorithms',
                        type=str,
                        nargs='+',
-                       help='Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
+                       help='Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list '
+                            'of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
   options.add_argument('-masks',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
                        metavar='image',
@@ -46,7 +47,8 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options.add_argument('-threshold',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
                        default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD,
-                       help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask '
+                       help='The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel '
+                            'for that voxel to be present in the final mask '
                             f'(default: {DEFAULT_THRESHOLD})')
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index 0503d881c1..f99a41dc81 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -38,9 +38,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                          'and subsequent mask image cleaning operations are performed.')
   parser.add_description('The operation of this script is a subset of that performed by the script "dwibiasnormmask". '
                          'Many users may find that comprehensive solution preferable; '
-                         'this dwi2mask algorithm is nevertheless provided to demonstrate specifically the mask estimation portion of that command.')
-  parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default of lower maximal spherical harmonic '
-                         'degree than what would be advised for analysis. '
+                         'this dwi2mask algorithm is nevertheless provided '
+                         'to demonstrate specifically the mask estimation portion of that command.')
+  parser.add_description('The ODFs estimated within this optimisation procedure are by default '
+                         'of lower maximal spherical harmonic degree than what would be advised for analysis. '
                          'This is done for computational efficiency. '
                          'This behaviour can be modified through the -lmax command-line option.')
   parser.add_citation('Jeurissen, B; Tournier, J-D; Dhollander, T; Connelly, A & Sijbers, J. '
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 923621baf7..aa760e9dde 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   iter_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for turning "dwi2mask trace" into an iterative algorithm')
   iter_options.add_argument('-iterative',
                             action='store_true',
-                            help='(EXPERIMENTAL) Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images prior to thresholding')
+                            help='(EXPERIMENTAL) '
+                                 'Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images '
+                                 'prior to thresholding')
   iter_options.add_argument('-max_iters',
                             type=app.Parser.Int(1),
                             default=DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS,
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index 4dbb1ce73a..a0b2634d9d 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -31,10 +31,13 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.set_author('Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions '
                       'that does not require a T1 image (or segmentation thereof)')
-  parser.add_description('This is an improved version of the Dhollander et al. (2016) algorithm for unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions, '
-                         'which includes the Dhollander et al. (2019) improvements for single-fibre WM response function estimation '
-                         '(prior to this update, '
-                         'the "dwi2response tournier" algorithm had been utilised specifically for the single-fibre WM response function estimation step).')
+  parser.add_description('This is an improved version of the Dhollander et al. (2016) algorithm'
+                         ' for unsupervised estimation of WM, GM and CSF response functions,'
+                         ' which includes the Dhollander et al. (2019) improvements'
+                         ' for single-fibre WM response function estimation'
+                         ' (prior to this update,'
+                         ' the "dwi2response tournier" algorithm had been utilised'
+                         ' specifically for the single-fibre WM response function estimation step).')
   parser.add_citation('Dhollander, T.; Raffelt, D. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Unsupervised 3-tissue response function estimation from single-shell or multi-shell diffusion MR data without a co-registered T1 image. '
                       'ISMRM Workshop on Breaking the Barriers of Diffusion MRI, 2016, 5')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index 7310f473a5..2fb4248517 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('tax', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tax et al. (2014) recursive calibration algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
+  parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tax et al. (2014) recursive calibration algorithm'
+                      ' for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tax, C. M.; Jeurissen, B.; Vos, S. B.; Viergever, M. A. & Leemans, A. '
                       'Recursive calibration of the fiber response function for spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. '
                       'NeuroImage, 2014, 86, 67-80')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 333c48a603..7ef04eb76c 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('tournier', parents=[base_parser])
   parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
-  parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tournier et al. (2013) iterative algorithm for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
+  parser.set_synopsis('Use the Tournier et al. (2013) iterative algorithm'
+                      ' for single-fibre voxel selection and response function estimation')
   parser.add_citation('Tournier, J.-D.; Calamante, F. & Connelly, A. '
                       'Determination of the appropriate b-value and number of gradient directions for high-angular-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging. '
                       'NMR Biomedicine, 2013, 26, 1775-1786')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
index 784e890ee9..4fbf2c7233 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
 
 OPT_N4_BIAS_FIELD_CORRECTION = {
     's': ('4','shrink-factor applied to spatial dimensions'),
-    'b': ('[100,3]','[initial mesh resolution in mm, spline order] This value is optimised for human adult data and needs to be adjusted for rodent data.'),
+    'b': ('[100,3]','[initial mesh resolution in mm, spline order]'
+                    ' This value is optimised for human adult data and needs to be adjusted for rodent data.'),
     'c': ('[1000,0.0]', '[numberOfIterations,convergenceThreshold]')}
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index 59bd443628..d86125f9bf 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mtnorm', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
-                    'and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
+                    ' and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Perform DWI bias field correction using the "mtnormalise" command')
   parser.add_description('This algorithm bases its operation almost entirely on the utilisation of multi-tissue '
                          'decomposition information to estimate an underlying B1 receive field, '
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index 49f31a085d..e8e01647b3 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 
 def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser = subparsers.add_parser('mtnorm', parents=[base_parser])
-  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) '
-                    'and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
+  parser.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
+                    ' and Arshiya Sangchooli (asangchooli@student.unimelb.edu.au)')
   parser.set_synopsis('Normalise a DWI series to the estimated b=0 CSF intensity')
   parser.add_description('This algorithm determines an appropriate global scaling factor to apply to a DWI series '
                          'such that after the scaling is applied, '

From 9822d58ab1061acdd044111bafd6466210196f74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2024 17:55:28 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 047/182] Python CLI: Better metavar handling

These changes should provide superior guarantees around the presentation of command-line options, both in help pages and in exported interface documentation.
---
 docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst            |   4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          |  34 ++---
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst      |   6 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst   |  10 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst     |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst      |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst      |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst        |   6 +-
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |  56 +++----
 python/bin/dwi2response                       |   3 -
 python/bin/dwibiascorrect                     |   2 -
 python/bin/dwibiasnormmask                    |   7 -
 python/bin/dwicat                             |   1 -
 python/bin/dwifslpreproc                      |   6 -
 python/bin/dwigradcheck                       |   2 +-
 python/bin/mask2glass                         |   3 +-
 python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup                     |   1 -
 python/bin/population_template                |   4 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py      |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py             |   2 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 143 +++++++++++-------
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py     |   4 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py         |   4 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py     |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py          |   1 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py |   2 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py         |   3 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py     |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py   |   3 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py        |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py   |   2 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py   |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      |   1 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py     |   2 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py     |   4 -
 37 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
index 83bbf1829a..435669fd4a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
@@ -395,9 +395,9 @@ Options
 
 - **-template image** Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image
 
-- **-hippocampi** Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: subfields,first,aseg
+- **-hippocampi choice** Select method to be used for hippocampi (& amygdalae) segmentation; options are: subfields,first,aseg
 
-- **-thalami** Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; options are: nuclei,first,aseg
+- **-thalami choice** Select method to be used for thalamic segmentation; options are: nuclei,first,aseg
 
 - **-white_stem** Classify the brainstem as white matter
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index 6325cd6270..4e73a7fc73 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -115,21 +115,21 @@ Options
 Options specific to the "3dautomask" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-clfrac** Set the "clip level fraction"; must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.
+- **-clfrac value** Set the "clip level fraction"; must be a number between 0.1 and 0.9. A small value means to make the initial threshold for clipping smaller, which will tend to make the mask larger.
 
 - **-nograd** The program uses a "gradual" clip level by default. Add this option to use a fixed clip level.
 
-- **-peels** Peel (erode) the mask n times, then unpeel (dilate).
+- **-peels iterations** Peel (erode) the mask n times, then unpeel (dilate).
 
-- **-nbhrs** Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded. It should be between 6 and 26.
+- **-nbhrs count** Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded. It should be between 6 and 26.
 
 - **-eclip** After creating the mask, remove exterior voxels below the clip threshold.
 
-- **-SI** After creating the mask, find the most superior voxel, then zero out everything more than SI millimeters inferior to that. 130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).
+- **-SI value** After creating the mask, find the most superior voxel, then zero out everything more than SI millimeters inferior to that. 130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).
 
-- **-dilate** Dilate the mask outwards n times
+- **-dilate iterations** Dilate the mask outwards n times
 
-- **-erode** Erode the mask outwards n times
+- **-erode iterations** Erode the mask outwards n times
 
 - **-NN1** Erode and dilate based on mask faces
 
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ Options applicable when using the ANTs software for registration
 Options specific to the "template" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-software** The software to use for template registration; options are: antsfull,antsquick,fsl; default is antsquick
+- **-software choice** The software to use for template registration; options are: antsfull,antsquick,fsl; default is antsquick
 
 - **-template TemplateImage MaskImage** Provide the template image to which the input data will be registered, and the mask to be projected to the input image. The template image should be T2-weighted.
 
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm
 
 - **-template TemplateImage MaskImage** Provide a template image and corresponding mask for those algorithms requiring such
 
-- **-threshold** The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: 0.501)
+- **-threshold value** The fraction of algorithms that must include a voxel for that voxel to be present in the final mask (default: 0.501)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -526,13 +526,13 @@ Options
 Options specific to the "fslbet" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-bet_f** Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates
+- **-bet_f value** Fractional intensity threshold (0->1); smaller values give larger brain outline estimates
 
-- **-bet_g** Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top
+- **-bet_g value** Vertical gradient in fractional intensity threshold (-1->1); positive values give larger brain outline at bottom, smaller at top
 
 - **-bet_c i,j,k** Centre-of-gravity (voxels not mm) of initial mesh surface
 
-- **-bet_r** Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this
+- **-bet_r value** Head radius (mm not voxels); initial surface sphere is set to half of this
 
 - **-rescale** Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; can improve results for rodent data
 
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
-- **-clean_scale** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
+- **-clean_scale value** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ Options specific to the "mean" algorithm
 
 - **-shells bvalues** Comma separated list of shells to be included in the volume averaging
 
-- **-clean_scale** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
+- **-clean_scale value** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the 'Synthstrip' algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-stripped** The output stripped image
+- **-stripped image** The output stripped image
 
 - **-gpu** Use the GPU
 
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ Options specific to the 'Synthstrip' algorithm
 
 - **-nocsf** Compute the immediate boundary of brain matter excluding surrounding CSF
 
-- **-border** Control the boundary distance from the brain
+- **-border value** Control the boundary distance from the brain
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -1107,14 +1107,14 @@ Options for turning "dwi2mask trace" into an iterative algorithm
 
 - **-iterative** (EXPERIMENTAL) Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images prior to thresholding
 
-- **-max_iters** Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm (default: 10)
+- **-max_iters iterations** Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm (default: 10)
 
 Options specific to the "trace" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 - **-shells bvalues** Comma-separated list of shells used to generate trace-weighted images for masking
 
-- **-clean_scale** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
+- **-clean_scale value** the maximum scale used to cut bridges. A certain maximum scale cuts bridges up to a width (in voxels) of 2x the provided scale. Setting this to 0 disables the mask cleaning step. (Default: 2)
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index ce15f18d44..472cf7352e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ Options
 Options for the "dhollander" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-erode passes** Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)
+- **-erode iterations** Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. (default: 3)
 
 - **-fa threshold** FA threshold for crude WM versus GM-CSF separation. (default: 0.2)
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the "fa" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-erode passes** Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)
+- **-erode iterations** Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold (not used if mask is provided manually)
 
 - **-number voxels** The number of highest-FA voxels to use
 
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ Options specific to the "tournier" algorithm
 
 - **-iter_voxels voxels** Number of single-fibre voxels to select when preparing for the next iteration (default = 10 x value given in -number)
 
-- **-dilate passes** Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration
+- **-dilate iterations** Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration
 
 - **-max_iters iterations** Maximum number of iterations (set to 0 to force convergence)
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
index 7016a43c59..0675473834 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 Options relevant to the internal optimisation procedure
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-dice value** Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations  that will result in termination due to convergence; default = 0.999
+- **-dice value** Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations that will result in termination due to convergence; default = 0.999
 
-- **-init_mask** Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm (if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)
+- **-init_mask image** Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm (if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)
 
 - **-max_iters count** The maximum number of iterations (see Description); default is 2; set to 0 to proceed until convergence
 
@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ Options relevant to the internal optimisation procedure
 Options that modulate the outputs of the script
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-output_bias** Export the final estimated bias field to an image
+- **-output_bias image** Export the final estimated bias field to an image
 
-- **-output_scale** Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file
+- **-output_scale file** Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file
 
-- **-output_tissuesum** Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask
+- **-output_tissuesum image** Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask
 
 - **-reference value** Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series (default: 1000.0)
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
index 81927c4f0a..ac43dd280e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user to
 
 The script will attempt to run the CUDA version of eddy; if this does not succeed for any reason, or is not present on the system, the CPU version will be attempted instead. By default, the CUDA eddy binary found that indicates compilation against the most recent version of CUDA will be attempted; this can be over-ridden by providing a soft-link "eddy_cuda" within your path that links to the binary you wish to be executed.
 
-Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, guaranteeing alignment.  But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle (note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).
+Note that this script does not perform any explicit registration between images provided to topup via the -se_epi option, and the DWI volumes provided to eddy. In some instances (motion between acquisitions) this can result in erroneous application of the inhomogeneity field during distortion correction. Use of the -align_seepi option is advocated in this scenario, which ensures that the first volume in the series provided to topup is also the first volume in the series provided to eddy, guaranteeing alignment. But a prerequisite for this approach is that the image contrast within the images provided to the -se_epi option must match the b=0 volumes present within the input DWI series: this means equivalent TE, TR and flip angle (note that differences in multi-band factors between two acquisitions may lead to differences in TR).
 
 Example usages
 --------------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
index cdf020fcf4..1317b9e73c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Options
 
 - **-mask image** Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking
 
-- **-number** Set the number of tracks to generate for each test
+- **-number count** Set the number of tracks to generate for each test
 
 Options for importing the diffusion gradient table
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
index 005820818b..4c6611b63f 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-The output of this command is a 4D image, where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), an the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.
+The output of this command is a 4D image, where each volume corresponds to a b-value shell (in order of increasing b-value), and the intensities within each volume correspond to the chosen statistic having been computed from across the DWI volumes belonging to that b-value shell.
 
 Example usages
 --------------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
index e774d3e349..8257bf5f85 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ While the name of this script indicates that a binary mask image is required as
 Options
 -------
 
-- **-dilate** Provide number of passes for dilation step; default = 2
+- **-dilate iterations** Provide number of iterations for dilation step; default = 2
 
-- **-scale** Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0
+- **-scale value** Provide resolution upscaling value; default = 2.0
 
-- **-smooth** Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0
+- **-smooth value** Provide standard deviation of smoothing (in mm); default = 1.0
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index 9e38019957..80bf22150a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -38,29 +38,29 @@ Options
 Input, output and general options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-type** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are: "rigid" (perform rigid registration only, which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis); "affine" (perform affine registration); "nonlinear"; as well as cominations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
+- **-type choice** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are: "rigid" (perform rigid registration only, which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis); "affine" (perform affine registration); "nonlinear"; as well as cominations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
 
-- **-voxel_size** Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.
+- **-voxel_size values** Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.
 
-- **-initial_alignment** Method of alignment to form the initial template.Options are: "mass" (default); "robust_mass" (requires masks); "geometric"; "none".
+- **-initial_alignment choice** Method of alignment to form the initial template. Options are: "mass" (default); "robust_mass" (requires masks); "geometric"; "none".
 
-- **-mask_dir** Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.
+- **-mask_dir directory** Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory, one per input image (with the same file name prefix). Using masks will speed up registration significantly. Note that masks are used for registration, not for aggregation. To exclude areas from aggregation, NaN-mask your input images.
 
-- **-warp_dir** Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
+- **-warp_dir directory** Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
 
-- **-transformed_dir** Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.
+- **-transformed_dir directory** Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.
 
-- **-linear_transformations_dir** Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
+- **-linear_transformations_dir directory** Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
 
-- **-template_mask** Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.
+- **-template_mask image** Output a template mask. Only works if -mask_dir has been input. The template mask is computed as the intersection of all subject masks in template space.
 
 - **-noreorientation** Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister. Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension corresponds to the number of coefficients in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)
 
-- **-leave_one_out** Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: 0, 1, auto. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))
+- **-leave_one_out choice** Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image. Valid choices: 0, 1, auto. (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))
 
-- **-aggregate** Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: mean, median. Default: mean
+- **-aggregate choice** Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image. Valid choices: mean, median. Default: mean
 
-- **-aggregation_weights** Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).
+- **-aggregation_weights file** Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation. Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight. Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).
 
 - **-nanmask** Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values to specify include areas for registration and aggregation. Only works if -mask_dir has been input.
 
@@ -71,17 +71,17 @@ Input, output and general options
 Options for the non-linear registration
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-nl_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0). This implicitly defines the number of template levels
+- **-nl_scale values** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0). This implicitly defines the number of template levels
 
-- **-nl_lmax** Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list
+- **-nl_lmax values** Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list
 
-- **-nl_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list
+- **-nl_niter values** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5). The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list
 
-- **-nl_update_smooth** Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default 2.0 x voxel_size)
+- **-nl_update_smooth value** Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default 2.0 x voxel_size)
 
-- **-nl_disp_smooth** Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default 1.0 x voxel_size)
+- **-nl_disp_smooth value** Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing (standard deviation in voxel units, Default 1.0 x voxel_size)
 
-- **-nl_grad_step** The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: 0.5)
+- **-nl_grad_step value** The gradient step size for non-linear registration (Default: 0.5)
 
 Options for the linear registration
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -90,30 +90,30 @@ Options for the linear registration
 
 - **-linear_no_drift_correction** Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations
 
-- **-linear_estimator** Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: \|x\|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: \|x\|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.
+- **-linear_estimator choice** Specify estimator for intensity difference metric. Valid choices are: l1 (least absolute: \|x\|), l2 (ordinary least squares), lp (least powers: \|x\|^1.2), none (no robust estimator). Default: none.
 
-- **-rigid_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels
+- **-rigid_scale values** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels
 
-- **-rigid_lmax** Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
+- **-rigid_lmax values** Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
-- **-rigid_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
+- **-rigid_niter values** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 50 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
-- **-affine_scale** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels
+- **-affine_scale values** Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template, in the form of a list of scale factors (default: 0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0). This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels
 
-- **-affine_lmax** Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
+- **-affine_lmax values** Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor, in the form of a list of integers (default: 2,2,2,4,4,4). The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
-- **-affine_niter** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
+- **-affine_niter values** Specify the number of registration iterations used within each level before updating the template, in the form of a list of integers (default: 500 for each scale). This must be a single number or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list
 
 Multi-contrast options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-mc_weight_initial_alignment** Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).
+- **-mc_weight_initial_alignment values** Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).
 
-- **-mc_weight_rigid** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
+- **-mc_weight_rigid values** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
 
-- **-mc_weight_affine** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
+- **-mc_weight_affine values** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
 
-- **-mc_weight_nl** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
+- **-mc_weight_nl values** Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration. Comma separated, default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)
 
 Additional standard options for Python scripts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/python/bin/dwi2response b/python/bin/dwi2response
index c1e1a5f53e..443c0570d0 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/python/bin/dwi2response
@@ -43,11 +43,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
   common_options.add_argument('-mask',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                              metavar='image',
                               help='Provide an initial mask for response voxel selection')
   common_options.add_argument('-voxels',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                              metavar='image',
                               help='Output an image showing the final voxel selection(s)')
   common_options.add_argument('-shells',
                               type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
@@ -57,7 +55,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                    'b=0 must be included explicitly if desired)')
   common_options.add_argument('-lmax',
                               type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                              metavar='values',
                               help='The maximum harmonic degree(s) for response function estimation '
                                    '(comma-separated list in case of multiple b-values)')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
diff --git a/python/bin/dwibiascorrect b/python/bin/dwibiascorrect
index ffc6015790..c8e1313684 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/python/bin/dwibiascorrect
@@ -29,11 +29,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms')
   common_options.add_argument('-mask',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                              metavar='image',
                               help='Manually provide an input mask image for bias field estimation')
   common_options.add_argument('-bias',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                              metavar='image',
                               help='Output an image containing the estimated bias field')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
diff --git a/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
index e5c4e91dc6..d4b9585a24 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
@@ -116,19 +116,15 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   output_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options that modulate the outputs of the script')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_bias',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                              metavar='image',
                               help='Export the final estimated bias field to an image')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_scale',
                               type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
-                              metavar='file',
                               help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
   output_options.add_argument('-output_tissuesum',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                              metavar='image',
                               help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the final mask')
   output_options.add_argument('-reference',
                               type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
-                              metavar='value',
                               default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
                               help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series'
                                    f' (default: {REFERENCE_INTENSITY})')
@@ -136,13 +132,11 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   internal_options.add_argument('-dice',
                                 type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
                                 default=DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT,
-                                metavar='value',
                                 help='Set the Dice coefficient threshold for similarity of masks between sequential iterations'
                                      ' that will result in termination due to convergence;'
                                      f' default = {DICE_COEFF_DEFAULT}')
   internal_options.add_argument('-init_mask',
                                 type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                                metavar='image',
                                 help='Provide an initial mask for the first iteration of the algorithm'
                                      ' (if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   internal_options.add_argument('-max_iters',
@@ -159,7 +153,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                      ' potentially based on the ODF sum image (see Description);'
                                      f' default: {MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT}')
   internal_options.add_argument('-lmax',
-                                metavar='values',
                                 type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
                                 help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description);'
                                      f' defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
diff --git a/python/bin/dwicat b/python/bin/dwicat
index 810fe14ead..544534e2e3 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwicat
+++ b/python/bin/dwicat
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
                        help='The output image series (all DWIs concatenated)')
   cmdline.add_argument('-mask',
-                       metavar='image',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
                        help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
 
diff --git a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc b/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
index fd90aa5ae3..7cc770a8b7 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -180,7 +180,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The output corrected image series')
   cmdline.add_argument('-json_import',
                        type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
-                       metavar='file',
                        help='Import image header information from an associated JSON file'
                             ' (may be necessary to determine phase encoding information)')
   pe_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for manually specifying the phase encoding of the input DWIs')
@@ -197,7 +196,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   distcorr_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for achieving correction of susceptibility distortions')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-se_epi',
                                 type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                                metavar='image',
                                 help='Provide an additional image series consisting of spin-echo EPI images,'
                                      ' which is to be used exclusively by topup for estimating the inhomogeneity field'
                                      ' (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
@@ -219,12 +217,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   eddy_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for affecting the operation of the FSL "eddy" command')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_mask',
                             type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                            metavar='image',
                             help='Provide a processing mask to use for eddy,'
                                  ' instead of having dwifslpreproc generate one internally using dwi2mask')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_slspec',
                             type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
-                            metavar='file',
                             help='Provide a file containing slice groupings for eddy\'s slice-to-volume registration')
   eddy_options.add_argument('-eddy_options',
                             metavar='" EddyOptions"',
@@ -234,13 +230,11 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   eddyqc_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for utilising EddyQC')
   eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_text',
                               type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                              metavar='directory',
                               help='Copy the various text-based statistical outputs generated by eddy,'
                                    ' and the output of eddy_qc (if installed),'
                                    ' into an output directory')
   eddyqc_options.add_argument('-eddyqc_all',
                               type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                              metavar='directory',
                               help='Copy ALL outputs generated by eddy (including images),'
                                    ' and the output of eddy_qc (if installed),'
                                    ' into an output directory')
diff --git a/python/bin/dwigradcheck b/python/bin/dwigradcheck
index 611530c62a..a6023e6f01 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/python/bin/dwigradcheck
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The input DWI series to be checked')
   cmdline.add_argument('-mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
   cmdline.add_argument('-number',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                       metavar='count',
                        default=10000,
                        help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
 
diff --git a/python/bin/mask2glass b/python/bin/mask2glass
index d2c8fab50b..bff040d35a 100755
--- a/python/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/python/bin/mask2glass
@@ -37,8 +37,9 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The output glass brain image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-dilate',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        default=2,
-                       help='Provide number of passes for dilation step;'
+                       help='Provide number of iterations for dilation step;'
                             ' default = 2')
   cmdline.add_argument('-scale',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
diff --git a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index f1275414c1..a5d210fc04 100755
--- a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             ' but not attempt to delete them')
   cmdline.add_argument('-failed',
                        type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
-                       metavar='file',
                        help='Write list of items that the script failed to delete to a text file')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options([ 'test', 'failed' ])
 
diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index d6219ea94a..afd46eb330 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -79,25 +79,21 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment.'
                             ' Comma separated,'
                             ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration.'
                             ' Comma separated,'
                             ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration.'
                             ' Comma separated,'
                             ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
   options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration.'
                             ' Comma separated,'
                             ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index ad343b4afa..7b0b670ec6 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "freesurfer" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lut',
                        type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
-                       metavar='file',
                        help='Manually provide path to the lookup table on which the input parcellation image is based '
                             '(e.g. FreeSurferColorLUT.txt)')
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index 2b2341132a..3786e6249b 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -48,12 +48,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "fsl" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-t2',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Provide a T2-weighted image in addition to the default T1-weighted image; '
                             'this will be used as a second input to FSL FAST')
   options.add_argument('-mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Manually provide a brain mask, '
                             'rather than deriving one in the script')
   options.add_argument('-premasked',
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index 62e51518b2..c258c133f2 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                       help='The output 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-template',
                       type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                      metavar='image',
                       help='Provide an image that will form the template for the generated 5TT image')
   parser.add_argument('-hippocampi',
                       choices=HIPPOCAMPI_CHOICES,
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 28eff1b4ba..6d34066c98 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -648,7 +648,10 @@ class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
   class CustomTypeBase:
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
+      assert False
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
       assert False
 
   class Bool(CustomTypeBase):
@@ -664,8 +667,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as boolean value"') from exc
       return bool(processed_value)
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'BOOL'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'value'
 
   def Int(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name,no-self-argument
     assert min_value is None or isinstance(min_value, int)
@@ -683,8 +689,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
           raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input value "{input_value}" greater than maximum permissible value {max_value}')
         return value
       @staticmethod
-      def _typestring():
+      def _legacytypestring():
         return f'INT {-sys.maxsize - 1 if min_value is None else min_value} {sys.maxsize if max_value is None else max_value}'
+      @staticmethod
+      def _metavar():
+        return 'value'
     return IntBounded()
 
   def Float(min_value=None, max_value=None): # pylint: disable=invalid-name,no-self-argument
@@ -703,8 +712,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
           raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input value "{input_value}" greater than maximum permissible value {max_value}')
         return value
       @staticmethod
-      def _typestring():
+      def _legacytypestring():
         return f'FLOAT {"-inf" if min_value is None else str(min_value)} {"inf" if max_value is None else str(max_value)}'
+      @staticmethod
+      def _metavar():
+        return 'value'
     return FloatBounded()
 
   class SequenceInt(CustomTypeBase):
@@ -714,8 +726,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       except ValueError as exc:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as integer sequence') from exc
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'ISEQ'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'values'
 
   class SequenceFloat(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -724,8 +739,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       except ValueError as exc:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as floating-point sequence') from exc
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'FSEQ'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'values'
 
   class DirectoryIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -736,8 +754,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input path "{input_value}" is not a directory')
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'DIRIN'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'directory'
 
 
   class DirectoryOut(CustomTypeBase):
@@ -746,8 +767,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       abspath = _UserDirOutPath(input_value)
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'DIROUT'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'directory'
 
   class FileIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -758,16 +782,22 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input path "{input_value}" is not a file')
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'FILEIN'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'file'
 
   class FileOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       abspath = _UserFileOutPath(input_value)
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'FILEOUT'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'file'
 
   class ImageIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -777,8 +807,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       abspath = UserPath(input_value)
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'IMAGEIN'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'image'
 
   class ImageOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -790,8 +823,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       abspath = _UserFileOutPath(input_value)
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'IMAGEOUT'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'image'
 
   class TracksIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -800,8 +836,11 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input tractogram file "{filepath}" is not a valid track file')
       return filepath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'TRACKSIN'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'trackfile'
 
   class TracksOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
@@ -810,15 +849,21 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Output tractogram path "{filepath}" does not use the requisite ".tck" suffix')
       return filepath
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'TRACKSOUT'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'trackfile'
 
   class Various(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       return input_value
     @staticmethod
-    def _typestring():
+    def _legacytypestring():
       return 'VARIOUS'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'spec'
 
 
 
@@ -1014,11 +1059,30 @@ def _check_mutex_options(self, args_in):
         sys.stderr.flush()
         sys.exit(1)
 
-
-
-
-
-
+  @staticmethod
+  def _option2metavar(option):
+    if option.metavar is not None:
+      if isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
+        return f' {" ".join(option.metavar)}'
+      text = option.metavar
+    elif option.choices is not None:
+      return ' choice'
+    elif isinstance(option.type, Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+      text = option.type._metavar()
+    elif isinstance(option.type, str):
+      text = 'string'
+    elif isinstance(option.type, (int, float)):
+      text = 'value'
+    else:
+      return ''
+    if option.nargs:
+      if isinstance(option.nargs, int):
+        text = ((f' {text}') * option.nargs).lstrip()
+      elif option.nargs in ('+', '*'):
+        text = f'<space-separated list of {text}s>'
+      elif option.nargs == '?':
+        text = '<optional {text}>'
+    return f' {text}'
 
   def format_usage(self):
     argument_list = [ ]
@@ -1119,26 +1183,7 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       group_text = ''
       for option in group._group_actions:
         group_text += '  ' + underline('/'.join(option.option_strings))
-        if option.metavar:
-          group_text += ' '
-          if isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
-            group_text += ' '.join(option.metavar)
-          else:
-            group_text += option.metavar
-        elif option.nargs:
-          if isinstance(option.nargs, int):
-            group_text += (f' {option.dest.upper()}')*option.nargs
-          elif option.nargs in ('+', '*'):
-            group_text += ' <space-separated list>'
-          elif option.nargs == '?':
-            group_text += ' <optional value>'
-        elif option.type is not None:
-          if hasattr(option.type, '__class__'):
-            group_text += f' {option.type.__class__.__name__.upper()}'
-          else:
-            group_text += f' {option.type.__name__.upper()}'
-        elif option.default is None:
-          group_text += f' {option.dest.upper()}'
+        group_text += Parser._option2metavar(option)
         # Any options that haven't tripped one of the conditions above should be a store_true or store_false, and
         #   therefore there's nothing to be appended to the option instruction
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
@@ -1221,8 +1266,8 @@ def arg2str(arg):
       if isinstance(arg.type, str) or arg.type is str or arg.type is None:
         return 'TEXT'
       if isinstance(arg.type, Parser.CustomTypeBase):
-        return type(arg.type)._typestring()
-      return arg.type._typestring()
+        return type(arg.type)._legacytypestring()
+      return arg.type._legacytypestring()
 
     def allow_multiple(nargs):
       return '1' if nargs in ('*', '+') else '0'
@@ -1294,12 +1339,7 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       group_text = ''
       for option in group._group_actions:
         option_text = '/'.join(option.option_strings)
-        if option.metavar:
-          option_text += ' '
-          if isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
-            option_text += ' '.join(option.metavar)
-          else:
-            option_text += option.metavar
+        optiontext += Parser._option2metavar(option)
         group_text += f'+ **-{option_text}**'
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
           group_text += '  *(multiple uses permitted)*'
@@ -1381,12 +1421,7 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       group_text = ''
       for option in group._group_actions:
         option_text = '/'.join(option.option_strings)
-        if option.metavar:
-          option_text += ' '
-          if isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
-            option_text += ' '.join(option.metavar)
-          else:
-            option_text += option.metavar
+        option_text += Parser._option2metavar(option)
         group_text += '\n'
         group_text += f'- **{option_text}**'
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
index 58ee6af18e..5f936cbae9 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        'Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
   options.add_argument('-peels',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        help='Peel (erode) the mask n times, '
                             'then unpeel (dilate).')
   options.add_argument('-nbhrs',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(6, 26),
+                       metavar='count',
                        help='Define the number of neighbors needed for a voxel NOT to be eroded. '
                             'It should be between 6 and 26.')
   options.add_argument('-eclip',
@@ -66,9 +68,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             '130 seems to be decent (i.e., for Homo Sapiens brains).')
   options.add_argument('-dilate',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        help='Dilate the mask outwards n times')
   options.add_argument('-erode',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        help='Erode the mask outwards n times')
 
   options.add_argument('-NN1',
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index db9995bcd0..906dfb0e78 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised')
   options.add_argument('-masks',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks')
   options.add_argument('-template',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index f99a41dc81..1d38bb81d5 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -59,25 +59,21 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-init_mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Provide an initial brain mask, '
                             'which will constrain the response function estimation '
                             '(if omitted, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
                             f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data')
   options.add_argument('-threshold',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
-                       metavar='value',
                        default=THRESHOLD_DEFAULT,
                        help='the threshold on the total tissue density sum image used to derive the brain mask; '
                             f'default is {THRESHOLD_DEFAULT}')
   options.add_argument('-tissuesum',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Export the tissue sum image that was used to generate the mask')
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
index 5f54e9d9d9..99e3ee802c 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Use the GPU')
   options.add_argument('-model',
                        type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
-                       metavar='file',
                        help='Alternative model weights')
   options.add_argument('-nocsf',
                        action='store_true',
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index aa760e9dde..0b47727ac1 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                  'prior to thresholding')
   iter_options.add_argument('-max_iters',
                             type=app.Parser.Int(1),
+                            metavar='iterations',
                             default=DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS,
                             help='Set the maximum number of iterations for the algorithm '
                                  f'(default: {DEFAULT_MAX_ITERS})')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
index a0b2634d9d..4cc0292ed6 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for the "dhollander" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
-                       metavar='passes',
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        default=3,
                        help='Number of erosion passes to apply to initial (whole brain) mask. '
                             'Set to 0 to not erode the brain mask. '
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
index 64dfa17bd6..0ae2cf85f7 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "fa" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-erode',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(0),
-                       metavar='passes',
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        default=3,
                        help='Number of brain mask erosion steps to apply prior to threshold '
                             '(not used if mask is provided manually)')
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The number of highest-FA voxels to use')
   options.add_argument('-threshold',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
-                       metavar='value',
                        help='Apply a hard FA threshold, '
                             'rather than selecting the top voxels')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'number', 'threshold' ] )
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index 34d12713f2..1a2167a159 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "manual" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-dirs',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel '
                             '(a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
index 881aa5b4c0..9706033dbe 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
@@ -50,12 +50,10 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "msmt_5tt" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-dirs',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Provide an input image that contains a pre-estimated fibre direction in each voxel '
                             '(a tensor fit will be used otherwise)')
   options.add_argument('-fa',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
-                       metavar='value',
                        default=0.2,
                        help='Upper fractional anisotropy threshold for GM and CSF voxel selection '
                             '(default: 0.2)')
@@ -73,7 +71,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             f'(options: {", ".join(WM_ALGOS)}; default: tournier)')
   options.add_argument('-sfwm_fa_threshold',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
-                       metavar='value',
                        help='Sets -wm_algo to fa and allows to specify a hard FA threshold for single-fibre WM voxels, '
                             'which is passed to the -threshold option of the fa algorithm '
                             '(warning: overrides -wm_algo option)')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
index 2fb4248517..e3238acfa3 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "tax" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-peak_ratio',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
-                       metavar='value',
                        default=0.1,
                        help='Second-to-first-peak amplitude ratio threshold')
   options.add_argument('-max_iters',
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
index 7ef04eb76c..f29ce9bac6 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             '(default = 10 x value given in -number)')
   options.add_argument('-dilate',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(1),
-                       metavar='passes',
+                       metavar='iterations',
                        default=1,
                        help='Number of mask dilation steps to apply when deriving voxel mask to test in the next iteration')
   options.add_argument('-max_iters',
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index d86125f9bf..502bce0675 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
                             f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index 2ecea1d33f..04a62a9aa0 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   parser.add_argument('-fa_threshold',
                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
                       default=FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT,
-                      metavar='value',
                       help='The threshold applied to the Fractional Anisotropy group template '
                            'used to derive an approximate white matter mask '
                            f'(default: {FA_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT})')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
index 845a57a3d1..61e3d021c1 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
@@ -37,13 +37,11 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                       help='The output intensity-normalised DWI series')
   parser.add_argument('-intensity',
                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
-                      metavar='value',
                       default=DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY,
                       help='Normalise the b=0 signal to a specified value '
                            f'(Default: {DEFAULT_TARGET_INTENSITY})')
   parser.add_argument('-percentile',
                       type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 100.0),
-                      metavar='value',
                       help='Define the percentile of the b=0 image intensties within the mask used for normalisation; '
                            'if this option is not supplied then the median value (50th percentile) '
                            'will be normalised to the desired intensity value')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index e8e01647b3..279c336f8f 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -62,24 +62,20 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "mtnorm" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-lmax',
                        type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                       metavar='values',
                        help='The maximum spherical harmonic degree for the estimated FODs (see Description); '
                             f'defaults are "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_MULTI))}" for multi-shell '
                             f'and "{",".join(map(str, LMAXES_SINGLE))}" for single-shell data)')
   options.add_argument('-mask',
                        type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
-                       metavar='image',
                        help='Provide a mask image for relevant calculations '
                             '(if not provided, the default dwi2mask algorithm will be used)')
   options.add_argument('-reference',
                        type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
-                       metavar='value',
                        default=REFERENCE_INTENSITY,
                        help='Set the target CSF b=0 intensity in the output DWI series '
                             f'(default: {REFERENCE_INTENSITY})')
   options.add_argument('-scale',
                        type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
-                       metavar='file',
                        help='Write the scaling factor applied to the DWI series to a text file')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(parser)
 

From d1588917992eeb0c74be972f846e89cf4dca2074 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2024 20:44:33 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 048/182] clang-format and clang-tidy fixes for #2678

---
 cmd/mrregister.cpp          |  4 ++--
 core/image_io/pipe.cpp      | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 src/registration/linear.cpp | 12 ++++++------
 src/registration/linear.h   |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/mrregister.cpp b/cmd/mrregister.cpp
index 0e6fe948a0..d6b689fd1f 100644
--- a/cmd/mrregister.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrregister.cpp
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ void run() {
       rigid_estimator = Registration::None;
       break;
     default:
-      assert (false);
+      assert(false);
     }
   }
 
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ void run() {
       affine_estimator = Registration::None;
       break;
     default:
-      assert (false);
+      assert(false);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/core/image_io/pipe.cpp b/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
index f027d61e23..e7aabee49a 100644
--- a/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
+++ b/core/image_io/pipe.cpp
@@ -49,19 +49,19 @@ void Pipe::unload(const Header &) {
   }
 }
 
-//ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE
-//ENVVAR This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
-//ENVVAR should be preserved rather than the usual behaviour of
-//ENVVAR deletion at command completion.
-//ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API,
-//ENVVAR it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
-//ENVVAR the piped commands are executed.
+// ENVVAR name: MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE
+// ENVVAR This variable decides whether the temporary piped image
+// ENVVAR should be preserved rather than the usual behaviour of
+// ENVVAR deletion at command completion.
+// ENVVAR For example, in case of piped commands from Python API,
+// ENVVAR it is necessary to retain the temp files until all
+// ENVVAR the piped commands are executed.
 namespace {
-  bool preserve_tmpfile() {
-    const char* const MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE");
-    return (MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE && to<bool>(std::string(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)));
-  }
+bool preserve_tmpfile() {
+  const char *const MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE = getenv("MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE");
+  return (MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE != nullptr && to<bool>(std::string(MRTRIX_PRESERVE_TMPFILE)));
 }
+} // namespace
 bool Pipe::delete_piped_images = !preserve_tmpfile();
 
 } // namespace MR::ImageIO
diff --git a/src/registration/linear.cpp b/src/registration/linear.cpp
index 2c7374cce1..6450ff7452 100644
--- a/src/registration/linear.cpp
+++ b/src/registration/linear.cpp
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ namespace MR::Registration {
 
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *initialisation_translation_choices[] = {"mass", "geometric", "none", nullptr};
-const char *initialisation_rotation_choices[] = {"search", "moments", "none", nullptr};
+const char *const initialisation_translation_choices[] = {"mass", "geometric", "none", nullptr};
+const char *const initialisation_rotation_choices[] = {"search", "moments", "none", nullptr};
 
-const char *linear_metric_choices[] = {"diff", "ncc", nullptr};
-const char* linear_robust_estimator_choices[] = { "l1", "l2", "lp", "none", nullptr };
-const char* linear_optimisation_algo_choices[] = { "bbgd", "gd", nullptr };
-const char *optim_algo_names[] = {"BBGD", "GD", nullptr};
+const char *const linear_metric_choices[] = {"diff", "ncc", nullptr};
+const char *const linear_robust_estimator_choices[] = {"l1", "l2", "lp", "none", nullptr};
+const char *const linear_optimisation_algo_choices[] = {"bbgd", "gd", nullptr};
+const char *const optim_algo_names[] = {"BBGD", "GD", nullptr};
 
 // define parameters of initialisation methods used for both, rigid and affine registration
 void parse_general_options(Registration::Linear &registration) {
diff --git a/src/registration/linear.h b/src/registration/linear.h
index f5fd066142..f553474f16 100644
--- a/src/registration/linear.h
+++ b/src/registration/linear.h
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ extern const App::OptionGroup lin_stage_options;
 extern const App::OptionGroup rigid_options;
 extern const App::OptionGroup affine_options;
 extern const App::OptionGroup fod_options;
-extern const char *optim_algo_names[];
+extern const char *const optim_algo_names[];
 
 enum LinearMetricType { Diff, NCC };
 enum LinearRobustMetricEstimatorType { L1, L2, LP, None };

From d5a4596695a16a160e91d7293a9f6f751b8c1f8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2024 20:56:41 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 049/182] Add unit testing of Python CLI

Note that commit b31c9d9631a6dbdadd9ac7a7e3a00e395c18141d was incomplete in this regard, as it added a test suite but not the executable Python script that it invoked.
---
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          |   2 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     |  25 +--
 testing/bin/testing_python_cli                | 138 ++++++++++++++
 testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt        | 124 ++++++++++++
 testing/data/python_cli/help.txt              | 177 ++++++++++++++++++
 testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md           | 127 +++++++++++++
 testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst | 146 +++++++++++++++
 testing/tests/python_cli                      |   6 +-
 8 files changed, 732 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 testing/bin/testing_python_cli
 create mode 100644 testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
 create mode 100644 testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
 create mode 100644 testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
 create mode 100644 testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index 4e73a7fc73..d4ca637b07 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ Options
 Options specific to the "consensus" algorithm
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-algorithms** Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised
+- **-algorithms str <space-separated list of additional strs>** Provide a (space- or comma-separated) list of dwi2mask algorithms that are to be utilised
 
 - **-masks image** Export a 4D image containing the individual algorithm masks
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 6d34066c98..7bfd6ec358 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -762,7 +762,6 @@ def _metavar():
 
 
   class DirectoryOut(CustomTypeBase):
-
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       abspath = _UserDirOutPath(input_value)
       return abspath
@@ -1069,19 +1068,21 @@ def _option2metavar(option):
       return ' choice'
     elif isinstance(option.type, Parser.CustomTypeBase):
       text = option.type._metavar()
-    elif isinstance(option.type, str):
-      text = 'string'
-    elif isinstance(option.type, (int, float)):
-      text = 'value'
-    else:
+    elif option.type is not None:
+      text = option.type.__name__.lower()
+    elif option.nargs == 0:
       return ''
+    else:
+      text = 'string'
     if option.nargs:
-      if isinstance(option.nargs, int):
+      if isinstance(option.nargs, int) and option.nargs > 1:
         text = ((f' {text}') * option.nargs).lstrip()
-      elif option.nargs in ('+', '*'):
+      elif option.nargs == '*':
         text = f'<space-separated list of {text}s>'
+      elif option.nargs == '+':
+        text = f'{text} <space-separated list of additional {text}s>'
       elif option.nargs == '?':
-        text = '<optional {text}>'
+        text = f'<optional {text}>'
     return f' {text}'
 
   def format_usage(self):
@@ -1283,13 +1284,15 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       for option in group._group_actions:
         sys.stdout.write(f'OPTION {"/".join(option.option_strings)} {"0" if option.required else "1"} {allow_multiple(option.nargs)}\n')
         sys.stdout.write(f'{option.help}\n')
+        if option.nargs == 0:
+          continue
         if option.metavar and isinstance(option.metavar, tuple):
           assert len(option.metavar) == option.nargs
           for arg in option.metavar:
             sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {arg} 0 0 {arg2str(option)}\n')
         else:
           multiple = allow_multiple(option.nargs)
-          nargs = 1 if multiple == '1' else (option.nargs if option.nargs is not None else 1)
+          nargs = 1 if multiple == '1' else (option.nargs if isinstance(option.nargs, int) else 1)
           for _ in range(0, nargs):
             metavar_string = option.metavar if option.metavar else '/'.join(opt.lstrip('-') for opt in option.option_strings)
             sys.stdout.write(f'ARGUMENT {metavar_string} 0 {multiple} {arg2str(option)}\n')
@@ -1339,7 +1342,7 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       group_text = ''
       for option in group._group_actions:
         option_text = '/'.join(option.option_strings)
-        optiontext += Parser._option2metavar(option)
+        option_text += Parser._option2metavar(option)
         group_text += f'+ **-{option_text}**'
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
           group_text += '  *(multiple uses permitted)*'
diff --git a/testing/bin/testing_python_cli b/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..29390ddaf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+CHOICES = ('One', 'Two', 'Three')
+
+def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_synopsis('Test operation of the Python command-line interface')
+
+  builtins = cmdline.add_argument_group('Built-in types')
+  builtins.add_argument('-flag',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='A binary flag')
+  builtins.add_argument('-string_implicit',
+                        help='A built-in string (implicit)')
+  builtins.add_argument('-string_explicit',
+                        type=str,
+                        help='A built-in string (explicit)')
+  builtins.add_argument('-choice',
+                        choices=CHOICES,
+                        help='A selection of choices; one of: ' + ', '.join(CHOICES))
+  builtins.add_argument('-int_builtin',
+                        type=int,
+                        help='An integer; built-in type')
+  builtins.add_argument('-float_builtin',
+                        type=float,
+                        help='A floating-point; built-in type')
+
+  complex = cmdline.add_argument_group('Complex interfaces; nargs, metavar, etc.')
+  complex.add_argument('-nargs_plus',
+                       nargs='+',
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar')
+  complex.add_argument('-nargs_asterisk',
+                       nargs='*',
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar')
+  complex.add_argument('-nargs_question',
+                       nargs='?',
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar')
+  complex.add_argument('-nargs_two',
+                       nargs=2,
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs=2, no metavar')
+  complex.add_argument('-metavar_one',
+                       metavar='metavar',
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs=1 and metavar="metavar"')
+  complex.add_argument('-metavar_two',
+                       metavar='metavar',
+                       nargs=2,
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar="metavar"')
+  complex.add_argument('-metavar_tuple',
+                       metavar=('metavar_one', 'metavar_two'),
+                       nargs=2,
+                       help='A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar=("metavar_one", "metavar_two")')
+  complex.add_argument('-append',
+                       action='append',
+                       help='A command-line option with "append" action (can be specified multiple times)')
+
+  custom = cmdline.add_argument_group('Custom types')
+  custom.add_argument('-bool',
+                      type=app.Parser.Bool(),
+                      help='A boolean input')
+  custom.add_argument('-int_unbound',
+                      type=app.Parser.Int(),
+                      help='An integer; unbounded')
+  custom.add_argument('-int_nonnegative',
+                      type=app.Parser.Int(0),
+                      help='An integer; non-negative')
+  custom.add_argument('-int_bounded',
+                      type=app.Parser.Int(0, 100),
+                      help='An integer; bound range')
+  custom.add_argument('-float_unbound',
+                      type=app.Parser.Float(),
+                      help='A floating-point; unbounded')
+  custom.add_argument('-float_nonneg',
+                      type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                      help='A floating-point; non-negative')
+  custom.add_argument('-float_bounded',
+                      type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0),
+                      help='A floating-point; bound range')
+  custom.add_argument('-int_seq',
+                      type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                      help='A comma-separated list of integers')
+  custom.add_argument('-float_seq',
+                      type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                      help='A comma-separated list of floating-points')
+  custom.add_argument('-dir_in',
+                      type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                      help='An input directory')
+  custom.add_argument('-dir_out',
+                      type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                      help='An output directory')
+  custom.add_argument('-file_in',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                      help='An input file')
+  custom.add_argument('-file_out',
+                      type=app.Parser.FileOut(),
+                      help='An output file')
+  custom.add_argument('-image_in',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
+                      help='An input image')
+  custom.add_argument('-image_out',
+                      type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                      help='An output image')
+  custom.add_argument('-tracks_in',
+                      type=app.Parser.TracksIn(),
+                      help='An input tractogram')
+  custom.add_argument('-tracks_out',
+                      type=app.Parser.TracksOut(),
+                      help='An output tractogram')
+
+
+
+def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+
+  for key, value in app.ARGS.iteritems():
+    app.console(f'{key}: {value}')
+
+
+
+# Execute the script
+import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
+mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04821c67b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+Test operation of the Python command-line interface
+OPTION -bool 1 0
+A boolean input
+ARGUMENT bool 0 0 BOOL
+OPTION -int_unbound 1 0
+An integer; unbounded
+ARGUMENT int_unbound 0 0 INT -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
+OPTION -int_nonnegative 1 0
+An integer; non-negative
+ARGUMENT int_nonnegative 0 0 INT 0 9223372036854775807
+OPTION -int_bounded 1 0
+An integer; bound range
+ARGUMENT int_bounded 0 0 INT 0 100
+OPTION -float_unbound 1 0
+A floating-point; unbounded
+ARGUMENT float_unbound 0 0 FLOAT -inf inf
+OPTION -float_nonneg 1 0
+A floating-point; non-negative
+ARGUMENT float_nonneg 0 0 FLOAT 0.0 inf
+OPTION -float_bounded 1 0
+A floating-point; bound range
+ARGUMENT float_bounded 0 0 FLOAT 0.0 1.0
+OPTION -int_seq 1 0
+A comma-separated list of integers
+ARGUMENT int_seq 0 0 ISEQ
+OPTION -float_seq 1 0
+A comma-separated list of floating-points
+ARGUMENT float_seq 0 0 FSEQ
+OPTION -dir_in 1 0
+An input directory
+ARGUMENT dir_in 0 0 DIRIN
+OPTION -dir_out 1 0
+An output directory
+ARGUMENT dir_out 0 0 DIROUT
+OPTION -file_in 1 0
+An input file
+ARGUMENT file_in 0 0 FILEIN
+OPTION -file_out 1 0
+An output file
+ARGUMENT file_out 0 0 FILEOUT
+OPTION -image_in 1 0
+An input image
+ARGUMENT image_in 0 0 IMAGEIN
+OPTION -image_out 1 0
+An output image
+ARGUMENT image_out 0 0 IMAGEOUT
+OPTION -tracks_in 1 0
+An input tractogram
+ARGUMENT tracks_in 0 0 TRACKSIN
+OPTION -tracks_out 1 0
+An output tractogram
+ARGUMENT tracks_out 0 0 TRACKSOUT
+OPTION -nargs_plus 1 1
+A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
+ARGUMENT nargs_plus 0 1 TEXT
+OPTION -nargs_asterisk 1 1
+A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar
+ARGUMENT nargs_asterisk 0 1 TEXT
+OPTION -nargs_question 1 0
+A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar
+ARGUMENT nargs_question 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -nargs_two 1 0
+A command-line option with nargs=2, no metavar
+ARGUMENT nargs_two 0 0 TEXT
+ARGUMENT nargs_two 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -metavar_one 1 0
+A command-line option with nargs=1 and metavar="metavar"
+ARGUMENT metavar 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -metavar_two 1 0
+A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar="metavar"
+ARGUMENT metavar 0 0 TEXT
+ARGUMENT metavar 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -metavar_tuple 1 0
+A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar=("metavar_one", "metavar_two")
+ARGUMENT metavar_one 0 0 TEXT
+ARGUMENT metavar_two 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -append 1 0
+A command-line option with "append" action (can be specified multiple times)
+ARGUMENT append 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -flag 1 0
+A binary flag
+OPTION -string_implicit 1 0
+A built-in string (implicit)
+ARGUMENT string_implicit 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -string_explicit 1 0
+A built-in string (explicit)
+ARGUMENT string_explicit 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -choice 1 0
+A selection of choices; one of: One, Two, Three
+ARGUMENT choice 0 0 CHOICE One Two Three
+OPTION -int_builtin 1 0
+An integer; built-in type
+ARGUMENT int_builtin 0 0 INT -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
+OPTION -float_builtin 1 0
+A floating-point; built-in type
+ARGUMENT float_builtin 0 0 FLOAT -inf inf
+OPTION -nocleanup 1 0
+do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
+OPTION -scratch 1 0
+manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+ARGUMENT /path/to/scratch/ 0 0 DIROUT
+OPTION -continue 1 0
+continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+ARGUMENT ScratchDir 0 0 VARIOUS
+ARGUMENT LastFile 0 0 VARIOUS
+OPTION -info 1 0
+display information messages.
+OPTION -quiet 1 0
+do not display information messages or progress status. Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+OPTION -debug 1 0
+display debugging messages.
+OPTION -force 1 0
+force overwrite of output files.
+OPTION -nthreads 1 0
+use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+ARGUMENT number 0 0 INT 0 9223372036854775807
+OPTION -config 1 0
+temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+ARGUMENT key 0 0 TEXT
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION -help 1 0
+display this information page and exit.
+OPTION -version 1 0
+display version information and exit.
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84e1304835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+Version 3.0.4-762-gd1588917-dirty tteessttiinngg__ppyytthhoonn__ccllii
+using MRtrix3 3.0.4-605-g24f1c322-dirty
+
+     tteessttiinngg__ppyytthhoonn__ccllii: external MRtrix3 project
+
+SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
+
+     Test operation of the Python command-line interface
+
+UUSSAAGGEE
+
+     _t_e_s_t_i_n_g___p_y_t_h_o_n___c_l_i [ options ]
+
+CCuussttoomm  ttyyppeess
+
+  _-_b_o_o_l value
+     A boolean input
+
+  _-_i_n_t___u_n_b_o_u_n_d value
+     An integer; unbounded
+
+  _-_i_n_t___n_o_n_n_e_g_a_t_i_v_e value
+     An integer; non-negative
+
+  _-_i_n_t___b_o_u_n_d_e_d value
+     An integer; bound range
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___u_n_b_o_u_n_d value
+     A floating-point; unbounded
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___n_o_n_n_e_g value
+     A floating-point; non-negative
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___b_o_u_n_d_e_d value
+     A floating-point; bound range
+
+  _-_i_n_t___s_e_q values
+     A comma-separated list of integers
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___s_e_q values
+     A comma-separated list of floating-points
+
+  _-_d_i_r___i_n directory
+     An input directory
+
+  _-_d_i_r___o_u_t directory
+     An output directory
+
+  _-_f_i_l_e___i_n file
+     An input file
+
+  _-_f_i_l_e___o_u_t file
+     An output file
+
+  _-_i_m_a_g_e___i_n image
+     An input image
+
+  _-_i_m_a_g_e___o_u_t image
+     An output image
+
+  _-_t_r_a_c_k_s___i_n trackfile
+     An input tractogram
+
+  _-_t_r_a_c_k_s___o_u_t trackfile
+     An output tractogram
+
+CCoommpplleexx  iinntteerrffaacceess;;  nnaarrggss,,  mmeettaavvaarr,,  eettcc..
+
+  _-_n_a_r_g_s___p_l_u_s string <space-separated list of additional strings>
+     A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
+
+  _-_n_a_r_g_s___a_s_t_e_r_i_s_k <space-separated list of strings>
+     A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar
+
+  _-_n_a_r_g_s___q_u_e_s_t_i_o_n <optional string>
+     A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar
+
+  _-_n_a_r_g_s___t_w_o string string
+     A command-line option with nargs=2, no metavar
+
+  _-_m_e_t_a_v_a_r___o_n_e metavar
+     A command-line option with nargs=1 and metavar="metavar"
+
+  _-_m_e_t_a_v_a_r___t_w_o metavar metavar
+     A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar="metavar"
+
+  _-_m_e_t_a_v_a_r___t_u_p_l_e metavar_one metavar_two
+     A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar=("metavar_one",
+     "metavar_two")
+
+  _-_a_p_p_e_n_d string  (multiple uses permitted)
+     A command-line option with "append" action (can be specified multiple
+     times)
+
+BBuuiilltt--iinn  ttyyppeess
+
+  _-_f_l_a_g
+     A binary flag
+
+  _-_s_t_r_i_n_g___i_m_p_l_i_c_i_t string
+     A built-in string (implicit)
+
+  _-_s_t_r_i_n_g___e_x_p_l_i_c_i_t str
+     A built-in string (explicit)
+
+  _-_c_h_o_i_c_e choice
+     A selection of choices; one of: One, Two, Three
+
+  _-_i_n_t___b_u_i_l_t_i_n int
+     An integer; built-in type
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___b_u_i_l_t_i_n float
+     A floating-point; built-in type
+
+AAddddiittiioonnaall  ssttaannddaarrdd  ooppttiioonnss  ffoorr  PPyytthhoonn  ssccrriippttss
+
+  _-_n_o_c_l_e_a_n_u_p
+     do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete
+     scratch directory at script completion.
+
+  _-_s_c_r_a_t_c_h /path/to/scratch/
+     manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+
+  _-_c_o_n_t_i_n_u_e ScratchDir LastFile
+     continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch
+     directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+
+SSttaannddaarrdd  ooppttiioonnss
+
+  _-_i_n_f_o
+     display information messages.
+
+  _-_q_u_i_e_t
+     do not display information messages or progress status. Alternatively, this
+     can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-
+     empty string.
+
+  _-_d_e_b_u_g
+     display debugging messages.
+
+  _-_f_o_r_c_e
+     force overwrite of output files.
+
+  _-_n_t_h_r_e_a_d_s number
+     use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to
+     disable multi-threading).
+
+  _-_c_o_n_f_i_g key value  (multiple uses permitted)
+     temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+  _-_h_e_l_p
+     display this information page and exit.
+
+  _-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n
+     display version information and exit.
+
+AAUUTTHHOORR
+     Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
+     Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.  This Source Code Form is
+     subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. If a copy of
+     the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain one at
+     http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.  Covered Software is provided under this
+     License on an "as is" basis, without warranty of any kind, either
+     expressed, implied, or statutory, including, without limitation, warranties
+     that the Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+     particular purpose or non-infringing. See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0
+     for more details.  For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS
+
+     Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.;
+     Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A.
+     MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image
+     processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d7cb1b0b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+## Synopsis
+
+Test operation of the Python command-line interface
+
+## Usage
+
+    testing_python_cli  [ options ]
+
+## Options
+
+#### Custom types
+
++ **--bool value**<br>A boolean input
+
++ **--int_unbound value**<br>An integer; unbounded
+
++ **--int_nonnegative value**<br>An integer; non-negative
+
++ **--int_bounded value**<br>An integer; bound range
+
++ **--float_unbound value**<br>A floating-point; unbounded
+
++ **--float_nonneg value**<br>A floating-point; non-negative
+
++ **--float_bounded value**<br>A floating-point; bound range
+
++ **--int_seq values**<br>A comma-separated list of integers
+
++ **--float_seq values**<br>A comma-separated list of floating-points
+
++ **--dir_in directory**<br>An input directory
+
++ **--dir_out directory**<br>An output directory
+
++ **--file_in file**<br>An input file
+
++ **--file_out file**<br>An output file
+
++ **--image_in image**<br>An input image
+
++ **--image_out image**<br>An output image
+
++ **--tracks_in trackfile**<br>An input tractogram
+
++ **--tracks_out trackfile**<br>An output tractogram
+
+#### Complex interfaces; nargs, metavar, etc.
+
++ **--nargs_plus string <space-separated list of additional strings>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
+
++ **--nargs_asterisk <space-separated list of strings>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar
+
++ **--nargs_question <optional string>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar
+
++ **--nargs_two string string**<br>A command-line option with nargs=2, no metavar
+
++ **--metavar_one metavar**<br>A command-line option with nargs=1 and metavar="metavar"
+
++ **--metavar_two metavar metavar**<br>A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar="metavar"
+
++ **--metavar_tuple metavar_one metavar_two**<br>A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar=("metavar_one", "metavar_two")
+
++ **--append string**  *(multiple uses permitted)*<br>A command-line option with "append" action (can be specified multiple times)
+
+#### Built-in types
+
++ **--flag**<br>A binary flag
+
++ **--string_implicit string**<br>A built-in string (implicit)
+
++ **--string_explicit str**<br>A built-in string (explicit)
+
++ **--choice choice**<br>A selection of choices; one of: One, Two, Three
+
++ **--int_builtin int**<br>An integer; built-in type
+
++ **--float_builtin float**<br>A floating-point; built-in type
+
+#### Additional standard options for Python scripts
+
++ **--nocleanup**<br>do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
+
++ **--scratch /path/to/scratch/**<br>manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+
++ **--continue ScratchDir LastFile**<br>continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+
+#### Standard options
+
++ **--info**<br>display information messages.
+
++ **--quiet**<br>do not display information messages or progress status. Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
++ **--debug**<br>display debugging messages.
+
++ **--force**<br>force overwrite of output files.
+
++ **--nthreads number**<br>use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
++ **--config key value**  *(multiple uses permitted)*<br>temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
++ **--help**<br>display this information page and exit.
+
++ **--version**<br>display version information and exit.
+
+## References
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+---
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst b/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a5093b98e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+.. _testing_python_cli:
+
+testing_python_cli
+==================
+
+Synopsis
+--------
+
+Test operation of the Python command-line interface
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+::
+
+    testing_python_cli  [ options ]
+
+
+Options
+-------
+
+Custom types
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-bool value** A boolean input
+
+- **-int_unbound value** An integer; unbounded
+
+- **-int_nonnegative value** An integer; non-negative
+
+- **-int_bounded value** An integer; bound range
+
+- **-float_unbound value** A floating-point; unbounded
+
+- **-float_nonneg value** A floating-point; non-negative
+
+- **-float_bounded value** A floating-point; bound range
+
+- **-int_seq values** A comma-separated list of integers
+
+- **-float_seq values** A comma-separated list of floating-points
+
+- **-dir_in directory** An input directory
+
+- **-dir_out directory** An output directory
+
+- **-file_in file** An input file
+
+- **-file_out file** An output file
+
+- **-image_in image** An input image
+
+- **-image_out image** An output image
+
+- **-tracks_in trackfile** An input tractogram
+
+- **-tracks_out trackfile** An output tractogram
+
+Complex interfaces; nargs, metavar, etc.
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-nargs_plus string <space-separated list of additional strings>** A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
+
+- **-nargs_asterisk <space-separated list of strings>** A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar
+
+- **-nargs_question <optional string>** A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar
+
+- **-nargs_two string string** A command-line option with nargs=2, no metavar
+
+- **-metavar_one metavar** A command-line option with nargs=1 and metavar="metavar"
+
+- **-metavar_two metavar metavar** A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar="metavar"
+
+- **-metavar_tuple metavar_one metavar_two** A command-line option with nargs=2 and metavar=("metavar_one", "metavar_two")
+
+- **-append string**  *(multiple uses permitted)* A command-line option with "append" action (can be specified multiple times)
+
+Built-in types
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-flag** A binary flag
+
+- **-string_implicit string** A built-in string (implicit)
+
+- **-string_explicit str** A built-in string (explicit)
+
+- **-choice choice** A selection of choices; one of: One, Two, Three
+
+- **-int_builtin int** An integer; built-in type
+
+- **-float_builtin float** A floating-point; built-in type
+
+Additional standard options for Python scripts
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
+
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+
+- **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+
+Standard options
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-info** display information messages.
+
+- **-quiet** do not display information messages or progress status. Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
+- **-debug** display debugging messages.
+
+- **-force** force overwrite of output files.
+
+- **-nthreads number** use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
+- **-config key value**  *(multiple uses permitted)* temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+- **-help** display this information page and exit.
+
+- **-version** display version information and exit.
+
+References
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+--------------
+
+
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
diff --git a/testing/tests/python_cli b/testing/tests/python_cli
index eccf20d1d8..d2152510d2 100644
--- a/testing/tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/tests/python_cli
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-mkdir -p tmp-newdirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -untyped my_untyped -string my_string -bool false -int_builtin 0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_builtin 0.0 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -intseq 1,2,3 -floatseq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dirin tmp-dirin/ -dirout tmp-dirout/ -filein tmp-filein.txt -fileout tmp-fileout.txt -tracksin tmp-tracksin.tck -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various
+mkdir -p tmp-newdirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -intseq 1,2,3 -floatseq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dirin tmp-dirin/ -dirout tmp-dirout/ -filein tmp-filein.txt -fileout tmp-fileout.txt -tracksin tmp-tracksin.tck -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various
+testing_python_cli -help > tmp.txt && diff -q tmp.txt data/python_cli/help.txt
+testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -q tmp.txt data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
+testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -q tmp.md data/python_cli/markdown.md
+testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -q tmp.rst data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
 testing_python_cli -bool false
 testing_python_cli -bool False
 testing_python_cli -bool FALSE

From 9cee5ae348b307647d46ebb94db9d772c2f32e4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 10:27:37 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 050/182] dwicat: Use F-strings

Updates chages in #2702 to fit with #2678.
---
 python/bin/dwicat | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/dwicat b/python/bin/dwicat
index 898e4c2a15..6612e53d41 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwicat
+++ b/python/bin/dwicat
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  # TODO Update to use F-strings after merge
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       else:
         run.function(shutil.copyfile, infile, outfile)
 
-    mask_option = ' -mask_input mask.mif -mask_target mask.mif' if app.ARGS.mask else ''
+    mask_option = ['-mask_input', 'mask.mif', '-mask_target', 'mask.mif'] if app.ARGS.mask else []
 
     # for all but the first image series:
     #   - find multiplicative factor to match b=0 images to those of the first image
@@ -180,7 +179,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     #         based on the resulting matrix of optimal scaling factors
     rescaled_filelist = [ '0in.mif' ]
     for index in range(1, num_inputs):
-      stderr_text = run.command('mrhistmatch scale ' + str(index) + 'b0.mif 0b0.mif ' + str(index) + 'rescaledb0.mif' + mask_option).stderr
+      stderr_text = run.command(['mrhistmatch', 'scale', f'{index}b0.mif', '0b0.mif', f'{index}rescaledb0.mif']
+                                + mask_option).stderr
       scaling_factor = None
       for line in stderr_text.splitlines():
         if 'Estimated scale factor is' in line:
@@ -191,11 +191,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           break
       if scaling_factor is None:
         raise MRtrixError('Unable to extract scaling factor from mrhistmatch output')
-      filename = str(index) + 'rescaled.mif'
-      run.command('mrcalc ' + str(index) + 'in.mif ' + str(scaling_factor) + ' -mult ' + filename)
+      filename = f'{index}rescaled.mif'
+      run.command(f'mrcalc {index}in.mif {scaling_factor} -mult {filename}')
       rescaled_filelist.append(filename)
   else:
-    rescaled_filelist = [str(index) + 'in.mif' for index in range(0, len(app.ARGS.inputs))]
+    rescaled_filelist = [f'{index}in.mif' for index in range(0, len(app.ARGS.inputs))]
 
   if voxel_grid_matching == 'equal':
     transformed_filelist = rescaled_filelist
@@ -204,13 +204,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                  '-spacing', ('mean_nearest' if voxel_grid_matching == 'rigidbody' else 'min_nearest')])
     transformed_filelist = []
     for item in rescaled_filelist:
-      transformname = os.path.splitext(item)[0] + '_to_avgheader.txt'
-      imagename = os.path.splitext(item)[0] + '_transformed.mif'
+      transformname = f'{os.path.splitext(item)[0]}_to_avgheader.txt'
+      imagename = f'{os.path.splitext(item)[0]}_transformed.mif'
       run.command(['transformcalc', item, 'average_header.mif', 'header', transformname])
       # Ensure that no non-rigid distortions of image data are applied
       #   in the process of moving it toward the average header
       if voxel_grid_matching == 'inequal':
-        newtransformname = os.path.splitext(transformname)[0] + '_rigid.txt'
+        newtransformname = f'{os.path.splitext(transformname)[0]}_rigid.txt'
         run.command(['transformcalc', transformname, 'rigid', newtransformname])
         transformname = newtransformname
       run.command(['mrtransform', item, imagename] \

From d783f8c4a476a4288c3e8ba1d68d4cb7ff8708f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 10:36:02 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 051/182] population_template: Resolve merge conflicts

Resolutions erroneously omitted from 4c331e21b407f555dc5f7ad223d503c27a939cf1.
---
 python/bin/population_template | 18 +-----------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 16ffc426e7..46064ed8c9 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -1290,14 +1290,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                     f'{inp.msk_transformed}_translated.mif {datatype_option}')
       progress.increment()
     # update average space of first contrast to new extent, delete other average space images
-<<<<<<< HEAD
-    run.command(['mraverageheader', [f'{inp.ims_transformed[cid]}_translated.mif' for inp in ins], 'average_header_tight.mif'])
-=======
     run.command(['mraverageheader',
-                 [inp.ims_transformed[cid] + '_translated.mif' for inp in ins],
+                 [f'{inp.ims_transformed[cid]}_translated.mif' for inp in ins],
                  'average_header_tight.mif',
                  '-spacing', 'mean_nearest'])
->>>>>>> origin/dev
     progress.done()
 
     if voxel_size is None:
@@ -1394,15 +1390,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
           initialise_option = f' -rigid_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
           if do_fod_registration:
-<<<<<<< HEAD
             lmax_option = f' -rigid_lmax {lmax}'
           if linear_estimator is not None:
             metric_option = f' -rigid_metric.diff.estimator {linear_estimator}'
-=======
-            lmax_option = ' -rigid_lmax ' + str(lmax)
-          if linear_estimator is not None:
-            metric_option = ' -rigid_metric.diff.estimator ' + linear_estimator
->>>>>>> origin/dev
           if app.VERBOSITY >= 2:
             mrregister_log_option = f' -info -rigid_log {linear_log_path}'
         else:
@@ -1413,15 +1403,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           contrast_weight_option = cns.affine_weight_option
           initialise_option = ' -affine_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
           if do_fod_registration:
-<<<<<<< HEAD
             lmax_option = f' -affine_lmax {lmax}'
           if linear_estimator is not None:
             metric_option = f' -affine_metric.diff.estimator {linear_estimator}'
-=======
-            lmax_option = ' -affine_lmax ' + str(lmax)
-          if linear_estimator is not None:
-            metric_option = ' -affine_metric.diff.estimator ' + linear_estimator
->>>>>>> origin/dev
           if write_log:
             mrregister_log_option = f' -info -affine_log {linear_log_path}'
 

From 55929b06cd87550a940fa9328ebbe79ddb259e83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 11:05:58 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 052/182] 5ttgen: Algorithms return path of final image to test
 using 5ttcheck

---
 python/bin/5ttgen                        | 15 +++++++--------
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py |  2 ++
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py        |  2 ++
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py        |  2 ++
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py       |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/5ttgen b/python/bin/5ttgen
index 8e5d962899..c6e1bc6264 100755
--- a/python/bin/5ttgen
+++ b/python/bin/5ttgen
@@ -63,14 +63,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
-  # TODO Have algorithm return path to image to check
-  alg.execute()
-
-  stderr = run.command('5ttcheck result.mif').stderr
-  if '[WARNING]' in stderr:
-    app.warn('Generated image does not perfectly conform to 5TT format:')
-    for line in stderr.splitlines():
-      app.warn(line)
+  result_path = alg.execute()
+  if result_path:
+    stderr = run.command(['5ttcheck', result_path]).stderr
+    if '[WARNING]' in stderr:
+      app.warn('Generated image does not perfectly conform to 5TT format:')
+      for line in stderr.splitlines():
+        app.warn(line)
 
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index 7b0b670ec6..f7fc7af05e 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -90,3 +90,5 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
+
+  return 'result.mif'
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index 3786e6249b..22a499266a 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -275,3 +275,5 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
+
+  return 'result.mif'
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
index e52352a971..3cbc13d925 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
@@ -70,3 +70,5 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
+
+  return 'result.mif'
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index c258c133f2..a3178c81c8 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -940,3 +940,5 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
               mrconvert_keyval=os.path.join(app.ARGS.input, 'mri', 'aparc+aseg.mgz'),
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
+
+  return 'result.mif'

From db3ca002089c6077067386b05d891215d70b6d11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 11:06:15 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 053/182] Resolution of pylint errors for #2678

---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                 | 3 +--
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py | 1 -
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 7bfd6ec358..e1aa8b1273 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -566,7 +566,6 @@ def _get_message(self):
 
 class _FilesystemPath(pathlib.Path):
   def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-    # TODO Can we use positional arguments rather than kwargs?
     root_dir = kwargs.pop('root_dir', None)
     assert root_dir is not None
     return super().__new__(_WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else _PosixPath,
@@ -618,7 +617,7 @@ def check_output(self):
                           '(use -force to overwrite)')
   # Force parents=True for user-specified path
   # Force exist_ok=False for user-specified path
-  def mkdir(self, mode=0o777):
+  def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
     while True:
       if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
         try:
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
index 1a2167a159..157e3f4297 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  # TODO Can usage() wipe this from the CLI?
   if os.path.exists('mask.mif'):
     app.warn('-mask option is ignored by algorithm "manual"')
     os.remove('mask.mif')

From ff983de53e3087afb7fdea229e60dab8a4c53aa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 16:36:01 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 054/182] Python CLI: Fixes to typing & alternative typing
 interface

- With previous code, filesystem types were not actually being constructed of the desirted type; instead, they were all being constructed as pathlib.PosixPath. This meant that additional checks intended to run after detection of presence of the -force option were not being performed. This was due to the slightly unusual construction of pathlib.Path making it difficult to produce further derived classes. Here, I instead make use of a convenience function to construct a new class that inherits both from the appropriate pathlib object for the host system, and from a class that intends to provide extensions atop that class. This should make checks for pre-existing output paths at commencement of execution work as intended, including for population_template where positional arguments have to be re-cast within the execute() function.
- In population_template, option -transformed_dir now has its own explicit command-line interface type as a comma-separated list of output directories.
- Add better checking for Python CLI behaviour for filesystem path types.
---
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |  4 +-
 python/bin/population_template                | 41 +++++----
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 90 ++++++++-----------
 testing/bin/testing_python_cli                |  7 +-
 testing/tests/python_cli                      | 29 +++---
 5 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index 80bf22150a..ba9fbae166 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Options
 Input, output and general options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-- **-type choice** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are: "rigid" (perform rigid registration only, which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis); "affine" (perform affine registration); "nonlinear"; as well as cominations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
+- **-type choice** Specify the types of registration stages to perform. Options are: "rigid" (perform rigid registration only, which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis); "affine" (perform affine registration); "nonlinear"; as well as combinations of registration types: "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear". Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear
 
 - **-voxel_size values** Define the template voxel size in mm. Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Input, output and general options
 
 - **-warp_dir directory** Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
 
-- **-transformed_dir directory** Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.
+- **-transformed_dir directory_list** Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created. For multi-contrast registration, provide a comma-separated list of directories.
 
 - **-linear_transformations_dir directory** Output a directory containing the linear transformations used to generate the template. If the folder does not exist it will be created
 
diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 46064ed8c9..df0ab5c2ab 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -195,6 +195,16 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                          help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration'
                               f' (Default: {DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP})')
 
+  class SequenceDirectoryOut(app.Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+    def __call__(self, input_value):
+      return [app._make_userpath_object(app._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) for item in input_value.split(',')]
+    @staticmethod
+    def _legacytypestring():
+      return 'SEQDIROUT'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _metavar():
+      return 'directory_list'
+
   options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
   registration_modes_string = ', '.join(f'"{x}"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if '_' in x)
   options.add_argument('-type',
@@ -205,7 +215,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             ' which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis);'
                             ' "affine" (perform affine registration);'
                             ' "nonlinear";'
-                            f' as well as cominations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}.'
+                            f' as well as combinations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}.'
                             ' Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear',
                             default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
   options.add_argument('-voxel_size',
@@ -235,14 +245,12 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
                        help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template.'
                             ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  # TODO Would prefer for this to be exclusively a directory;
-  #   but to do so will need to provide some form of disambiguation of multi-contrast files
   options.add_argument('-transformed_dir',
-                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                       type=SequenceDirectoryOut(),
                        help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template.'
                             ' If the folder does not exist it will be created.'
                             ' For multi-contrast registration,'
-                            ' this path will contain a sub-directory for the images per contrast.')
+                            ' provide a comma-separated list of directories.')
   options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir',
                        type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
                        help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations'
@@ -809,27 +817,28 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   assert (dorigid + doaffine + dononlinear >= 1), 'FIXME: registration type not valid'
 
 
+  # Reorder arguments for multi-contrast registration as after command line parsing app.ARGS.input_dir holds all but one argument
+  # Also cast user-speficied options to the correct types
   input_output = app.ARGS.input_dir + [app.ARGS.template]
   n_contrasts = len(input_output) // 2
   if len(input_output) != 2 * n_contrasts:
-    raise MRtrixError(f'Expected two arguments per contrast, received {len(input_output)}: {", ".join(input_output)}')
-  if n_contrasts > 1:
-    app.console('Generating population template using multi-contrast registration')
-
-  # reorder arguments for multi-contrast registration as after command line parsing app.ARGS.input_dir holds all but one argument
-  # TODO Write these to new variables rather than overwring app.ARGS?
-  # Or maybe better, invoke the appropriate typed arguments for each
+    raise MRtrixError('Expected two arguments per contrast;'
+                      f' received {len(input_output)}:'
+                      f' {", ".join(input_output)}')
   app.ARGS.input_dir = []
   app.ARGS.template = []
   for i_contrast in range(n_contrasts):
     inargs = (input_output[i_contrast*2], input_output[i_contrast*2+1])
-    app.ARGS.input_dir.append(app.Parser.DirectoryIn(inargs[0]))
-    app.ARGS.template.append(app.Parser.ImageOut(inargs[1]))
+    app.ARGS.input_dir.append(app._make_userpath_object(app._UserPathExtras, inargs[0]))
+    app.ARGS.template.append(app._make_userpath_object(app._UserOutPathExtras, inargs[1]))
   # Perform checks that otherwise would have been done immediately after command-line parsing
   #   were it not for the inability to represent input-output pairs in the command-line interface representation
   for output_path in app.ARGS.template:
     output_path.check_output()
 
+  if n_contrasts > 1:
+    app.console('Generating population template using multi-contrast registration')
+
   cns = Contrasts()
   app.debug(str(cns))
 
@@ -931,9 +940,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.ARGS.warp_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.warp_dir)
 
   if app.ARGS.transformed_dir:
-    app.ARGS.transformed_dir = [app.Parser.DirectoryOut(d) for d in app.ARGS.transformed_dir.split(',')]
     if len(app.ARGS.transformed_dir) != n_contrasts:
-      raise MRtrixError('require multiple comma separated transformed directories if multi-contrast registration is used')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'number of output directories specified for transformed images ({len(app.ARGS.transformed_dir)})'
+                        f' does not match number of contrasts ({n_contrasts})')
     for tdir in app.ARGS.transformed_dir:
       tdir.check_output()
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index e1aa8b1273..6bc383df57 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Now that FORCE_OVERWRITE has been set,
   #   check any user-specified output paths
   for arg in vars(ARGS):
-    if isinstance(arg, UserPath):
+    if isinstance(arg, _UserOutPathExtras):
       arg.check_output()
 
   # ANSI settings may have been altered at the command-line
@@ -562,59 +562,47 @@ def _get_message(self):
 
 
 
+# Function that will create a new class,
+#   which will derive from both pathlib.Path (which itself through __new__() could be Posix or Windows)
+#   and a desired augmentation that provides additional functions
+def _make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
+  normpath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
+  new_class = type(f'{base_class.__name__.lstrip("_").rstrip("Extras")}',
+                   (pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath,
+                    base_class),
+                   {})
+  instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, normpath, **kwargs)
+  return instance
 
 
-class _FilesystemPath(pathlib.Path):
-  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-    root_dir = kwargs.pop('root_dir', None)
-    assert root_dir is not None
-    return super().__new__(_WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else _PosixPath,
-                           os.path.normpath(os.path.join(root_dir, *args)),
-                           **kwargs)
+
+class _UserPathExtras:
   def __format__(self, _):
     return shlex.quote(str(self))
 
-class _WindowsPath(pathlib.PureWindowsPath, _FilesystemPath):
-  _flavour = pathlib._windows_flavour # pylint: disable=protected-access
-class _PosixPath(pathlib.PurePosixPath, _FilesystemPath):
-  _flavour = pathlib._posix_flavour # pylint: disable=protected-access
-
-class UserPath(_FilesystemPath):
-  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-    kwargs.update({'root_dir': WORKING_DIR})
-    return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
-  def check_output(self):
-    pass
-
-class ScratchPath(_FilesystemPath): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-    assert SCRATCH_DIR is not None
-    kwargs.update({'root_dir': SCRATCH_DIR})
-    return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
-
-class _UserFileOutPath(UserPath):
+class _UserOutPathExtras(_UserPathExtras):
   def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-  def check_output(self):
+  def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
     if self.exists():
       if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-        warn(f'Output file path "{str(self)}" already exists; '
+        warn(f'Output file {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
               'will be overwritten at script completion')
       else:
-        raise MRtrixError(f'Output file "{str(self)}" already exists '
+        raise MRtrixError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
                           '(use -force to override)')
 
-class _UserDirOutPath(UserPath):
+class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
   def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
   def check_output(self):
-    if self.exists():
-      if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-        warn(f'Output directory path "{str(self)}" already exists; '
-              'will be overwritten at script completion')
-      else:
-        raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                          '(use -force to overwrite)')
+    return super().check_output('file')
+
+class _UserDirOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
+  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+  def check_output(self):
+    return super().check_output('directory')
   # Force parents=True for user-specified path
   # Force exist_ok=False for user-specified path
   def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
@@ -642,8 +630,6 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
 
 class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
 
-
-
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
   class CustomTypeBase:
     @staticmethod
@@ -746,7 +732,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class DirectoryIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = UserPath(input_value)
+      abspath = _make_userpath_object(_UserPathExtras, input_value)
       if not abspath.exists():
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input directory "{input_value}" does not exist')
       if not abspath.is_dir():
@@ -759,10 +745,9 @@ def _legacytypestring():
     def _metavar():
       return 'directory'
 
-
   class DirectoryOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = _UserDirOutPath(input_value)
+      abspath = _make_userpath_object(_UserDirOutPathExtras, input_value)
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
@@ -773,7 +758,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class FileIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = UserPath(input_value)
+      abspath = _make_userpath_object(_UserPathExtras, input_value)
       if not abspath.exists():
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input file "{input_value}" does not exist')
       if not abspath.is_file():
@@ -788,8 +773,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class FileOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = _UserFileOutPath(input_value)
-      return abspath
+      return _make_userpath_object(_UserFileOutPathExtras, input_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'FILEOUT'
@@ -801,9 +785,10 @@ class ImageIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
         input_value = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
-        _STDIN_IMAGES.append(input_value)
-      abspath = UserPath(input_value)
-      return abspath
+        abspath = pathlib.Path(input_value)
+        _STDIN_IMAGES.append(abspath)
+        return abspath
+      return _make_userpath_object(_UserPathExtras, input_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'IMAGEIN'
@@ -815,11 +800,12 @@ class ImageOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
       if input_value == '-':
         input_value = utils.name_temporary('mif')
-        _STDOUT_IMAGES.append(input_value)
+        abspath = pathlib.Path(input_value)
+        _STDOUT_IMAGES.append(abspath)
+        return abspath
       # Not guaranteed to catch all cases of output images trying to overwrite existing files;
       #   but will at least catch some of them
-      abspath = _UserFileOutPath(input_value)
-      return abspath
+      return _make_userpath_object(_UserFileOutPathExtras, input_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'IMAGEOUT'
diff --git a/testing/bin/testing_python_cli b/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
index 29390ddaf8..38888be58e 100755
--- a/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
+++ b/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
@@ -122,14 +122,17 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   custom.add_argument('-tracks_out',
                       type=app.Parser.TracksOut(),
                       help='An output tractogram')
+  custom.add_argument('-various',
+                      type=app.Parser.Various(),
+                      help='An option that accepts various types of content')
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  for key, value in app.ARGS.iteritems():
-    app.console(f'{key}: {value}')
+  for key in vars(app.ARGS):
+    app.console(f'{key}: {repr(getattr(app.ARGS, key))}')
 
 
 
diff --git a/testing/tests/python_cli b/testing/tests/python_cli
index d2152510d2..8561f95fbf 100644
--- a/testing/tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/tests/python_cli
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mkdir -p tmp-newdirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -intseq 1,2,3 -floatseq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dirin tmp-dirin/ -dirout tmp-dirout/ -filein tmp-filein.txt -fileout tmp-fileout.txt -tracksin tmp-tracksin.tck -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various
 testing_python_cli -help > tmp.txt && diff -q tmp.txt data/python_cli/help.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -q tmp.txt data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -q tmp.md data/python_cli/markdown.md
@@ -23,17 +23,16 @@ testing_python_cli -float_builtin NotAFloat && false || true
 testing_python_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat && false || true
 testing_python_cli -float_nonneg -0.1 && false || true
 testing_python_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -intseq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -intseq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
-testing_python_cli -floatseq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
-testing_python_cli -dirin does/not/exist/ && false || true
-mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dirout tmp-dirout/ && false || true
-testing_python_cli -dirout tmp-dirout/ -force
-testing_python_cli -filein does/not/exist.txt && false || true
-touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -fileout tmp-fileout.txt && false || true
-touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -fileout tmp-fileout.txt -force
-testing_python_cli -tracksin does/not/exist.txt && false || true
-testing_python_cli -tracksin tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck && false || true
-testing_python_cli -tracksout tmp-tracksout.tck -force
-testing_python_cli -tracksout tmp-tracksout.txt && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
+testing_python_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
+testing_python_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_python_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
+mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 && grep "use -force to override"
+mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
+rm -f tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
+touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 && grep "use -force to override"
+touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
+rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false || true
+touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
+touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 && grep "use -force to override"
+touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force

From 553a4fb48647fed0a949f87cd81e8f7fa013ec75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 19:05:12 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 055/182] Python CLI: Move relevant functions / classes into
 Parser class

---
 python/bin/population_template |   3 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py      | 128 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index df0ab5c2ab..214f781a1b 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -197,7 +197,8 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   class SequenceDirectoryOut(app.Parser.CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return [app._make_userpath_object(app._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) for item in input_value.split(',')]
+      return [cmdline.make_userpath_object(app._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) # pylint: disable=protected-access \
+              for item in input_value.split(',')]
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'SEQDIROUT'
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 6bc383df57..5239651c66 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -562,63 +562,11 @@ def _get_message(self):
 
 
 
-# Function that will create a new class,
-#   which will derive from both pathlib.Path (which itself through __new__() could be Posix or Windows)
-#   and a desired augmentation that provides additional functions
-def _make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
-  normpath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
-  new_class = type(f'{base_class.__name__.lstrip("_").rstrip("Extras")}',
-                   (pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath,
-                    base_class),
-                   {})
-  instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, normpath, **kwargs)
-  return instance
-
-
-
-class _UserPathExtras:
-  def __format__(self, _):
-    return shlex.quote(str(self))
-
-class _UserOutPathExtras(_UserPathExtras):
-  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-    super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-  def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
-    if self.exists():
-      if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-        warn(f'Output file {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
-              'will be overwritten at script completion')
-      else:
-        raise MRtrixError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                          '(use -force to override)')
-
-class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
-  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-    super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-  def check_output(self):
-    return super().check_output('file')
-
-class _UserDirOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
-  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-    super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-  def check_output(self):
-    return super().check_output('directory')
-  # Force parents=True for user-specified path
-  # Force exist_ok=False for user-specified path
-  def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
-    while True:
-      if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-        try:
-          shutil.rmtree(self)
-        except OSError:
-          pass
-      try:
-        super().mkdir(mode, parents=True, exist_ok=False)
-        return
-      except FileExistsError:
-        if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-          raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-                            '(use -force to override)')
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -630,6 +578,60 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
 
 class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
 
+  # Function that will create a new class,
+  #   which will derive from both pathlib.Path (which itself through __new__() could be Posix or Windows)
+  #   and a desired augmentation that provides additional functions
+  def make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
+    normpath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
+    new_class = type(f'{base_class.__name__.lstrip("_").rstrip("Extras")}',
+                    (pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath,
+                      base_class),
+                    {})
+    instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, normpath, **kwargs)
+    return instance
+
+  # Classes that extend the functionality of pathlib.Path
+  class _UserPathExtras:
+    def __format__(self, _):
+      return shlex.quote(str(self))
+  class _UserOutPathExtras(_UserPathExtras):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+      super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
+      if self.exists():
+        if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+          warn(f'Output file {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
+                'will be overwritten at script completion')
+        else:
+          raise MRtrixError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                            '(use -force to override)')
+  class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+      super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    def check_output(self):
+      return super().check_output('file')
+  class _UserDirOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+      super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    def check_output(self):
+      return super().check_output('directory')
+    # Force parents=True for user-specified path
+    # Force exist_ok=False for user-specified path
+    def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
+      while True:
+        if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+          try:
+            shutil.rmtree(self)
+          except OSError:
+            pass
+        try:
+          super().mkdir(mode, parents=True, exist_ok=False)
+          return
+        except FileExistsError:
+          if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
+            raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                              '(use -force to override)')
+
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
   class CustomTypeBase:
     @staticmethod
@@ -732,7 +734,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class DirectoryIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = _make_userpath_object(_UserPathExtras, input_value)
+      abspath = Parser.make_userpath_object(Parser._UserPathExtras, input_value)
       if not abspath.exists():
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input directory "{input_value}" does not exist')
       if not abspath.is_dir():
@@ -747,7 +749,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class DirectoryOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = _make_userpath_object(_UserDirOutPathExtras, input_value)
+      abspath = Parser.make_userpath_object(Parser._UserDirOutPathExtras, input_value)
       return abspath
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
@@ -758,7 +760,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class FileIn(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      abspath = _make_userpath_object(_UserPathExtras, input_value)
+      abspath = Parser.make_userpath_object(Parser._UserPathExtras, input_value)
       if not abspath.exists():
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Input file "{input_value}" does not exist')
       if not abspath.is_file():
@@ -773,7 +775,7 @@ def _metavar():
 
   class FileOut(CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return _make_userpath_object(_UserFileOutPathExtras, input_value)
+      return Parser.make_userpath_object(Parser._UserFileOutPathExtras, input_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'FILEOUT'
@@ -788,7 +790,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         abspath = pathlib.Path(input_value)
         _STDIN_IMAGES.append(abspath)
         return abspath
-      return _make_userpath_object(_UserPathExtras, input_value)
+      return Parser.make_userpath_object(Parser._UserPathExtras, input_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'IMAGEIN'
@@ -805,7 +807,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
         return abspath
       # Not guaranteed to catch all cases of output images trying to overwrite existing files;
       #   but will at least catch some of them
-      return _make_userpath_object(_UserFileOutPathExtras, input_value)
+      return Parser.make_userpath_object(Parser._UserFileOutPathExtras, input_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
       return 'IMAGEOUT'

From e25e977992fe35eb78b09e5e0d6f3b40cfc3a472 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 21:07:34 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 056/182] Fix for population_template for #2678

- Remove remaining TODO directives; some of these changes will be deferred for a later overhaul of population_template.
- Fixes to reflect parent commits; eg. movement of functions and classes relating to CLI from mrtrix3.app to mrtrix3.app.Parser.
- Multiple population_template bug fixes:
  - Erroneous path to afine matrix decomposition.
  - Preserve the native type of app.ARGS.mask, since the CLI is now responsible for yielding an absolute path that can be used irrespective of working directory.
  - Fix number of f-string transition failures.
  - Do not attempt to read from initial linear transformation in first iteration if initial alignment is explicitly disabled.
  - Do not attempt to perform linear drift correction if no initial alignment was performed.
- Remove use of path.make_dir() in population_template.
- Multiple minor bug fixes around filesystem path CLI types.
---
 python/bin/population_template            | 74 ++++++++++-------------
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                 | 38 ++++++------
 testing/scripts/tests/population_template |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 214f781a1b..61efaa864a 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 # Generates an unbiased group-average template via image registration of images to a midway space.
-# TODO Make use of pathlib throughout; should be able to remove shlex dependency
-# TODO Consider asserting that anything involving image paths in this script
-#   be based on pathlib rather than strings
 import json, math, os, re, shlex, shutil, sys
 
 DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES  = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
@@ -197,7 +194,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   class SequenceDirectoryOut(app.Parser.CustomTypeBase):
     def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return [cmdline.make_userpath_object(app._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) # pylint: disable=protected-access \
+      return [cmdline.make_userpath_object(app.Parser._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) # pylint: disable=protected-access \
               for item in input_value.split(',')]
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
@@ -337,7 +334,7 @@ def check_linear_transformation(transformation, cmd, max_scaling=0.5, max_shear=
     app.console(f'"{transformation}decomp" not found; skipping check')
     return True
   data = utils.load_keyval(f'{transformation}decomp')
-  run.function(os.remove, f'{transformation}_decomp')
+  run.function(os.remove, f'{transformation}decomp')
   scaling = [float(value) for value in data['scaling']]
   if any(a < 0 for a in scaling) or any(a > (1 + max_scaling) for a in scaling) or any(
       a < (1 - max_scaling) for a in scaling):
@@ -455,7 +452,6 @@ def get_common_prefix(file_list):
   return os.path.commonprefix(file_list)
 
 
-# Todo Create singular "Contrast" class
 class Contrasts:
   """
       Class that parses arguments and holds information specific to each image contrast
@@ -538,8 +534,6 @@ class Contrasts:
   def n_contrasts(self):
     return len(self.suff)
 
-  # TODO Obey expected formatting of __repr__()
-  #   (or just remove)
   def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     text = ''
     for cid in range(self.n_contrasts):
@@ -637,16 +631,14 @@ class Input:
     return ', '.join(message)
 
   def cache_local(self):
-    from mrtrix3 import run, path  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+    from mrtrix3 import run  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
     contrasts = self.contrasts
     for cid, csuff in enumerate(contrasts):
-      if not os.path.isdir(f'input{csuff}'):
-        path.make_dir(f'input{csuff}')
+      os.makedirs(f'input{csuff}', exist_ok=True)
       run.command(['mrconvert', self.ims_path[cid], os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
     self._local_ims = [os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif') for csuff in contrasts]
     if self.msk_filename:
-      if not os.path.isdir('mask'):
-        path.make_dir('mask')
+      os.makedirs('mask', exist_ok=True)
       run.command(['mrconvert', self.msk_path, os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
       self._local_msk = os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')
 
@@ -801,6 +793,7 @@ def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whites
   return inputs, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix
 
 
+
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image, matrix, path, run, EXE_LIST #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
@@ -830,8 +823,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.ARGS.template = []
   for i_contrast in range(n_contrasts):
     inargs = (input_output[i_contrast*2], input_output[i_contrast*2+1])
-    app.ARGS.input_dir.append(app._make_userpath_object(app._UserPathExtras, inargs[0]))
-    app.ARGS.template.append(app._make_userpath_object(app._UserOutPathExtras, inargs[1]))
+    app.ARGS.input_dir.append(app.Parser.make_userpath_object(app.Parser._UserPathExtras, inargs[0])) # pylint: disable=protected-access
+    app.ARGS.template.append(app.Parser.make_userpath_object(app.Parser._UserOutPathExtras, inargs[1])) # pylint: disable=protected-access
   # Perform checks that otherwise would have been done immediately after command-line parsing
   #   were it not for the inability to represent input-output pairs in the command-line interface representation
   for output_path in app.ARGS.template:
@@ -890,12 +883,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   mask_files = []
   if app.ARGS.mask_dir:
     use_masks = True
-    app.ARGS.mask_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.mask_dir)
-    if not os.path.isdir(app.ARGS.mask_dir):
-      raise MRtrixError('Mask directory not found')
     mask_files = sorted(path.all_in_dir(app.ARGS.mask_dir, dir_path=False))
     if len(mask_files) < len(in_files[0]):
-      raise MRtrixError('There are not enough mask images for the number of images in the input directory')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'There are not enough mask images ({len(mask_files)})'
+                        f' for the number of images in the input directory ({len(in_files[0])})')
 
   if not use_masks:
     app.warn('No masks input; use of input masks is recommended to reduce computation time and improve robustness')
@@ -970,7 +961,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       cns.n_volumes.append(0)
   if do_fod_registration:
     fod_contrasts_dirs = [app.ARGS.input_dir[cid] for cid in range(n_contrasts) if cns.fod_reorientation[cid]]
-    app.console(f'SH Series detected, performing FOD registration in contrast: {", ".join(fod_contrasts_dirs)}')
+    app.console(f'SH Series detected, performing FOD registration in contrast: {", ".join(map(str, fod_contrasts_dirs))}')
   c_mrtransform_reorientation = [' -reorient_fod ' + ('yes' if cns.fod_reorientation[cid] else 'no') + ' '
                                  for cid in range(n_contrasts)]
 
@@ -1123,7 +1114,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         app.console(f'({istage:02d}) nonlinear scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, lmax: {lmax}')
     else:
       for istage, [scale, niter] in enumerate(zip(nl_scales, nl_niter)):
-        app.console('({istage:02d}) nonlinear scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, no reorientation')
+        app.console(f'({istage:02d}) nonlinear scale: {scale:.4f}, niter: {niter}, no reorientation')
 
   app.console('-' * 60)
   app.console('input images:')
@@ -1134,28 +1125,28 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
   for contrast in cns.suff:
-    path.make_dir(f'input_transformed{contrast}')
+    os.mkdir(f'input_transformed{contrast}')
 
   for contrast in cns.suff:
-    path.make_dir(f'isfinite{contrast}')
+    os.mkdir(f'isfinite{contrast}')
 
-  path.make_dir('linear_transforms_initial')
-  path.make_dir('linear_transforms')
+  os.mkdir('linear_transforms_initial')
+  os.mkdir('linear_transforms')
   for level in range(0, len(linear_scales)):
-    path.make_dir(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}')
+    os.mkdir(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}')
   for level in range(0, len(nl_scales)):
-    path.make_dir(f'warps_{level:02d}')
+    os.mkdir(f'warps_{level:02d}')
 
   if use_masks:
-    path.make_dir('mask_transformed')
+    os.mkdir('mask_transformed')
   write_log = (app.VERBOSITY >= 2)
   if write_log:
-    path.make_dir('log')
+    os.mkdir('log')
 
   if initial_alignment == 'robust_mass':
     if not use_masks:
       raise MRtrixError('robust_mass initial alignment requires masks')
-    path.make_dir('robust')
+    os.mkdir('robust')
 
   if app.ARGS.copy_input:
     app.console('Copying images into scratch directory')
@@ -1388,8 +1379,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         metric_option = ''
         mrregister_log_option = ''
         output_transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt')
-        init_transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level-1:02d}' if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial',
-                                           f'{inp.uid}.txt')
+        if initial_alignment == 'none':
+          init_transform_path = None
+        else:
+          init_transform_path = os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level-1:02d}' if level > 0 else 'linear_transforms_initial',
+                                             f'{inp.uid}.txt')
         linear_log_path = os.path.join('log', f'{inp.uid}{contrast[cid]}_{level}.log')
         if regtype == 'rigid':
           scale_option = f' -rigid_scale {scale}'
@@ -1398,7 +1392,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           output_option = f' -rigid {output_transform_path}'
           contrast_weight_option = cns.rigid_weight_option
 
-          initialise_option = f' -rigid_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
+          initialise_option = f' -rigid_init_matrix {init_transform_path}' if init_transform_path else ''
           if do_fod_registration:
             lmax_option = f' -rigid_lmax {lmax}'
           if linear_estimator is not None:
@@ -1409,9 +1403,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           scale_option = f' -affine_scale {scale}'
           niter_option = f' -affine_niter {niter}'
           regtype_option = ' -type affine'
-          output_option = ' -affine {output_transform_path}'
+          output_option = f' -affine {output_transform_path}'
           contrast_weight_option = cns.affine_weight_option
-          initialise_option = ' -affine_init_matrix {init_transform_path}'
+          initialise_option = f' -affine_init_matrix {init_transform_path}' if init_transform_path else ''
           if do_fod_registration:
             lmax_option = f' -affine_lmax {lmax}'
           if linear_estimator is not None:
@@ -1467,16 +1461,12 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       #   - Not sure whether it's preferable to stabilise E[ T_i^{-1} ]
       #   - If one subject's registration fails, this will affect the average and therefore the template which could result in instable behaviour.
       #   - The template appearance changes slightly over levels, but the template and trafos are affected in the same way so should not affect template convergence.
-      if not app.ARGS.linear_no_drift_correction:
-        # TODO Is this a bug?
-        # Seems to be averaging N instances of the last input, rather than averaging all inputs
-        # TODO Further, believe that the first transformcalc call only needs to be performed once;
-        #   should not need to be recomputed between iterations
+      if not app.ARGS.linear_no_drift_correction and app.ARGS.initial_alignment != 'none':
         run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for _inp in ins],
                     'average', 'linear_transform_average_init.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
         run.command(['transformcalc', [os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for _inp in ins],
                     'average', f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
-        run.command(['transformcalc', 'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt',
+        run.command(['transformcalc', f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt',
                     'invert', f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected_inv.txt', '-quiet'], force=True)
 
         transform_average_init = matrix.load_transform('linear_transform_average_init.txt')
@@ -1561,7 +1551,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                  force=True)
 
   if dononlinear:
-    path.make_dir('warps')
+    os.mkdir('warps')
     level = 0
     def nonlinear_msg():
       return f'Optimising template with non-linear registration (stage {level+1} of {len(nl_scales)})'
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 5239651c66..c0c07d731d 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Now that FORCE_OVERWRITE has been set,
   #   check any user-specified output paths
   for arg in vars(ARGS):
-    if isinstance(arg, _UserOutPathExtras):
+    if isinstance(arg, Parser._UserOutPathExtras): # pylint: disable=protected-access
       arg.check_output()
 
   # ANSI settings may have been altered at the command-line
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       debug(f'Erasing {len(_STDIN_IMAGES)} piped input images')
       for item in _STDIN_IMAGES:
         try:
-          os.remove(item)
+          item.unlink()
           debug(f'Successfully erased "{item}"')
-        except OSError as exc:
+        except FileNotFoundError as exc:
           debug(f'Unable to erase "{item}": {exc}')
     if SCRATCH_DIR:
       if DO_CLEANUP:
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         console(f'Scratch directory retained; location: {SCRATCH_DIR}')
     if _STDOUT_IMAGES:
       debug(f'Emitting {len(_STDOUT_IMAGES)} output piped images to stdout')
-      sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(_STDOUT_IMAGES))
+      sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(map(str, _STDOUT_IMAGES)))
   sys.exit(return_code)
 
 
@@ -337,16 +337,15 @@ def activate_scratch_dir(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     random_string = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(6))
     SCRATCH_DIR = os.path.join(dir_path, f'{prefix}{random_string}') + os.sep
   os.makedirs(SCRATCH_DIR)
-  console(f'Generated scratch directory: {SCRATCH_DIR}')
-  with open(os.path.join(SCRATCH_DIR, 'cwd.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
+  os.chdir(SCRATCH_DIR)
+  if VERBOSITY:
+    console(f'Activated scratch directory: {SCRATCH_DIR}')
+  with open('cwd.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
     outfile.write(f'{WORKING_DIR}\n')
-  with open(os.path.join(SCRATCH_DIR, 'command.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
+  with open('command.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
     outfile.write(f'{" ".join(sys.argv)}\n')
-  with open(os.path.join(SCRATCH_DIR, 'log.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8'):
+  with open('log.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8'):
     pass
-  if VERBOSITY:
-    console(f'Changing to scratch directory ({SCRATCH_DIR})')
-  os.chdir(SCRATCH_DIR)
   # Also use this scratch directory for any piped images within run.command() calls,
   #   and for keeping a log of executed commands / functions
   run.shared.set_scratch_dir(SCRATCH_DIR)
@@ -581,13 +580,14 @@ class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
   # Function that will create a new class,
   #   which will derive from both pathlib.Path (which itself through __new__() could be Posix or Windows)
   #   and a desired augmentation that provides additional functions
+  @staticmethod
   def make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
-    normpath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
+    abspath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
     new_class = type(f'{base_class.__name__.lstrip("_").rstrip("Extras")}',
-                    (pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath,
-                      base_class),
+                    (base_class,
+                     pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath),
                     {})
-    instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, normpath, **kwargs)
+    instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, abspath, **kwargs)
     return instance
 
   # Classes that extend the functionality of pathlib.Path
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
       if self.exists():
         if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-          warn(f'Output file {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
+          warn(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
         else:
           raise MRtrixError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
         if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
           try:
             shutil.rmtree(self)
-          except OSError:
+          except FileNotFoundError:
             pass
         try:
           super().mkdir(mode, parents=True, exist_ok=False)
@@ -1563,7 +1563,7 @@ def handler(signum, _frame):
       sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.console}Scratch directory retained; location: {SCRATCH_DIR}{ANSI.clear}\n')
   for item in _STDIN_IMAGES:
     try:
-      os.remove(item)
-    except OSError:
+      item.unlink()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
       pass
   os._exit(signum) # pylint: disable=protected-access
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template
index d1b0ed1618..34201fa617 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mkdir -p ../tmp/population_template && mkdir -p tmp-mask && mkdir -p tmp-fa && mkdir -p tmp-fod && mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-02.mif -force && mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-03.mif -force && dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bval -mask BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz - | tensor2metric - -fa tmp-fa/sub-02.mif -force && dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz -fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval -mask BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz - | tensor2metric - -fa tmp-fa/sub-03.mif -force && population_template tmp-fa ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_template.mif -warp_dir ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_warpdir/ -transformed_dir ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_transformeddir/ -linear_transformations_dir ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_lineartransformsdir/ -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_default_template.mif population_template/fa_default_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01
 population_template tmp-fa/ - | testing_diff_image - population_template/fa_default_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif population_template/fa_masked_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
-population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask - | testing_diff_image $(mrfilter - smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
+population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_masked_template.mif -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask - -force | testing_diff_image $(mrfilter - smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_template.mif -type rigid -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_template.mif population_template/fa_rigid_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_rigid_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_rigid_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_template.mif -type affine -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_template.mif population_template/fa_affine_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_affine_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_affine_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
 population_template tmp-fa/ ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_template.mif -type nonlinear -mask_dir tmp-mask/ -template_mask ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_mask.mif -force && testing_diff_image ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_template.mif population_template/fa_nonlinear_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01 && testing_diff_image $(mrfilter ../tmp/population_template/fa_nonlinear_mask.mif smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_nonlinear_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3

From 23f436d8dc438fd8ffdbd9d8d243abc761c4a131 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 4 Mar 2024 13:10:52 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 057/182] Python API: Fixes to typed CLI

- Fix pylint warnings issued due to runtime inheritance.
- Fix a few pieces of code that were not properly updated in ff983de53e3087afb7fdea229e60dab8a4c53aa5.
---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py          | 15 ---------------
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                  |  8 ++++----
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py |  2 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py                  |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index 22a499266a..4881143f15 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -61,21 +61,6 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 
-def get_inputs(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  image.check_3d_nonunity(app.ARGS.input)
-  run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, app.ScratchPath('input.mif')],
-              preserve_pipes=True)
-  if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.mask, app.ScratchPath('mask.mif'), '-datatype', 'bit', '-strides', '-1,+2,+3'],
-                preserve_pipes=True)
-  if app.ARGS.t2:
-    if not image.match(app.ARGS.input, app.ARGS.t2):
-      raise MRtrixError('Provided T2w image does not match input T1w image')
-    run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.t2, app.ScratchPath('T2.nii'), '-strides', '-1,+2,+3'],
-                preserve_pipes=True)
-
-
-
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if utils.is_windows():
     raise MRtrixError('"fsl" algorithm of 5ttgen script cannot be run on Windows: '
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index c0c07d731d..fc14d0b632 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ class _UserOutPathExtras(_UserPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
     def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
-      if self.exists():
+      if self.exists(): # pylint: disable=no-member
         if FORCE_OVERWRITE:
           warn(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
@@ -608,12 +608,12 @@ def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
   class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-    def check_output(self):
+    def check_output(self): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
       return super().check_output('file')
   class _UserDirOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-    def check_output(self):
+    def check_output(self): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
       return super().check_output('directory')
     # Force parents=True for user-specified path
     # Force exist_ok=False for user-specified path
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
           except FileNotFoundError:
             pass
         try:
-          super().mkdir(mode, parents=True, exist_ok=False)
+          super().mkdir(mode, parents=True, exist_ok=False) # pylint: disable=no-member
           return
         except FileExistsError:
           if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
index b086fe0e7b..bd0badaf3d 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def check_ants_executable(cmdname):
   check_ants_executable(ANTS_REGISTERFULL_CMD if mode == 'full' else ANTS_REGISTERQUICK_CMD)
   check_ants_executable(ANTS_TRANSFORM_CMD)
   if app.ARGS.ants_options:
-    ants_options_as_path = app.UserPath(app.ARGS.ants_options)
+    ants_options_as_path = app.Parser.make_userpath_object(app.Parser._UserPathExtras, app.ARGS.ants_options) # pylint: disable=protected-access
     if ants_options_as_path.is_file():
       run.function(shutil.copyfile, ants_options_as_path, 'ants_options.txt')
       with open('ants_options.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as ants_options_file:
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
index 6bf98914b4..8a57769fba 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def check_first(prefix, structures): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       app.DO_CLEANUP = False
       raise MRtrixError('FSL FIRST has failed; '
                         f'{"only " if existing_file_count else ""}{existing_file_count} of {len(vtk_files)} structures were segmented successfully '
-                        f'(check {app.ScratchPath("first.logs")})')
+                        f'(check {os.path.join(app.SCRATCH_DIR, "first.logs")})')
 
 
 

From 45738a23b8e4a64262534945fefa8a66c706517e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 4 Mar 2024 13:24:45 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 058/182] Python CLI: Default flags to None

In the C++ CLI, there are command-line options that themselves receive no arguments. Code typically tests for the mere presence of that option having been specified at the command-line interface. The python argparse module does not offer a direct translation of such. This change modifies the relevant behaviour to be somewhat more faithful, in that if the user does not specify that command-line option, the value stored will be None.
(Without this change, typically the value of False is stored. However with the introduction of command-line options that take as input a boolean value, which could be True or False as specified by the user or None if not specified at all, it would be more consistent with such if command-line flags store either True or None, rather than True or False. It also means that app.ARGS can be filtered according to which entries contain None to know what command-line options the user actually specified.
---
 python/bin/5ttgen                         | 4 ++--
 python/bin/dwicat                         | 1 +
 python/bin/dwifslpreproc                  | 5 +++++
 python/bin/for_each                       | 2 +-
 python/bin/labelsgmfix                    | 4 ++--
 python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup                 | 1 +
 python/bin/population_template            | 6 ++++++
 python/bin/responsemean                   | 1 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py         | 1 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py        | 1 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                 | 7 +++++++
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py | 5 +++++
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py     | 1 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py      | 1 +
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py | 4 ++--
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py      | 1 +
 testing/bin/testing_python_cli            | 5 ++++-
 17 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/5ttgen b/python/bin/5ttgen
index c6e1bc6264..4f95a3eb6d 100755
--- a/python/bin/5ttgen
+++ b/python/bin/5ttgen
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all 5ttgen algorithms')
   common_options.add_argument('-nocrop',
                               action='store_true',
-                              default=False,
+                              default=None,
                               help='Do NOT crop the resulting 5TT image to reduce its size '
                                    '(keep the same dimensions as the input image)')
   common_options.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp',
                               action='store_true',
-                              default=False,
+                              default=None,
                               help='Represent the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter in the 5TT image')
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
diff --git a/python/bin/dwicat b/python/bin/dwicat
index 6612e53d41..586cb86c2e 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwicat
+++ b/python/bin/dwicat
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Provide a binary mask within which image intensities will be matched')
   cmdline.add_argument('-nointensity',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Do not perform intensity matching based on b=0 volumes')
 
 
diff --git a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc b/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
index 7cc770a8b7..b1da9c9a69 100755
--- a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                      ' (i.e. it will not form part of the output image series)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-align_seepi',
                                 action='store_true',
+                                default=None,
                                 help='Achieve alignment between the SE-EPI images used for inhomogeneity field estimation and the DWIs'
                                      ' (more information in Description section)')
   distcorr_options.add_argument('-topup_options',
@@ -245,19 +246,23 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                                            ' note that one of the -rpe_* options MUST be provided')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_none',
                            action='store_true',
+                           default=None,
                            help='Specify that no reversed phase-encoding image data is being provided;'
                                 ' eddy will perform eddy current and motion correction only')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_pair',
                            action='store_true',
+                           default=None,
                            help='Specify that a set of images'
                                 ' (typically b=0 volumes)'
                                 ' will be provided for use in inhomogeneity field estimation only'
                                 ' (using the -se_epi option)')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_all',
                            action='store_true',
+                           default=None,
                            help='Specify that ALL DWIs have been acquired with opposing phase-encoding')
   rpe_options.add_argument('-rpe_header',
                            action='store_true',
+                           default=None,
                            help='Specify that the phase-encoding information can be found in the image header(s),'
                                 ' and that this is the information that the script should use')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'rpe_none', 'rpe_pair', 'rpe_all', 'rpe_header' ], True )
diff --git a/python/bin/for_each b/python/bin/for_each
index 0931606b8b..d2229dd5ed 100755
--- a/python/bin/for_each
+++ b/python/bin/for_each
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             '(see Example Usage)')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test',
                        action='store_true',
-                       default=False,
+                       default=None,
                        help='Test the operation of the for_each script,'
                             ' by printing the command strings following string substitution but not actually executing them')
 
diff --git a/python/bin/labelsgmfix b/python/bin/labelsgmfix
index ad8d7de722..33e89126d6 100755
--- a/python/bin/labelsgmfix
+++ b/python/bin/labelsgmfix
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The output parcellation image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-premasked',
                        action='store_true',
-                       default=False,
+                       default=None,
                        help='Indicate that brain masking has been applied to the T1 input image')
   cmdline.add_argument('-sgm_amyg_hipp',
                        action='store_true',
-                       default=False,
+                       default=None,
                        help='Consider the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter structures,'
                             ' and also replace their estimates with those from FIRST')
 
diff --git a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
index a5d210fc04..92956e7039 100755
--- a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='Directory from which to commence filesystem search')
   cmdline.add_argument('-test',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Run script in test mode:'
                             ' will list identified files / directories,'
                             ' but not attempt to delete them')
diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 61efaa864a..174b4d1812 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -100,9 +100,11 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause',
                           action='store_true',
+                          default=None,
                           help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction',
                           action='store_true',
+                          default=None,
                           help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
   linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator',
                           choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS,
@@ -262,6 +264,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             ' of all subject masks in template space.')
   options.add_argument('-noreorientation',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister.'
                             ' Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension'
                             ' corresponds to the number of coefficients'
@@ -285,14 +288,17 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             ' Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
   options.add_argument('-nanmask',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values'
                             ' to specify include areas for registration and aggregation.'
                             ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
   options.add_argument('-copy_input',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
   options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
 
 # ENH: add option to initialise warps / transformations
diff --git a/python/bin/responsemean b/python/bin/responsemean
index d34eaff2d6..6052b98d2c 100755
--- a/python/bin/responsemean
+++ b/python/bin/responsemean
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The output mean response function file')
   cmdline.add_argument('-legacy',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Use the legacy behaviour of former command "average_response":'
                             ' average response function coefficients directly,'
                             ' without compensating for global magnitude differences between input files')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
index 4881143f15..d9d400b91d 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'rather than deriving one in the script')
   options.add_argument('-premasked',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Indicate that brain masking has already been applied to the input image')
   parser.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'mask', 'premasked' ] )
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index a3178c81c8..72bb0f146c 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                            f'options are: {",".join(THALAMI_CHOICES)}')
   parser.add_argument('-white_stem',
                       action='store_true',
+                      default=None,
                       help='Classify the brainstem as white matter')
   parser.add_citation('Smith, R.; Skoch, A.; Bajada, C.; Caspers, S.; Connelly, A. '
                       'Hybrid Surface-Volume Segmentation for improved Anatomically-Constrained Tractography. '
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index fc14d0b632..be1dc25fec 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -875,17 +875,21 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
       standard_options = self.add_argument_group('Standard options')
       standard_options.add_argument('-info',
                                     action='store_true',
+                                    default=None,
                                     help='display information messages.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-quiet',
                                     action='store_true',
+                                    default=None,
                                     help='do not display information messages or progress status. '
                                          'Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-debug',
                                     action='store_true',
+                                    default=None,
                                     help='display debugging messages.')
       self.flag_mutually_exclusive_options( [ 'info', 'quiet', 'debug' ] )
       standard_options.add_argument('-force',
                                     action='store_true',
+                                    default=None,
                                     help='force overwrite of output files.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-nthreads',
                                     metavar='number',
@@ -900,13 +904,16 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
                                     help='temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-help',
                                     action='store_true',
+                                    default=None,
                                     help='display this information page and exit.')
       standard_options.add_argument('-version',
                                     action='store_true',
+                                    default=None,
                                     help='display version information and exit.')
       script_options = self.add_argument_group('Additional standard options for Python scripts')
       script_options.add_argument('-nocleanup',
                                   action='store_true',
+                                  default=None,
                                   help='do not delete intermediate files during script execution, '
                                        'and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.')
       script_options.add_argument('-scratch',
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
index 5f936cbae9..e3bc01279f 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'which will tend to make the mask larger.')
   options.add_argument('-nograd',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='The program uses a "gradual" clip level by default. '
                        'Add this option to use a fixed clip level.')
   options.add_argument('-peels',
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'It should be between 6 and 26.')
   options.add_argument('-eclip',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='After creating the mask, '
                             'remove exterior voxels below the clip threshold.')
   options.add_argument('-SI',
@@ -77,12 +79,15 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   options.add_argument('-NN1',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Erode and dilate based on mask faces')
   options.add_argument('-NN2',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Erode and dilate based on mask edges')
   options.add_argument('-NN3',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Erode and dilate based on mask corners')
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
index 4c3bb3ba39..5a39a38450 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             'initial surface sphere is set to half of this')
   options.add_argument('-rescale',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Rescale voxel size provided to BET to 1mm isotropic; '
                             'can improve results for rodent data')
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
index 9b61c231f4..99c63f4a60 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   options = parser.add_argument_group('Options specific to the "hdbet" algorithm')
   options.add_argument('-nogpu',
                        action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
                        help='Do not attempt to run on the GPU')
 
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
index 99e3ee802c..fa270ee20d 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        help='The output stripped image')
   options.add_argument('-gpu',
                        action='store_true',
-                       default=False,
+                       default=None,
                        help='Use the GPU')
   options.add_argument('-model',
                        type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
                        help='Alternative model weights')
   options.add_argument('-nocsf',
                        action='store_true',
-                       default=False,
+                       default=None,
                        help='Compute the immediate boundary of brain matter excluding surrounding CSF')
   options.add_argument('-border',
                        type=app.Parser.Int(),
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
index 0b47727ac1..d03275c19c 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   iter_options = parser.add_argument_group('Options for turning "dwi2mask trace" into an iterative algorithm')
   iter_options.add_argument('-iterative',
                             action='store_true',
+                            default=None,
                             help='(EXPERIMENTAL) '
                                  'Iteratively refine the weights for combination of per-shell trace-weighted images '
                                  'prior to thresholding')
diff --git a/testing/bin/testing_python_cli b/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
index 38888be58e..f54e571dde 100755
--- a/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
+++ b/testing/bin/testing_python_cli
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   builtins = cmdline.add_argument_group('Built-in types')
   builtins.add_argument('-flag',
                         action='store_true',
+                        default=None,
                         help='A binary flag')
   builtins.add_argument('-string_implicit',
                         help='A built-in string (implicit)')
@@ -132,7 +133,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   for key in vars(app.ARGS):
-    app.console(f'{key}: {repr(getattr(app.ARGS, key))}')
+    value = getattr(app.ARGS, key)
+    if value is not None:
+      app.console(f'{key}: {repr(value)}')
 
 
 

From e98ecc60e75a639dfdd2fa90ee78bf2640d94194 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 5 Mar 2024 15:41:22 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 059/182] Testing: Finalise Python CLI testing

Updates Python CLI tests proposed as part of #2678 to conform to changes discussed in #2836 and implemented in #2842.
---
 .gitignore                                    |  4 +++-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     |  7 +++---
 testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt        |  3 +++
 testing/data/python_cli/help.txt              |  6 ++---
 testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md           |  2 ++
 testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst |  2 ++
 testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt                  |  1 +
 testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt             |  6 ++++-
 testing/{tests => unit_tests}/python_cli      | 24 +++++++++----------
 9 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 rename testing/{tests => unit_tests}/python_cli (56%)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 58b50c3e38..38528667db 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -32,4 +32,6 @@
 .check_syntax.tmp
 .check_syntax2.tmp
 build/
-CMakeLists.txt.user
\ No newline at end of file
+CMakeLists.txt.user
+testing/data/tmp*
+testing/data/*-tmp-*
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index f6dde07932..21aca74c95 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -185,9 +185,10 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Now that FORCE_OVERWRITE has been set,
   #   check any user-specified output paths
-  for arg in vars(ARGS):
-    if isinstance(arg, Parser._UserOutPathExtras): # pylint: disable=protected-access
-      arg.check_output()
+  for key in vars(ARGS):
+    value = getattr(ARGS, key)
+    if isinstance(value, Parser._UserOutPathExtras): # pylint: disable=protected-access
+      value.check_output()
 
   # ANSI settings may have been altered at the command-line
   setup_ansi()
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
index 04821c67b1..da473fffc0 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ ARGUMENT tracks_in 0 0 TRACKSIN
 OPTION -tracks_out 1 0
 An output tractogram
 ARGUMENT tracks_out 0 0 TRACKSOUT
+OPTION -various 1 0
+An option that accepts various types of content
+ARGUMENT various 0 0 VARIOUS
 OPTION -nargs_plus 1 1
 A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
 ARGUMENT nargs_plus 0 1 TEXT
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
index 84e1304835..cb8eb76d45 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-Version 3.0.4-762-gd1588917-dirty tteessttiinngg__ppyytthhoonn__ccllii
-using MRtrix3 3.0.4-605-g24f1c322-dirty
-
      tteessttiinngg__ppyytthhoonn__ccllii: external MRtrix3 project
 
 SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
@@ -64,6 +61,9 @@ CCuussttoomm  ttyyppeess
   _-_t_r_a_c_k_s___o_u_t trackfile
      An output tractogram
 
+  _-_v_a_r_i_o_u_s spec
+     An option that accepts various types of content
+
 CCoommpplleexx  iinntteerrffaacceess;;  nnaarrggss,,  mmeettaavvaarr,,  eettcc..
 
   _-_n_a_r_g_s___p_l_u_s string <space-separated list of additional strings>
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
index 1d7cb1b0b5..a99904f42e 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ Test operation of the Python command-line interface
 
 + **--tracks_out trackfile**<br>An output tractogram
 
++ **--various spec**<br>An option that accepts various types of content
+
 #### Complex interfaces; nargs, metavar, etc.
 
 + **--nargs_plus string <space-separated list of additional strings>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst b/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
index a5093b98e5..094244ec92 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ Custom types
 
 - **-tracks_out trackfile** An output tractogram
 
+- **-various spec** An option that accepts various types of content
+
 Complex interfaces; nargs, metavar, etc.
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
index 588d7a90fa..74496e62c2 100644
--- a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ set(CPP_TOOLS_SRCS
 set(PYTHON_TOOLS_SRCS
     testing_check_npy
     testing_gen_npy
+    testing_python_cli
 )
 
 function(add_testing_cmd CMD_SRC)
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 48be163b0a..73b471b006 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -13,8 +13,12 @@ set(UNIT_TESTS_CPP_SRCS
 set(UNIT_TESTS_BASH_SRCS
     npyread
     npywrite
+    python_cli
 )
 
+get_filename_component(SOURCE_PARENT_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} DIRECTORY)
+set(DATA_DIR ${SOURCE_PARENT_DIR}/data)
+
 find_program(BASH bash)
 
 function(add_cpp_unit_test FILE_SRC)
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ function (add_bash_unit_test FILE_SRC)
     add_bash_tests(
         FILE_PATH "${FILE_SRC}"
         PREFIX "unittest"
-        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"
     )
 endfunction()
diff --git a/testing/tests/python_cli b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
similarity index 56%
rename from testing/tests/python_cli
rename to testing/unit_tests/python_cli
index 8561f95fbf..cbdaa8ee64 100644
--- a/testing/tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various
-testing_python_cli -help > tmp.txt && diff -q tmp.txt data/python_cli/help.txt
-testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -q tmp.txt data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
-testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -q tmp.md data/python_cli/markdown.md
-testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -q tmp.rst data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+testing_python_cli -help > tmp.txt && sed -i '1,3d' tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff tmp.md python_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
+testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff tmp.rst python_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
 testing_python_cli -bool false
 testing_python_cli -bool False
 testing_python_cli -bool FALSE
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ testing_python_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
 testing_python_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
 testing_python_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
 rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_python_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
-mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 && grep "use -force to override"
-mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force to override"
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
 rm -f tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 && grep "use -force to override"
-touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force to override"
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
 rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false || true
-touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 && grep "use -force to override"
-touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force
+trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force to override"
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force

From 40b7a7c647d33eb30b0c10f82af5cca119167469 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 5 Mar 2024 15:51:01 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 060/182] population_template: Syntax fixes

Fix issues with resolution of merge conflicts in 2e6c28a01cd3e4e8f762299af957553cbcb43984.
---
 python/bin/population_template | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 19bcd1ce14..2d9da73f58 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -1484,22 +1484,22 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         if initial_alignment == 'none' and level == 0:
           app.console('Calculating average transform from first iteration for linear drift correction')
           run.command(['transformcalc',
-                       [os.path.join('linear_transforms_{level:%02i}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for inp in ins],
+                       [os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for inp in ins],
                        'average',
-                       'linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}.txt',
+                       f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}.txt',
                        '-quiet'])
-          transform_average_driftref = matrix.load_transform('linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}.txt')
+          transform_average_driftref = matrix.load_transform(f'linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}.txt')
         else:
           run.command(['transformcalc',
-                       [os.path.join('linear_transforms_{level:%02i}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for inp in ins],
+                       [os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for inp in ins],
                        'average',
-                       'linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}_uncorrected.txt',
+                       f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt',
                        '-quiet'],
                       force=True)
           run.command(['transformcalc',
-                       'linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}_uncorrected.txt',
+                       f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected.txt',
                        'invert',
-                       'linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}_uncorrected_inv.txt',
+                       f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected_inv.txt',
                        '-quiet'],
                       force=True)
           transform_average_current_inv = matrix.load_transform(f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}_uncorrected_inv.txt')

From 8a0d639c7732585a38d8cf80ef799d55bfece20a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 5 Mar 2024 16:05:08 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 061/182] Python CLI: Fix for __print_usage_markdown__

---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py           | 1 +
 testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 21aca74c95..8b9cfd70c6 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -1340,6 +1340,7 @@ def print_group_options(group):
       for option in group._group_actions:
         option_text = '/'.join(option.option_strings)
         option_text += Parser._option2metavar(option)
+        option_text = option_text.replace("<", "\\<").replace(">", "\\>")
         group_text += f'+ **-{option_text}**'
         if isinstance(option, argparse._AppendAction):
           group_text += '  *(multiple uses permitted)*'
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
index a99904f42e..62e78885d6 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ Test operation of the Python command-line interface
 
 #### Complex interfaces; nargs, metavar, etc.
 
-+ **--nargs_plus string <space-separated list of additional strings>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
++ **--nargs_plus string \<space-separated list of additional strings\>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="+", no metavar
 
-+ **--nargs_asterisk <space-separated list of strings>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar
++ **--nargs_asterisk \<space-separated list of strings\>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="*", no metavar
 
-+ **--nargs_question <optional string>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar
++ **--nargs_question \<optional string\>**<br>A command-line option with nargs="?", no metavar
 
 + **--nargs_two string string**<br>A command-line option with nargs=2, no metavar
 

From e384c18fb45a1cbd6665d884fb0789fc2918b018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Mar 2024 15:27:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 062/182] Add argument to specify environment for bash tests

This adds a new function argument to add_bash_tests() to specify
environment variables that should be defined for running a test.
---
 cmake/BashTests.cmake | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/BashTests.cmake b/cmake/BashTests.cmake
index bf86216463..7eda4e3c09 100644
--- a/cmake/BashTests.cmake
+++ b/cmake/BashTests.cmake
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # A function that adds a bash test for each line in a given file
 function(add_bash_tests)
-    set(singleValueArgs FILE_PATH PREFIX WORKING_DIRECTORY)
+    set(singleValueArgs FILE_PATH PREFIX WORKING_DIRECTORY ENVIRONMENT)
     set(multiValueArgs EXEC_DIRECTORIES)
     cmake_parse_arguments(
         ARG
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ function(add_bash_tests)
     set(prefix ${ARG_PREFIX})
     set(working_directory ${ARG_WORKING_DIRECTORY})
     set(exec_directories ${ARG_EXEC_DIRECTORIES})
+    set(environment ${ARG_ENVIRONMENT})
 
     # Regenerate tests when the test script changes
     set_property(DIRECTORY APPEND PROPERTY CMAKE_CONFIGURE_DEPENDS ${file_path})
@@ -67,9 +68,10 @@ function(add_bash_tests)
             COMMAND ${BASH} -c "export PATH=${EXEC_DIR_PATHS}:$PATH;${line}"
             WORKING_DIRECTORY ${working_directory}
         )
-        set_tests_properties(${prefix}_${test_name} 
-            PROPERTIES FIXTURES_REQUIRED ${file_name}_cleanup
+        set_tests_properties(${prefix}_${test_name} PROPERTIES 
+            ENVIRONMENT "${environment}"
+            FIXTURES_REQUIRED ${file_name}_cleanup
         )
         message(VERBOSE "Add bash tests commands for ${file_name}: ${line}")
     endforeach()
-endfunction()
\ No newline at end of file
+endfunction()

From 7790fd318ab907658a587d8eae6dc0403c0124a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 6 Mar 2024 10:40:43 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 063/182] testing: Set PYTHONPATH for non-cpp-standalone unit
 tests

---
 testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 73b471b006..84ad5ac939 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ function (add_bash_unit_test FILE_SRC)
         PREFIX "unittest"
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"
+        ENVIRONMENT "PYTHONPATH=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib"
     )
 endfunction()
 

From d9587e650a19c5fc4a54bfac8c654a356d387b13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 6 Mar 2024 12:30:38 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 064/182] Testing: DO not use sed in Python CLI tests

Interface of sed differs between MacOSX and Unix, such that the CI test of only the former would fail.
---
 testing/data/python_cli/help.txt | 1 +
 testing/unit_tests/python_cli    | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
index cb8eb76d45..d8075efa2f 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+
      tteessttiinngg__ppyytthhoonn__ccllii: external MRtrix3 project
 
 SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
index cbdaa8ee64..42a94ce2be 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
-testing_python_cli -help > tmp.txt && sed -i '1,3d' tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_python_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff tmp.md python_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
 testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff tmp.rst python_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst

From 80658031b3e41a4806d5a6ab9afaa9cfb3eb8805 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 22:05:02 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 065/182] Testing: Add C++ CLI evaluation

Tests mirror those added for Python as part of #2678.
---
 core/app.cpp                               |   6 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                  |   4 +-
 testing/data/cpp_cli/full_usage.txt        |  83 ++++++++++
 testing/data/cpp_cli/help.txt              | 128 +++++++++++++++
 testing/data/cpp_cli/markdown.md           |  93 +++++++++++
 testing/data/cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst | 104 ++++++++++++
 testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt               |   1 +
 testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp          | 174 +++++++++++++++++++++
 testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt          |   1 +
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli                 |  38 +++++
 testing/unit_tests/python_cli              |   8 +-
 11 files changed, 630 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 testing/data/cpp_cli/full_usage.txt
 create mode 100644 testing/data/cpp_cli/help.txt
 create mode 100644 testing/data/cpp_cli/markdown.md
 create mode 100644 testing/data/cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst
 create mode 100644 testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
 create mode 100644 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli

diff --git a/core/app.cpp b/core/app.cpp
index a4e9b811a3..4fefd1873a 100644
--- a/core/app.cpp
+++ b/core/app.cpp
@@ -651,10 +651,8 @@ std::string markdown_usage() {
     s += std::string(REFERENCES[i]) + "\n\n";
   s += std::string(MRTRIX_CORE_REFERENCE) + "\n\n";
 
-  s += std::string("---\n\nMRtrix ") + mrtrix_version + ", built " + build_date +
-       "\n\n"
-       "\n\n**Author:** " +
-       AUTHOR + "\n\n**Copyright:** " + COPYRIGHT + "\n\n";
+  s += std::string("**Author:** ") + AUTHOR + "\n\n";
+  s += std::string("**Copyright:** ") + COPYRIGHT + "\n\n";
 
   return s;
 }
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 8b9cfd70c6..d53e9006a9 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
         else:
           raise MRtrixError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                            '(use -force to override)')
+                            '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
   class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
         except FileExistsError:
           if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
             raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-                              '(use -force to override)')
+                              '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
 
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
   class CustomTypeBase:
diff --git a/testing/data/cpp_cli/full_usage.txt b/testing/data/cpp_cli/full_usage.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e85f1e3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/cpp_cli/full_usage.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+Verify operation of the C++ command-line interface & parser
+OPTION flag 1 0
+An option flag that takes no arguments
+OPTION text 1 0
+a text input
+ARGUMENT spec 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION bool 1 0
+a boolean input
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 
+OPTION int_unbound 1 0
+an integer input (unbounded)
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 INT -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
+OPTION int_nonneg 1 0
+a non-negative integer
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 INT 0 9223372036854775807
+OPTION int_bound 1 0
+a bound integer
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 INT 0 100
+OPTION float_unbound 1 0
+a floating-point number (unbounded)
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 FLOAT -inf inf
+OPTION float_nonneg 1 0
+a non-negative floating-point number
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 FLOAT 0 inf
+OPTION float_bound 1 0
+a bound floating-point number
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 FLOAT 0 1
+OPTION int_seq 1 0
+a comma-separated sequence of integers
+ARGUMENT values 0 0 ISEQ
+OPTION float_seq 1 0
+a comma-separated sequence of floating-point numbers
+ARGUMENT values 0 0 FSEQ
+OPTION choice 1 0
+a choice from a set of options
+ARGUMENT item 0 0 CHOICE One Two Three
+OPTION file_in 1 0
+an input file
+ARGUMENT input 0 0 FILEIN
+OPTION file_out 1 0
+an output file
+ARGUMENT output 0 0 FILEOUT
+OPTION dir_in 1 0
+an input directory
+ARGUMENT input 0 0 DIRIN
+OPTION dir_out 1 0
+an output directory
+ARGUMENT output 0 0 DIROUT
+OPTION tracks_in 1 0
+an input tractogram
+ARGUMENT input 0 0 TRACKSIN
+OPTION tracks_out 1 0
+an output tractogram
+ARGUMENT output 0 0 TRACKSOUT
+OPTION various 1 0
+an argument that could accept one of various forms
+ARGUMENT spec 0 0 VARIOUS
+OPTION nargs_two 1 0
+A command-line option that accepts two arguments
+ARGUMENT first 0 0 TEXT
+ARGUMENT second 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION multiple 1 1
+A command-line option that can be specified multiple times
+ARGUMENT spec 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION info 1 0
+display information messages.
+OPTION quiet 1 0
+do not display information messages or progress status; alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+OPTION debug 1 0
+display debugging messages.
+OPTION force 1 0
+force overwrite of output files (caution: using the same file as input and output might cause unexpected behaviour).
+OPTION nthreads 1 0
+use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+ARGUMENT number 0 0 INT 0 9223372036854775807
+OPTION config 1 1
+temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+ARGUMENT key 0 0 TEXT
+ARGUMENT value 0 0 TEXT
+OPTION help 1 0
+display this information page and exit.
+OPTION version 1 0
+display version information and exit.
diff --git a/testing/data/cpp_cli/help.txt b/testing/data/cpp_cli/help.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba1edfc542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/cpp_cli/help.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+     tteessttiinngg__ccpppp__ccllii: part of the MRtrix3 package
+
+SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
+
+     Verify operation of the C++ command-line interface & parser
+
+UUSSAAGGEE
+
+     _t_e_s_t_i_n_g___c_p_p___c_l_i [ options ]
+
+
+OOPPTTIIOONNSS
+
+  _-_f_l_a_g
+     An option flag that takes no arguments
+
+  _-_t_e_x_t spec
+     a text input
+
+  _-_b_o_o_l value
+     a boolean input
+
+  _-_i_n_t___u_n_b_o_u_n_d value
+     an integer input (unbounded)
+
+  _-_i_n_t___n_o_n_n_e_g value
+     a non-negative integer
+
+  _-_i_n_t___b_o_u_n_d value
+     a bound integer
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___u_n_b_o_u_n_d value
+     a floating-point number (unbounded)
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___n_o_n_n_e_g value
+     a non-negative floating-point number
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___b_o_u_n_d value
+     a bound floating-point number
+
+  _-_i_n_t___s_e_q values
+     a comma-separated sequence of integers
+
+  _-_f_l_o_a_t___s_e_q values
+     a comma-separated sequence of floating-point numbers
+
+  _-_c_h_o_i_c_e item
+     a choice from a set of options
+
+  _-_f_i_l_e___i_n input
+     an input file
+
+  _-_f_i_l_e___o_u_t output
+     an output file
+
+  _-_d_i_r___i_n input
+     an input directory
+
+  _-_d_i_r___o_u_t output
+     an output directory
+
+  _-_t_r_a_c_k_s___i_n input
+     an input tractogram
+
+  _-_t_r_a_c_k_s___o_u_t output
+     an output tractogram
+
+  _-_v_a_r_i_o_u_s spec
+     an argument that could accept one of various forms
+
+  _-_n_a_r_g_s___t_w_o first second
+     A command-line option that accepts two arguments
+
+  _-_m_u_l_t_i_p_l_e spec  (multiple uses permitted)
+     A command-line option that can be specified multiple times
+
+SSttaannddaarrdd  ooppttiioonnss
+
+  _-_i_n_f_o
+     display information messages.
+
+  _-_q_u_i_e_t
+     do not display information messages or progress status; alternatively,
+     this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a
+     non-empty string.
+
+  _-_d_e_b_u_g
+     display debugging messages.
+
+  _-_f_o_r_c_e
+     force overwrite of output files (caution: using the same file as input and
+     output might cause unexpected behaviour).
+
+  _-_n_t_h_r_e_a_d_s number
+     use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to
+     disable multi-threading).
+
+  _-_c_o_n_f_i_g key value  (multiple uses permitted)
+     temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+  _-_h_e_l_p
+     display this information page and exit.
+
+  _-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n
+     display version information and exit.
+
+AAUUTTHHOORR
+     Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
+     Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+     This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+     License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+     file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+     Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+     basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+     statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+     Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+     particular purpose or non-infringing.
+     See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+     For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS
+     Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.;
+     Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A.
+     MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image
+     processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
diff --git a/testing/data/cpp_cli/markdown.md b/testing/data/cpp_cli/markdown.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a5f0b63c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/cpp_cli/markdown.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+## Synopsis
+
+Verify operation of the C++ command-line interface & parser
+
+## Usage
+
+    testing_cpp_cli [ options ] 
+
+
+## Options
+
++ **-flag**<br>An option flag that takes no arguments
+
++ **-text spec**<br>a text input
+
++ **-bool value**<br>a boolean input
+
++ **-int_unbound value**<br>an integer input (unbounded)
+
++ **-int_nonneg value**<br>a non-negative integer
+
++ **-int_bound value**<br>a bound integer
+
++ **-float_unbound value**<br>a floating-point number (unbounded)
+
++ **-float_nonneg value**<br>a non-negative floating-point number
+
++ **-float_bound value**<br>a bound floating-point number
+
++ **-int_seq values**<br>a comma-separated sequence of integers
+
++ **-float_seq values**<br>a comma-separated sequence of floating-point numbers
+
++ **-choice item**<br>a choice from a set of options
+
++ **-file_in input**<br>an input file
+
++ **-file_out output**<br>an output file
+
++ **-dir_in input**<br>an input directory
+
++ **-dir_out output**<br>an output directory
+
++ **-tracks_in input**<br>an input tractogram
+
++ **-tracks_out output**<br>an output tractogram
+
++ **-various spec**<br>an argument that could accept one of various forms
+
++ **-nargs_two first second**<br>A command-line option that accepts two arguments
+
++ **-multiple spec**  *(multiple uses permitted)*<br>A command-line option that can be specified multiple times
+
+#### Standard options
+
++ **-info**<br>display information messages.
+
++ **-quiet**<br>do not display information messages or progress status; alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
++ **-debug**<br>display debugging messages.
+
++ **-force**<br>force overwrite of output files (caution: using the same file as input and output might cause unexpected behaviour).
+
++ **-nthreads number**<br>use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
++ **-config key value**  *(multiple uses permitted)*<br>temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
++ **-help**<br>display this information page and exit.
+
++ **-version**<br>display version information and exit.
+
+## References
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+
diff --git a/testing/data/cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst b/testing/data/cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41f0e72662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/data/cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+Synopsis
+--------
+
+Verify operation of the C++ command-line interface & parser
+
+Usage
+--------
+
+::
+
+    testing_cpp_cli [ options ] 
+
+
+Options
+-------
+
+-  **-flag** An option flag that takes no arguments
+
+-  **-text spec** a text input
+
+-  **-bool value** a boolean input
+
+-  **-int_unbound value** an integer input (unbounded)
+
+-  **-int_nonneg value** a non-negative integer
+
+-  **-int_bound value** a bound integer
+
+-  **-float_unbound value** a floating-point number (unbounded)
+
+-  **-float_nonneg value** a non-negative floating-point number
+
+-  **-float_bound value** a bound floating-point number
+
+-  **-int_seq values** a comma-separated sequence of integers
+
+-  **-float_seq values** a comma-separated sequence of floating-point numbers
+
+-  **-choice item** a choice from a set of options
+
+-  **-file_in input** an input file
+
+-  **-file_out output** an output file
+
+-  **-dir_in input** an input directory
+
+-  **-dir_out output** an output directory
+
+-  **-tracks_in input** an input tractogram
+
+-  **-tracks_out output** an output tractogram
+
+-  **-various spec** an argument that could accept one of various forms
+
+-  **-nargs_two first second** A command-line option that accepts two arguments
+
+-  **-multiple spec** *(multiple uses permitted)* A command-line option that can be specified multiple times
+
+Standard options
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+-  **-info** display information messages.
+
+-  **-quiet** do not display information messages or progress status; alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
+-  **-debug** display debugging messages.
+
+-  **-force** force overwrite of output files (caution: using the same file as input and output might cause unexpected behaviour).
+
+-  **-nthreads number** use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
+-  **-config key value** *(multiple uses permitted)* temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+-  **-help** display this information page and exit.
+
+-  **-version** display version information and exit.
+
+References
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+--------------
+
+
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+
diff --git a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
index 74496e62c2..234ea5e794 100644
--- a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 set(CPP_TOOLS_SRCS
+    testing_cpp_cli.cpp
     testing_diff_dir.cpp
     testing_diff_fixel.cpp
     testing_diff_fixel_old.cpp
diff --git a/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp b/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81cbda00b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+ * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+ * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+ * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+ * particular purpose or non-infringing.
+ * See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+ *
+ * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+ */
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "command.h"
+
+using namespace MR;
+using namespace App;
+
+const char* const choices[] = { "One", "Two", "Three", nullptr };
+
+// clang-format off
+void usage() {
+
+  AUTHOR = "Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)";
+
+  SYNOPSIS = "Verify operation of the C++ command-line interface & parser";
+
+  REQUIRES_AT_LEAST_ONE_ARGUMENT = false;
+
+  OPTIONS
+  + Option("flag", "An option flag that takes no arguments")
+
+  + Option("text", "a text input")
+    + Argument("spec").type_text()
+
+  + Option("bool", "a boolean input")
+    + Argument("value").type_bool()
+
+  + Option("int_unbound", "an integer input (unbounded)")
+    + Argument("value").type_integer()
+
+  + Option("int_nonneg", "a non-negative integer")
+    + Argument("value").type_integer(0)
+
+  + Option("int_bound", "a bound integer")
+    + Argument("value").type_integer(0, 100)
+
+  + Option("float_unbound", "a floating-point number (unbounded)")
+    + Argument("value").type_float()
+
+  + Option("float_nonneg", "a non-negative floating-point number")
+    + Argument("value").type_float(0.0)
+
+  + Option("float_bound", "a bound floating-point number")
+    + Argument("value").type_float(0.0, 1.0)
+
+  + Option("int_seq", "a comma-separated sequence of integers")
+    + Argument("values").type_sequence_int()
+
+  + Option("float_seq", "a comma-separated sequence of floating-point numbers")
+    + Argument("values").type_sequence_float()
+
+  + Option("choice", "a choice from a set of options")
+    + Argument("item").type_choice(choices)
+
+  + Option("file_in", "an input file")
+    + Argument("input").type_file_in()
+
+  + Option("file_out", "an output file")
+    + Argument("output").type_file_out()
+
+  + Option("dir_in", "an input directory")
+    + Argument("input").type_directory_in()
+
+  + Option("dir_out", "an output directory")
+    + Argument("output").type_directory_out()
+
+  + Option("tracks_in", "an input tractogram")
+    + Argument("input").type_tracks_in()
+
+  + Option("tracks_out", "an output tractogram")
+    + Argument("output").type_tracks_out()
+
+  + Option("various", "an argument that could accept one of various forms")
+    + Argument("spec").type_various()
+
+  + Option("nargs_two", "A command-line option that accepts two arguments")
+    + Argument("first").type_text()
+    + Argument("second").type_text()
+
+  + Option("multiple", "A command-line option that can be specified multiple times").allow_multiple()
+    + Argument("spec").type_text();
+
+}
+// clang-format on
+
+void run() {
+
+  if (!get_options("flag").empty())
+    CONSOLE("-flag option present");
+
+  auto opt = get_options("text");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-text: " + std::string(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("bool");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-bool: " + str(bool(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("int_unbound");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-int_unbound: " + str(int64_t(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("int_nonneg");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-int_nonneg: " + str(int64_t(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("int_bound");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-int_bound: " + str(int64_t(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("float_unbound");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-float_unbound: " + str(default_type(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("float_nonneg");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-float_nonneg: " + str(default_type(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("float_bound");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-float_bound: " + str(default_type(opt[0][0])));
+  opt = get_options("int_seq");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-int_seq: [" + join(parse_ints<int64_t>(opt[0][0]), ",") + "]");
+  opt = get_options("float_seq");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-float_seq: [" + join(parse_floats(opt[0][0]), ",") + "]");
+  opt = get_options("choice");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-choice: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("file_in");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-file_in: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("file_out");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-file_out: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("dir_in");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-dir_in: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("dir_out");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-dir_out: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("tracks_in");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-tracks_in: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("tracks_out");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-tracks_out: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+
+  opt = get_options("various");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-various: " + str(opt[0][0]));
+  opt = get_options("nargs_two");
+  if (!opt.empty())
+    CONSOLE("-nargs_two: [" + str(opt[0][0]) + " " + str(opt[0][1]) + "]");
+  opt = get_options("multiple");
+  if (!opt.empty()) {
+    std::vector<std::string> specs;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i != opt.size(); ++i)
+      specs.push_back (std::string("\"") + str(opt[i][0]) + "\"");
+    CONSOLE("-multiple: [" + join(specs, " ") + "]");
+  }
+
+}
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 73b471b006..05040d841e 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ set(UNIT_TESTS_CPP_SRCS
 )
 
 set(UNIT_TESTS_BASH_SRCS
+    cpp_cli
     npyread
     npywrite
     python_cli
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaf7f14a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -flag -text my_text -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+testing_cpp_cli -help > tmp.txt && sed -i '1,2d' tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_cpp_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt cpp_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff tmp.md cpp_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
+testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff tmp.rst cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
+testing_cpp_cli -bool false
+testing_cpp_cli -bool False
+testing_cpp_cli -bool FALSE
+testing_cpp_cli -bool true
+testing_cpp_cli -bool True
+testing_cpp_cli -bool TRUE
+testing_cpp_cli -bool 0
+testing_cpp_cli -bool 1
+testing_cpp_cli -bool 2
+testing_cpp_cli -bool NotABool && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_builtin 0.1 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_builtin NotAnInt && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound 0.1 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound NotAnInt && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_nonneg -1 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_bound 101 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -float_builtin NotAFloat && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -float_nonneg -0.1 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
+testing_cpp_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
+rm -f tmp-filein.txt && testing_cpp_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_cpp_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_cpp_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
+rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false || true
+trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
index cbdaa8ee64..955dc7fac1 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -flag -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
 testing_python_cli -help > tmp.txt && sed -i '1,3d' tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff tmp.md python_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ testing_python_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
 testing_python_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
 testing_python_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
 rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_python_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
-trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force to override"
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
 rm -f tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force to override"
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
 rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false || true
 trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force to override"
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force

From be756183f4d21058d0f6b7a950013d1f0e8c6dda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 08:43:47 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 066/182] CI: Fix PYTHONPATH setting in MSYS2

Co-authored-by: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
---
 testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 84ad5ac939..32755c7620 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,6 +21,17 @@ set(DATA_DIR ${SOURCE_PARENT_DIR}/data)
 
 find_program(BASH bash)
 
+set(PYTHON_ENV_PATH "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib")
+# On MSYS2 we need to convert Windows paths to Unix paths
+if(MINGW AND WIN32)
+      EXECUTE_PROCESS(
+          COMMAND cygpath -u ${PYTHON_ENV_PATH}
+          OUTPUT_VARIABLE PYTHON_ENV_PATH
+          OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
+      )
+endif()
+
+
 function(add_cpp_unit_test FILE_SRC)
     get_filename_component(NAME ${FILE_SRC} NAME_WE)
     add_executable(${NAME} ${FILE_SRC})
@@ -50,7 +61,7 @@ function (add_bash_unit_test FILE_SRC)
         PREFIX "unittest"
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"
-        ENVIRONMENT "PYTHONPATH=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib"
+        ENVIRONMENT "PYTHONPATH=${PYTHON_ENV_PATH}"
     )
 endfunction()
 

From 08bc526c324c22d450c0fde87c8b064b455e3d11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 08:52:05 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 067/182] CI: Fix CLI dunder function checks on MSYS2

---
 testing/unit_tests/python_cli | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
index 42a94ce2be..ff40e49c70 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
-testing_python_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
-testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt python_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
-testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff tmp.md python_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
-testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff tmp.rst python_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
+testing_python_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt python_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.md python_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
+testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.rst python_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
 testing_python_cli -bool false
 testing_python_cli -bool False
 testing_python_cli -bool FALSE

From 4c9247b8028916ebf2b2bf17a952a1d590ab5f31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 09:27:40 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 068/182] CI: Fix C++ CLI tests on MSYS2

Echoes changes in 08bc526c324c22d450c0fde87c8b064b455e3d11 and d9587e650a19c5fc4a54bfac8c654a356d387b13 for the Python CLI tests.
---
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
index eaf7f14a49..a346ce0e19 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -flag -text my_text -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
-testing_cpp_cli -help > tmp.txt && sed -i '1,2d' tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
-testing_cpp_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff tmp.txt cpp_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
-testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff tmp.md cpp_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
-testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff tmp.rst cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
+testing_cpp_cli -help | tail -n +2 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_cpp_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.md cpp_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
+testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.rst cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
 testing_cpp_cli -bool false
 testing_cpp_cli -bool False
 testing_cpp_cli -bool FALSE

From d6a84bad15b850f9c005c9363addda9f31143bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 11:37:37 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 069/182] CI: Final fixes for addition of C++ CLI tests

---
 testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp | 5 ++---
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp b/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
index 81cbda00b4..310a1011c8 100644
--- a/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
+++ b/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char* const choices[] = { "One", "Two", "Three", nullptr };
+const char *const choices[] = {"One", "Two", "Three", nullptr};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
@@ -167,8 +167,7 @@ void run() {
   if (!opt.empty()) {
     std::vector<std::string> specs;
     for (size_t i = 0; i != opt.size(); ++i)
-      specs.push_back (std::string("\"") + str(opt[i][0]) + "\"");
+      specs.push_back(std::string("\"") + str(opt[i][0]) + "\"");
     CONSOLE("-multiple: [" + join(specs, " ") + "]");
   }
-
 }
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
index a346ce0e19..2aa9fdcc52 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -flag -text my_text -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
-testing_cpp_cli -help | tail -n +2 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
+testing_cpp_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_cpp_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.md cpp_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
 testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.rst cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst

From f4587933c17ab719fda917260401542e4aac2a9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 10:28:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 070/182] Fix compilation of big object files in MINGW debug
 builds

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 3497888008..d28a117e80 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -69,6 +69,11 @@ if(EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/.git AND NOT EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE
 endif()
 
 
+# Allow compilation of big object of files in debug mode on MINGW
+if(MINGW AND CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MATCHES "Debug")
+    add_compile_options(-Wa,-mbig-obj)
+endif()
+
 add_compile_definitions(
     MRTRIX_BUILD_TYPE="${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}"
     $<$<PLATFORM_ID:Windows>:MRTRIX_WINDOWS>

From 65ba8562b59e5c3c9ee15374bd662ccbf43f5068 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 21:28:38 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 071/182] Testing: Greater testing of Python image piping
 support

---
 testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt                | 49 +++++++++++++++++--
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping  |  7 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping    | 22 +++++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus      | 10 ----
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_default  |  9 ++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_piping   | 27 ++++++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_template | 11 +++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_piping  |  7 +++
 .../tests/dwi2mask/{hdbet => hdbet_default}   |  1 +
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_piping   |  7 +++
 .../tests/dwi2mask/{mean => mean_default}     |  1 +
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_piping    |  7 +++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask    |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping   |  7 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping  | 28 +++++++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping    | 13 +++++
 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/default      |  5 ++
 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/piping       |  6 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/default  | 16 ++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/test     | 15 ++++++
 20 files changed, 234 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping
 delete mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_default
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_template
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_piping
 rename testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/{hdbet => hdbet_default} (88%)
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_piping
 rename testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/{mean => mean_default} (89%)
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/default
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/piping
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/default
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/test

diff --git a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
index c1ee3406bf..a32ebbdcde 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -31,22 +31,27 @@ endfunction()
 
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_nocrop)
+add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_sgmamyghipp)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_default)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_nocrop)
+add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_premasked)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_sgmamyghipp)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_aseg)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_default)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_first)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_modules)
+add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_template)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_whitestem)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_options)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_config)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_template)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_antsfull_clioptions)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_antsfull_configfile)
@@ -58,26 +63,37 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_flirtconfig)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_fnirtcnf)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_fnirtconfig)
-add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_default "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_template)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_options)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_rescale)
-add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/hdbet)
-add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/legacy "pythonci")
-add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mean "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/hdbet_default)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/hdbet_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/legacy_default "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/legacy_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mean_default "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mean_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_options)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_iterative)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_piping)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_mask)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_shells)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_wmalgofa)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_wmalgotax)
@@ -87,6 +103,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_mask)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_shells)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_threshold)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_default)
@@ -94,6 +111,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_dirs)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_lmax)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_shells)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_dirs)
@@ -101,6 +119,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_mask)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_sfwmfa)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_shells)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_wmalgotax)
@@ -109,25 +128,31 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_mask)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_shell)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_mask)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_shell)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_mask)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_masked)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_masked)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_piping)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/maxiters)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/reference)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/scaled)
 
@@ -135,11 +160,13 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwicat/3dimage)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/default_ownbzero "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/default_sharedbzero)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/nointensity)
+add_bash_script_test(dwicat/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/rigidbody)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/axis_padding)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/eddyqc)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/permuted_volumes)
+add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpeall)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpeheader_none)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpeheader_onerevbzero)
@@ -149,18 +176,23 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpepair_alignseepi)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwigradcheck/default)
+add_bash_script_test(dwigradcheck/piping)
 
-add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/group "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/group_default "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/group_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_percentile)
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_masked)
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_reference)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_scaled)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/oneshell)
+add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/piping)
 
 add_bash_script_test(for_each/echo "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(for_each/exclude "pythonci")
@@ -168,9 +200,15 @@ add_bash_script_test(for_each/parallel "pythonci")
 
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/default)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/freesurfer)
+add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/premasked)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/sgm_amyg_hipp)
 
+add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/default "pythonci")
+
+add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/default "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/test "pythonci")
+
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_affine)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_affinenonlinear)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_default "pythonci")
@@ -184,6 +222,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_rigidnonlinear)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_voxelsize)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fod_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fod_options)
+add_bash_script_test(population_template/piping)
 
 add_bash_script_test(responsemean/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(responsemean/legacy "pythonci")
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc0b540ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2mask 3dautomask"
+#   when utilising image pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask 3dautomask - - | \
+mrconvert - tmp.mif -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b327d7868f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify that command "dwi2mask ants" executes to completion
+#   when utilising image pipes
+
+# Input and output images are pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - |
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask ants - - \
+-template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz | \
+mrconvert - tmp.mif -force
+
+# Input template image is a pipe
+mrconvert dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz - | \
+dwi2mask ants BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-template - dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz
+
+# Input template mask is a pipe
+mrconvert dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz - | \
+dwi2mask ants BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz -
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus
deleted file mode 100644
index adc5071140..0000000000
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# Verify execution of "dwi2mask consensus" algorithm
-# Template image and corresponding mask are provided
-#   to maximise the cardinality of applicable algorithms;
-#   there is however no verification that all underlying invoked algorithms
-#   proceed to completion and contribute to the consensus
-dwi2mask consensus BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp1.mif -force \
--fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--masks tmp2.mif \
--template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_default b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_default
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..017b9f0af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_default
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify execution of "dwi2mask consensus" algorithm
+#   under default operation
+# Here the -template option is omitted,
+#   resulting in the minimal number of algorithms utilized
+
+dwi2mask consensus BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-masks tmp_masks.mif
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b2d237355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify execution of "dwi2mask consensus" algorithm
+#   when utilising image pipes
+
+# Input and output images are pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask consensus - - | \
+mrconvert - tmp.mif -force
+
+# Input template image is a pipe
+mrconvert dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz - | \
+dwi2mask consensus BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-template - dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz
+
+# Input template mask is a pipe
+mrconvert dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz - | \
+dwi2mask consensus BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz -
+
+# Output mask series is a pipe
+dwi2mask consensus BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-masks - | \
+mrconvert - tmp.mif -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_template b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_template
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62b26ab24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_template
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify execution of "dwi2mask consensus" algorithm
+#   under default operation
+# Here the -template option is provided,
+#   resulting in a greater number of algorithms utilized
+#   than the default test
+
+dwi2mask consensus BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-masks tmp_masks.mif \
+-template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35759efa0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure successful execution of "dwi2mask fslbet" algorithm
+#   when making use of image pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask fslbet - - | \
+mrconvert - tmp.mif -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_default
similarity index 88%
rename from testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet
rename to testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_default
index 5e87c33f7a..6cc0ad3002 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_default
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2mask hdbet" algorithm
+#   under default operation
 dwi2mask hdbet BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4a30b718a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2mask hdbet" algorithm
+#   when using image piping
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask hdbet - - | \
+mrconvert - tmp.mif -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_default
similarity index 89%
rename from testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean
rename to testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_default
index fbf0ec01bc..d910f87e3e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_default
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify "dwi2mask mean" algorithm
+#   under default operation
 dwi2mask mean BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcd946b1c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify "dwi2mask mean" algorithm
+#   when used in conjunction with image pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask mean - - | \
+testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/mean.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask
index 7955c50466..faec22dc28 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify "dwi2mask mtnorm" algorithm,
 #   where an initial brain mask estimate is provided by the user
-dwi2mask mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmmpmask.mif -force \
+dwi2mask mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmpmask.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -init_mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz \
 -tissuesum tmptissuesum.mif
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c02cfc38e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify result of "dwi2mask trace" algorithm
+#   when utilising image pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - |
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwi2mask trace - - | \
+testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/trace_default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6680178c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of command
+#   when used in conjunction with image pipes
+
+# Input DWI series, and output DWI series, are pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
+dwibiasnormmask - - | \
+testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+
+# Prepare some input data to be subsequently used in multiple tests
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_in.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-strides 0,0,0,1
+
+# Output mask is a pipe
+dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif - -force | \
+testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif.gz
+
+# Output bias field image is a pipe
+dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif tmp_mask.mif -force \
+-output_bias - | \
+testing_diff_image tmpbias.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+
+# Output tissue sum image is a pipe
+dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif tmp_mask.mif -force \
+-output_tissuesum - | \
+testing_diff_image tmptissuesum.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eed573ace4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of command
+#   when utilising image pipes
+
+# Input and output parcellation images are pipes
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz - | \
+labelsgmfirst - BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt - | \
+testing_diff_header - labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz
+
+# Input T1-weighted image is a pipe
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz - |
+labelsgmfirst BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz - BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt tmp.mif -force
+testig_diff_header tmp.mif labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/default b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/default
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2abd6e71d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/default
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of the "mask2glass" command
+#   under default operation
+mask2glass BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz tmp.mif -force
+testing_diff_image tmp.mif mask2glass/out.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/piping
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6450dd0970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/piping
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of the "mask2glass" command
+#   where image piping is used
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | \
+mask2glass - - | \
+testing_diff_image - mask2glass/out.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/default b/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/default
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf5da49eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/default
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify basic operation of the command
+#   when cleanup is activated
+rm -rf tmp/
+mkdir tmp/
+
+touch tmp/not_a_tempfile.txt
+touch tmp/mrtrix-tmp-ABCDEF.mif
+mkdir tmp/not_a_scratchdir/
+mkdir tmp/command-tmp-ABCDEF/
+
+mrtrix_cleanup tmp/
+ITEMCOUNT=$(ls tmp/ | wc)
+if [ "$ITEMCOUNT" -neq "2" ]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/test b/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75ddcfc536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify basic operation of the command
+rm -rf tmp/
+mkdir tmp/
+
+touch tmp/not_a_tempfile.txt
+touch tmp/mrtrix-tmp-ABCDEF.mif
+mkdir tmp/not_a_scratchdir/
+mkdir tmp/command-tmp-ABCDEF/
+
+mrtrix_cleanup tmp/ -test
+ITEMCOUNT=$(ls tmp/ | wc)
+if [ "$ITEMCOUNT" -neq "4" ]; then
+   exit 1
+fi

From 99dd92741cf156a094902faac3f990af78b2106e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 21:29:22 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 072/182] mask2glass: Ensure input image is 3D

---
 python/bin/mask2glass                       | 5 +++++
 testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt              | 1 +
 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/no4dseries | 6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/no4dseries

diff --git a/python/bin/mask2glass b/python/bin/mask2glass
index bff040d35a..80c88b3e3a 100755
--- a/python/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/python/bin/mask2glass
@@ -54,8 +54,13 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
+  image_size = image.Header(app.ARGS.input).size()
+  if not len(image_size) == 3 or (len(image_size == 4) and image_size[-1] == 1):
+    raise MRtrixError('Command expects as input a 3D image')
+
   # import data to scratch directory
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
   run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'in.mif'],
diff --git a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
index a32ebbdcde..0877545d13 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/premasked)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/sgm_amyg_hipp)
 
 add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/default "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/no4dseries "pythonci")
 
 add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/test "pythonci")
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/no4dseries b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/no4dseries
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cf239f297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/no4dseries
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify that if the "mask2glass" command is provided
+#   with a 4D image series as input,
+#   it exits gracefully with an appropriate error message
+mask2glass BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force 2>&1 | \
+grep "Command expects as input a 3D image"

From 7115593deac26a7303d41f49dbce9c595f62af94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 23:28:32 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 073/182] Testing: Verify that Python commands handle paths
 with whitespaces

---
 testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt                | 37 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace        |  6 +++
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace   | 11 ++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace  |  6 +++
 .../tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace      | 14 +++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace    | 18 +++++++++
 .../tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace     | 19 ++++++++++
 .../tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace       | 19 ++++++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace  | 14 +++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace   | 14 +++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace  | 11 ++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace    | 11 ++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace  | 14 +++++++
 .../tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace      | 16 ++++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace   | 11 ++++++
 .../tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace  | 17 +++++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace  | 16 ++++++++
 .../tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace      | 20 ++++++++++
 .../tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace     | 26 +++++++++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace | 15 ++++++++
 .../tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace    | 17 +++++++++
 .../tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace      | 16 ++++++++
 .../tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace       | 17 +++++++++
 .../tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace    | 16 ++++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping  |  5 +++
 .../scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace  | 21 +++++++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace       | 15 ++++++++
 .../scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace    | 32 ++++++++++++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace | 18 +++++++++
 .../tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace       | 21 +++++++++++
 .../tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace      | 14 +++++++
 .../tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace      | 14 +++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace | 12 ++++++
 .../scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace    | 11 ++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace   |  8 ++++
 .../scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/whitespace   | 16 ++++++++
 .../tests/population_template/whitespace      | 31 ++++++++++++++++
 testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace |  7 ++++
 38 files changed, 606 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace
 create mode 100644 testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace

diff --git a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
index 0877545d13..5ad1f0c9af 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -33,26 +33,31 @@ add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_nocrop)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_sgmamyghipp)
+add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_default)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_nocrop)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_premasked)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_sgmamyghipp)
+add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/fsl_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_aseg)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_default)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_first)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_modules)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_template)
+add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(5ttgen/hsvs_whitestem)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_options)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_config)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_template)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/ants_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_antsfull_clioptions)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_antsfull_configfile)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_antsfull_configoptions)
@@ -64,29 +69,38 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_flirtconfig)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_fnirtcnf)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_fsl_fnirtconfig)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_template)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_options)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_rescale)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/hdbet_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/hdbet_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/legacy_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/legacy_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mean_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mean_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mean_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_initmask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_options)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_iterative)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2mask/trace_whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_fslgrad "pythonci")
@@ -95,6 +109,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_shells)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_wmalgofa)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_wmalgotax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/dhollander_wmalgotournier)
@@ -106,6 +121,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_shells)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_threshold)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/fa_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_dirs)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_fslgrad "pythonci")
@@ -113,6 +129,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_grad)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_shells)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/manual_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_dirs)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_fslgrad "pythonci")
@@ -122,6 +139,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_sfwmfa)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_shells)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/msmt5tt_wmalgotax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_fslgrad "pythonci")
@@ -130,6 +148,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_shell)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tax_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_grad)
@@ -137,17 +156,21 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_shell)
+add_bash_script_test(dwi2response/tournier_whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_mask)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_masked)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_masked)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/lmax)
@@ -155,6 +178,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/maxiters)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/reference)
 add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/scaled)
+add_bash_script_test(dwibiasnormmask/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/3dimage)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/default_ownbzero "pythonci")
@@ -162,6 +186,7 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwicat/default_sharedbzero)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/nointensity)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwicat/rigidbody)
+add_bash_script_test(dwicat/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/axis_padding)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/eddyqc)
@@ -174,25 +199,31 @@ add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpeheader_rpepair)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpepair_alignseepi)
 add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default)
+add_bash_script_test(dwifslpreproc/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwigradcheck/default)
 add_bash_script_test(dwigradcheck/piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwigradcheck/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/group_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/group_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/group_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_percentile)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/manual_whitespace)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_lmax)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_masked)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_piping)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_reference)
 add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_scaled)
+add_bash_script_test(dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/oneshell)
 add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/piping)
+add_bash_script_test(dwishellmath/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(for_each/echo "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(for_each/exclude "pythonci")
@@ -203,12 +234,16 @@ add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/freesurfer)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/piping)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/premasked)
 add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/sgm_amyg_hipp)
+add_bash_script_test(labelsgmfirst/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/no4dseries "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/piping)
+add_bash_script_test(mask2glass/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/test "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(mrtrix_cleanup/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_affine)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_affinenonlinear)
@@ -224,7 +259,9 @@ add_bash_script_test(population_template/fa_voxelsize)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fod_default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/fod_options)
 add_bash_script_test(population_template/piping)
+add_bash_script_test(population_template/whitespace)
 
 add_bash_script_test(responsemean/default "pythonci")
 add_bash_script_test(responsemean/legacy "pythonci")
+add_bash_script_test(responsemean/whitespace "pythonci")
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1610756b6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure correct operation of the "5ttgen freesurfer" command
+#  where image paths include whitespace
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz "tmp in.mif" -force
+5ttgen freesurfer "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64db02c8b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure correct operation of the "5ttgen fsl" command
+#   where image paths include whitespace
+# Make sure that the output image is stored at the expected path
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz "tmp in.mif" -force
+
+5ttgen fsl "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e92274a9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure correct operation of the "5ttgen hsvs" command
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+ln -s "tmp in/" freesurfer/sub-01
+5ttgen hsvs "tmp in/" "tmp out.mif" -force
+testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21e7fcfc70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2mask 3dautomask"
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+# Make sure that the output image appears at the expected location
+rm -f "tmp in.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask 3dautomask "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2259c3b321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify that command "dwi2mask ants" executes to completion
+#   when utilising image paths that include whitespace characters
+# Make sure that the output image appears at the expected location
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+
+dwi2mask ants "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d29ced452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of the "dwi2mask b02template" command
+#   when image paths include whitespace characters
+# Ensure that the output image appears at the expected location
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.hz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+
+dwi2mask b02template "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-software antsquick \
+-template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43e1e35dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify execution of "dwi2mask consensus" algorithm
+#   when utilising image paths that include whitespace characters
+# Make sure that output image appears at the expected location
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask consensus "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz" \
+-masks "tmp masks.mif"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ce901ed3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure successful execution of "dwi2mask fslbet" algorithm
+#   when making use of image paths that include whitespace characters
+# Make sure that output image appears at expected location
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask fslbet "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bae7c94c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2mask hdbet" algorithm
+#   when using image paths that include whitespace characters
+# Make sure that output image appears at expected location
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask hdbet "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e544d30e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure correct operation of the "dwi2mask legacy" command
+#   when image paths that include whitespace characters are used
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask legacy "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fb5651816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify "dwi2mask mean" algorithm
+#   when image paths include whitespace characters
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask mean "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mean.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ca9358b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure correct operation of the "dwi2mask mtnorm" command
+#   when image paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask mtnorm "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif
+testing_diff_image "tmp tissuesum.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86efab77d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure correct operation of the "dwi2mask synthstrip" command
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+# Check that expected output images appear
+rm -f "tmp out.mif" "tmp stripped.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask synthstrip "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-stripped "tmp stripped.mif"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif"
+ls | grep "^tmp stripped\.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df1d62c249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify result of "dwi2mask trace" algorithm
+#   when utilising images that have whitespaces in their paths
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2mask trace "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/trace_default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7d4f21266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2response dhollander"
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2response dhollander "tmp in.mif" "tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif"
+
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp wm.txt" dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp gm.txt" dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp csf.txt" dwi2response/dhollander/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif.gz
+
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b40b6b07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2response fa"
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2response fa "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
+-number 20
+
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/fa/default.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
+
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a124963eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2response manual"
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+
+dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | \
+tensor2metric - -vector "tmp dirs.mif" -force
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz "tmp voxels.mif.gz"
+
+dwi2response manual "tmp in.mif" "tmp voxels.mif.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-dirs "tmp dirs.mif"
+
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt -abs 1e-2
+
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32594275f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2response msmt_5tt"
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+
+dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | \
+tensor2metric - -vector "tmp dirs.mif" -force
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz "tmp 5TT.nii.gz"
+
+dwi2response msmt_5tt "tmp in.mif" "tmp 5TT.nii.gz" \
+"tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp-in.bval" \
+-dirs "tmp dirs.mif" \
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
+-pvf 0.9
+
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp wm.txt" dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp gm.txt" dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp csf.txt" dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_csf.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
+
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c49cd5fc41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2response tax"
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2response tax "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif"
+
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
+
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5cc26ca3c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of "dwi2response tournier"
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwi2response tournier "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
+-number 20 \
+-iter_voxels 200
+
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2
+testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
+
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8edf806526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of "dwibiascorrect ants" algorithm
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwibiascorrect ants "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-bias "tmp bias.mif"
+
+testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif.gz
+testing_diff_header "tmp bias.mif" dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdfa5e5860
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of "dwibiascorrect fsl" algorithm
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwibiascorrect fsl "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-bias "tmp bias.mif"
+
+testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif.gz
+testing_diff_header "tmp bias" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9b32860ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of "dwibiascorrect mtnorm" algorithm
+#   where image paths contain whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwibiascorrect mtnorm "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-bias "tmp bias.mif"
+
+testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/default_out.mif.gz
+testing_diff_header "tmp bias.mif" dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
index b6680178c3..e9e39e55dc 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_in.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -strides 0,0,0,1
 
+# Input initial mask is a pipe
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | \
+dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif -force \
+-init_mask -
+
 # Output mask is a pipe
 dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif - -force | \
 testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb98b16833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify successful execution of command
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -f "tmp *.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwibiasnormmask "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-init_mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-output_bias "tmp bias.mif" \
+-output_scale "tmp scale.txt" \
+-output_tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
+ls | grep "^tmp bias\.mif$"
+ls | grep "^tmp scale\.txt$"
+ls | grep "^tmp tissuesum\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34c11a94aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test operation of the dwicat command
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwicat "tmp in.mif" "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-mask "tmp mask.mif"
+
+ls | grep "tmp out.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0db8f2f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure that dwifslpreproc executes successfully
+#  whenever filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp *"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.json "tmp in.json"
+
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-1_epi.nii.gz tmp1.mif -force \
+-json_import BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-1_epi.json
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.nii.gz tmp2.mif -force \
+-json_import BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.json
+mrcat tmp1.mif tmp2.mif "tmp seepi.mif" -axis 3 -force
+
+dwi2mask BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz tmpeddymask.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval
+ln -s tmpeddymask.mif "tmp eddymask.mif"
+
+dwifslpreproc "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.nii" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-json_import "tmp in.json" \
+-pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair "tmp seepi.mif" \
+-eddy_mask "tmp eddymask.mif" \
+-eddyqc_test "tmp eddyqc/" \
+-export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.nii$"
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.bvec$"
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.bval$"
+ls | grep "^tmp eddyqc\/$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bae2b044c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ensure that the dwigradcheck script completes successfully
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+# Ensure that output filesystem paths appear at the expected locations
+rm -f "tmp out.*"
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwigradcheck "tmp in.mif" \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.bvec$"
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.bval$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9362df963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test the "dwinormalise group" algorithm
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp dwi" "tmp mask"
+mkdir "tmp dwi"
+mkdir "tmp mask"
+
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.nii.gz "tmp dwi/sub 02.mif" \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bval
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask/sub 02.mif"
+
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz "tmp dwi/sub 03.mif" \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask/sub 03.mif"
+
+dwinormalise group "tmp dwi/" "tmp mask/" "tmp group/" "tmp template.mif" "tmp mask.mif" -force
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp template.mif" dwinormalise/group/fa.mif.gz -abs 1e-3
+testing_diff_image $(mrfilter "tmp mask.mif" smooth -) $(mrfilter dwinormalise/group/mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
+
+ls | grep "^tmp group\/$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e538af06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify default operation of the "dwinormalise manual" algorithm
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+
+# Input and output DWI series are both piped
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.mif"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwinormalise manual "tmp in.mif" "tmp mask.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b50bd8a140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify default operation of the "dwinormalise mtnorm" command
+#   where filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+dwinormalise mtnorm "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f30be48601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of the dwishellmath command
+#   when image paths include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+
+dwishellmath "tmp in.mif" mean "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+
+ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35bf1391f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of command
+#   when utilising image paths that include whitespace characters
+
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz "tmp indices.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz "tmp T1w.nii.gz"
+ln -s BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt "tmp lookup.txt"
+
+labelsgmfirst "tmp indices.nii.gz" "tmp T1w.nii.gz" "tmp lookup.txt" "tmp out.mif" -force
+
+testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aab638e4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of the "mask2glass" command
+#   where image paths include whitespace characters
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+
+mask2glass "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" mask2glass/out.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..139d542766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mrtrix_cleanup/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify operation of the command
+#   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp in/"
+mkdir "tmp in/"
+
+touch "tmp in/not a tempfile.txt"
+touch "tmp in/mrtrix-tmp-ABCDEF.mif"
+mkdir "tmp in/not a scratchdir/"
+mkdir "tmp in/command-tmp-ABCDEF/"
+
+mrtrix_cleanup "tmp in/"
+ITEMCOUNT=$(ls "tmp in/" | wc)
+if [ "$ITEMCOUNT" -neq "2" ]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e73b741328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Evaluate operation of population_template command
+#   where filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+
+rm -rf "tmp *"
+mkdir "tmp fa" "tmp mask"
+
+dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bval \
+-mask BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz | \
+tensor2metric - -fa "tmp fa/sub 02.mif"
+dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz - \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval \
+-mask BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz | \
+tensor2metric - -fa "tmp fa/sub 03.mif"
+
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask/sub 02.mif"
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask/sub 03.mif"
+
+# Output template image is a pipe
+population_template "tmp fa/" "tmp template.mif" -force \
+-mask_dir "tmp mask/" \
+-template_mask "tmp mask.mif" \
+-warp_dir "tmp warps/" \
+-linear_transformations_dir "tmp linear_transformations/"
+
+testing_diff_image "tmp template.mif" population_template/fa_masked_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01
+testing_diff_image $(mrfilter "tmp mask.mif" smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
+
+ls | grep "^tmp warps\/$"
+ls | grep "^tmp linear_transformations\/$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92a5cacf29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Verify command operation when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+ln -s BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_tissue-WM_response.txt "tmp response2.txt"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_tissue-WM_response.txt "tmp response3.txt"
+
+responsemean "tmp response2txt" "tmp response3.txt" "tmp out.txt" -force
+testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" responsemean/out.txt -abs 0.001

From 4095d7665ef2574f7e824603fa00fcedb4f77f92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 23:30:59 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 074/182] Testing: Import new test data for new mask2glass
 tests

---
 testing/scripts/data | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/testing/scripts/data b/testing/scripts/data
index 4f0d6653e9..76f47633cd 160000
--- a/testing/scripts/data
+++ b/testing/scripts/data
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4f0d6653e994212d3653660a4f9163437956c989
+Subproject commit 76f47633cd0a37e901c42320f4540ecaffd51367

From 05b68d536031cd6a387e2e6a00bda2fc7ac4bd7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 15 May 2024 00:05:20 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 075/182] Python: Multiple fixes following merge of split tests
 & CLI changes

- Fix syntax error in mask2glass introduced in 99dd92741cf156a094902faac3f990af78b2106e.
- population_template: F-string syntax fix.
- 5ttgen hsvs: Fix execution when input directory path contains whitespace.
- app.Parser: Change type of Exception thrown when filesystem path argument is impermissible, so that argparse catches it.
- dwi2mask consensus: Allow execution when the -template option is not specified; just omit from the list any algorithms that depend on such.
- dwinormalise group: Fix path to population_template scratch directory.
- Testing: Many fixes to individual test bash scripts, particularly around the verification of image pipe and filesystem path whitespace characters.
---
 python/bin/mask2glass                         |  2 +-
 python/bin/population_template                |  2 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py            | 94 ++++++++++---------
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 12 +--
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py      |  9 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py      |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace  |  4 +-
 .../tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace      |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_config    |  4 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping    |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace    |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace     |  4 +-
 .../tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace       |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace  |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace   |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace  |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace    |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping  |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace  |  4 +-
 .../tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace      |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping   |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace   |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwi2response/dhollander_piping      |  6 +-
 .../tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace  |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_piping  |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace  |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_piping  |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace      |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping |  5 +-
 .../tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace     |  4 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_fslgrad    |  4 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_grad   | 11 +--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_lmax   |  7 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_mask   |  4 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_piping |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_shell  |  6 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad       |  8 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_grad  | 13 ++-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_lmax  |  8 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_mask  |  8 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_shell |  8 +-
 .../tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace    |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace      |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace       |  4 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax  |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace    |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping  |  6 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/reference   |  3 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace  |  3 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/piping           |  7 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace       |  9 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/piping    |  1 +
 .../tests/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default       |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace    |  9 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_default  |  2 +-
 .../scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_piping  |  2 +-
 .../tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace      |  4 +-
 .../tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace      |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace |  2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping    |  4 +-
 62 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 161 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/mask2glass b/python/bin/mask2glass
index 80c88b3e3a..439a9e2ade 100755
--- a/python/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/python/bin/mask2glass
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   image_size = image.Header(app.ARGS.input).size()
-  if not len(image_size) == 3 or (len(image_size == 4) and image_size[-1] == 1):
+  if not len(image_size) == 3 or (len(image_size) == 4 and image_size[-1] == 1):
     raise MRtrixError('Command expects as input a 3D image')
 
   # import data to scratch directory
diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 2bb27e0234..5554f86efa 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -1488,7 +1488,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                        'average',
                        f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}.txt',
                        '-quiet'])
-          transform_average_driftref = matrix.load_transform(f'linear_transform_average_{level:%02i}.txt')
+          transform_average_driftref = matrix.load_transform(f'linear_transform_average_{level:02d}.txt')
         else:
           run.command(['transformcalc',
                        [os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt') for inp in ins],
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index 72bb0f146c..c1464c4ab5 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     # Use brain-extracted, bias-corrected image for FSL tools
     norm_image = os.path.join(mri_dir, 'norm.mgz')
     check_file(norm_image)
-    run.command(f'mrconvert {norm_image} T1.nii -stride -1,+2,+3')
+    run.command(['mrconvert', norm_image, 'T1.nii', '-stride', '-1,+2,+3'])
     # Verify FAST availability
     try:
       fast_cmd = fsl.exe_name('fast')
@@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   for (index, tissue, name) in from_aseg:
     init_mesh_path = f'{name}_init.vtk'
     smoothed_mesh_path = f'{name}.vtk'
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {index} -eq - | '
-                f'voxel2mesh - -threshold 0.5 {init_mesh_path}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-', '|',
+                'voxel2mesh', '-', '-threshold', '0.5', init_mesh_path])
     run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smoothed_mesh_path])
     app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
     run.command(['mesh2voxel', smoothed_mesh_path, template_image, f'{name}.mif'])
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Combine corpus callosum segments before smoothing
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Combining and smoothing corpus callosum segmentation', len(CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG) + 3)
   for (index, name) in CORPUS_CALLOSUM_ASEG:
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {index} -eq {name}.mif -datatype bit')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', f'{name}.mif', '-datatype', 'bit'])
     progress.increment()
   cc_init_mesh_path = 'combined_corpus_callosum_init.vtk'
   cc_smoothed_mesh_path = 'combined_corpus_callosum.vtk'
@@ -459,9 +459,11 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   bs_fullmask_path = 'brain_stem_init.mif'
   bs_cropmask_path = ''
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Segmenting and cropping brain stem', 5)
-  run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[0][0]} -eq '
-              + ' -add '.join([ f'{aparc_image} {index} -eq' for index, name in BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[1:] ])
-              + f' -add {bs_fullmask_path} -datatype bit')
+  cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[0][0], '-eq']
+  for index, name in BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[1:]:
+    cmd.extend([aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-add'])
+  cmd.extend([bs_fullmask_path, '-datatype', 'bit'])
+  run.command(cmd)
   progress.increment()
   bs_init_mesh_path = 'brain_stem_init.vtk'
   run.command(['voxel2mesh', bs_fullmask_path, bs_init_mesh_path])
@@ -502,8 +504,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
           init_mesh_path = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfield_{tissue}_init.vtk'
           smooth_mesh_path = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfield_{tissue}.vtk'
           subfield_tissue_image = f'{hemi}_{structure_name}_subfield_{tissue}.mif'
-          run.command(f'mrcalc {subfields_all_tissues_image} {tissue+1} -eq - | '
-                      f'voxel2mesh - {init_mesh_path}')
+          run.command(['mrcalc', subfields_all_tissues_image, f'{tissue+1}', '-eq', '-', '|',
+                       'voxel2mesh', '-', init_mesh_path])
           progress.increment()
           # Since the hippocampal subfields segmentation can include some fine structures, reduce the extent of smoothing
           run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smooth_mesh_path,
@@ -616,10 +618,10 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     # Generate the mask image within which FAST will be run
     acpc_prefix = 'ACPC' if ATTEMPT_PC else 'AC'
     acpc_mask_image = f'{acpc_prefix}_FAST_mask.mif'
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {template_image} nan -eq - | '
-                f'mredit - {acpc_mask_image} -scanner '
-                + '-sphere ' + ','.join(map(str, ac_scanner)) + ' 8 1 '
-                + ('-sphere ' + ','.join(map(str, pc_scanner)) + ' 5 1' if ATTEMPT_PC else ''))
+    run.command(['mrcalc', template_image, 'nan', '-eq', '-', '|',
+                 'mredit', '-', acpc_mask_image, '-scanner',
+                 '-sphere', ','.join(map(str, ac_scanner)), '8', '1']
+                + (['-sphere', ','.join(map(str, pc_scanner)), '5', '1'] if ATTEMPT_PC else []))
     progress.increment()
 
     acpc_t1_masked_image = f'{acpc_prefix}_T1.nii'
@@ -652,17 +654,17 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     for hemi in [ 'Left-', 'Right-' ]:
       wm_index = [ index for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if name.startswith(hemi) and 'White' in name ][0]
       gm_index = [ index for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if name.startswith(hemi) and 'Cortex' in name ][0]
-      run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {wm_index} -eq {aparc_image} {gm_index} -eq -add - | '
-                  f'voxel2mesh - {hemi}cerebellum_all_init.vtk')
+      run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, wm_index, '-eq', aparc_image, gm_index, '-eq', '-add', '-', '|',
+                  'voxel2mesh', '-', f'{hemi}cerebellum_all_init.vtk'])
       progress.increment()
-      run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {gm_index} -eq - | '
-                  f'voxel2mesh - {hemi}cerebellum_grey_init.vtk')
+      run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, gm_index, '-eq', '-', '|',
+                  'voxel2mesh', '-', f'{hemi}cerebellum_grey_init.vtk'])
       progress.increment()
       for name, tissue in { 'all':2, 'grey':1 }.items():
-        run.command(f'meshfilter {hemi}cerebellum_{name}_init.vtk smooth {hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk')
+        run.command(['meshfilter', f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}_init.vtk', 'smooth', f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk'])
         app.cleanup(f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}_init.vtk')
         progress.increment()
-        run.command(f'mesh2voxel {hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk {template_image} {hemi}cerebellum_{name}.mif')
+        run.command(['mesh2voxel', f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk', template_image, f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.mif'])
         app.cleanup(f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.vtk')
         progress.increment()
         tissue_images[tissue].append(f'{hemi}cerebellum_{name}.mif')
@@ -687,24 +689,24 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   tissue_images = [ 'tissue0.mif', 'tissue1.mif', 'tissue2.mif', 'tissue3.mif', 'tissue4.mif' ]
   run.function(os.rename, 'tissue4_init.mif', 'tissue4.mif')
   progress.increment()
-  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue3_init.mif tissue3_init.mif {tissue_images[4]} -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[3]}')
+  run.command(['mrcalc', 'tissue3_init.mif', 'tissue3_init.mif', tissue_images[4], '-add', '1.0', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', tissue_images[3]])
   app.cleanup('tissue3_init.mif')
   progress.increment()
   run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images[3:5], 'sum', 'tissuesum_34.mif'])
   progress.increment()
-  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue1_init.mif tissue1_init.mif tissuesum_34.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[1]}')
+  run.command(['mrcalc', 'tissue1_init.mif', 'tissue1_init.mif', 'tissuesum_34.mif', '-add', '1.0', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', tissue_images[1]])
   app.cleanup('tissue1_init.mif')
   app.cleanup('tissuesum_34.mif')
   progress.increment()
   run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images[1], tissue_images[3:5], 'sum', 'tissuesum_134.mif'])
   progress.increment()
-  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue2_init.mif tissue2_init.mif tissuesum_134.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[2]}')
+  run.command(['mrcalc', 'tissue2_init.mif', 'tissue2_init.mif', 'tissuesum_134.mif', '-add', '1.0', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', tissue_images[2]])
   app.cleanup('tissue2_init.mif')
   app.cleanup('tissuesum_134.mif')
   progress.increment()
   run.command(['mrmath', tissue_images[1:5], 'sum', 'tissuesum_1234.mif'])
   progress.increment()
-  run.command(f'mrcalc tissue0_init.mif tissue0_init.mif tissuesum_1234.mif -add 1.0 -sub 0.0 -max -sub 0.0 -max {tissue_images[0]}')
+  run.command(['mrcalc', 'tissue0_init.mif', 'tissue0_init.mif', 'tissuesum_1234.mif', '-add', '1.0', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', '-sub', '0.0', '-max', tissue_images[0]])
   app.cleanup('tissue0_init.mif')
   app.cleanup('tissuesum_1234.mif')
   progress.increment()
@@ -747,10 +749,12 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
         smooth_mesh_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-All-Smooth.vtk'
         pvf_image_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-PVF-Template.mif'
         cerebellum_aseg_hemi = [ entry for entry in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if hemi in entry[2] ]
-        run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {cerebellum_aseg_hemi[0][0]} -eq '
-                    + ' -add '.join([ aparc_image + ' ' + str(index) + ' -eq' for index, tissue, name in cerebellum_aseg_hemi[1:] ])
-                    + ' -add - | '
-                    f'voxel2mesh - {init_mesh_path}')
+        cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, cerebellum_aseg_hemi[0][0], '-eq']
+        for index, tissue, name in cerebellum_aseg_hemi[1:]:
+          cmd.extend([aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-add'])
+        cmd.extend(['-', '|',
+                    'voxel2mesh', '-', init_mesh_path])
+        run.command(cmd)
         progress.increment()
         run.command(['meshfilter', init_mesh_path, 'smooth', smooth_mesh_path])
         app.cleanup(init_mesh_path)
@@ -775,9 +779,11 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
 
     else:
       app.console('Preparing images of cerebellum for intensity-based segmentation')
-      run.command(f'mrcalc {aparc_image} {CEREBELLUM_ASEG[0][0]} -eq '
-                  + ' -add '.join([ f'{aparc_image} {index} -eq' for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG[1:] ])
-                  + f' -add {cerebellum_volume_image}')
+      cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, CEREBELLUM_ASEG[0][0], '-eq']
+      for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG[1:]:
+        cmd.extend([aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-add'])
+      cmd.append(cerebellum_volume_image)
+      run.command(cmd)
       cerebellum_mask_image = cerebellum_volume_image
       run.command(['mrcalc', 'T1.nii', cerebellum_mask_image, '-mult', t1_cerebellum_masked])
 
@@ -827,21 +833,21 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     new_tissue_images = [ 'tissue0_fast.mif', 'tissue1_fast.mif', 'tissue2_fast.mif', 'tissue3_fast.mif', 'tissue4_fast.mif' ]
     new_tissue_sum_image = 'tissuesum_01234_fast.mif'
     cerebellum_multiplier_image = 'Cerebellar_multiplier.mif'
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {cerebellum_volume_image} {tissue_sum_image} -add 0.5 -gt 1.0 {tissue_sum_image} -sub 0.0 -if {cerebellum_multiplier_image}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', cerebellum_volume_image, tissue_sum_image, '-add', '0.5', '-gt', '1.0', tissue_sum_image, '-sub', '0.0', '-if', cerebellum_multiplier_image])
     app.cleanup(cerebellum_volume_image)
     progress.increment()
     run.command(['mrconvert', tissue_images[0], new_tissue_images[0]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[0])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[1]} {cerebellum_multiplier_image} {fast_outputs_template[1]} -mult -add {new_tissue_images[1]}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[1], cerebellum_multiplier_image, fast_outputs_template[1], '-mult', '-add', new_tissue_images[1]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[1])
     app.cleanup(fast_outputs_template[1])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[2]} {cerebellum_multiplier_image} {fast_outputs_template[2]} -mult -add {new_tissue_images[2]}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[2], cerebellum_multiplier_image, fast_outputs_template[2], '-mult', '-add', new_tissue_images[2]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[2])
     app.cleanup(fast_outputs_template[2])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[3]} {cerebellum_multiplier_image} {fast_outputs_template[0]} -mult -add {new_tissue_images[3]}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[3], cerebellum_multiplier_image, fast_outputs_template[0], '-mult', '-add', new_tissue_images[3]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[3])
     app.cleanup(fast_outputs_template[0])
     app.cleanup(cerebellum_multiplier_image)
@@ -873,13 +879,13 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
                         f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_images[3])[0]}_filled.mif',
                         tissue_images[4] ]
   csf_fill_image = 'csf_fill.mif'
-  run.command(f'mrcalc 1.0 {tissue_sum_image} -sub {tissue_sum_image} 0.0 -gt {mask_image} -add 1.0 -min -mult 0.0 -max {csf_fill_image}')
+  run.command(['mrcalc', '1.0', tissue_sum_image, '-sub', tissue_sum_image, '0.0', '-gt', mask_image, '-add', '1.0', '-min', '-mult', '0.0', '-max', csf_fill_image])
   app.cleanup(tissue_sum_image)
   # If no template is specified, this file is part of the FreeSurfer output; hence don't modify
   if app.ARGS.template:
     app.cleanup(mask_image)
   progress.increment()
-  run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[3]} {csf_fill_image} -add {new_tissue_images[3]}')
+  run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[3], csf_fill_image, '-add', new_tissue_images[3]])
   app.cleanup(csf_fill_image)
   app.cleanup(tissue_images[3])
   progress.done()
@@ -897,13 +903,13 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
                           f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_images[2])[0]}_no_brainstem.mif',
                           tissue_images[3],
                           f'{os.path.splitext(tissue_images[4])[0]}_with_brainstem.mif' ]
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[2]} brain_stem.mif -min brain_stem_white_overlap.mif')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[2], 'brain_stem.mif', '-min', 'brain_stem_white_overlap.mif'])
     app.cleanup('brain_stem.mif')
     progress.increment()
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[2]} brain_stem_white_overlap.mif -sub {new_tissue_images[2]}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[2], 'brain_stem_white_overlap.mif', '-sub', new_tissue_images[2]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[2])
     progress.increment()
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {tissue_images[4]} brain_stem_white_overlap.mif -add {new_tissue_images[4]}')
+    run.command(['mrcalc', tissue_images[4], 'brain_stem_white_overlap.mif', '-add', new_tissue_images[4]])
     app.cleanup(tissue_images[4])
     app.cleanup('brain_stem_white_overlap.mif')
     progress.done()
@@ -930,11 +936,11 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
   else:
     app.console('Cropping final 5TT image')
     crop_mask_image = 'crop_mask.mif'
-    run.command(f'mrconvert {precrop_result_image} -coord 3 0,1,2,4 - | '
-                f'mrmath - sum - -axis 3 | '
-                f'mrthreshold - - -abs 0.001 | '
-                f'maskfilter - dilate {crop_mask_image}')
-    run.command(f'mrgrid {precrop_result_image} crop result.mif -mask {crop_mask_image}')
+    run.command(['mrconvert', precrop_result_image, '-coord', '3', '0,1,2,4', '-', '|',
+                'mrmath', '-', 'sum', '-', '-axis', '3', '|',
+                'mrthreshold', '-', '-', '-abs', '0.001', '|',
+                'maskfilter', '-', 'dilate', crop_mask_image])
+    run.command(['mrgrid', precrop_result_image, 'crop', 'result.mif', '-mask', crop_mask_image])
     app.cleanup(crop_mask_image)
     app.cleanup(precrop_result_image)
 
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index d53e9006a9..0c6a4f4055 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -604,8 +604,8 @@ def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
           warn(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
         else:
-          raise MRtrixError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                            '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
+          raise argparse.ArgumentError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                                       '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
   class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -630,8 +630,8 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
           return
         except FileExistsError:
           if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-            raise MRtrixError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-                              '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
+            raise argparse.ArgumentError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                                         '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
 
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
   class CustomTypeBase:
@@ -918,9 +918,9 @@ def __init__(self, *args_in, **kwargs_in):
                                   help='do not delete intermediate files during script execution, '
                                        'and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.')
       script_options.add_argument('-scratch',
-                                  type=Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                                  type=Parser.DirectoryIn(),
                                   metavar='/path/to/scratch/',
-                                  help='manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.')
+                                  help='manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.')
       script_options.add_argument('-continue',
                                   type=Parser.Various(),
                                   nargs=2,
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 906dfb0e78..228367bfc3 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm_list if item != 'b02template']
     algorithm_list.append('b02template -software antsfull')
     algorithm_list.append('b02template -software fsl')
-  app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
   if any(any(item in alg for item in ('ants', 'b02template')) for alg in algorithm_list):
     if app.ARGS.template:
@@ -90,9 +89,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                   '-strides', '+1,+2,+3'])
       run.command(['mrconvert', CONFIG['Dwi2maskTemplateMask'], 'template_mask.nii',
                   '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
-    else:
+    elif app.ARGS.algorithms:
       raise MRtrixError('Cannot include within consensus algorithms that necessitate use of a template image '
                       'if no template image is provided via command-line or configuration file')
+    else:
+      app.warn('No template image and mask provided;'
+               ' algorithms based on registration to template will be excluded from consensus')
+      algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm_list if (item != 'ants' and not item.startswith('b02template'))]
+
+  app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
   mask_list = []
   for alg in algorithm_list:
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
index 04a62a9aa0..e7c2dd9e53 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def __init__(self, filename, prefix, mask_filename = ''):
                '-nl_niter', '5,5,5,5,5',
                '-warp_dir', 'warps',
                '-linear_no_pause',
-               '-scratch', 'population_template']
+               '-scratch', app.SCRATCH_DIR]
                + ([] if app.DO_CLEANUP else ['-nocleanup']))
 
   app.console('Generating WM mask in template space')
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
index e92274a9b9..0b5122ca45 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Ensure correct operation of the "5ttgen hsvs" command
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
-ln -s "tmp in/" freesurfer/sub-01
-5ttgen hsvs "tmp in/" "tmp out.mif" -force
+ln -s freesurfer/sub-01 "tmp in"
+5ttgen hsvs "tmp in" "tmp out.mif" -force
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
index 21e7fcfc70..900de181f4 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask 3dautomask "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask 3dautomask "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_config b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_config
index d5e6c8faf2..9fd423615a 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_config
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_config
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 #   simulate this by using the standard option "-config" to modify the configuration just for this one invocation
 dwi2mask ants BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--config Dwi2maskTemplateImage dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz \
--config Dwi2maskTemplateMask dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz
+-config Dwi2maskTemplateImage $(dirname $(dirname $(dirname $(realpath "$0"))))/data/dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz \
+-config Dwi2maskTemplateMask $(dirname $(dirname $(dirname $(realpath "$0"))))/data/dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping
index b327d7868f..2349920b6e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_piping
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #   when utilising image pipes
 
 # Input and output images are pipes
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - |
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2mask ants - - \
 -template dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz | \
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
index 2259c3b321..10b97f16dc 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
 
-dwi2mask ants "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask ants "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz"
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
index 9d29ced452..32039bac82 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
-ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.hz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
 
-dwi2mask b02template "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask b02template "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -software antsquick \
 -template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
index 43e1e35dbd..e04994e903 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask consensus "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask consensus "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz" \
 -masks "tmp masks.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
index 1ce901ed3b..795c2e6e89 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask fslbet "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask fslbet "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
index bae7c94c88..2e20a91312 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask hdbet "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask hdbet "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
index 4e544d30e4..2b1d314555 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask legacy "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask legacy "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
index 5fb5651816..a284a0c1fb 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask mean "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask mean "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mean.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping
index 76af9ccdeb..a1134e33af 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_piping
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2mask mtnorm - - | \
-testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif
+testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif.gz
 
 
 # Output tissue sum image is piped
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
index 5ca9358b76..72762e9aff 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask mtnorm "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask mtnorm "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif"
 
-testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif
+testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif.gz
 testing_diff_image "tmp tissuesum.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
index 86efab77d1..b90a93addd 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask synthstrip "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask synthstrip "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -stripped "tmp stripped.mif"
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping
index c02cfc38e0..e45461495f 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_piping
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify result of "dwi2mask trace" algorithm
 #   when utilising image pipes
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - |
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2mask trace - - | \
 testing_diff_image - dwi2mask/trace_default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
index df1d62c249..a6b4101c5b 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2mask trace "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwi2mask trace "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/trace_default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_piping
index 5698dd2719..c92f007d4a 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_piping
@@ -13,5 +13,7 @@ testing_diff_image - dwi2response/dhollander/default.mif.gz
 # Brain mask is piped
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | \
 dwi2response dhollander BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_wm.txt tmp_gm.txt tmp_csf.txt -force \
--mask - | \
-testing_diff_image - dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif.gz
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-voxels tmp.mif \
+-mask -
+testing_diff_image tmp.mif dwi2response/dhollander/masked.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
index a7d4f21266..a93023e362 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2response dhollander "tmp in.mif" "tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
+dwi2response dhollander "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif"
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_piping
index 6549f7ea95..bb58d79a4f 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_piping
@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -strides 0,0,0,1 \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2response fa - tmp_out.txt -force \
--voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-voxels - \
 -number 20 | \
 testing_diff_image - dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
index 7b40b6b07f..c28d5a37c4 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2response fa "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+dwi2response fa "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
 -number 20
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_piping
index 13f20e9913..2c2c34b376 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_piping
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #   where image pipes are used
 
 # Input DWI is piped
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_in.mif - \
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -strides 0,0,0,1 \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2response manual - dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz tmp.txt -force
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
index a124963eb6..440148d740 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz "tmp voxels.mif.gz"
 
-dwi2response manual "tmp in.mif" "tmp voxels.mif.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+dwi2response manual "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp voxels.mif.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -dirs "tmp dirs.mif"
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping
index 808a1e39e6..8d37c1b46f 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_piping
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 # Input DWI and output voxel selection image are piped
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -strides 0,0,0,1 \
--fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval |
-
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2response msmt_5tt - BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz \
 tmp_wm.txt tmp_gm.txt tmp_csf.txt -force \
 -voxels - \
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@ testing_diff_image - dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default.mif.gz
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz - | \
 dwi2response msmt_5tt BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 tmp_wm.txt tmp_gm.txt tmp_csf.txt -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -voxels tmp.mif \
 -pvf 0.9
 
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 tensor2metric - -vector - | \
 dwi2response msmt_5tt BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz \
 tmp_wm.txt tmp_gm.txt tmp_csf.txt -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 -voxels tmp.mif \
 -dirs - \
 -pvf 0.9
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
index 32594275f4..acc7db6ef7 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz "tmp 5TT.nii.gz"
 
-dwi2response msmt_5tt "tmp in.mif" "tmp 5TT.nii.gz" \
+dwi2response msmt_5tt "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp 5TT.nii.gz" \
 "tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp-in.bval" \
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -dirs "tmp dirs.mif" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
 -pvf 0.9
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_fslgrad b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_fslgrad
index a04c9c2ff3..9f46e84160 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_fslgrad
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_fslgrad
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tax tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_grad b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_grad
index 71092bc2af..07c4f6eae9 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_grad
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_grad
@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-mrinfo BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz \
+mrinfo BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--export_grad_mrtrix tmp_grad.b \
--force
+-export_grad_mrtrix tmp_grad.b
 
-dwi2response tax tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
--grad tmp_grad.b \
--force
+dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-grad tmp_grad.b
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_lmax b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_lmax
index 6a65bf82f2..4efe3a73e9 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_lmax
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_lmax
@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tax tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--lmax 6 \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-lmax 6
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tax/lmax.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tax/lmax.mif.gz
-
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_mask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_mask
index f9ec0d44a9..aee5a33cf3 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_mask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_mask
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tax tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tax/masked.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tax/masked.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_piping
index e796788022..663e34d663 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_piping
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response tax"
 #   where image piping is used
 
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_in.mif - \
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -strides 0,0,0,1 \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwi2response tax - tmp.txt -force \
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_shell b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_shell
index 1f3ddb558b..f378b04cf6 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_shell
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_shell
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tax tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+dwi2response tax BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--shell 2000 \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-shell 2000
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tax/shell.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tax/shell.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
index c49cd5fc41..f152ce4398 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2response tax "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+dwi2response tax "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif"
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad
index 8b03e13d65..a48d2f887c 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_fslgrad
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tournier tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
--number 20 \
--iter_voxels 200 \
+dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-number 20 \
+-iter_voxels 200
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_grad b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_grad
index 4baaf72303..17542f8cd6 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_grad
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_grad
@@ -5,16 +5,15 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-mrinfo BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz \
+mrinfo BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--export_grad_mrtrix tmp_grad.b \
--force
+-export_grad_mrtrix tmp_grad.b
 
-dwi2response tournier tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
--number 20 \
--iter_voxels 200 \
+dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -grad tmp_grad.b \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-number 20 \
+-iter_voxels 200
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_lmax b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_lmax
index 76ffb50326..d57bce92bd 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_lmax
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_lmax
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tournier tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
 -number 20 \
 -iter_voxels 200 \
--fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--lmax 6 \
--force
+-lmax 6
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tournier/lmax.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tournier/lmax.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_mask b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_mask
index 4145215350..180c54f655 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_mask
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_mask
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tournier tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
--number 20 \
--iter_voxels 200 \
+dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz \
--force
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+-number 20 \
+-iter_voxels 200
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tournier/masked.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tournier/masked.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_shell b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_shell
index 011f7fb18b..bd6e92245c 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_shell
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_shell
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 # Ensure that outputs match those generated
 #   using a prior version of the software
 
-dwi2response tournier tmp_in.mif tmp_out.txt -voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
+dwi2response tournier BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmp_out.txt -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
+-voxels tmp_voxels.mif \
 -number 20 \
 -iter_voxels 200 \
--fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
--shell 2000 \
--force
+-shell 2000
 
 testing_diff_matrix tmp_out.txt dwi2response/tournier/shell.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image tmp_voxels.mif dwi2response/tournier/shell.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
index 5cc26ca3c7..fe886ccefa 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwi2response tournier "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.txt" -force \
+dwi2response tournier "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
 -number 20 \
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
index 8edf806526..2f33d38e87 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
-dwibiascorrect ants "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwibiascorrect ants "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
 -bias "tmp bias.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
index bdfa5e5860..105ac48a2e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
-dwibiascorrect fsl "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" \
+dwibiascorrect fsl "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
 -bias "tmp bias.mif"
 
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif.gz
-testing_diff_header "tmp bias" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
+testing_diff_header "tmp bias.mif" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax
index 9e3826257d..6cf101c975 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_lmax
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 dwibiascorrect mtnorm BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmpout.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -lmax 6,0,0 \
--bias ../tmp/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/lmax600_bias.mif
+-bias tmpbias.mif
 
 testing_diff_image tmpout.mif dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/lmax600_out.mif.gz
 testing_diff_image tmpbias.mif dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/lmax600_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
index f9b32860ec..fb3e0644a6 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
-dwibiascorrect mtnorm "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" \
+dwibiascorrect mtnorm "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
 -bias "tmp bias.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
index e9e39e55dc..35237680ab 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/piping
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # Input DWI series, and output DWI series, are pipes
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
-dwibiasnormmask - - | \
+dwibiasnormmask - - tmp_mask.mif -force | \
 testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 
 # Prepare some input data to be subsequently used in multiple tests
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_mask.mif.gz
 # Output bias field image is a pipe
 dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif tmp_mask.mif -force \
 -output_bias - | \
-testing_diff_image tmpbias.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
+testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_bias.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
 
 # Output tissue sum image is a pipe
 dwibiasnormmask tmp_in.mif tmp_out.mif tmp_mask.mif -force \
 -output_tissuesum - | \
-testing_diff_image tmptissuesum.mif dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
+testing_diff_image - dwibiasnormmask/default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/reference b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/reference
index cd7b5bab41..d718046f2d 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/reference
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/reference
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 # Therefore, if a different reference intensity is requested,
 #   it should be possible to multiply the result of such by the ratio of those references
 #   and that result should then match the pre-calculated one
-dwibiasnormmask tmp-sub-01_dwi.mif tmpout.mif tmpmask.mif -force \
+dwibiasnormmask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz tmpout.mif tmpmask.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
 -reference 1.0 \
 -output_scale tmpscale.txt
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
index fb98b16833..aac1db8b5f 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
-dwibiasnormmask "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwibiasnormmask "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" "tmp mask.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -init_mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
 -output_bias "tmp bias.mif" \
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ dwibiasnormmask "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -output_tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
+ls | grep "^tmp mask.mif$"
 ls | grep "^tmp bias\.mif$"
 ls | grep "^tmp scale\.txt$"
 ls | grep "^tmp tissuesum\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/piping
index cc00bdd40a..9b7d5cf1ff 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/piping
@@ -11,24 +11,25 @@ dwiextract tmp.mif tmp01_b3000.mif -shells 0,3000 -force
 mrcat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp01_b2000.mif tmp01_b3000.mif -axis 3 tmp02.mif -force
 
 # Set of series where intensity between shells is artificially modulated
+mrcalc tmp01_b1000.mif 1.0 -mult tmp03_b1000.mif -force
 mrcalc tmp01_b2000.mif 0.2 -mult tmp03_b2000.mif -force
 mrcalc tmp01_b3000.mif 5.0 -mult tmp03_b3000.mif -force
 mrcat tmp01_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif -axis 3 tmp03.mif -force
 
 
 # Provide one of the input images as a pipe
-mrconvert tmp01_b1000.mif - |
+mrconvert tmp03_b1000.mif - | \
 dwicat - tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif tmp.mif -force \
 -mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz
 testing_diff_image tmp.mif tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
 
 # Provide the brain mask as a pipe
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - |
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | \
 dwicat tmp03_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif tmp.mif -force \
 -mask -
 testing_diff_image tmp.mif tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
 
 # Export the output image as a pipe
 dwicat tmp03_b1000.mif tmp03_b2000.mif tmp03_b3000.mif - \
--mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz \
+-mask BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz | \
 testing_diff_image - tmp02.mif -frac 1e-6
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
index 34c11a94aa..ffe1f28e22 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
 
-ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
-ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
-ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.mif" -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval
+
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
 dwicat "tmp in.mif" "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--mask "tmp mask.mif"
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
 ls | grep "tmp out.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/piping
index 221724dd60..08acec1d4e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/piping
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.nii.gz tmp2.mif -force \
 -json_import BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.json
 mrcat tmp1.mif tmp2.mif -axis 3 - | \
 dwifslpreproc BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval \
 -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair \
 -se_epi -
 testing_diff_header tmp.mif dwifslpreproc/rpepair_default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default
index a9d6ac8bd8..8b6c70a83a 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ dwifslpreproc tmp-sub-04_dwi.mif tmp.mif -force \
 testing_diff_header tmp.mif dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif.gz
 
 dwifslpreproc BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz tmp.mif -force \
--fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi/bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval \
+-fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval \
 -pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_none
 testing_diff_header tmp.mif dwifslpreproc/rpenone_default.mif.gz
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
index d0db8f2f59..eb3c00cec8 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
@@ -14,19 +14,20 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.nii.gz tmp2.mif -force \
 -json_import BIDS/sub-04/fmap/sub-04_dir-2_epi.json
 mrcat tmp1.mif tmp2.mif "tmp seepi.mif" -axis 3 -force
 
-dwi2mask BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz tmpeddymask.mif -force \
+dwi2mask legacy BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz tmpeddymask.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval
 ln -s tmpeddymask.mif "tmp eddymask.mif"
 
 dwifslpreproc "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.nii" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -json_import "tmp in.json" \
--pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair "tmp seepi.mif" \
+-pe_dir ap -readout_time 0.1 -rpe_pair \
+-se_epi "tmp seepi.mif" \
 -eddy_mask "tmp eddymask.mif" \
--eddyqc_test "tmp eddyqc/" \
+-eddyqc_text "tmp eddyqc" \
 -export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.nii$"
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.bvec$"
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.bval$"
-ls | grep "^tmp eddyqc\/$"
+ls | grep "^tmp eddyqc$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
index 2bae2b044c..a0c60e0285 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwigradcheck "tmp in.mif" \
+dwigradcheck "tmp in.nii.gz" \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
 -export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_default b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_default
index 7f59d90704..a855f7111f 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_default
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_default
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-02.mif
 
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz tmp-dwi/sub-03.mif \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-03.mif 
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz tmp-mask/sub-03.mif
 
 dwinormalise group tmp-dwi/ tmp-mask/ tmp-group/ tmp-fa.mif tmp-mask.mif -force
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_piping b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_piping
index 1cd9c93f18..d50b901a9c 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_piping
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #   where image pipes are used
 
 # Input and output DWI series are both piped
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - |
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval | \
 dwinormalise manual - BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz - | \
 testing_diff_image - dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
index 2e538af06f..2e6026dd3e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
 
 # Input and output DWI series are both piped
-ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.mif"
+ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
-dwinormalise manual "tmp in.mif" "tmp mask.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwinormalise manual "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp mask.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
index b50bd8a140..63470f542f 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
-dwinormalise mtnorm "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwinormalise mtnorm "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
index f30be48601..81012ff6a3 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
-dwishellmath "tmp in.mif" mean "tmp out.mif" -force \
+dwishellmath "tmp in.nii.gz" mean "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping
index eed573ace4..e6945ee023 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/piping
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ labelsgmfirst - BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt
 testing_diff_header - labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz
 
 # Input T1-weighted image is a pipe
-mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz - |
+mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz - | \
 labelsgmfirst BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz - BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt tmp.mif -force
-testig_diff_header tmp.mif labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz
+testing_diff_header tmp.mif labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz

From 92f9a89a341e7d85b2c804e1dd135deb05ae01e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 16 May 2024 14:04:40 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 076/182] 5ttgen hsvs: Fixes to whitespace handling changes

---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
index c1464c4ab5..d71eddf8ee 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   bs_fullmask_path = 'brain_stem_init.mif'
   bs_cropmask_path = ''
   progress = app.ProgressBar('Segmenting and cropping brain stem', 5)
-  cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[0][0], '-eq']
+  cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, f'{BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[0][0]}', '-eq']
   for index, name in BRAIN_STEM_ASEG[1:]:
     cmd.extend([aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-add'])
   cmd.extend([bs_fullmask_path, '-datatype', 'bit'])
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
         smooth_mesh_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-All-Smooth.vtk'
         pvf_image_path = f'{hemi}-Cerebellum-PVF-Template.mif'
         cerebellum_aseg_hemi = [ entry for entry in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if hemi in entry[2] ]
-        cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, cerebellum_aseg_hemi[0][0], '-eq']
+        cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, f'{cerebellum_aseg_hemi[0][0]}', '-eq']
         for index, tissue, name in cerebellum_aseg_hemi[1:]:
           cmd.extend([aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-add'])
         cmd.extend(['-', '|',
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
 
     else:
       app.console('Preparing images of cerebellum for intensity-based segmentation')
-      cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, CEREBELLUM_ASEG[0][0], '-eq']
+      cmd = ['mrcalc', aparc_image, f'{CEREBELLUM_ASEG[0][0]}', '-eq']
       for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG[1:]:
         cmd.extend([aparc_image, f'{index}', '-eq', '-add'])
       cmd.append(cerebellum_volume_image)

From fc4b79800bb210ce343ee4aea2e86e3f30d49618 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 17 May 2024 09:56:49 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 077/182] population_template: Fix handling of output directory
 paths

---
 python/bin/population_template | 25 +++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/bin/population_template
index 5554f86efa..1f2fbefe8a 100755
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/bin/population_template
@@ -309,11 +309,6 @@ def abspath(arg, *args):
   return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(arg, *args))
 
 
-def relpath(arg, *args):
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  return os.path.relpath(os.path.join(arg, *args), app.WORKING_DIR)
-
-
 def copy(src, dst, follow_symlinks=True):
   """Copy data but do not set mode bits. Return the file's destination.
 
@@ -934,9 +929,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     raise MRtrixError(f'mismatch between number of output templates ({len(app.ARGS.template)}) '
                       'and number of contrasts ({n_contrasts})')
 
-  if app.ARGS.warp_dir:
-    app.ARGS.warp_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.warp_dir)
-
   if app.ARGS.transformed_dir:
     if len(app.ARGS.transformed_dir) != n_contrasts:
       raise MRtrixError(f'number of output directories specified for transformed images ({len(app.ARGS.transformed_dir)})'
@@ -947,7 +939,6 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir:
     if not dolinear:
       raise MRtrixError("linear option set when no linear registration is performed")
-    app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir = relpath(app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir)
 
   # automatically detect SH series in each contrast
   do_fod_registration = False  # in any contrast
@@ -1700,11 +1691,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
 
   if app.ARGS.warp_dir:
-    warp_path = app.ARGS.warp_dir
-    if os.path.exists(warp_path):
-      run.function(shutil.rmtree, warp_path)
-    os.makedirs(warp_path)
-    progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Copying non-linear warps to output directory "{warp_path}"', len(ins))
+    app.ARGS.warp_dir.mkdir()
+    progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Copying non-linear warps to output directory "{app.ARGS.warp_dir}"', len(ins))
     for inp in ins:
       keyval = image.Header(os.path.join('warps', f'{inp.uid}.mif')).keyval()
       keyval = dict((k, keyval[k]) for k in ('linear1', 'linear2'))
@@ -1713,20 +1701,17 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
         json.dump(keyval, json_file)
       run.command(['mrconvert',
                    os.path.join('warps', f'{inp.uid}.mif'),
-                   os.path.join(warp_path, f'{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0]}{inp.uid}{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1]}.mif')],
+                   os.path.join(app.ARGS.warp_dir, f'{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0]}{inp.uid}{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1]}.mif')],
                   mrconvert_keyval=json_path,
                   force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
       progress.increment()
     progress.done()
 
   if app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir:
-    linear_transformations_path = app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir
-    if os.path.exists(linear_transformations_path):
-      run.function(shutil.rmtree, linear_transformations_path)
-    os.makedirs(linear_transformations_path)
+    app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir.mkdir()
     for inp in ins:
       trafo = matrix.load_transform(os.path.join('linear_transforms', f'{inp.uid}.txt'))
-      matrix.save_transform(os.path.join(linear_transformations_path,
+      matrix.save_transform(os.path.join(app.ARGS.linear_transformations_dir,
                                          f'{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[0]}{inp.uid}{xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix[1]}.txt'),
                             trafo,
                             force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)

From f34730d5e35cfbd0dc60db6467d3d9e96ebb6765 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 17 May 2024 09:58:08 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 078/182] dwi2mask consensus: Fix for whitespace in scratch
 directory path

---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py | 27 +++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index 228367bfc3..c585cf67d3 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -75,9 +75,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Don't use "-software antsquick"; we're assuming that "antsfull" is superior
   if 'b02template' in algorithm_list:
     algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm_list if item != 'b02template']
-    algorithm_list.append('b02template -software antsfull')
-    algorithm_list.append('b02template -software fsl')
+    algorithm_list.append(['b02template', '-software', 'antsfull'])
+    algorithm_list.append(['b02template', '-software', 'fsl'])
 
+  # Are we using at least one algorithm that necessitates a template image & mask?
   if any(any(item in alg for item in ('ants', 'b02template')) for alg in algorithm_list):
     if app.ARGS.template:
       run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.template[0], 'template_image.nii',
@@ -91,31 +92,37 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                   '-strides', '+1,+2,+3', '-datatype', 'uint8'])
     elif app.ARGS.algorithms:
       raise MRtrixError('Cannot include within consensus algorithms that necessitate use of a template image '
-                      'if no template image is provided via command-line or configuration file')
+                        'if no template image is provided via command-line or configuration file')
     else:
       app.warn('No template image and mask provided;'
                ' algorithms based on registration to template will be excluded from consensus')
-      algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm_list if (item != 'ants' and not item.startswith('b02template'))]
+      algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm_list if (item != 'ants' and not 'b02template' in item)]
 
   app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
   mask_list = []
   for alg in algorithm_list:
-    alg_string = alg.replace(' -software ', '_')
+    cmd = ['dwi2mask']
+    if isinstance(alg, list):
+      cmd.extend(alg)
+      alg_string = f'{alg[0]}_{alg[-1]}'
+    else:
+      cmd.append(alg)
+      alg_string = alg
     mask_path = f'{alg_string}.mif'
-    cmd = f'dwi2mask {alg} input.mif {mask_path}'
+    cmd.extend(['input.mif', mask_path])
     # Ideally this would be determined based on the presence of this option
     #   in the command's help page
     if any(item in alg for item in ['ants', 'b02template']):
-      cmd += ' -template template_image.nii template_mask.nii'
-    cmd += f' -scratch {app.SCRATCH_DIR}'
+      cmd.extend(['-template', 'template_image.nii', 'template_mask.nii'])
+    cmd.extend(['-scratch', app.SCRATCH_DIR])
     if not app.DO_CLEANUP:
-      cmd += ' -nocleanup'
+      cmd.append('-nocleanup')
     try:
       run.command(cmd)
       mask_list.append(mask_path)
     except run.MRtrixCmdError as e_dwi2mask:
-      app.warn('"dwi2mask ' + alg + '" failed; will be omitted from consensus')
+      app.warn('"dwi2mask ' + alg_string + '" failed; will be omitted from consensus')
       app.debug(str(e_dwi2mask))
       with open(f'error_{alg_string}.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f_error:
         f_error.write(str(e_dwi2mask) + '\n')

From 2a55a43df670d4cb0505e30d6ddd0c866f65fb25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 17 May 2024 10:00:17 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 079/182] Testing: Whitespaces in scratch directory paths

---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                                | 2 +-
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace       | 8 +++++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace              | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace             | 8 +++++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace     | 5 ++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace           | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace    | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace      | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace         | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace          | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace         | 7 ++++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace           | 7 ++++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace         | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace     | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace          | 7 ++++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace         | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace     | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace    | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace        | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace   | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace     | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace      | 7 +++++--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace   | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace         | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace                  | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace           | 5 ++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace            | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace      | 7 +++++--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace     | 7 +++++--
 testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace     | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace            | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace           | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace              | 6 +++++-
 testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace     | 5 +++--
 testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace            | 2 +-
 36 files changed, 175 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 0c6a4f4055..25dde69d45 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ def activate_scratch_dir(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if SCRATCH_DIR:
     raise Exception('Cannot use multiple scratch directories')
   if hasattr(ARGS, 'scratch') and ARGS.scratch:
-    dir_path = os.path.abspath(ARGS.scratch)
+    dir_path = ARGS.scratch
   else:
     # Defaulting to working directory since too many users have encountered storage issues
     dir_path = CONFIG.get('ScriptScratchDir', WORKING_DIR)
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace
index 1610756b6a..83fc34ff74 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/freesurfer_whitespace
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Ensure correct operation of the "5ttgen freesurfer" command
 #  where image paths include whitespace
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/aparc+aseg.mgz "tmp in.mif" -force
-5ttgen freesurfer "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force
+
+5ttgen freesurfer "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
+
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" 5ttgen/freesurfer/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace
index 64db02c8b4..23999f4a5b 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/fsl_whitespace
@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@
 #   where image paths include whitespace
 # Make sure that the output image is stored at the expected path
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
 
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz "tmp in.mif" -force
 
-5ttgen fsl "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force
+5ttgen fsl "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
index 0b5122ca45..e1285d4c99 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/5ttgen/hsvs_whitespace
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Ensure correct operation of the "5ttgen hsvs" command
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+
 ln -s freesurfer/sub-01 "tmp in"
-5ttgen hsvs "tmp in" "tmp out.mif" -force
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
+5ttgen hsvs "tmp in" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
+
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" 5ttgen/hsvs/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
index 900de181f4..c866beebba 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/3dautomask_whitespace
@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
 # Make sure that the output image appears at the expected location
 rm -f "tmp in.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
 
 dwi2mask 3dautomask "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
index 10b97f16dc..9b827f6525 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/ants_whitespace
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #   when utilising image paths that include whitespace characters
 # Make sure that the output image appears at the expected location
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
@@ -11,8 +12,11 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask ants "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+-template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
index 32039bac82..66ed1bf1e8 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/b02template_whitespace
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #   when image paths include whitespace characters
 # Ensure that the output image appears at the expected location
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
@@ -11,9 +12,12 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask b02template "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -software antsquick \
--template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz"
+-template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
index e04994e903..96ab665f60 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/consensus_whitespace
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #   when utilising image paths that include whitespace characters
 # Make sure that output image appears at the expected location
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_image.mif.gz "tmp template.mif.gz"
 ln -s dwi2mask/template_mask.mif.gz "tmp mask.mif.gz"
@@ -11,9 +12,12 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask consensus "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -template "tmp template.mif.gz" "tmp mask.mif.gz" \
--masks "tmp masks.mif"
+-masks "tmp masks.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
index 795c2e6e89..e5ee319dcf 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/fslbet_whitespace
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@
 #   when making use of image paths that include whitespace characters
 # Make sure that output image appears at expected location
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask fslbet "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
index 2e20a91312..99aaa5d080 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/hdbet_whitespace
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@
 #   when using image paths that include whitespace characters
 # Make sure that output image appears at expected location
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask hdbet "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
index 2b1d314555..ec9ec77560 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/legacy_whitespace
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Ensure correct operation of the "dwi2mask legacy" command
 #   when image paths that include whitespace characters are used
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask legacy "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/legacy.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
index a284a0c1fb..967f35adee 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mean_whitespace
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify "dwi2mask mean" algorithm
 #   when image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask mean "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mean.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
index 72762e9aff..f4d2c0be3e 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Ensure correct operation of the "dwi2mask mtnorm" command
 #   when image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask mtnorm "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif"
+-tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_mask.mif.gz
 testing_diff_image "tmp tissuesum.mif" dwi2mask/mtnorm_default_tissuesum.mif.gz -abs 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
index b90a93addd..fe65db3ad0 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/synthstrip_whitespace
@@ -3,14 +3,18 @@
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
 # Check that expected output images appear
 rm -f "tmp out.mif" "tmp stripped.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask synthstrip "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--stripped "tmp stripped.mif"
+-stripped "tmp stripped.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif"
 ls | grep "^tmp stripped\.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
index a6b4101c5b..c0dd480bbe 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2mask/trace_whitespace
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify result of "dwi2mask trace" algorithm
 #   when utilising images that have whitespaces in their paths
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2mask trace "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwi2mask/trace_default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
index a93023e362..e961a4a45a 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/dhollander_whitespace
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response dhollander"
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2response dhollander "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--voxels "tmp voxels.mif"
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp wm.txt" dwi2response/dhollander/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp gm.txt" dwi2response/dhollander/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
index c28d5a37c4..f2d1531a47 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/fa_whitespace
@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response fa"
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2response fa "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
--number 20
+-number 20 \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/fa/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
index 440148d740..0beac6d145 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/manual_whitespace
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response manual"
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
@@ -12,9 +13,12 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s dwi2response/fa/default.mif.gz "tmp voxels.mif.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2response manual "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp voxels.mif.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--dirs "tmp dirs.mif"
+-dirs "tmp dirs.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/manual/dirs.txt -abs 1e-2
 
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
index acc7db6ef7..cd5008bd2d 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/msmt5tt_whitespace
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response msmt_5tt"
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval \
@@ -12,12 +13,15 @@ ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_5TT.nii.gz "tmp 5TT.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2response msmt_5tt "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp 5TT.nii.gz" \
 "tmp wm.txt" "tmp gm.txt" "tmp csf.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -dirs "tmp dirs.mif" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
--pvf 0.9
+-pvf 0.9 \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp wm.txt" dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_wm.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp gm.txt" dwi2response/msmt_5tt/default_gm.txt -abs 1e-2
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
index f152ce4398..748b9dfc00 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tax_whitespace
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response tax"
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2response tax "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--voxels "tmp voxels.mif"
+-voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/tax/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/tax/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
index fe886ccefa..8591ac0418 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwi2response/tournier_whitespace
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify successful execution of "dwi2response tournier"
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwi2response tournier "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.txt" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -voxels "tmp voxels.mif" \
 -number 20 \
--iter_voxels 200
+-iter_voxels 200 \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" dwi2response/tournier/default.txt -abs 1e-2
 testing_diff_image "tmp voxels.mif" dwi2response/tournier/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
index 2f33d38e87..97cfab5284 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/ants_whitespace
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify operation of "dwibiascorrect ants" algorithm
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwibiascorrect ants "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
--bias "tmp bias.mif"
+-bias "tmp bias.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/ants/default_out.mif.gz
 testing_diff_header "tmp bias.mif" dwibiascorrect/ants/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
index 105ac48a2e..61fcb96683 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/fsl_whitespace
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify operation of "dwibiascorrect fsl" algorithm
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
-
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwibiascorrect fsl "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
--bias "tmp bias.mif"
+-bias "tmp bias.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_out.mif.gz
 testing_diff_header "tmp bias.mif" dwibiascorrect/fsl/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
index fb3e0644a6..462aad72c9 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify operation of "dwibiascorrect mtnorm" algorithm
 #   where image paths contain whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwibiascorrect mtnorm "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
--bias "tmp bias.mif"
+-bias "tmp bias.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/default_out.mif.gz
 testing_diff_header "tmp bias.mif" dwibiascorrect/mtnorm/default_bias.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
index aac1db8b5f..ab7c06dd5b 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwibiasnormmask/whitespace
@@ -2,18 +2,22 @@
 # Verify successful execution of command
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
 rm -f "tmp *.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwibiasnormmask "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" "tmp mask.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -init_mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
 -output_bias "tmp bias.mif" \
 -output_scale "tmp scale.txt" \
--output_tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif"
+-output_tissuesum "tmp tissuesum.mif" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
 ls | grep "^tmp mask.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
index ffe1f28e22..babc3d3ff3 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwicat/whitespace
@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@
 # Test operation of the dwicat command
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
 rm -f "tmp out.mif"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwicat "tmp in.mif" "tmp in.mif" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--mask "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "tmp out.mif"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
index eb3c00cec8..ddeb8e13fd 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwifslpreproc/whitespace
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ dwi2mask legacy BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.nii.gz tmpeddymask.mif -force \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-04/dwi/sub-04_dwi.bval
 ln -s tmpeddymask.mif "tmp eddymask.mif"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwifslpreproc "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.nii" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -json_import "tmp in.json" \
@@ -25,7 +27,8 @@ dwifslpreproc "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.nii" -force \
 -se_epi "tmp seepi.mif" \
 -eddy_mask "tmp eddymask.mif" \
 -eddyqc_text "tmp eddyqc" \
--export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval"
+-export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.nii$"
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.bvec$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
index a0c60e0285..c68906a323 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwigradcheck/whitespace
@@ -3,16 +3,20 @@
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
 # Ensure that output filesystem paths appear at the expected locations
 rm -f "tmp out.*"
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwigradcheck "tmp in.nii.gz" \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
 -mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
--export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval"
+-export_grad_fsl "tmp out.bvec" "tmp out.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.bvec$"
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.bval$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace
index f9362df963..e4918a2276 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/group_whitespace
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Test the "dwinormalise group" algorithm
 #   when filesystem paths include whitespace characters
-rm -rf "tmp dwi" "tmp mask"
+rm -rf "tmp dwi" "tmp mask" "tmp scratch"
 mkdir "tmp dwi"
 mkdir "tmp mask"
 
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.nii.gz "tmp dwi/sub 03.mif" \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_dwi.bval
 mrconvert BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask/sub 03.mif"
 
-dwinormalise group "tmp dwi/" "tmp mask/" "tmp group/" "tmp template.mif" "tmp mask.mif" -force
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
+dwinormalise group "tmp dwi/" "tmp mask/" "tmp group/" "tmp template.mif" "tmp mask.mif" -force \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp template.mif" dwinormalise/group/fa.mif.gz -abs 1e-3
 testing_diff_image $(mrfilter "tmp mask.mif" smooth -) $(mrfilter dwinormalise/group/mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
index 2e6026dd3e..a10f84aead 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/manual_whitespace
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify default operation of the "dwinormalise manual" algorithm
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
-# Input and output DWI series are both piped
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwinormalise manual "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp mask.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwinormalise/manual/out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
index 63470f542f..fc7644823d 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwinormalise/mtnorm_whitespace
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify default operation of the "dwinormalise mtnorm" command
 #   where filesystem paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp mask.nii.gz"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwinormalise mtnorm "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
 -fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
--mask "tmp mask.nii.gz"
+-mask "tmp mask.nii.gz" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" dwinormalise/mtnorm/masked_out.mif.gz -frac 1e-5
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
index 81012ff6a3..6d58a5edab 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/dwishellmath/whitespace
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify operation of the dwishellmath command
 #   when image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bvec "tmp in.bvec"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_dwi.bval "tmp in.bval"
 
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
 dwishellmath "tmp in.nii.gz" mean "tmp out.mif" -force \
--fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval"
+-fslgrad "tmp in.bvec" "tmp in.bval" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 ls | grep "^tmp out\.mif$"
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace
index 35bf1391f3..a8831f3286 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/labelsgmfirst/whitespace
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify operation of command
 #   when utilising image paths that include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
 
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_parc-desikan_indices.nii.gz "tmp indices.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/anat/sub-01_T1w.nii.gz "tmp T1w.nii.gz"
 ln -s BIDS/parc-desikan_lookup.txt "tmp lookup.txt"
 
-labelsgmfirst "tmp indices.nii.gz" "tmp T1w.nii.gz" "tmp lookup.txt" "tmp out.mif" -force
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
+
+labelsgmfirst "tmp indices.nii.gz" "tmp T1w.nii.gz" "tmp lookup.txt" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_header "tmp out.mif" labelsgmfirst/default.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace
index aab638e4e1..18a8495d6c 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/mask2glass/whitespace
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # Verify operation of the "mask2glass" command
 #   where image paths include whitespace characters
+rm -rf "tmp scratch"
+
 ln -s BIDS/sub-01/dwi/sub-01_brainmask.nii.gz "tmp in.nii.gz"
+mkdir "tmp scratch"
 
-mask2glass "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force
+mask2glass "tmp in.nii.gz" "tmp out.mif" -force \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp out.mif" mask2glass/out.mif.gz
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace
index e73b741328..0cf7620e17 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/population_template/whitespace
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #   where filesystem paths include whitespace characters
 
 rm -rf "tmp *"
-mkdir "tmp fa" "tmp mask"
+mkdir "tmp fa" "tmp mask" "tmp scratch"
 
 dwi2tensor BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.nii.gz - \
 -fslgrad BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bvec BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_dwi.bval \
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ population_template "tmp fa/" "tmp template.mif" -force \
 -mask_dir "tmp mask/" \
 -template_mask "tmp mask.mif" \
 -warp_dir "tmp warps/" \
--linear_transformations_dir "tmp linear_transformations/"
+-linear_transformations_dir "tmp linear_transformations/" \
+-scratch "tmp scratch"
 
 testing_diff_image "tmp template.mif" population_template/fa_masked_template.mif.gz -abs 0.01
 testing_diff_image $(mrfilter "tmp mask.mif" smooth -) $(mrfilter population_template/fa_masked_mask.mif.gz smooth -) -abs 0.3
diff --git a/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace b/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace
index 92a5cacf29..41fa9d4609 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace
+++ b/testing/scripts/tests/responsemean/whitespace
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 ln -s BIDS/sub-02/dwi/sub-02_tissue-WM_response.txt "tmp response2.txt"
 ln -s BIDS/sub-03/dwi/sub-03_tissue-WM_response.txt "tmp response3.txt"
 
-responsemean "tmp response2txt" "tmp response3.txt" "tmp out.txt" -force
+responsemean "tmp response2.txt" "tmp response3.txt" "tmp out.txt" -force
 testing_diff_matrix "tmp out.txt" responsemean/out.txt -abs 0.001

From ef5b8c598291336d763b810a28113025813c74dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sat, 18 May 2024 17:30:54 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 080/182] mrtrix3.app: Fix argparse exception on existing
 output filesystem path

---
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 25dde69d45..5f82b56656 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -604,7 +604,8 @@ def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
           warn(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
         else:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
+          raise argparse.ArgumentError(CMDLINE,
+                                       f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
                                        '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
   class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -630,7 +631,8 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
           return
         except FileExistsError:
           if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-            raise argparse.ArgumentError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists ' # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+            raise argparse.ArgumentError(CMDLINE, # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                                         f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
                                          '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
 
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types

From 40fdc8e2a88710a21e98885dba9b2b8665d0f473 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sat, 18 May 2024 17:34:41 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 081/182] Testing: Fix execution of bash unit tests

In #2678 the working directory for unit tests is set to new directory testing/data/. But in #2865, bash tests are executed as-is, rather than being imported and executed on a per-line basis. Resolving these requires setting the absolute path to the test bash script.
---
 testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 72b5c219a6..06d56c34d4 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -64,10 +64,11 @@ function(add_cpp_unit_test FILE_SRC)
     set_tests_properties(unittest_${NAME} PROPERTIES LABELS "unittest")
 endfunction()
 
+include(BashTests)
 function (add_bash_unit_test FILE_SRC)
     get_filename_component(NAME ${FILE_SRC} NAME_WE)
     add_bash_test(
-        FILE_PATH "${FILE_SRC}"
+        FILE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${FILE_SRC}"
         PREFIX "unittest"
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"

From b3d98c10a9cf55a0eb5e1f81881798cfcbf10c56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sat, 18 May 2024 17:40:02 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 082/182] Testing: Add comments to CLI tests

---
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli    | 13 +++++++++++++
 testing/unit_tests/python_cli | 14 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
index 2aa9fdcc52..48ae13375d 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Multiple tests for the C++ binary command-line interface
+
+# Test using all options at once
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -flag -text my_text -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+
+# Test export of interface to various file formats
 testing_cpp_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_cpp_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.md cpp_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
 testing_cpp_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.rst cpp_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
+
+# Test suitable handling of valid and invalid inputs to various argument types
 testing_cpp_cli -bool false
 testing_cpp_cli -bool False
 testing_cpp_cli -bool FALSE
@@ -26,6 +34,10 @@ testing_cpp_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
 testing_cpp_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
 testing_cpp_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
 testing_cpp_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+
+# Test interfaces relating to filesystem paths:
+# - Make sure that command fails if expected input is not present
+# - Make sure that existing outputs either succeed or fail depending on the presence of the -force option
 rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
@@ -36,3 +48,4 @@ rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false |
 trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force
+
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
index 250b5072dd..65edf71a7e 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Various tests of the functionality of the Pyhon command-line interface
+
+# Utilisation of all argument types
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -flag -string_implicit my_implicit_string -string_explicit my_explicit_string -choice One -bool false -int_builtin 0 -float_builtin 0.0 -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+
+# Ensure that export of the command-line interfaces in various file formats obeys expectations
 testing_python_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt python_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt python_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_python_cli __print_usage_markdown__ > tmp.md && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.md python_cli/markdown.md && rm -f tmp.md
 testing_python_cli __print_usage_rst__ > tmp.rst && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.rst python_cli/restructured_text.rst && rm -f tmp.rst
+
+# Test various argument types for both appropriate and inappropriate inputs
 testing_python_cli -bool false
 testing_python_cli -bool False
 testing_python_cli -bool FALSE
@@ -26,6 +34,11 @@ testing_python_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
 testing_python_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
 testing_python_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
 testing_python_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+
+# Tests relating to filesystem paths:
+# - Ensure that absent inputs result in appropriate error
+# - Ensure that pre-existing output paths are handled accordingly
+#   based on presence or absence of -force option
 rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_python_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
@@ -36,3 +49,4 @@ rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && fals
 trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force
+

From 4d8f7668edbe35de7572f4c238205e5c7a6cadd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sat, 18 May 2024 22:33:37 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 083/182] Python CLI & testing fixes

- Restore solution in #2845 not properly propagated through prior merge conflict.
- Use FileExistsError when checking for pre-existing output files / directories, and catch it to yield a well-formatted error message.
- Update CLI test data to reflect changes in 05b68d5.
- Modify tests that check for command error due to inappropriate CLI usage.
---
 cmake/BashTests.cmake                         |  3 +-
 python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py                     | 27 +++++++-----
 testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt        |  4 +-
 testing/data/python_cli/help.txt              |  3 +-
 testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md           |  2 +-
 testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst |  2 +-
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli                    | 39 ++++++++---------
 testing/unit_tests/python_cli                 | 42 +++++++++----------
 8 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/BashTests.cmake b/cmake/BashTests.cmake
index 81604896a2..573c801a01 100644
--- a/cmake/BashTests.cmake
+++ b/cmake/BashTests.cmake
@@ -44,12 +44,11 @@ function(add_bash_test)
             -D FILE_PATH=${file_path}
             -D CLEANUP_CMD=${cleanup_cmd}
             -D WORKING_DIRECTORY=${working_directory}
-            -D ENVIRONMENT=${environment}
             -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/RunTest.cmake
     )
     set_tests_properties(${test_name}
         PROPERTIES
-        ENVIRONMENT "PATH=${exec_directories}"
+        ENVIRONMENT "PATH=${exec_directories};${environment}"
     )
     if(labels)
         set_tests_properties(${test_name} PROPERTIES LABELS "${labels}")
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
index 5f82b56656..27b6189cbe 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -185,10 +185,16 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Now that FORCE_OVERWRITE has been set,
   #   check any user-specified output paths
-  for key in vars(ARGS):
-    value = getattr(ARGS, key)
-    if isinstance(value, Parser._UserOutPathExtras): # pylint: disable=protected-access
-      value.check_output()
+  try:
+    for key in vars(ARGS):
+      value = getattr(ARGS, key)
+      if isinstance(value, Parser._UserOutPathExtras): # pylint: disable=protected-access
+        value.check_output()
+  except FileExistsError as exception:
+    sys.stderr.write('\n')
+    sys.stderr.write(f'{EXEC_NAME}: {ANSI.error}[ERROR] {exception}{ANSI.clear}\n')
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+    sys.exit(1)
 
   # ANSI settings may have been altered at the command-line
   setup_ansi()
@@ -604,9 +610,8 @@ def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
           warn(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists; '
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
         else:
-          raise argparse.ArgumentError(CMDLINE,
-                                       f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                                       '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
+          raise FileExistsError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                            '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
   class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -631,9 +636,9 @@ def mkdir(self, mode=0o777): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
           return
         except FileExistsError:
           if not FORCE_OVERWRITE:
-            raise argparse.ArgumentError(CMDLINE, # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
-                                         f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                                         '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
+            # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+            raise FileExistsError(f'Output directory "{str(self)}" already exists '
+                                  '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
 
   # Various callable types for use as argparse argument types
   class CustomTypeBase:
@@ -654,7 +659,7 @@ def __call__(self, input_value):
       try:
         processed_value = int(processed_value)
       except ValueError as exc:
-        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as boolean value"') from exc
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'Could not interpret "{input_value}" as boolean value') from exc
       return bool(processed_value)
     @staticmethod
     def _legacytypestring():
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
index da473fffc0..1d3a4a3d8f 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/full_usage.txt
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ ARGUMENT float_builtin 0 0 FLOAT -inf inf
 OPTION -nocleanup 1 0
 do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 OPTION -scratch 1 0
-manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
-ARGUMENT /path/to/scratch/ 0 0 DIROUT
+manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
+ARGUMENT /path/to/scratch/ 0 0 DIRIN
 OPTION -continue 1 0
 continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 ARGUMENT ScratchDir 0 0 VARIOUS
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
index d8075efa2f..4a1431e2df 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/help.txt
@@ -120,7 +120,8 @@ AAddddiittiioonnaall  ssttaannddaarrdd  ooppttiioonns
      scratch directory at script completion.
 
   _-_s_c_r_a_t_c_h /path/to/scratch/
-     manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+     manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch
+     directory.
 
   _-_c_o_n_t_i_n_u_e ScratchDir LastFile
      continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
index 62e78885d6..7b6fe2a13d 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/markdown.md
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Test operation of the Python command-line interface
 
 + **--nocleanup**<br>do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-+ **--scratch /path/to/scratch/**<br>manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
++ **--scratch /path/to/scratch/**<br>manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 + **--continue ScratchDir LastFile**<br>continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst b/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
index 094244ec92..b5f6cb34e4 100644
--- a/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
+++ b/testing/data/python_cli/restructured_text.rst
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
index 48ae13375d..3bdd0b1d47 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -20,32 +20,29 @@ testing_cpp_cli -bool TRUE
 testing_cpp_cli -bool 0
 testing_cpp_cli -bool 1
 testing_cpp_cli -bool 2
-testing_cpp_cli -bool NotABool && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_builtin 0.1 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_builtin NotAnInt && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound 0.1 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound NotAnInt && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_nonneg -1 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_bound 101 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -float_builtin NotAFloat && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -float_nonneg -0.1 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
-testing_cpp_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+! testing_cpp_cli -bool NotABool
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound 0.1
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound NotAnInt
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_nonneg -1
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_bound 101
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_nonneg -0.1
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_bound 1.1
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq
 
 # Test interfaces relating to filesystem paths:
 # - Make sure that command fails if expected input is not present
 # - Make sure that existing outputs either succeed or fail depending on the presence of the -force option
-rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
-trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && ! testing_cpp_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && ! testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_cpp_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
-rm -f tmp-filein.txt && testing_cpp_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_cpp_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+rm -f tmp-filein.txt && ! testing_cpp_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && ! testing_cpp_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt
 trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_cpp_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
-rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && ! testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck
+trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && ! testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && ! testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force
 
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
index 65edf71a7e..d45cbd6ad3 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/python_cli
@@ -20,33 +20,33 @@ testing_python_cli -bool TRUE
 testing_python_cli -bool 0
 testing_python_cli -bool 1
 testing_python_cli -bool 2
-testing_python_cli -bool NotABool && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_builtin 0.1 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_builtin NotAnInt && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_unbound 0.1 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_unbound NotAnInt && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_nonneg -1 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_bound 101 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -float_builtin NotAFloat && false || true
-testing_python_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat && false || true
-testing_python_cli -float_nonneg -0.1 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -float_bound 1.1 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 && false || true
-testing_python_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq && false || true
-testing_python_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq && false || true
+! testing_python_cli -bool NotABool
+! testing_python_cli -int_builtin 0.1
+! testing_python_cli -int_builtin NotAnInt
+! testing_python_cli -int_unbound 0.1
+! testing_python_cli -int_unbound NotAnInt
+! testing_python_cli -int_nonneg -1
+! testing_python_cli -int_bound 101
+! testing_python_cli -float_builtin NotAFloat
+! testing_python_cli -float_unbound NotAFloat
+! testing_python_cli -float_nonneg -0.1
+! testing_python_cli -float_bound 1.1
+! testing_python_cli -int_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3
+! testing_python_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq
+! testing_python_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq
 
 # Tests relating to filesystem paths:
 # - Ensure that absent inputs result in appropriate error
 # - Ensure that pre-existing output paths are handled accordingly
 #   based on presence or absence of -force option
-rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && testing_python_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/ && false || true
-trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && ! testing_python_cli -dir_in tmp-dirin/
+trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && ! testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/
 trap "rm -rf tmp-dirout/" EXIT; mkdir -p tmp-dirout/ && testing_python_cli -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -force
-rm -f tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+rm -f tmp-filein.txt && ! testing_python_cli -file_in tmp-filein.txt
+trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && ! testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt
 trap "rm -f tmp-fileout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-fileout.txt && testing_python_cli -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -force
-rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt && false || true
-trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck 2>&1 | grep -q "use -force option to force overwrite"
+rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck && ! testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck
+trap "rm -f tmp-filein.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-filein.txt && ! testing_python_cli -tracks_in tmp-filein.txt
+trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && ! testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck
 trap "rm -f tmp-tracksout.txt" EXIT; touch tmp-tracksout.tck && testing_python_cli -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -force
 

From de5ebe70c4cfc2ecb5923650fe1c69128746b939 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
Date: Tue, 21 May 2024 09:52:24 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 084/182] Docs: Auto update for changes to -scratch option

---
 docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst            | 10 ++++----
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst          | 24 +++++++++----------
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst      | 14 +++++------
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst    |  8 +++----
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst   |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst            |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst     |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst      |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst      |  8 +++----
 docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst      |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst          |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfirst.rst     |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst        |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst    |  2 +-
 .../commands/population_template.rst          |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst      |  2 +-
 16 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
index 435669fd4a..995f47a624 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index d4ca637b07..26d50f6a85 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index 472cf7352e..23764dd20d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index 0cba332966..e8f8fdf49a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
index 0675473834..2a8de8f063 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiasnormmask.rst
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst
index 7cfbd3c15d..950660bcb7 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwicat.rst
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
index ac43dd280e..cc22c14a7b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwifslpreproc.rst
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
index 1317b9e73c..1f0898bd47 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwigradcheck.rst
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
index 4797b73105..f7fd5098fe 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
index 4c6611b63f..c4e30e73bf 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwishellmath.rst
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst b/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
index b09948c876..d3c5e7d148 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/for_each.rst
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfirst.rst b/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfirst.rst
index f99a856362..32438e3367 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfirst.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/labelsgmfirst.rst
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
index 8257bf5f85..cf6acc068c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mask2glass.rst
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst b/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
index f73b1465c4..f592b9c39f 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.rst
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
index ba9fbae166..daddfce743 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/population_template.rst
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
index 3d5663cbfb..ff89863419 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/responsemean.rst
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Additional standard options for Python scripts
 
 - **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
 
-- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify an existing directory in which to generate the scratch directory.
 
 - **-continue ScratchDir LastFile** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
 

From 2eefdcde4c641aa6d80050d09ffb561c5d883346 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 May 2024 13:13:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 085/182] Add missing windows.h include header

Including gl_core_3_3.h should automatically include windows.h if
APIENTRY is not defined, but some libraries (e.g. latest versions of Qt)
define this macro without including windows.h in their public headers
(to avoid polluting the global namespace).
An explicit include is added to deal with this.
---
 src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp b/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp
index 5514142d3d..2fa8767f66 100644
--- a/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
  * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
  */
 
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.h"
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstddef>

From 961eeb2edb9894451e717ddbd793fdccd1b86b4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 23 May 2024 10:46:50 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 086/182] OpenGL: Minimise what is imported by windows.h

---
 src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp b/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp
index 2fa8767f66..884d7e702b 100644
--- a/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/opengl/gl_core_3_3.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define NOSERVICE
+#define NOMCX
+#define NOIME
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX
+#endif
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
 

From 05d4fa56230548ce7e6f2f89f85c6988666321df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 May 2024 13:15:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 087/182] New option to build non-core code as a static lib

---
 CMakeLists.txt     |  1 +
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 10 ++++++++--
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 3860e1cfa9..20266ccee6 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ option(MRTRIX_STL_DEBUGGING "Enable STL debug mode" OFF)
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS "Build tests executables" OFF)
 option(MRTRIX_STRIP_CONDA "Strip ananconda/mininconda from PATH to avoid conflicts" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_USE_PCH "Use precompiled headers" ON)
+option(MRTRIX_BUILD_STATIC "Build MRtrix's non-core code as a static library" OFF)
 
 if(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS)
     if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 3.17)
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index 4802b59f9a..c5ffb6597a 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -40,7 +40,13 @@ add_library(mrtrix-exec-version-lib STATIC ${EXEC_VERSION_CPP})
 add_library(mrtrix::exec-version-lib ALIAS mrtrix-exec-version-lib)
 add_dependencies(mrtrix-exec-version-lib exec-version-target)
 
-add_library(mrtrix-headless SHARED ${HEADLESS_SOURCES})
+if(MRTRIX_BUILD_STATIC)
+    set(MRTRIX_LIBRARY_TYPE STATIC)
+else()
+    set(MRTRIX_LIBRARY_TYPE SHARED)
+endif()
+
+add_library(mrtrix-headless ${MRTRIX_LIBRARY_TYPE} ${HEADLESS_SOURCES})
 add_library(mrtrix::headless ALIAS mrtrix-headless)
 
 
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ target_link_libraries(mrtrix-headless PUBLIC
 )
 
 if(MRTRIX_BUILD_GUI)
-    add_library(mrtrix-gui SHARED ${GUI_SOURCES} ${RCC_SOURCES})
+    add_library(mrtrix-gui ${MRTRIX_LIBRARY_TYPE} ${GUI_SOURCES} ${RCC_SOURCES})
     add_library(mrtrix::gui ALIAS mrtrix-gui)
 
     set_target_properties(mrtrix-gui PROPERTIES

From 7b0183193392693014b590f9577140b76c1c14c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 May 2024 14:26:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 088/182] Rename MRTRIX_BUILD_STATIC to
 MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC

---
 CMakeLists.txt     | 2 +-
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 20266ccee6..bb8069f1af 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ option(MRTRIX_STL_DEBUGGING "Enable STL debug mode" OFF)
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS "Build tests executables" OFF)
 option(MRTRIX_STRIP_CONDA "Strip ananconda/mininconda from PATH to avoid conflicts" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_USE_PCH "Use precompiled headers" ON)
-option(MRTRIX_BUILD_STATIC "Build MRtrix's non-core code as a static library" OFF)
+option(MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC "Build MRtrix's non-core code as a static library" OFF)
 
 if(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS)
     if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 3.17)
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index c5ffb6597a..55c51f5ecd 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ add_library(mrtrix-exec-version-lib STATIC ${EXEC_VERSION_CPP})
 add_library(mrtrix::exec-version-lib ALIAS mrtrix-exec-version-lib)
 add_dependencies(mrtrix-exec-version-lib exec-version-target)
 
-if(MRTRIX_BUILD_STATIC)
+if(MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC)
     set(MRTRIX_LIBRARY_TYPE STATIC)
 else()
     set(MRTRIX_LIBRARY_TYPE SHARED)

From 1a015ddd9e08b520e9966b8e49db76d93f1cbb72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 May 2024 15:31:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 089/182] Move cmake/bundle to packaging/macos

---
 {cmake => packaging/macos}/bundle/mrview.plist.in | 0
 {cmake => packaging/macos}/bundle/shview.plist.in | 0
 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename {cmake => packaging/macos}/bundle/mrview.plist.in (100%)
 rename {cmake => packaging/macos}/bundle/shview.plist.in (100%)

diff --git a/cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in b/packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in
similarity index 100%
rename from cmake/bundle/mrview.plist.in
rename to packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in
diff --git a/cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in b/packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in
similarity index 100%
rename from cmake/bundle/shview.plist.in
rename to packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in

From 1eafc83a865eb832f299a8ed48f57bee0b334ad3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 May 2024 15:34:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 090/182] Add MacOSBundle.cmake module

---
 CMakeLists.txt          |  3 +++
 cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake | 15 +++++++++++++++
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt      | 21 +++++----------------
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 2926bf14f9..fd0c6cd78a 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ include(LinkerSetup)
 include(FindFFTW)
 include(CompilerCache)
 include(ECMEnableSanitizers)
+if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME MATCHES "Darwin")
+    include(MacOSBundle)
+endif()
 
 use_compiler_cache()
 
diff --git a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87c54cbe7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+function(set_bundle_properties executable_name)
+    if(${executable_name} STREQUAL "mrview")
+        set(mrtrix_icon_macos ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/mrview_doc.icns)
+    else()
+        set(mrtrix_icon_macos ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/${executable_name}.icns)
+    endif()
+
+    target_sources(${executable_name} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
+    set_target_properties(${executable_name} PROPERTIES
+        MACOSX_BUNDLE TRUE
+        MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_PLIST "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../packaging/macos/bundle/${executable_name}.plist.in"
+        RESOURCE ${mrtrix_icon_macos}
+        INSTALL_RPATH "@executable_path/../../../../lib"
+    )
+endfunction()
diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index 67ec20ca00..5b5e712bb8 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -30,29 +30,18 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
         $<IF:$<BOOL:${IS_GUI}>,mrtrix::gui,mrtrix::headless>
         mrtrix::exec-version-lib
     )
-    if (IS_GUI AND (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Darwin"))
-        set(mrtrix_icon_macos "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/icons/macos/${CMD_NAME}.icns")
-        set_source_files_properties(${mrtrix_icon_macos} PROPERTIES 
-            MACOSX_PACKAGE_LOCATION "Resources"
-        )
-        target_sources(${CMD_NAME} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
-        if (${CMD_NAME} STREQUAL mrview)
-            set(mrtrix_icon_macos "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/icons/macos/${CMD_NAME}_doc.icns")
-            set_source_files_properties(${mrtrix_icon_macos} PROPERTIES
-                MACOSX_PACKAGE_LOCATION "Resources"
-            )
-            target_sources(${CMD_NAME} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
-        endif ()
-    endif ()
     set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES
-        MACOSX_BUNDLE ${IS_GUI}
-        MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_PLIST ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/bundle/${CMD_NAME}.plist.in
         LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin
     )
     if(MRTRIX_USE_PCH AND NOT ${IS_GUI})
         target_precompile_headers(${CMD_NAME} REUSE_FROM pch_cmd)
     endif()
+
+    if (IS_GUI AND ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Darwin")
+        set_bundle_properties(${CMD_NAME})
+    endif ()
+
     install(TARGETS ${CMD_NAME}
         RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
         BUNDLE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}

From fc07064b4c050909cc8c0230366bd6eebbe2ddaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2024 09:34:19 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 091/182] New commands: peaksconvert, peakscheck

---
 cmd/peaksconvert.cpp                     | 569 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 docs/reference/commands/peakscheck.rst   |  97 ++++
 docs/reference/commands/peaksconvert.rst |  90 ++++
 docs/reference/commands_list.rst         |   4 +
 python/bin/peakscheck                    | 512 ++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 1272 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
 create mode 100644 docs/reference/commands/peakscheck.rst
 create mode 100644 docs/reference/commands/peaksconvert.rst
 create mode 100755 python/bin/peakscheck

diff --git a/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp b/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91606f2eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+ * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+ * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+ * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+ * particular purpose or non-infringing.
+ * See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+ *
+ * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+ */
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "adapter/base.h"
+#include "algo/loop.h"
+#include "command.h"
+#include "header.h"
+#include "image.h"
+#include "math/sphere.h"
+#include "transform.h"
+
+using namespace MR;
+using namespace App;
+
+// TODO Do we need to support both mathematics and physics conventions for spherical coordinates?
+// And if so, where do we do it?
+
+const char *const formats[] = {"unitspherical", "spherical", "unit3vector", "3vector", nullptr};
+enum class format_t { UNITSPHERICAL, SPHERICAL, UNITTHREEVECTOR, THREEVECTOR };
+const char *const references[] = {"xyz", "ijk", "bvec", nullptr};
+enum class reference_t { XYZ, IJK, BVEC };
+
+using transform_linear_type = Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 3>;
+
+// clang-format off
+void usage() {
+
+  AUTHOR = "Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)";
+
+  SYNOPSIS = "Convert peak directions images between formats and/or conventions";
+
+  DESCRIPTION
+  + "Under default operation with no command-line options specified, "
+    "the output image will be identical to the input image, "
+    "as the MRtrix convention (3-vectors defined with respect to RAS scanner space axes) "
+    "will be assumed to apply to both cases. "
+    "This behaviour is only modulated by explicitly providing command-line options "
+    "that give additional information about the format or convention of either image.";
+
+  ARGUMENTS
+  + Argument ("input", "the input directions image").type_image_in()
+  + Argument ("output", "the output directions image").type_image_out();
+
+  OPTIONS
+  + OptionGroup ("Options providing information about the input image")
+  + Option ("in_format", "specify the format in which the input directions are specified")
+    + Argument("choice").type_choice(formats)
+  + Option ("in_reference", "specify the reference axes against which the input directions are specified"
+                            " (assumed to be real / scanner space if omitted)")
+    + Argument("choice").type_choice(references)
+  // TODO Add option to import amplitudes to fuse with unit orientations / overwrite existing values
+
+  + OptionGroup ("Options providing information about the output image")
+  + Option ("out_format", "specify the format in which the output directions will be specified"
+                          " (will default to 3-vectors if omitted)")
+    + Argument("choice").type_choice(formats)
+  + Option ("out_reference", "specify the reference axes against which the output directions will be specified"
+                             " (defaults to real / scanner space if omitted)")
+    + Argument("choice").type_choice(references)
+  // TODO Implement -fill
+  //+ Option ("fill", "specify value to be inserted into output image in the absence of valid information")
+  //  + Argument("value").type_float();
+
+  // TODO Any additional options?
+  // - Reduce maximal number of fixels per voxel
+
+}
+// clang-format on
+
+format_t format_from_option(const std::string &option_name) {
+  auto opt = get_options(option_name);
+  if (opt.empty())
+    return format_t::THREEVECTOR;
+  switch (int(opt[0][0])) {
+  case 0:
+    return format_t::UNITSPHERICAL;
+  case 1:
+    return format_t::SPHERICAL;
+  case 2:
+    return format_t::UNITTHREEVECTOR;
+  case 3:
+    return format_t::THREEVECTOR;
+  default:
+    throw Exception("Unsupported input to option -" + option_name);
+  }
+}
+reference_t reference_from_option(const std::string &option_name) {
+  auto opt = get_options(option_name);
+  if (opt.empty())
+    return reference_t::XYZ;
+  switch (int(opt[0][0])) {
+  case 0:
+    return reference_t::XYZ;
+  case 1:
+    return reference_t::IJK;
+  case 2:
+    return reference_t::BVEC;
+  default:
+    throw Exception("Unsupported input to option -" + option_name);
+  }
+}
+size_t volumes_per_fixel(format_t format) { return format == format_t::UNITSPHERICAL ? 2 : 3; }
+
+template <size_t NumElements> class FormatBase {
+public:
+  FormatBase(Eigen::Matrix<default_type, NumElements, 1>) {}
+  virtual Eigen::Matrix<default_type, NumElements, 1> operator()() const = 0;
+  static size_t num_elements() { return NumElements; }
+};
+
+class UnitSpherical : public FormatBase<2> {
+public:
+  UnitSpherical(Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> in) : FormatBase(in), azimuth(in[0]), inclination(in[1]) {}
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> operator()() const override { return {azimuth, inclination}; }
+  default_type azimuth, inclination;
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const UnitSpherical &in) {
+    stream << "UnitSpherical(az=" << in.azimuth << ", in=" << in.inclination << ")";
+    return stream;
+  }
+};
+
+class Spherical : public FormatBase<3> {
+public:
+  Spherical(Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> in) : FormatBase(in), radius(in[0]), azimuth(in[1]), inclination(in[2]) {}
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> operator()() const override { return {radius, azimuth, inclination}; }
+  default_type radius, azimuth, inclination;
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const Spherical &in) {
+    stream << "Spherical(r=" << in.radius << ", az=" << in.azimuth << ", in=" << in.inclination << ")";
+    return stream;
+  }
+};
+
+class UnitThreeVector : public FormatBase<3> {
+public:
+  UnitThreeVector(Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> in) : FormatBase(in), unitthreevector(in) {
+    unitthreevector.normalize();
+  }
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> operator()() const override { return unitthreevector; }
+  Eigen::Vector3d unitthreevector;
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const UnitThreeVector &in) {
+    stream << "UnitThreeVector(" << in.unitthreevector.transpose() << ")";
+    return stream;
+  }
+};
+
+class ThreeVector : public FormatBase<3> {
+public:
+  ThreeVector(Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> in) : FormatBase(in), threevector(in) {}
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> operator()() const override { return threevector; }
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> normalized() const { return threevector.normalized(); }
+  default_type radius() const { return threevector.norm(); }
+  Eigen::Vector3d threevector;
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const ThreeVector &in) {
+    stream << "ThreeVector(" << in.threevector.transpose() << ")";
+    return stream;
+  }
+};
+
+// Common intermediary format to be used regardless of input / output image details
+// - ALWAYS in XYZ space
+// - ALWAYS with a unit 3-vector
+// - ALWAYS with a radius term present, even if it might be filled with unity
+class Fixel {
+public:
+  Fixel(const Eigen::Vector3d &unit_threevector_xyz, default_type radius)
+      : unit_threevector_xyz(unit_threevector_xyz), radius(radius) {}
+  Fixel(const Eigen::Vector3d &unit_threevector_xyz)
+      : unit_threevector_xyz(unit_threevector_xyz), radius(default_type(1)) {}
+
+  template <class T, reference_t ref> static Fixel from(const T &);
+  template <class T, reference_t ref> T to() const;
+
+  static void set_input_transforms(const Header &H);
+  static void set_output_transforms(const Header &H);
+
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const Fixel &in) {
+    stream << "Fixel([" << in.unit_threevector_xyz.transpose() << "]: " << in.radius << ")";
+    return stream;
+  }
+
+private:
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_xyz;
+  default_type radius;
+
+  static transform_linear_type in_ijk2xyz;
+  static bool in_bvec_flipi;
+  static default_type in_bvec_imultiplier;
+  static Eigen::Vector3d in_bvec2ijk;
+
+  static transform_linear_type out_ijk2xyz;
+  static transform_linear_type out_xyz2ijk;
+  static bool out_bvec_flipi;
+  static default_type out_bvec_imultiplier;
+  static Eigen::Vector3d out_ijk2bvec;
+};
+
+transform_linear_type Fixel::in_ijk2xyz = transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+bool Fixel::in_bvec_flipi = false;
+default_type Fixel::in_bvec_imultiplier = std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN();
+Eigen::Vector3d Fixel::in_bvec2ijk = Eigen::Vector3d::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+transform_linear_type Fixel::out_ijk2xyz = transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+transform_linear_type Fixel::out_xyz2ijk = transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+bool Fixel::out_bvec_flipi = false;
+default_type Fixel::out_bvec_imultiplier = std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN();
+Eigen::Vector3d Fixel::out_ijk2bvec = Eigen::Vector3d::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+
+void Fixel::set_input_transforms(const Header &H) {
+  in_ijk2xyz = H.realignment().orig_transform().linear();
+  in_bvec_flipi = in_ijk2xyz.determinant() > 0.0;
+  in_bvec_imultiplier = in_bvec_flipi ? -1.0 : 1.0;
+  in_bvec2ijk = {in_bvec_imultiplier, 1.0, 1.0};
+  DEBUG("Input transform configured based on image \"" + H.name() + "\":");
+  DEBUG("IJK-to-XYZ transform:\n" + str(in_ijk2xyz));
+  DEBUG("bvec: flip " + str(in_bvec_flipi) + ", i component multiplier " + str(in_bvec_imultiplier) + ", vector multiplier [" + str(in_bvec2ijk.transpose()) + "]");
+}
+
+void Fixel::set_output_transforms(const Header &H) {
+  out_ijk2xyz = H.transform().linear();
+  out_xyz2ijk = H.transform().inverse().linear();
+  out_bvec_flipi = out_ijk2xyz.determinant() > 0.0;
+  out_bvec_imultiplier = out_bvec_flipi ? -1.0 : 1.0;
+  out_ijk2bvec = {out_bvec_imultiplier, 1.0, 1.0};
+  DEBUG("Output transform configured based on image \"" + H.name() + "\":");
+  DEBUG("IJK-to-XYZ transform:\n" + str(out_ijk2xyz));
+  DEBUG("XYZ-to-IJK transform:\n" + str(out_xyz2ijk));
+  DEBUG("bvec: flip " + str(out_bvec_flipi) + ", i component multiplier " + str(out_bvec_imultiplier) + ", vector multiplier [" + str(out_ijk2bvec.transpose()) + "]");
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitSpherical, reference_t::XYZ>(const UnitSpherical &in) {
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> az_in_xyz({in.azimuth, in.inclination});
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_xyz;
+  Math::Sphere::spherical2cartesian(az_in_xyz, unit_threevector_xyz);
+  return Fixel(unit_threevector_xyz);
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitSpherical, reference_t::IJK>(const UnitSpherical &in) {
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> az_in_ijk({in.azimuth, in.inclination});
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_ijk;
+  Math::Sphere::spherical2cartesian(az_in_ijk, unit_threevector_ijk);
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * unit_threevector_ijk);
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitSpherical, reference_t::BVEC>(const UnitSpherical &in) {
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> az_in_bvec({in.azimuth, in.inclination});
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> az_in_ijk(
+      {in_bvec_flipi ? Math::pi - az_in_bvec[0] : az_in_bvec[0], az_in_bvec[1]});
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_ijk;
+  Math::Sphere::spherical2cartesian(az_in_ijk, unit_threevector_ijk);
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * unit_threevector_ijk);
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<Spherical, reference_t::XYZ>(const Spherical &in) {
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> r_az_in_xyz({in.radius, in.azimuth, in.inclination});
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_xyz;
+  Math::Sphere::spherical2cartesian(r_az_in_xyz.tail<2>(), unit_threevector_xyz);
+  return Fixel(unit_threevector_xyz, r_az_in_xyz[0]);
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<Spherical, reference_t::IJK>(const Spherical &in) {
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> r_az_in_ijk({in.radius, in.azimuth, in.inclination});
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_ijk;
+  Math::Sphere::spherical2cartesian(r_az_in_ijk.tail<2>(), unit_threevector_ijk);
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * unit_threevector_ijk, r_az_in_ijk[0]);
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<Spherical, reference_t::BVEC>(const Spherical &in) {
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> r_az_in_bvec({in.radius, in.azimuth, in.inclination});
+  const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> r_az_in_ijk(
+      {r_az_in_bvec[0], in_bvec_flipi ? Math::pi - r_az_in_bvec[1] : r_az_in_bvec[1], r_az_in_bvec[2]});
+  Eigen::Vector3d unit_threevector_ijk;
+  Math::Sphere::spherical2cartesian(r_az_in_ijk.tail<2>(), unit_threevector_ijk);
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * unit_threevector_ijk, r_az_in_ijk[0]);
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::XYZ>(const UnitThreeVector &in) {
+  return Fixel(in());
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::IJK>(const UnitThreeVector &in) {
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * in());
+}
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::BVEC>(const UnitThreeVector &in) {
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * (in().cwiseProduct(in_bvec2ijk)));
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<ThreeVector, reference_t::XYZ>(const ThreeVector &in) {
+  return Fixel(in.normalized(), in.radius());
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<ThreeVector, reference_t::IJK>(const ThreeVector &in) {
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * in.normalized(), in.radius());
+}
+
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<ThreeVector, reference_t::BVEC>(const ThreeVector &in) {
+  return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * (in.normalized().cwiseProduct(in_bvec2ijk)), in.radius());
+}
+
+template <> UnitSpherical Fixel::to<UnitSpherical, reference_t::XYZ>() const {
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 2, 1> az_in_xyz;
+  Math::Sphere::cartesian2spherical(unit_threevector_xyz, az_in_xyz);
+  return UnitSpherical(az_in_xyz);
+}
+
+template <> UnitSpherical Fixel::to<UnitSpherical, reference_t::IJK>() const {
+  const default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
+                                          unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
+  return UnitSpherical({azimuth, inclination});
+}
+
+template <> UnitSpherical Fixel::to<UnitSpherical, reference_t::BVEC>() const {
+  default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
+                                    unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  if (out_bvec_flipi)
+    azimuth = Math::pi - azimuth;
+  const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
+  return UnitSpherical({azimuth, inclination});
+}
+
+template <> Spherical Fixel::to<Spherical, reference_t::XYZ>() const {
+  Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1> r_az_in_xyz;
+  r_az_in_xyz[0] = radius;
+  Math::Sphere::cartesian2spherical(unit_threevector_xyz, r_az_in_xyz.tail<2>());
+  return Spherical(r_az_in_xyz);
+}
+
+template <> Spherical Fixel::to<Spherical, reference_t::IJK>() const {
+  const default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
+                                          unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
+  return Spherical({radius, azimuth, inclination});
+}
+
+template <> Spherical Fixel::to<Spherical, reference_t::BVEC>() const {
+  default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
+                                    unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  if (out_bvec_flipi)
+    azimuth = Math::pi - azimuth;
+  const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
+  return Spherical({radius, azimuth, inclination});
+}
+
+template <> UnitThreeVector Fixel::to<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::XYZ>() const {
+  return UnitThreeVector(unit_threevector_xyz);
+}
+
+template <> UnitThreeVector Fixel::to<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::IJK>() const {
+  return UnitThreeVector(out_xyz2ijk * unit_threevector_xyz);
+}
+
+template <> UnitThreeVector Fixel::to<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::BVEC>() const {
+  return UnitThreeVector((out_xyz2ijk * unit_threevector_xyz).cwiseProduct(out_ijk2bvec));
+}
+
+template <> ThreeVector Fixel::to<ThreeVector, reference_t::XYZ>() const {
+  return ThreeVector(unit_threevector_xyz * radius);
+}
+
+template <> ThreeVector Fixel::to<ThreeVector, reference_t::IJK>() const {
+  return ThreeVector(out_xyz2ijk * unit_threevector_xyz * radius);
+}
+
+template <> ThreeVector Fixel::to<ThreeVector, reference_t::BVEC>() const {
+  return ThreeVector((out_xyz2ijk * unit_threevector_xyz).cwiseProduct(out_ijk2bvec) * radius);
+}
+
+template <class FixelType> class FixelImage : public Adapter::Base<FixelImage<FixelType>, Image<float>> {
+public:
+  using ImageType = Image<float>;
+  using BaseType = Adapter::Base<FixelImage<FixelType>, ImageType>;
+  using BaseType::parent;
+  FixelImage(Image<float> &that) : BaseType(that), fixel_index(0) {}
+  void reset() {
+    parent().reset();
+    fixel_index = 0;
+  }
+  ssize_t size(size_t axis) const {
+    return axis == 3 ? (parent().size(3) / FixelType::num_elements()) : parent().size(axis);
+  }
+  ssize_t get_index(size_t axis) const { return (axis == 3) ? fixel_index : parent().get_index(axis); }
+  void move_index(size_t axis, ssize_t increment) {
+    if (axis != 3) {
+      parent().move_index(axis, increment);
+      return;
+    }
+    parent().move_index(3, FixelType::num_elements() * increment);
+    fixel_index += increment;
+  }
+  FixelType get_value() {
+    Eigen::Matrix<default_type, Eigen::Dynamic, 1> data(
+        Eigen::Matrix<default_type, Eigen::Dynamic, 1>::Zero(FixelType::num_elements()));
+    for (size_t index = 0; index != FixelType::num_elements(); ++index) {
+      data[index] = parent().get_value();
+      parent().move_index(3, 1);
+    }
+    parent().move_index(3, -FixelType::num_elements());
+    return FixelType(data);
+  }
+  void set_value(const FixelType &value) {
+    Eigen::Matrix<default_type, Eigen::Dynamic, 1> data(
+        Eigen::Matrix<default_type, Eigen::Dynamic, 1>::Zero(FixelType::num_elements()));
+    data = value();
+    for (size_t index = 0; index != FixelType::num_elements(); ++index) {
+      parent().set_value(data[index]);
+      parent().move_index(3, 1);
+    }
+    parent().move_index(3, -FixelType::num_elements());
+  }
+
+private:
+  ssize_t fixel_index;
+};
+
+template <reference_t in_reference, class InFixelType, reference_t out_reference, class OutFixelType>
+void run(FixelImage<InFixelType> &in_fixel_image, FixelImage<OutFixelType> &out_fixel_image) {
+  // TODO Multi-thread
+  // TODO Test to see if this naturally works across bootstrap realisations
+  for (auto l = Loop("Converting peaks orientations", in_fixel_image)(in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image); l; ++l) {
+    const Fixel fixel(Fixel::from<InFixelType, in_reference>(in_fixel_image.get_value()));
+    out_fixel_image.set_value(fixel.to<OutFixelType, out_reference>());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class InFixelType, reference_t out_reference, class OutFixelType>
+void run(reference_t in_reference, FixelImage<InFixelType> &in_fixel_image, FixelImage<OutFixelType> &out_fixel_image) {
+  switch (in_reference) {
+  case reference_t::XYZ:
+    run<reference_t::XYZ, InFixelType, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  case reference_t::IJK:
+    run<reference_t::IJK, InFixelType, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  case reference_t::BVEC:
+    run<reference_t::BVEC, InFixelType, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+template <reference_t out_reference, class OutFixelType>
+void run(format_t in_format,
+         reference_t in_reference,
+         Image<float> &input_image,
+         FixelImage<OutFixelType> &out_fixel_image) {
+  switch (in_format) {
+  case format_t::UNITSPHERICAL: {
+    FixelImage<UnitSpherical> in_fixel_image(input_image);
+    run<UnitSpherical, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_reference, in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  case format_t::SPHERICAL: {
+    FixelImage<Spherical> in_fixel_image(input_image);
+    run<Spherical, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_reference, in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  case format_t::UNITTHREEVECTOR: {
+    FixelImage<UnitThreeVector> in_fixel_image(input_image);
+    run<UnitThreeVector, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_reference, in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  case format_t::THREEVECTOR: {
+    FixelImage<ThreeVector> in_fixel_image(input_image);
+    run<ThreeVector, out_reference, OutFixelType>(in_reference, in_fixel_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  default:
+    assert(false);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class OutFixelType>
+void run(format_t in_format,
+         reference_t in_reference,
+         Image<float> &input_image,
+         reference_t out_reference,
+         FixelImage<OutFixelType> &out_fixel_image) {
+  switch (out_reference) {
+  case reference_t::XYZ:
+    run<reference_t::XYZ, OutFixelType>(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  case reference_t::IJK:
+    run<reference_t::IJK, OutFixelType>(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  case reference_t::BVEC:
+    run<reference_t::BVEC, OutFixelType>(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+void run(format_t in_format,
+         reference_t in_reference,
+         Image<float> &input_image,
+         format_t out_format,
+         reference_t out_reference,
+         Image<float> &output_image) {
+  switch (out_format) {
+  case format_t::UNITSPHERICAL: {
+    FixelImage<UnitSpherical> out_fixel_image(output_image);
+    run(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_reference, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  case format_t::SPHERICAL: {
+    FixelImage<Spherical> out_fixel_image(output_image);
+    run(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_reference, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  case format_t::UNITTHREEVECTOR: {
+    FixelImage<UnitThreeVector> out_fixel_image(output_image);
+    run(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_reference, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  case format_t::THREEVECTOR: {
+    FixelImage<ThreeVector> out_fixel_image(output_image);
+    run(in_format, in_reference, input_image, out_reference, out_fixel_image);
+    return;
+  }
+  default:
+    assert(false);
+  }
+}
+
+void run() {
+
+  Header H_in = Header::open(argument[0]);
+  if (H_in.ndim() != 4)
+    throw Exception("Input image must be 4D");
+
+  const format_t in_format(format_from_option("in_format"));
+  const size_t in_volumes_per_fixel(volumes_per_fixel(in_format));
+  const size_t num_fixels = H_in.size(3) / in_volumes_per_fixel;
+  if (num_fixels * in_volumes_per_fixel != H_in.size(3))
+    throw Exception("Number of volumes in input image (" + str(H_in.size(3)) + ")"
+                    + " incompatible with "
+                    + str(volumes_per_fixel) + " volumes per orientation");
+  const reference_t in_reference(reference_from_option("in_reference"));
+
+  const format_t out_format(format_from_option("out_format"));
+  if ((in_format == format_t::SPHERICAL || in_format == format_t::THREEVECTOR) &&
+      (out_format == format_t::UNITSPHERICAL || out_format == format_t::UNITTHREEVECTOR)) {
+    WARN("Output image will not include amplitudes that may be present in input image due to chosen format");
+  }
+  const reference_t out_reference(reference_from_option("out_reference"));
+
+  Header H_out(H_in);
+  H_out.name() = std::string(argument[1]);
+  H_out.size(3) = num_fixels * volumes_per_fixel(out_format);
+  Stride::set_from_command_line(H_out);
+
+  Fixel::set_input_transforms(H_in);
+  Fixel::set_output_transforms(H_out);
+
+  auto input = H_in.get_image<float>();
+  auto output = Image<float>::create(argument[1], H_out);
+  run(in_format, in_reference, input, out_format, out_reference, output);
+}
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/peakscheck.rst b/docs/reference/commands/peakscheck.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc0bab6732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/peakscheck.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+.. _peakscheck:
+
+peakscheck
+==========
+
+Synopsis
+--------
+
+Check the orientations of an image containing discrete fibre orientations
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+::
+
+    peakscheck input [ options ]
+
+-  *input*: The input fibre orientations image to be checked
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+MRtrix3 expects "peaks" images to be stored using the real / scanner space axes as reference. There are three possible sources of error in this interpretation: 1. There may be erroneous axis flips and/or permutations, but within the real / scanner space reference. 2. The image data may provide fibre orientations with reference to the image axes rather than real / scanner space. Here there are two additional possibilities: 2a. There may be requisite axis permutations / flips to be applied to the image data *before* transforming them to real / scanner space. 2b. There may be requisite axis permutations / flips to be applied to the image data *after* transforming them to real / scanner space.
+
+Options
+-------
+
+- **-mask image** Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking
+
+- **-number** Set the number of tracks to generate for each test
+
+- **-threshold** Modulate thresold on the ratio of empirical to maximal mean length to issue an error
+
+- **-in_format** The format in which peak orientations are specified; one of: spherical,unitspherical,3vector,unit3vector
+
+- **-noshuffle** Do not evaluate possibility of requiring shuffles of axes or angles; only consider prospective transforms from alternative reference frames to real / scanner space
+
+- **-notransform** Do not evaluate possibility of requiring transform of peak orientations from image to real / scanner space; only consider prospective shuffles of axes or angles
+
+- **-all** Print table containing all results to standard output
+
+- **-out_table** Write text file with table containing all results
+
+Additional standard options for Python scripts
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-nocleanup** do not delete intermediate files during script execution, and do not delete scratch directory at script completion.
+
+- **-scratch /path/to/scratch/** manually specify the path in which to generate the scratch directory.
+
+- **-continue <ScratchDir> <LastFile>** continue the script from a previous execution; must provide the scratch directory path, and the name of the last successfully-generated file.
+
+Standard options
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **-info** display information messages.
+
+- **-quiet** do not display information messages or progress status. Alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
+- **-debug** display debugging messages.
+
+- **-force** force overwrite of output files.
+
+- **-nthreads number** use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
+- **-config key value**  *(multiple uses permitted)* temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+- **-help** display this information page and exit.
+
+- **-version** display version information and exit.
+
+References
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+--------------
+
+
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/peaksconvert.rst b/docs/reference/commands/peaksconvert.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5d9c2702c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/peaksconvert.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+.. _peaksconvert:
+
+peaksconvert
+===================
+
+Synopsis
+--------
+
+Convert peak directions images between formats and/or conventions
+
+Usage
+--------
+
+::
+
+    peaksconvert [ options ]  input output
+
+-  *input*: the input directions image
+-  *output*: the output directions image
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+Under default operation with no command-line options specified, the output image will be identical to the input image, as the MRtrix convention (3-vectors defined with respect to RAS scanner space axes) will be assumed to apply to both cases. This behaviour is only modulated by explicitly providing command-line options that give additional information about the format or convention of either image.
+
+Options
+-------
+
+Options providing information about the input image
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+-  **-in_format choice** specify the format in which the input directions are specified
+
+-  **-in_reference choice** specify the reference axes against which the input directions are specified (assumed to be real / scanner space if omitted)
+
+Options providing information about the output image
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+-  **-out_format choice** specify the format in which the output directions will be specified (will default to 3-vectors if omitted)
+
+-  **-out_reference choice** specify the reference axes against which the output directions will be specified (defaults to real / scanner space if omitted)
+
+-  **-fill value** specify value to be inserted into output image in the absence of valid information
+
+Standard options
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+-  **-info** display information messages.
+
+-  **-quiet** do not display information messages or progress status; alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
+-  **-debug** display debugging messages.
+
+-  **-force** force overwrite of output files (caution: using the same file as input and output might cause unexpected behaviour).
+
+-  **-nthreads number** use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
+-  **-config key value** *(multiple uses permitted)* temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+-  **-help** display this information page and exit.
+
+-  **-version** display version information and exit.
+
+References
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+--------------
+
+
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands_list.rst b/docs/reference/commands_list.rst
index c29f39b65d..5a6334c470 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands_list.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands_list.rst
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ List of MRtrix3 commands
     commands/mtnormalise
     commands/peaks2amp
     commands/peaks2fixel
+    commands/peakscheck
+    commands/peaksconvert
     commands/population_template
     commands/responsemean
     commands/sh2amp
@@ -228,6 +230,8 @@ List of MRtrix3 commands
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`mtnormalise`, "Multi-tissue informed log-domain intensity normalisation"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`peaks2amp`, "Extract amplitudes from a peak directions image"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`peaks2fixel`, "Convert peak directions image to a fixel directory"
+    |python.png|, :ref:`peakscheck`, "Check the orientations of an image containing discrete fibre orientations"
+    |cpp.png|, :ref:`peaksconvert`, "Convert peak directions images between formats and/or conventions"
     |python.png|, :ref:`population_template`, "Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images"
     |python.png|, :ref:`responsemean`, "Calculate the mean response function from a set of text files"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`sh2amp`, "Evaluate the amplitude of an image of spherical harmonic functions along specified directions"
diff --git a/python/bin/peakscheck b/python/bin/peakscheck
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..4843b7db1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bin/peakscheck
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+import itertools
+import os
+import sys
+
+from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
+
+
+
+EUCLIDEAN_FLIPS = (None, 0, 1, 2)
+EUCLIDEAN_PERMUTATIONS = ((0,1,2), (0,2,1), (1,0,2), (1,2,0), (2,0,1), (2,1,0))
+
+THREEVECTOR_OPERATION_SETS = ([],
+                              ['euclidean_shuffle'],
+                              ['euclidean_transform'],
+                              ['euclidean_shuffle', 'euclidean_transform'],
+                              ['euclidean_transform', 'euclidean_shuffle'])
+
+# - 'convert' here refers specifically to a spherical to cartesian conversion
+# - TODO For now, going to have all possible combinations of "transform" and "convert";
+#   while these could ideally be combined in a single step in many instances,
+#   as a first pass it may be preferable to just evaluate all possibilities with individualised operations
+SPHERICAL_OPERATION_SETS = (['convert'],
+                            ['convert', 'euclidean_shuffle'],
+                            ['convert', 'euclidean_transform'],
+                            ['spherical_shuffle', 'convert'],
+                            ['spherical_transform', 'convert'],
+                            ['convert', 'euclidean_shuffle', 'euclidean_transform'],
+                            ['convert', 'euclidean_transform', 'euclidean_shuffle'],
+                            ['spherical_shuffle', 'convert', 'euclidean_transform'],
+                            ['spherical_shuffle', 'spherical_transform', 'convert'],
+                            ['spherical_transform', 'convert', 'euclidean_shuffle'],
+                            ['spherical_transform', 'spherical_shuffle', 'convert'])
+
+# TODO Current framework may omit situation where an XYZ2<something> transform has been erroneously applied,
+#   which would therefore necessitate *two* <something>2XYZ transforms to be applied to get into XYZ reference space
+
+SPHERICAL_SWAPS = (False, True)
+SPHERICAL_EL2INC = (False, True)
+
+# TODO Ideally, rather than considering these two as independent,
+#   only do one;
+#   but if bvec and ijk are equivalent,
+#   or if a combination of ijk transform and flipping first element is performed,
+#   then variant names should reflect this
+INPUT_REFERENCES = ('bvec', 'ijk')
+
+DEFAULT_NUMBER = 10000
+DEFAULT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
+
+FORMATS = ('spherical', 'unitspherical', '3vector', 'unit3vector')
+DEFAULT_FORMAT = '3vector'
+
+
+
+def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
+  cmdline.set_synopsis('Check the orientations of an image containing discrete fibre orientations')
+  cmdline.add_description('MRtrix3 expects "peaks" images to be stored'
+                          ' using the real / scanner space axes as reference.'
+                          ' There are three possible sources of error in this interpretation:'
+                          ' 1. There may be erroneous axis flips and/or permutations,'
+                          ' but within the real / scanner space reference.'
+                          ' 2. The image data may provide fibre orientations'
+                          ' with reference to the image axes rather than real / scanner space.'
+                          ' Here there are two additional possibilities:'
+                          ' 2a. There may be requisite axis permutations / flips'
+                          ' to be applied to the image data *before* transforming them to real / scanner space.'
+                          ' 2b. There may be requisite axis permutations / flips'
+                          ' to be applied to the image data *after* transforming them to real / scanner space.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', help='The input fibre orientations image to be checked')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=DEFAULT_NUMBER, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='Modulate thresold on the ratio of empirical to maximal mean length to issue an error')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-in_format', choices=FORMATS, default=DEFAULT_FORMAT, help='The format in which peak orientations are specified; one of: ' + ','.join(FORMATS))
+  # TODO Add -in_reference option, which would control which variant is considered the default for the purpose of command return code
+  cmdline.add_argument('-noshuffle',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Do not evaluate possibility of requiring shuffles of axes or angles;'
+                            ' only consider prospective transforms from alternative reference frames to real / scanner space')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-notransform',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       help='Do not evaluate possibility of requiring transform of peak orientations from image to real / scanner space;'
+                            ' only consider prospective shuffles of axes or angles')
+  cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options(['noshuffle', 'notransform'])
+  cmdline.add_argument('-all', action='store_true', help='Print table containing all results to standard output')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-out_table', help='Write text file with table containing all results')
+
+
+
+class Operation:
+  @staticmethod
+  def prettytype():
+    assert False
+  def prettyparams(self):
+    assert False
+  def cmd(self, nfixels, in_path, out_path):
+    assert False
+
+class EuclideanShuffle(Operation):
+  @staticmethod
+  def prettytype():
+    return 'Euclidean axis shuffle'
+  def __init__(self, flip, permutations):
+    self.flip = flip
+    self.permutations = permutations
+  def __format__(self, fmt):
+    if self.no_flip():
+      assert not self.no_permutations()
+      return f'perm{"".join(map(str, self.permutations))}'
+    if self.no_permutations():
+      return f'flip{self.flip}'
+    return f'flip{self.flip}perm{"".join(map(str, self.permutations))}'
+  def prettyparams(self):
+    result = ''
+    if self.flip is not None:
+      result = f'Flip axis {self.flip}'
+      if not self.no_permutations():
+        result += '; '
+    if not self.no_permutations():
+      result += f'Permute axes: ({",".join(map(str, self.permutations))})'
+    return result
+  def no_flip(self):
+    return self.flip is None
+  def no_permutations(self):
+    return self.permutations == (0,1,2)
+  def cmd(self, nfixels, in_path, out_path):
+    # Below is modified copy-paste from code prior to "new variants"
+    volume_list = [ None ] * (3 * nfixels)
+    for in_volume_index in range(0, 3*nfixels):
+      fixel_index = in_volume_index // 3
+      in_component = in_volume_index - 3*fixel_index
+      # Do we need to invert this item prior to permutation?
+      flip = self.flip == in_component
+      flip_string = 'flip' if flip else ''
+      # What should be the index of this image after permutation has taken place?
+      out_component = self.permutations[in_component]
+      # Where will this volume reside in the output image series?
+      out_volume_index = 3*fixel_index + out_component
+      assert volume_list[out_volume_index] is None
+      # Create the image
+      temppath = f'{os.path.splitext(in_path)[0]}_{flip_string}{in_volume_index}_{out_volume_index}.mif'
+      cmd = ['mrconvert', in_path,
+             '-coord', '3', f'{in_volume_index}',
+             '-axes', '0,1,2',
+             '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false']
+      if flip:
+        cmd.extend(['-', '|', 'mrcalc', '-', '-1.0', '-mult',
+                    '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+      cmd.append(temppath)
+      run.command(cmd)
+      volume_list[out_volume_index] = temppath
+    assert all(item is not None for item in volume_list)
+    run.command(['mrcat', volume_list, out_path,
+                 '-axis', '3',
+                 '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+    for item in volume_list:
+      os.remove(item)
+
+class EuclideanTransform(Operation):
+  @staticmethod
+  def prettytype():
+    return 'Euclidean reference axis change'
+  def __init__(self, reference):
+    self.reference = reference
+  def __format__(self, fmt):
+    return f'euctrans{self.reference}2xyz'
+  def prettyparams(self):
+    return f'{self.reference} to xyz'
+  def cmd(self, nfixels, in_path, out_path):
+    run.command(['peaksconvert', in_path, out_path,
+                 '-in_reference', self.reference,
+                 '-in_format', '3vector',
+                 '-out_reference', 'xyz',
+                 '-out_format', '3vector',
+                 '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+
+class SphericalShuffle(Operation):
+  @staticmethod
+  def prettytype():
+    return 'Spherical angle shuffle'
+  def __init__(self, is_unit, swap, el2in):
+    self.is_unit = is_unit
+    self.swap = swap
+    self.el2in = el2in
+  def __format__(self, fmt):
+    if self.swap:
+      if self.el2in:
+        return 'swapandel2in'
+      return 'swap'
+    return 'el2in'
+  def prettyparams(self):
+    result = ''
+    if self.swap:
+      result = 'Swap angles'
+      if self.el2in:
+        result += '; '
+    if self.el2in:
+      result += ' Transform elevation to inclination'
+    return result
+  def volsperfixel(self):
+    return 2 if self.is_unit else 3
+  def cmd(self, nfixels, in_path, out_path):
+    # Below is modified copy-paste from code prior to "new variants"
+    num_volumes = self.volsperfixel() * nfixels
+    volume_list = [ None ] * num_volumes
+    for in_volume_index in range(0, num_volumes):
+      fixel_index = in_volume_index // self.volsperfixel()
+      in_component = in_volume_index - (self.volsperfixel() * fixel_index)
+      # Is this a spherical angle that needs to be permuted?
+      if self.swap and not (not self.is_unit and in_component == 0):
+        # If unit, 0->1 and 1->0
+        # If not unit, 1->2 and 2->1
+        out_component = (1 if self.is_unit else 3) - in_component
+      else:
+        out_component = in_component
+      # Where will this volume reside in the output image series?
+      out_volume_index = 3*fixel_index + out_component
+      assert volume_list[out_volume_index] is None
+      # Create the image
+      temppath = f'{os.path.splitext(in_path)[0]}_{in_volume_index}{"el2in" if self.el2in else ""}_{out_volume_index}.mif'
+      cmd = ['mrconvert', in_path,
+             '-coord', '3', f'{in_volume_index}',
+             '-axes', '0,1,2',
+             '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false']
+      # Do we need to apply the elevation->inclination transform?
+      if self.el2in and out_component == self.volsperfixel() - 1:
+        cmd.extend(['-', '|', 'mrcalc', '0.5', 'pi', '-mult', '-', '-sub',
+                    '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+      cmd.append(temppath)
+      run.command(cmd)
+      volume_list[out_volume_index] = temppath
+    assert all(item is not None for item in volume_list)
+    run.command(['mrcat', volume_list, out_path,
+                 '-axis', '3',
+                 '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+    for item in volume_list:
+      os.remove(item)
+
+class SphericalTransform(Operation):
+  @staticmethod
+  def prettytype():
+    return 'Spherical reference axis change'
+  def __init__(self, is_unit, reference):
+    self.is_unit = is_unit
+    self.reference = reference
+  def __format__(self, fmt):
+    return f'sphtrans{self.reference}2xyz'
+  def prettyparams(self):
+    return f'{self.reference} to xyz'
+  def cmd(self, nfixels, in_path, out_path):
+    run.command(['peaksconvert', in_path, out_path,
+                 '-in_reference', self.reference,
+                 '-in_format', 'unitspherical' if self.is_unit else 'spherical',
+                 '-out_reference', 'xyz',
+                 '-out_format', 'unitspherical' if self.is_unit else 'spherical',
+                 '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+
+class Spherical2Cartesian(Operation):
+  @staticmethod
+  def prettytype():
+    return 'Spherical-to-cartesian transformation'
+  def __init__(self, is_unit):
+    self.is_unit = is_unit
+  def __format__(self, fmt):
+    return 'sph2cart'
+  def prettyparams(self):
+    return 'N/A'
+  def cmd(self, nfixels, in_path, out_path):
+    run.command(['peaksconvert', in_path, out_path,
+                 '-in_format', 'unitspherical' if self.is_unit else 'spherical',
+                 '-out_format', 'unit3vector' if self.is_unit else '3vector',
+                 '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false'])
+
+
+
+class Variant():
+  def __init__(self, operations):
+    assert isinstance(operations, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(item, Operation) for item in operations)
+    self.operations = operations
+  def __format__(self, fmt):
+    if not self.operations:
+      return 'none'
+    return '_'.join(f'{item}' for item in self.operations)
+  def is_default(self):
+    if not self.operations:
+      return True
+    return len(self.operations) == 1 and isinstance(self.operations[0], Spherical2Cartesian)
+
+def sort_key(item):
+  assert item.mean_length is not None
+  return item.mean_length
+
+
+
+def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+
+  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_table)
+
+  image_dimensions = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False)).size()
+  if len(image_dimensions) != 4:
+    raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
+  if min(image_dimensions) == 1:
+    raise MRtrixError('Cannot perform tractography on an image with a unity dimension')
+  num_volumes = image_dimensions[3]
+  if app.ARGS.in_format in ('unit3vector', '3vector'):
+    num_fixels = num_volumes // 3
+    if 3 * num_fixels != num_volumes:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of input volumes ({num_volumes}) not a valid peaks image:'
+                        ' must be a multiple of 3')
+  elif app.ARGS.in_format == 'spherical':
+    num_fixels = num_volumes // 3
+    if 3 * num_fixels != num_volumes:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of input volumes ({num_volumes}) not a valid spherical coordinates image:'
+                        ' must be a multiple of 3')
+  elif app.ARGS.in_format == 'unitspherical':
+    num_fixels = num_volumes // 2
+    if 2 * num_fixels != num_volumes:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Number of input volumes ({num_volumes}) not a valid unit spherical coordinates image:'
+                        ' must be a multiple of 2')
+  else:
+    assert False
+
+  is_unit = app.ARGS.in_format in ('unitspherical', 'unit3vector')
+
+  app.make_scratch_dir()
+
+  # Unlike dwigradcheck, here we're going to be performing manual permutation & flipping of volumes
+  # Therefore, we'd actually prefer to *not* have contiguous memory across volumes
+  # Also, in order for subsequent reference transforms to be valid,
+  #   we need for the strides to not be modified by MRtrix3 at the load stage
+  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('data.mif')
+              + ' -datatype float32'
+              + ' -config RealignTransform false')
+
+  if app.ARGS.mask:
+    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif')
+                + ' -datatype bit'
+                + ' -config RealignTransform false')
+
+  app.goto_scratch_dir()
+
+  # Generate a brain mask if we weren't provided with one
+  if not os.path.exists('mask.mif'):
+    run.command('mrcalc data.mif -abs - -config RealignTransform false | '
+                'mrmath - max -axis 3 - -config RealignTransform false | '
+                'mrthreshold - mask.mif -abs 0.0 -comparison gt -config RealignTransform false')
+
+  # How many tracks are we going to generate?
+  number_option = ['-select', str(app.ARGS.number)]
+
+  operation_sets = THREEVECTOR_OPERATION_SETS \
+                   if app.ARGS.in_format in ('unit3vector', '3vector') \
+                   else SPHERICAL_OPERATION_SETS
+
+  # To facilitate looping in order to generate all possible variants,
+  #   pre-prepare lists of all possible configurations of each operation
+  all_euclidean_shuffles = []
+  for flip in EUCLIDEAN_FLIPS:
+    for permutation in EUCLIDEAN_PERMUTATIONS:
+      if flip is None and permutation == (0,1,2):
+        continue
+      all_euclidean_shuffles.append(EuclideanShuffle(flip, permutation))
+  all_euclidean_transforms = [EuclideanTransform('ijk'),
+                              EuclideanTransform('bvec')]
+  all_spherical_shuffles = [SphericalShuffle(is_unit, True, False),
+                            SphericalShuffle(is_unit, False, True),
+                            SphericalShuffle(is_unit, True, True)]
+  all_spherical_transforms = [SphericalTransform(is_unit, 'ijk'),
+                              SphericalTransform(is_unit, 'bvec')]
+  all_spherical2cartesian = [Spherical2Cartesian(is_unit),]
+
+  # TODO Add capabilities to restrict set of variants to be evaluated
+  variants = []
+  for operation_set in operation_sets:
+    if app.ARGS.noshuffle and any('shuffle' in item for item in operation_set):
+      continue
+    if app.ARGS.notransform and any('transform' in item for item in operation_set):
+      continue
+    operations_list = []
+    for operation in operation_set:
+      if operation == 'convert':
+        operations_list.append(all_spherical2cartesian)
+      elif operation == 'euclidean_shuffle':
+        operations_list.append(all_euclidean_shuffles)
+      elif operation == 'euclidean_transform':
+        operations_list.append(all_euclidean_transforms)
+      elif operation == 'spherical_shuffle':
+        operations_list.append(all_spherical_shuffles)
+      elif operation == 'spherical_transform':
+        operations_list.append(all_spherical_transforms)
+      else:
+        assert False
+    for variant in itertools.product(*operations_list):
+      variants.append(Variant(list(variant)))
+  app.debug(f'Complete list of variants for {app.ARGS.in_format} input format:')
+  for v in variants:
+    app.debug(f'{v}')
+
+  progress = app.ProgressBar(f'Testing peaks orientation alterations (0 of {len(variants)})', len(variants))
+  meanlength_default = None
+  for variant_index, variant in enumerate(variants):
+
+    # For each variant, we now have to construct and execute the sequential set of commands necessary
+    tmppath = None
+    imagepath = 'data.mif'
+    for operation_index, operation in enumerate(variant.operations):
+      in_path = 'data.mif' if operation_index == 0 else tmppath
+      imagepath = f'{os.path.splitext(in_path)[0]}_{operation}.mif'
+      # Ensure that an intermediate output of one variant doesn't clash
+      #   with the final output of another variant
+      if operation_index == len(variant.operations) - 1:
+        imagepath = imagepath[len('data_'):]
+      operation.cmd(num_fixels, in_path, imagepath)
+      if tmppath:
+        run.function(os.remove, tmppath)
+      tmppath = imagepath
+
+    # Run the tracking experiment
+    track_file_path = f'tracks_{variant}.tck'
+    run.command(['tckgen', imagepath,
+                 '-algorithm', 'fact',
+                 '-seed_image', 'mask.mif',
+                 '-mask', 'mask.mif',
+                 '-minlength', '0',
+                 '-downsample', '5',
+                 '-config', 'RealignTransform', 'false',
+                 track_file_path]
+                + number_option)
+    # TODO Would prefer nicer logic
+    if imagepath != 'data.mif':
+      app.cleanup(imagepath)
+
+    # Get the mean track length & add to the database
+    mean_length = float(run.command(['tckstats', track_file_path, '-output', 'mean', '-ignorezero']).stdout)
+    variants[variant_index].mean_length = mean_length
+    app.cleanup(track_file_path)
+
+    # Save result if this is the unmodified empirical gradient table
+    if variant.is_default():
+      assert meanlength_default is None
+      meanlength_default = mean_length
+
+    # Increment the progress bar
+    progress.increment(f'Testing peaks orientation alterations ({variant_index+1} of {len(variants)})')
+
+  progress.done()
+
+  # Sort the list to find the best gradient configuration(s)
+  sorted_variants = list(variants)
+  sorted_variants.sort(reverse=True, key=sort_key)
+  meanlength_max = sorted_variants[0].mean_length
+
+  if sorted_variants[0].is_default():
+    meanlength_ratio = 1.0
+    app.console('Absence of manipulation of peaks orientations resulted in the maximal mean length')
+  else:
+    meanlength_ratio = meanlength_default / meanlength_max
+    app.console(f'Ratio of mean length of empirical data to mean length of best candidate: {meanlength_ratio:.3f}')
+
+  # Provide a printout of the mean streamline length of each orientation manipulation
+  if app.ARGS.all:
+    sys.stdout.write('Mean length     Variant\n')
+    for variant in sorted_variants:
+      sys.stdout.write(f'  {variant.mean_length:5.2f}      {variant}\n')
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+  # Write comprehensive results to a file
+  if app.ARGS.out_table:
+    if os.path.splitext(app.ARGS.out_table)[-1].lower() == '.tsv':
+      delimiter = '\t'
+      quote = ''
+    else:
+      delimiter = ','
+      quote = '"'
+    with open(path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_table, False), 'w') as f:
+      f.write(f'{quote}Mean length{quote}{delimiter}'
+              f'{quote}Operation 1 type{quote}{delimiter}{quote}Operation 1 parameters{quote}{delimiter}'
+              f'{quote}Operation 2 type{quote}{delimiter}{quote}Operation 2 parameters{quote}{delimiter}'
+              f'{quote}Operation 3 type{quote}{delimiter}{quote}Operation 3 parameters{quote}{delimiter}\n')
+      for v in variants:
+        f.write(f'{v.mean_length}')
+        for operation in v.operations:
+          f.write(f'{delimiter}{quote}{operation.prettytype()}{quote}{delimiter}{quote}{operation.prettyparams()}{quote}')
+        f.write('\n')
+
+  if meanlength_ratio < app.ARGS.threshold:
+    raise MRtrixError('Streamline tractography indicates possibly incorrect gradient table')
+
+
+
+# Execute the script
+import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
+mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
\ No newline at end of file

From 419ab8f2958157a601f969ea14ee99015fc41b88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2024 10:14:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 092/182] Add warning if cmake generator is not Ninja

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 14d49d8979..6617d4cc3e 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)
 
 project(mrtrix3 LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 3.0.4)
 
+if(NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR STREQUAL "Ninja")
+    message(WARNING "It is recommended to use the Ninja generator to build MRtrix3. "
+                    "To use it, run cmake with -G Ninja or set the CMAKE_GENERATOR"
+                    "environment variable to Ninja.")
+endif()
+
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")

From a805ef3b6cd3ab498bc3368542e4660e2f1afc52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2024 17:35:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 093/182] Create wrapper scripts for mrview and shview

---
 cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake                       | 14 ++++++++++++++
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt                            |  1 +
 packaging/macos/bundle/wrapper_launcher.sh.in | 12 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 packaging/macos/bundle/wrapper_launcher.sh.in

diff --git a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
index 87c54cbe7c..c803390337 100644
--- a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
@@ -13,3 +13,17 @@ function(set_bundle_properties executable_name)
         INSTALL_RPATH "@executable_path/../../../../lib"
     )
 endfunction()
+
+function(install_bundle_wrapper_scripts executable_name)
+    set(wrapper_script ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../packaging/macos/bundle/wrapper_launcher.sh.in)
+    configure_file(${wrapper_script} ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${executable_name}
+        FILE_PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE OWNER_EXECUTE GROUP_READ GROUP_EXECUTE WORLD_READ WORLD_EXECUTE
+        @ONLY
+    )
+
+    install(FILES ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${executable_name}
+            DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+            RENAME "${executable_name}"
+            PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE OWNER_EXECUTE GROUP_READ GROUP_EXECUTE WORLD_READ WORLD_EXECUTE)
+
+endfunction()
diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index 5b5e712bb8..fd6de1b333 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ function(add_cmd CMD_SRC IS_GUI)
 
     if (IS_GUI AND ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Darwin")
         set_bundle_properties(${CMD_NAME})
+        install_bundle_wrapper_scripts(${CMD_NAME})
     endif ()
 
     install(TARGETS ${CMD_NAME}
diff --git a/packaging/macos/bundle/wrapper_launcher.sh.in b/packaging/macos/bundle/wrapper_launcher.sh.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6702fcdd61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packaging/macos/bundle/wrapper_launcher.sh.in
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# This script is a wrapper around the actual MacOSX bundle executable.
+
+DIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )"
+real_path=${DIR}/@executable_name@.app/Contents/MacOS/@executable_name@
+if [ -x "${real_path}" ]; then
+  exec "${real_path}" "$@"
+else
+  echo "Could not find executable at ${real_path}"
+  exit 1
+fi

From b053f7c44f83ff1cd04071dde95eec73e8eb3805 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2024 19:01:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 094/182] Set CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET for MacOS

This must be called prior to the project()
---
 CMakeLists.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index fd0c6cd78a..039d79b173 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)
 
+set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET 10.15 CACHE STRING "")
 project(mrtrix3 LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 3.0.4)
 
 include(GNUInstallDirs)

From f4bee4173babfed410100f399128d016be1fbd39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2024 21:45:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 095/182] Set copyright year in MacOSBundle.cmake

---
 CMakeLists.txt                         | 2 --
 cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake                | 3 +++
 packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in | 4 ++--
 packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 039d79b173..04f5252c7d 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ project(mrtrix3 LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 3.0.4)
 
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 
-string(TIMESTAMP CURRENT_YEAR "%Y")
-
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
 set(MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION "${CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION}")
diff --git a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
index c803390337..0bb0fcde20 100644
--- a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ function(set_bundle_properties executable_name)
         set(mrtrix_icon_macos ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/${executable_name}.icns)
     endif()
 
+    string(TIMESTAMP CURRENT_YEAR "%Y")
+    set(COPYRIGHT_YEAR "2008-${CURRENT_YEAR}" CACHE STRING "Copyright year")
+
     target_sources(${executable_name} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
     set_target_properties(${executable_name} PROPERTIES
         MACOSX_BUNDLE TRUE
diff --git a/packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in b/packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in
index af08829e1d..169c12d49d 100644
--- a/packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in
+++ b/packaging/macos/bundle/mrview.plist.in
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>            <string>APPL</string>
     <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>     <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
     <key>CFBundleVersion</key>                <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
-    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) 2008-${CURRENT_YEAR} the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
+    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) ${COPYRIGHT_YEAR} the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
     <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>         <string>${CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}</string>
     <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
     <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>
@@ -153,4 +153,4 @@
 
     </array>
   </dict>
-</plist>
\ No newline at end of file
+</plist>
diff --git a/packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in b/packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in
index 0004423b15..3b0ef69bcf 100644
--- a/packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in
+++ b/packaging/macos/bundle/shview.plist.in
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>            <string>APPL</string>
     <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>     <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
     <key>CFBundleVersion</key>                <string>${PROJECT_VERSION}</string>
-    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) 2008-${CURRENT_YEAR} the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
+    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) ${COPYRIGHT_YEAR} the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
     <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>         <string>${CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}</string>
     <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
     <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>

From 3c804f60f02a89e15a34b682addf6ccf3e231351 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2024 20:33:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 096/182] Set correct icons for mrview

---
 cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
index 0bb0fcde20..42bb702a7d 100644
--- a/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MacOSBundle.cmake
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 function(set_bundle_properties executable_name)
+    set(icon_files ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/${executable_name}.icns)
     if(${executable_name} STREQUAL "mrview")
-        set(mrtrix_icon_macos ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/mrview_doc.icns)
-    else()
-        set(mrtrix_icon_macos ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/${executable_name}.icns)
+        list(APPEND icon_files ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../icons/macos/mrview_doc.icns)
     endif()
 
     string(TIMESTAMP CURRENT_YEAR "%Y")
     set(COPYRIGHT_YEAR "2008-${CURRENT_YEAR}" CACHE STRING "Copyright year")
 
-    target_sources(${executable_name} PRIVATE ${mrtrix_icon_macos})
+    target_sources(${executable_name} PRIVATE ${icon_files})
     set_target_properties(${executable_name} PROPERTIES
         MACOSX_BUNDLE TRUE
         MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_PLIST "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../packaging/macos/bundle/${executable_name}.plist.in"
-        RESOURCE ${mrtrix_icon_macos}
+        RESOURCE "${icon_files}"
         INSTALL_RPATH "@executable_path/../../../../lib"
     )
 endfunction()

From 93f3741c68b1fe8a350b05a155aa7272ff2775e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 19:23:48 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 097/182] Major changes to Python handling following cmake
 adoption

- Re-arrange Python source files on the filesystem. API files reside in python/mrtrix3/ (still in a sub-directory called "mrtrix3/" so that IDEs can reasonably identify them, but no need to be in a "lib/" sub-directory in source form). All command source code centralised into python/mrtrix3/commands.
- cmake will generate short executable Python files in the build bin/ directory, one for each command. These load the version-matched API and command code from a relative path. This mechanism deprecates file python/bin/mrtrix3.py, and command source files no longer include the "import mrtrix3; mrtrix3.execute()" code at their tail.
- Change to the interface of the app._execute() function. Rather than a module, it now accepts as input the usage() and execute() functions. This should allow greater flexibility in how a developer arranges their command code.
- Following from point above, there are now three different ways for a developer to arrange their command code on the filesystem:
  1. A solitary .py file residing in python/mrtrix3/commands/, which defines both usage() and execute() functions within.
  2. A sub-directory residing in python/mrtrix3/commands/, which contains a .py file with the same name as the sub-directory, within which contains the usage() and execute() functions. This is useful for those commands using the "algorithm" concept, as each algorithm can be defined as its own .py file within that sub-directory; but all source code relating to that command is grouped within that directory.
  3. A sub-directory residing in python/mrtrix3/commands/, which contains at least two files called usage.py and execute.py, which provide the usage() and execute() function implementations respectively. This will be useful for those scripts where the volume of code is too much for a single source code file.
- mrtrix3.algorithm module deprecated. Some functionality is no longer required, and algorithm modules are now loaded directly using importlib instead. List of algorithms available for relevant commands is now explicitly coded in the corresponding __init__.py files.
- No longer have to rename source code relating to the 5ttgen command to "_5ttgen"; all handling of module names should now be permissive of leading digits.
- cmake can either copy or softlink Python source code files, toggled via envvar "MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK".
- Deprecate commands blend, convert_bruker, gen_scheme, notfound; commands not utilising the MRtrix3 Python API are not well managed by the new build system, and still do not appear in the online documentation, so will need to be either ported or provided externally.
- Files python/mrtrix3/version.py.in and python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py.in generate build directory files lib/mrtrix3/version.py and lib/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py, filled with relevant build-time information. However files python/mrtrix3/version.py and python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py are still defined in the source tree, with the relevant variables defined, only that they are void of information. This allows run_pylint to run without even configuring cmake, and should prevent IDEs from producing undefined symbol warnings.
---
 .github/workflows/checks.yml                  |   1 -
 CMakeLists.txt                                |   1 +
 cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake            |  40 +++++
 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake              |  40 +++++
 python/CMakeLists.txt                         |  71 +--------
 python/bin/blend                              |  52 -------
 python/bin/convert_bruker                     | 143 -----------------
 python/bin/gen_scheme                         | 147 ------------------
 python/bin/mrtrix3.py                         |  92 -----------
 python/bin/notfound                           |  38 -----
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/__init__.py        |   0
 python/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py.in             |   2 -
 python/lib/mrtrix3/algorithm.py               |  69 --------
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/__init__.py       |   0
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/__init__.py   |   0
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py |   0
 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/__init__.py   |   0
 python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt                 |  71 +++++++++
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/__init__.py          |  23 +--
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/app.py               |  46 +++---
 .../commands/5ttgen/5ttgen.py}                |  19 +--
 python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/__init__.py    |  17 ++
 .../commands/5ttgen}/freesurfer.py            |   2 +-
 .../commands/5ttgen}/fsl.py                   |   0
 .../commands/5ttgen}/gif.py                   |   0
 .../commands/5ttgen}/hsvs.py                  |   6 +-
 python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt        | 110 +++++++++++++
 python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py           |  24 +++
 python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py.in        |  29 ++++
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py          |   0
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/__init__.py  |  27 ++++
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/ants.py                |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/b02template.py         |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/consensus.py           |   5 +-
 .../commands/dwi2mask/dwi2mask.py}            |  24 ++-
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/fslbet.py              |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/hdbet.py               |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/legacy.py              |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/mean.py                |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py              |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py          |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2mask/trace.py               |   0
 .../mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/__init__.py |  17 ++
 .../commands}/dwi2response/dhollander.py      |   0
 .../commands/dwi2response/dwi2response.py}    |  27 ++--
 .../commands}/dwi2response/fa.py              |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2response/manual.py          |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py        |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2response/tax.py             |   0
 .../commands}/dwi2response/tournier.py        |   0
 .../commands/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py       |  17 ++
 .../commands}/dwibiascorrect/ants.py          |   0
 .../dwibiascorrect/dwibiascorrect.py}         |  24 +--
 .../commands}/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py           |   0
 .../commands}/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py        |   0
 .../commands/dwibiasnormmask.py}              |  10 +-
 .../dwicat => mrtrix3/commands/dwicat.py}     |  13 +-
 .../commands/dwifslpreproc.py}                |  19 +--
 .../commands/dwigradcheck.py}                 |  11 +-
 .../mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/__init__.py |  17 ++
 .../commands/dwinormalise/dwinormalise.py}    |  22 +--
 .../commands}/dwinormalise/group.py           |   0
 .../commands}/dwinormalise/manual.py          |   0
 .../commands}/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py          |   0
 .../commands/dwishellmath.py}                 |   8 -
 .../for_each => mrtrix3/commands/for_each.py} |  19 +--
 .../commands/labelsgmfirst.py}                |  22 +--
 .../commands/mask2glass.py}                   |   8 +-
 .../commands/mrtrix_cleanup.py}               |   8 -
 .../commands/population_template.py}          |  24 +--
 .../commands/responsemean.py}                 |   9 --
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/fsl.py               |   0
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/image.py             |   0
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/matrix.py            |   0
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/path.py              |  23 +--
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py     |   0
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/run.py               |  15 +-
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/sh.py                |   0
 python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/utils.py             |   0
 python/mrtrix3/version.py                     |  21 +++
 python/mrtrix3/version.py.in                  |  18 +++
 run_pylint                                    |  17 +-
 .../{_5ttgen => 5ttgen}/FreeSurfer2ACT.txt    |   0
 .../FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt          |   0
 .../hsvs/AmygSubfields.txt                    |   0
 .../hsvs/HippSubfields.txt                    |   0
 86 files changed, 559 insertions(+), 909 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
 create mode 100644 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
 delete mode 100755 python/bin/blend
 delete mode 100755 python/bin/convert_bruker
 delete mode 100755 python/bin/gen_scheme
 delete mode 100644 python/bin/mrtrix3.py
 delete mode 100755 python/bin/notfound
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py.in
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/algorithm.py
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/__init__.py (77%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/app.py (97%)
 rename python/{bin/5ttgen => mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/5ttgen.py} (87%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/__init__.py
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen => mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen}/freesurfer.py (97%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen => mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen}/fsl.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen => mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen}/gif.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen => mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen}/hsvs.py (99%)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py.in
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py (100%)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/__init__.py
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/ants.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/b02template.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/consensus.py (98%)
 rename python/{bin/dwi2mask => mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/dwi2mask.py} (86%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/fslbet.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/hdbet.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/legacy.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/mean.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2mask/trace.py (100%)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/__init__.py
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2response/dhollander.py (100%)
 rename python/{bin/dwi2response => mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/dwi2response.py} (89%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2response/fa.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2response/manual.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2response/tax.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwi2response/tournier.py (100%)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwibiascorrect/ants.py (100%)
 rename python/{bin/dwibiascorrect => mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/dwibiascorrect.py} (84%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py (100%)
 rename python/{bin/dwibiasnormmask => mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py} (99%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/dwicat => mrtrix3/commands/dwicat.py} (98%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/dwifslpreproc => mrtrix3/commands/dwifslpreproc.py} (99%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/dwigradcheck => mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py} (96%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/__init__.py
 rename python/{bin/dwinormalise => mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/dwinormalise.py} (79%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwinormalise/group.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwinormalise/manual.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib/mrtrix3 => mrtrix3/commands}/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py (100%)
 rename python/{bin/dwishellmath => mrtrix3/commands/dwishellmath.py} (96%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/for_each => mrtrix3/commands/for_each.py} (97%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/labelsgmfirst => mrtrix3/commands/labelsgmfirst.py} (92%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/mask2glass => mrtrix3/commands/mask2glass.py} (96%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/mrtrix_cleanup => mrtrix3/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.py} (98%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/population_template => mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py} (98%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{bin/responsemean => mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py} (97%)
 mode change 100755 => 100644
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/fsl.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/image.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/matrix.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/path.py (87%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/run.py (98%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/sh.py (100%)
 rename python/{lib => }/mrtrix3/utils.py (100%)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/version.py
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/version.py.in
 rename share/mrtrix3/{_5ttgen => 5ttgen}/FreeSurfer2ACT.txt (100%)
 rename share/mrtrix3/{_5ttgen => 5ttgen}/FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt (100%)
 rename share/mrtrix3/{_5ttgen => 5ttgen}/hsvs/AmygSubfields.txt (100%)
 rename share/mrtrix3/{_5ttgen => 5ttgen}/hsvs/HippSubfields.txt (100%)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/checks.yml b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
index 4a4487d3ce..17d76f1d89 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/checks.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
@@ -268,7 +268,6 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: pylint
       run: |
-         echo "__version__ = 'pylint testing' #pylint: disable=unused-variable" > ./python/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py
          ./run_pylint || { cat pylint.log; false; }
 
     - name: check copyright headers
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 4b0f6c2b63..9d1f56390d 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ option(MRTRIX_STL_DEBUGGING "Enable STL debug mode" OFF)
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS "Build tests executables" OFF)
 option(MRTRIX_STRIP_CONDA "Strip ananconda/mininconda from PATH to avoid conflicts" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_USE_PCH "Use precompiled headers" ON)
+option(MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK "Build directory softlink to Python source code rather than copying" ON)
 
 if(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS)
     if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 3.17)
diff --git a/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake b/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebcef2728d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+file(
+    GLOB CPP_COMMAND_FILES
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmd/*.cpp
+)
+
+file(
+    GLOB PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRIES
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/python/mrtrix3/commands/*
+)
+
+set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "")
+foreach(CPP_COMMAND_FILE ${CPP_COMMAND_FILES})
+    get_filename_component(CPP_COMMAND_NAME ${CPP_COMMAND_FILE} NAME_WE)
+    if(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST STREQUAL "")
+        set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "\"${CPP_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
+    else()
+        set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "${MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST},\n  \"${CPP_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
+    endif()
+endforeach()
+
+set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "")
+foreach(PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRY ${PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRIES})
+    get_filename_component(PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME ${PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRY} NAME_WE)
+    if(NOT ${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME} STREQUAL "CMakeLists" AND NOT ${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME} STREQUAL "__init__")
+        if(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST STREQUAL "")
+            set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "\"${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
+        else()
+            set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "${MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST},\n  \"${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
+        endif()
+    endif()
+endforeach()
+message(VERBOSE "Completed GenPythonCommandsList() function")
+message(VERBOSE "Formatted list of MRtrix3 C++ commands: ${MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST}")
+message(VERBOSE "Formatted list of MRtrix3 Python commands: ${MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST}")
+
+configure_file(
+    ${SRC}
+    ${DST}
+    @ONLY
+)
diff --git a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38b55bcd84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Creates within the bin/ sub-directory of the project build directory
+#   a short Python executable that is used to run a Python command from the terminal
+# Receives name of the command as ${CMDNAME}; output build directory as ${BUILDDIR}
+set(BINPATH "${BUILDDIR}/temporary/python/${CMDNAME}")
+file(WRITE ${BINPATH} "#!/usr/bin/python3\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "import importlib\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "import os\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "import sys\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "mrtrix_lib_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), os.pardir, 'lib'))\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "sys.path.insert(0, mrtrix_lib_path)\n")
+file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n")
+# Three possible interfaces:
+#   1. Standalone file residing in commands/
+#   2. File stored in location commands/<cmdname>/<cmdname>.py, which will contain usage() and execute() functions
+#   3. Two files stored at commands/<cmdname>/usage.py and commands/<cmdname>/execute.py, defining the two corresponding functions
+# TODO Port population_template to type 3; both for readability and to ensure that it works
+if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/__init__.py")
+    if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/usage.py" AND EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/execute.py")
+        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module_usage = importlib.import_module('.usage', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n")
+        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module_execute = importlib.import_module('.execute', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n")
+        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "_execute(module_usage.usage, module_execute.execute)\n")
+    elseif(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/${CMDNAME}.py")
+        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module = importlib.import_module('.${CMDNAME}', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n")
+        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n")
+    else()
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "Malformed filesystem structure for Python command ${CMDNAME}")
+    endif()
+elseif(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}.py")
+    file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module = importlib.import_module('.${CMDNAME}', 'mrtrix3.commands')\n")
+    file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n")
+else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Malformed filesystem structure for Python command ${CMDNAME}")
+endif()
+file(COPY ${BINPATH} DESTINATION ${BUILDDIR}/bin
+    FILE_PERMISSIONS OWNER_EXECUTE OWNER_WRITE OWNER_READ GROUP_EXECUTE GROUP_READ WORLD_EXECUTE WORLD_READ
+)
+
diff --git a/python/CMakeLists.txt b/python/CMakeLists.txt
index 46187b89c6..bf439217e3 100644
--- a/python/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/python/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,71 +1,2 @@
-set(PYTHON_VERSION_FILE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py)
+add_subdirectory(mrtrix3)
 
-find_package(Git QUIET)
-
-file(GLOB_RECURSE PYTHON_BIN_FILES
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/*
-)
-
-file(GLOB_RECURSE PYTHON_LIB_FILES
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib/*
-)
-
-add_custom_target(Python SOURCES
-    ${PYTHON_BIN_FILES}
-)
-
-# We generate the version file at configure time,
-# so tools like Pylint can run without building the project
-execute_process(
-    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} 
-    -D GIT_EXECUTABLE=${GIT_EXECUTABLE}
-    -D MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION=${MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION}
-    -D DST=${PYTHON_VERSION_FILE}
-    -D SRC=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py.in
-    -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/FindVersion.cmake
-    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
-)
-
-add_custom_target(CopyPythonFiles ALL)
-set(PYTHON_BUILD_BIN_FILES "")
-
-foreach(BIN_FILE ${PYTHON_BIN_FILES})
-    get_filename_component(BIN_FILE_NAME ${BIN_FILE} NAME)
-    set(DST_BIN_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${BIN_FILE_NAME})
-    add_custom_command(
-        TARGET CopyPythonFiles
-        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different ${BIN_FILE} ${DST_BIN_FILE}
-        DEPENDS ${BIN_FILE}
-    )
-    list(APPEND PYTHON_BUILD_BIN_FILES ${DST_BIN_FILE})
-endforeach()
-
-add_custom_command(
-    TARGET CopyPythonFiles
-    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_directory
-        "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib" "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib"
-)
-
-set_target_properties(CopyPythonFiles 
-    PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES
-        "${PYTHON_BUILD_BIN_FILES};${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib"
-)
-
-install(DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/
-    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
-    USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS
-    PATTERN "__pycache__" EXCLUDE
-    PATTERN ".pyc" EXCLUDE
-)
-
-install(DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib/
-    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
-    USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS
-    PATTERN "__pycache__" EXCLUDE
-    PATTERN "*.py.in" EXCLUDE
-    PATTERN ".pyc" EXCLUDE
-)
-
-install(FILES ${PYTHON_VERSION_FILE}
-    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/mrtrix3
-)
diff --git a/python/bin/blend b/python/bin/blend
deleted file mode 100755
index 8d47ce1e6b..0000000000
--- a/python/bin/blend
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
-#
-# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-#
-# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
-# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
-# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
-# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
-# particular purpose or non-infringing.
-# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
-#
-# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
-
-import os
-import sys
-
-if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
-  sys.stderr.write('A script to blend two sets of movie frames together with a desired overlap.\n')
-  sys.stderr.write('The input arguments are two folders containing the movie frames '
-                   '(eg. output from the MRview screenshot tool), '
-                   'and the desired number of overlapping frames.\n')
-  sys.stderr.write('eg: blend folder1 folder2 20 output_folder\n')
-  sys.exit(1)
-
-INPUT_FOLDER_1 = sys.argv[1]
-INPUT_FOLDER_2 = sys.argv[2]
-FILE_LIST_1 = sorted(os.listdir(INPUT_FOLDER_1))
-FILE_LIST_2 = sorted(os.listdir(INPUT_FOLDER_2))
-NUM_OVERLAP = int(sys.argv[3])
-OUTPUT_FOLDER = sys.argv[4]
-
-if not os.path.exists(OUTPUT_FOLDER):
-  os.mkdir(OUTPUT_FOLDER)
-
-NUM_OUTPUT_FRAMES = len(FILE_LIST_1) + len(FILE_LIST_2) - NUM_OVERLAP
-for i in range(NUM_OUTPUT_FRAMES):
-  file_name = f'frame{i:%05d}.png'
-  if i <= len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP:
-    os.system(f'cp -L {INPUT_FOLDER_1}/{FILE_LIST_1[i]} {OUTPUT_FOLDER}/{file_name}')
-  if len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP < i < len(FILE_LIST_1):
-    i2 = i - (len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP) - 1
-    blend_amount = 100 * float(i2 + 1) / float(NUM_OVERLAP)
-    os.system(f'convert {INPUT_FOLDER_1}/{FILE_LIST_1[i]} {INPUT_FOLDER_2}/{FILE_LIST_2[i2]} '
-              '-alpha on -compose blend '
-              f'-define compose:args={blend_amount} -gravity South -composite {OUTPUT_FOLDER}/{file_name}')
-  if i >= (len(FILE_LIST_1)):
-    i2 = i - (len(FILE_LIST_1) - NUM_OVERLAP) - 1
-    os.system(f'cp -L {INPUT_FOLDER_2}/{FILE_LIST_2[i2]} {OUTPUT_FOLDER}/{file_name}')
diff --git a/python/bin/convert_bruker b/python/bin/convert_bruker
deleted file mode 100755
index dff88c9498..0000000000
--- a/python/bin/convert_bruker
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
-#
-# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-#
-# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
-# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
-# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
-# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
-# particular purpose or non-infringing.
-# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
-#
-# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
-
-import sys, os.path
-
-if len (sys.argv) != 3:
-  sys.stderr.write("usage: convert_bruker 2dseq header.mih\n")
-  sys.exit (0)
-
-
-#if os.path.basename (sys.argv[1]) != '2dseq':
-  #print ("expected '2dseq' file as first argument")
-  #sys.exit (1)
-
-if not sys.argv[2].endswith ('.mih'):
-  sys.stderr.write("expected .mih suffix as the second argument\n")
-  sys.exit (1)
-
-
-
-def main():
-
-  with open (os.path.join (os.path.dirname (sys.argv[1]), 'reco'), encoding='utf-8') as file_reco:
-    lines = file_reco.read().split ('##$')
-
-  with open (os.path.join (os.path.dirname (sys.argv[1]), '../../acqp'), encoding='utf-8') as file_acqp:
-    lines += file_acqp.read().split ('##$')
-
-  with open (os.path.join (os.path.dirname (sys.argv[1]), '../../method'), encoding='utf-8') as file_method:
-    lines += file_method.read().split ('##$')
-
-
-  for line in lines:
-    line = line.lower()
-    if line.startswith ('reco_size='):
-      mat_size = line.splitlines()[1].split()
-      print ('mat_size', mat_size)
-    elif line.startswith ('nslices='):
-      nslices = line.split('=')[1].split()[0]
-      print ('nslices', nslices)
-    elif line.startswith ('acq_time_points='):
-      nacq = len (line.split('\n',1)[1].split())
-      print ('nacq', nacq)
-    elif line.startswith ('reco_wordtype='):
-      wtype = line.split('=')[1].split()[0]
-      print ('wtype', wtype)
-    elif line.startswith ('reco_byte_order='):
-      byteorder = line.split('=')[1].split()[0]
-      print ('byteorder', byteorder)
-    elif line.startswith ('pvm_spatresol='):
-      res = line.splitlines()[1].split()
-      print ('res', res)
-    elif line.startswith ('pvm_spackarrslicedistance='):
-      slicethick = line.splitlines()[1].split()[0]
-      print ('slicethick',  slicethick)
-    elif line.startswith ('pvm_dweffbval='):
-      bval = line.split('\n',1)[1].split()
-      print ('bval', bval)
-    elif line.startswith ('pvm_dwgradvec='):
-      bvec = line.split('\n',1)[1].split()
-      print ('bvec', bvec)
-
-
-  with open (sys.argv[2], 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file_out:
-    file_out.write ('mrtrix image\ndim: ' + mat_size[0] + ',' + mat_size[1])
-    if len(mat_size) > 2:
-      file_out.write (',' + str(mat_size[2]))
-    else:
-      try:
-        nslices #pylint: disable=pointless-statement
-        file_out.write (',' + str(nslices))
-      except NameError:
-        pass
-
-    try:
-      nacq #pylint: disable=pointless-statement
-      file_out.write (',' + str(nacq))
-    except NameError:
-      pass
-
-    file_out.write ('\nvox: ' + str(res[0]) + ',' + str(res[1]))
-    if len(res) > 2:
-      file_out.write (',' + str(res[2]))
-    else:
-      try:
-        slicethick #pylint: disable=pointless-statement
-        file_out.write (',' + str(slicethick))
-      except NameError:
-        pass
-    try:
-      nacq #pylint: disable=pointless-statement
-      file_out.write (',')
-    except NameError:
-      pass
-
-    file_out.write ('\ndatatype: ')
-    if wtype == '_16bit_sgn_int':
-      file_out.write ('int16')
-    elif wtype == '_32bit_sgn_int':
-      file_out.write ('int32')
-
-    if byteorder=='littleendian':
-      file_out.write ('le')
-    else:
-      file_out.write ('be')
-
-    file_out.write ('\nlayout: +0,+1')
-    try:
-      nslices #pylint: disable=pointless-statement
-      file_out.write (',+2')
-    except NameError:
-      pass
-    try:
-      nacq #pylint: disable=pointless-statement
-      file_out.write (',+3')
-    except NameError:
-      pass
-
-    file_out.write ('\nfile: ' + sys.argv[1] + '\n')
-
-    try:
-      assert len(bvec) == 3*len(bval)
-      bvec = [ bvec[n:n+3] for n in range(0,len(bvec),3) ]
-      for direction, value in zip(bvec, bval):
-        file_out.write ('dw_scheme: ' + direction[0] + ',' + direction[1] + ',' + str(-float(direction[2])) + ',' + value + '\n')
-    except AssertionError:
-      pass
-
-main()
diff --git a/python/bin/gen_scheme b/python/bin/gen_scheme
deleted file mode 100755
index 406a7c965b..0000000000
--- a/python/bin/gen_scheme
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
-#
-# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-#
-# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
-# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
-# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
-# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
-# particular purpose or non-infringing.
-# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
-#
-# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
-
-set -e
-
-if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
-    echo "
-    gen_scheme: part of the MRtrix package
-
-SYNOPSIS
-
-    gen_scheme numPE [ bvalue ndir ]...
-
-       numPE        the number of phase-encoding directions to be included in
-                    the scheme (most scanners will only support a single PE
-                    direction per sequence, so this will typically be 1).
-
-       bvalue       the b-value of the shell
-
-       ndir         the number of directions to include in the shell
-
-
-DESCRIPTION
-
-    This script generates a diffusion gradient table according to the
-    parameters specified. For most users, something like the following would be
-    appropriate:
-
-        gen_scheme 1 0 5 750 20 3000 60
-
-    which will geneate a multi-shell diffusion gradient table with a single
-    phase-encode direction, consisting of 5 b=0, 20 b=750, and 60 b=3000
-    volumes.
-
-    The gradient table is generated using the following procedure:
-
-    - The directions for each shell are optimally distributed using a bipolar
-      electrostatic repulsion model (using the command 'dirgen').
-
-    - These are then split into numPE sets (if numPE != 1) using a brute-force
-      random search for the most optimally-distributed subsets (using the command
-      'dirsplit').
-
-    - Each of the resulting sets is then rearranged by inversion of individual
-      directions through the origin (i.e. direction vector x => -x) using a
-      brute-force random search to find the most optimal combination in terms
-      of unipolar repulsion: this ensures near-uniform distribution over the
-      sphere to avoid biases in terms of eddy-current distortions, as
-      recommended for FSL's EDDY command (this step uses the 'dirflip' command).
-
-    - Finally, all the individual subsets are merged (using the 'dirmerge'
-      command) into a single gradient table, in such a way as to maintain
-      near-uniformity upon truncation (in as much as is possible), in both
-      b-value and directional domains. In other words, the approach aims to
-      ensure that if the acquisition is cut short, the set of volumes acquired
-      nonetheless contains the same relative proportions of b-values as
-      specified, with directions that are near-uniformly distributed.
-
-    The primary output of this command is a file called 'dw_scheme.txt',
-    consisting of a 5-column table, with one line per volume. Each column
-    consists of [ x y z b PE ], where [ x y z ] is the unit direction vector, b
-    is the b-value in unit of s/mm², and PE is a integer ID from 1 to numPE.
-
-    The command also retains all of the subsets generated along the way, which
-    you can safely delete once the command has completed. Since this can
-    consist of quite a few files, it is recommended to run this command within
-    its own temporary folder.
-
-    See also the 'dirstat' command to obtain simple metrics of quality for the
-    set produced.
-"
-    exit 1
-else
-
-  nPE=$1
-  if [ $nPE -ne 1 ] && [ $nPE -ne 2 ] && [ $nPE -ne 4 ]; then
-    echo "ERROR: numPE should be one of 1, 2, 4"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-
-  shift
-  # store args for re-use:
-  ARGS=( "$@" )
-
-  # print parsed info for sanity-checking:
-  echo "generating scheme with $nPE phase-encode directions, with:"
-  while [ ! -z "$1" ]; do
-    echo "    b = $1: $2 directions"
-    shift 2
-  done
-
-  perm="" #"-perm 1000"
-
-  # reset args:
-  set -- "${ARGS[@]}"
-  merge=""
-
-  while [ ! -z "$1" ]; do
-    echo "====================================="
-    echo "generating directions for b = $1..."
-    echo "====================================="
-
-    merge=$merge" "$1
-
-    dirgen $2 dirs-b$1-$2.txt -force
-    if [ $nPE -gt 1 ]; then
-      dirsplit dirs-b$1-$2.txt dirs-b$1-$2-{1..2}.txt -force $perm
-      if [ $nPE -gt 2 ]; then
-        dirsplit dirs-b$1-$2-1.txt dirs-b$1-$2-1{1..2}.txt -force $perm
-        dirsplit dirs-b$1-$2-2.txt dirs-b$1-$2-2{1..2}.txt -force $perm
-        # TODO: the rest...
-        for n in dirs-b$1-$2-{1,2}{1,2}.txt; do
-          dirflip $n ${n%.txt}-flip.txt -force $perm
-          merge=$merge" "${n%.txt}-flip.txt
-        done
-      else
-        for n in dirs-b$1-$2-{1,2}.txt; do
-          dirflip $n ${n%.txt}-flip.txt -force $perm
-          merge=$merge" "${n%.txt}-flip.txt
-        done
-      fi
-    else
-      dirflip dirs-b$1-$2.txt dirs-b$1-$2-flip.txt -force $perm
-      merge=$merge" "dirs-b$1-$2-flip.txt
-    fi
-
-    shift 2
-  done
-
-  echo $merge
-  dirmerge $nPE $merge dw_scheme.txt -force
-fi
-
diff --git a/python/bin/mrtrix3.py b/python/bin/mrtrix3.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 12c0164325..0000000000
--- a/python/bin/mrtrix3.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2019 the MRtrix3 contributors.
-#
-# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-#
-# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
-# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
-# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
-# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
-# particular purpose or non-infringing.
-# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
-#
-# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
-
-import os, sys
-
-try:
-  # since importlib code below only works on Python 3.5+
-  # https://stackoverflow.com/a/50395128
-  if sys.version_info < (3,5):
-    raise ImportError
-
-  import importlib.util
-
-  def imported(lib_path):
-    try:
-      spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('mrtrix3', os.path.join (lib_path, 'mrtrix3', '__init__.py'))
-      module = importlib.util.module_from_spec (spec)
-      sys.modules[spec.name] = module
-      spec.loader.exec_module (module)
-      return True
-    except ImportError:
-      return False
-
-except ImportError:
-  try:
-    import imp
-  except ImportError:
-    print ('failed to import either imp or importlib module!')
-    sys.exit(1)
-
-  def imported(lib_path):
-    success = False
-    fp = None
-    try:
-      fp, pathname, description = imp.find_module('mrtrix3', [ lib_path ])
-      imp.load_module('mrtrix3', fp, pathname, description)
-      success = True
-    except ImportError:
-      pass
-    finally:
-      if fp:
-        fp.close()
-    return success
-
-
-# Can the MRtrix3 Python modules be found based on their relative location to this file?
-# Note that this includes the case where this file is a softlink within an external module,
-# which provides a direct link to the core installation
-if not imported (os.path.normpath (os.path.join ( \
-  os.path.dirname (os.path.realpath (__file__)), os.pardir, 'lib') )):
-
-  # If this file is a duplicate, which has been stored in an external module,
-  # we may be able to figure out the location of the core library using the
-  # build script.
-
-  # case 1: build is a symbolic link:
-  if not imported (os.path.join (os.path.dirname (os.path.realpath ( \
-      os.path.join (os.path.dirname(__file__), os.pardir, 'build'))), 'lib')):
-
-    # case 2: build is a file containing the path to the core build script:
-    try:
-      with open (os.path.join (os.path.dirname(__file__), os.pardir, 'build')) as fp:
-        for line in fp:
-          build_path = line.split ('#',1)[0].strip()
-          if build_path:
-            break
-    except IOError:
-      pass
-
-    if not imported (os.path.join (os.path.dirname (build_path), 'lib')):
-
-      sys.stderr.write('''
-ERROR: Unable to locate MRtrix3 Python modules
-
-For detailed instructions, please refer to:
-https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tips_and_tricks/external_modules.html
-''')
-      sys.stderr.flush()
-      sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/bin/notfound b/python/bin/notfound
deleted file mode 100755
index b9c5be81b4..0000000000
--- a/python/bin/notfound
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
-#
-# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-#
-# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
-# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
-# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
-# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
-# particular purpose or non-infringing.
-# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
-#
-# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
-
-if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
-  cat << 'HELP_PAGE'
-USAGE:
-  $ notfound base_directory search_string
-
-  This is a simple script designed to help identify subjects that do not yet have a specific file generated. For example when adding new patients to a study. It is designed to be used when each patient has a folder containing their images.
-
-  For example:
-    $ notfound study_folder fod.mif
-  will identify all subject folders (e.g. study_folder/subject001, study_folder/subject002, ...) that do NOT contain a file fod.mif
-
-  Note that this can be used in combination with the foreach script. For example:
-    $ foreach $(notfound study_folder fod.mif) : dwi2fod IN/dwi.mif IN/response.txt IN/fod.mif
-HELP_PAGE
-
-exit 1
-
-fi
-
-find ${1} -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \( -type l -o -type d \) '!' -exec test -e "{}/${2}" ';' -print
-
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/__init__.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py.in b/python/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py.in
deleted file mode 100644
index b7182e8f6f..0000000000
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_version.py.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-__version__ = "@MRTRIX_VERSION@" #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-__tag__ = "@MRTRIX_GIT_TAG@" #pylint: disable=unused-variable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/algorithm.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/algorithm.py
deleted file mode 100644
index dcc8bc5bba..0000000000
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/algorithm.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
-#
-# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-#
-# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
-# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
-# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
-# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
-# particular purpose or non-infringing.
-# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
-#
-# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
-
-# Set of functionalities for when a single script has many 'algorithms' that may be invoked,
-#   i.e. the script deals with generating a particular output, but there are a number of
-#   processes to select from, each of which is capable of generating that output.
-
-
-import importlib, inspect, os, pkgutil, sys
-
-
-
-# Helper function for finding where the files representing different script algorithms will be stored
-# These will be in a sub-directory relative to this library file
-def _algorithms_path():
-  from mrtrix3 import path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  return os.path.realpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[-1][1])), os.pardir, 'lib', 'mrtrix3', path.script_subdir_name()))
-
-
-
-# This function needs to be safe to run in order to populate the help page; that is, no app initialisation has been run
-def get_list(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  algorithm_list = [ ]
-  for filename in os.listdir(_algorithms_path()):
-    filename = filename.split('.')
-    if len(filename) == 2 and filename[1] == 'py' and filename[0] != '__init__':
-      algorithm_list.append(filename[0])
-  algorithm_list = sorted(algorithm_list)
-  app.debug('Found algorithms: ' + str(algorithm_list))
-  return algorithm_list
-
-
-
-# Note: This function essentially duplicates the current state of app.cmdline in order for command-line
-#   options common to all algorithms of a particular script to be applicable once any particular sub-parser
-#   is invoked. Therefore this function must be called _after_ all such options are set up.
-def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app, path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  sys.path.insert(0, os.path.realpath(os.path.join(_algorithms_path(), os.pardir)))
-  initlist = [ ]
-  # Don't let Python 3 try to read incompatible .pyc files generated by Python 2 for no-longer-existent .py files
-  pylist = get_list()
-  base_parser = app.Parser(description='Base parser for construction of subparsers', parents=[cmdline])
-  subparsers = cmdline.add_subparsers(title='Algorithm choices', help='Select the algorithm to be used to complete the script operation; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: ' + ', '.join(get_list()), dest='algorithm')
-  for dummy_importer, package_name, dummy_ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules( [ _algorithms_path() ] ):
-    if package_name in pylist:
-      module = importlib.import_module(path.script_subdir_name() + '.' + package_name)
-      module.usage(base_parser, subparsers)
-      initlist.extend(package_name)
-  app.debug('Initialised algorithms: ' + str(initlist))
-
-
-
-def get_module(name): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import path #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  return sys.modules[path.script_subdir_name() + '.' + name]
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/__init__.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/__init__.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/__init__.py b/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6f0613852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+add_subdirectory(commands)
+
+set(PYTHON_VERSION_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/version.py)
+
+find_package(Git QUIET)
+
+file(GLOB PYTHON_LIB_FILES
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.py
+)
+
+if(MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK)
+    set(PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME "LinkPythonAPIFiles")
+    set(PYTHON_API_FUNCTION_NAME "create_symlink")
+else()
+    set(PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME "CopyPythonAPIFiles")
+    set(PYTHON_API_FUNCTION_NAME "copy_if_different")
+endif()
+
+add_custom_target(${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME} ALL)
+add_custom_command(
+    TARGET ${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME}
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3
+)
+
+set(PYTHON_BUILD_FILES "")
+foreach(PYTHON_LIB_FILE ${PYTHON_LIB_FILES})
+    get_filename_component(LIB_FILE_NAME ${PYTHON_LIB_FILE} NAME)
+    # File "version.py" gets generated in the build directory by cmake based on "version.py.in";
+    #   this file is only present for pylint, and should be skipped during build
+    if (${LIB_FILE_NAME} STREQUAL "version.py")
+        continue()
+    endif()
+    set(DST_LIB_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/${LIB_FILE_NAME})
+    add_custom_command(
+        TARGET ${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME}
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E ${PYTHON_API_FUNCTION_NAME} ${PYTHON_LIB_FILE} ${DST_LIB_FILE}
+        DEPENDS ${LIB_FILE}
+    )
+    list(APPEND PYTHON_BUILD_FILES ${DST_LIB_FILE})
+endforeach()
+
+set_target_properties(${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME}
+    PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES
+        "${PYTHON_BUILD_FILES};${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib"
+)
+
+add_custom_target(MakePythonVersionFile ALL)
+add_dependencies(MakePythonVersionFile ${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME})
+add_custom_command(
+    TARGET MakePythonVersionFile
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
+        -D GIT_EXECUTABLE=${GIT_EXECUTABLE}
+        -D MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION=${MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION}
+        -D DST=${PYTHON_VERSION_FILE}
+        -D SRC=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/version.py.in
+        -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/FindVersion.cmake
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+)
+set_target_properties(MakePythonVersionFile
+    PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${PYTHON_VERSION_FILE}
+)
+
+install(FILES ${PYTHON_LIB_FILES}
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/mrtrix3
+)
+
+install(FILES ${PYTHON_VERSION_FILE}
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/mrtrix3
+)
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/__init__.py
similarity index 77%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/__init__.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/__init__.py
index aff056c52a..fd2cf70a98 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/__init__.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/__init__.py
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import inspect, os, shlex, sys
+import os, shlex, sys
 from collections import namedtuple
-from mrtrix3._version import __version__
+from .version import VERSION
 
 
 
@@ -33,14 +33,9 @@ class MRtrixError(MRtrixBaseError): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING = sys.argv[0]
   for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
     COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING += ' ' + shlex.quote(arg) # Use quotation marks only if required
-  COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING += '  (version=' + __version__ + ')'
+  COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING += '  (version=' + VERSION + ')'
 
 
-# Location of binaries that belong to the same MRtrix3 installation as the Python library being invoked
-BIN_PATH = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))), os.pardir, os.pardir, 'bin'))
-# Must remove the '.exe' from Windows binary executables
-EXE_LIST = [ os.path.splitext(name)[0] for name in os.listdir(BIN_PATH) ] #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-
 
 # 'CONFIG' is a dictionary containing those entries present in the MRtrix config files
 # Can add default values here that would otherwise appear in multiple locations
@@ -49,11 +44,13 @@ class MRtrixError(MRtrixBaseError): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 }
 
 
+
 # Codes for printing information to the terminal
 ANSICodes = namedtuple('ANSI', 'lineclear clear console debug error execute warn')
 ANSI = ANSICodes('\033[0K', '', '', '', '', '', '') #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
+
 # Load the MRtrix configuration files here, and create a dictionary
 # Load system config first, user second: Allows user settings to override
 for config_path in [ os.environ.get ('MRTRIX_CONFIGFILE', os.path.join(os.path.sep, 'etc', 'mrtrix.conf')),
@@ -72,19 +69,9 @@ class MRtrixError(MRtrixBaseError): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 
 
-
-
-
 # Set up terminal special characters now, since they may be dependent on the config file
 def setup_ansi():
   global ANSI
   if sys.stderr.isatty() and not ('TerminalColor' in CONFIG and CONFIG['TerminalColor'].lower() in ['no', 'false', '0']):
     ANSI = ANSICodes('\033[0K', '\033[0m', '\033[03;32m', '\033[03;34m', '\033[01;31m', '\033[03;36m', '\033[00;31m') #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 setup_ansi()
-
-
-
-# Execute a command
-def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from . import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  app._execute(inspect.getmodule(inspect.stack()[1][0])) # pylint: disable=protected-access
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/mrtrix3/app.py
similarity index 97%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/app.py
index 27b6189cbe..a3c205aeb1 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import argparse, inspect, math, os, pathlib, random, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, textwrap, time
+import argparse, importlib, inspect, math, os, pathlib, random, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, textwrap, time
 from mrtrix3 import ANSI, CONFIG, MRtrixError, setup_ansi
-from mrtrix3 import utils # Needed at global level
-from ._version import __version__
+from mrtrix3 import utils, version
+
 
 
 # These global constants can / should be accessed directly by scripts:
@@ -110,14 +110,13 @@
 
 
 
-# Generally preferable to use:
-#   "import mrtrix3"
-#   "mrtrix3.execute()"
-# , rather than executing this function directly
-def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+# This function gets executed by the corresponding cmake-generated Python executable
+def _execute(usage_function, execute_function): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import run #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   global ARGS, CMDLINE, CONTINUE_OPTION, DO_CLEANUP, FORCE_OVERWRITE, NUM_THREADS, SCRATCH_DIR, VERBOSITY
 
+  assert inspect.isfunction(usage_function) and inspect.isfunction(execute_function)
+
   # Set up signal handlers
   for sig in _SIGNALS:
     try:
@@ -126,11 +125,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       pass
 
   CMDLINE = Parser()
-  try:
-    module.usage(CMDLINE)
-  except AttributeError:
-    CMDLINE = None
-    raise
+  usage_function(CMDLINE)
 
   ########################################################################################################################
   # Note that everything after this point will only be executed if the script is designed to operate against the library #
@@ -240,7 +235,7 @@ def _execute(module): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     sys.exit(return_code)
 
   try:
-    module.execute()
+    execute_function()
   except (run.MRtrixCmdError, run.MRtrixFnError) as exception:
     is_cmd = isinstance(exception, run.MRtrixCmdError)
     return_code = exception.returncode if is_cmd else 1
@@ -982,6 +977,21 @@ def flag_mutually_exclusive_options(self, options, required=False): #pylint: dis
       raise Exception('Parser.flagMutuallyExclusiveOptions() only accepts a list of strings')
     self._mutually_exclusive_option_groups.append( (options, required) )
 
+  def add_subparsers(self): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
+    # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms in the relevant sub-directories
+    # This is expected to be being called from the 'usage' module of the relevant command
+    module_name = os.path.dirname(inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1].filename).split(os.sep)[-1]
+    module = sys.modules['mrtrix3.commands.' + module_name]
+    base_parser = Parser(description='Base parser for construction of subparsers', parents=[self])
+    subparsers = super().add_subparsers(title='Algorithm choices',
+                                        help='Select the algorithm to be used; '
+                                             'additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. '
+                                             'Options are: ' + ', '.join(module.ALGORITHMS),
+                                        dest='algorithm')
+    for algorithm in module.ALGORITHMS:
+      algorithm_module = importlib.import_module('.' + algorithm, 'mrtrix3.commands.' + module_name)
+      algorithm_module.usage(base_parser, subparsers)
+
   def parse_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
     if not self._author:
       raise Exception('Script author MUST be set in script\'s usage() function')
@@ -1116,11 +1126,11 @@ def underline(text, ignore_whitespace = True):
     if self._is_project:
       text = f'Version {self._git_version}'
     else:
-      text = f'MRtrix {__version__}'
+      text = f'MRtrix {version.VERSION}'
     text += ' ' * max(1, 40 - len(text) - int(len(self.prog)/2))
     text += bold(self.prog) + '\n'
     if self._is_project:
-      text += f'using MRtrix3 {__version__}\n'
+      text += f'using MRtrix3 {version.VERSION}\n'
     text += '\n'
     text += '     ' + bold(self.prog) + f': {"external MRtrix3 project" if self._is_project else "part of the MRtrix3 package"}\n'
     text += '\n'
@@ -1470,9 +1480,9 @@ def print_group_options(group):
                           '__print_usage_rst__'])
 
   def print_version(self):
-    text = f'== {self.prog} {self._git_version if self._is_project else __version__} ==\n'
+    text = f'== {self.prog} {self._git_version if self._is_project else version.VERSION} ==\n'
     if self._is_project:
-      text += f'executing against MRtrix {__version__}\n'
+      text += f'executing against MRtrix {version.VERSION}\n'
     text += f'Author(s): {self._author}\n'
     text += f'{self._copyright}\n'
     sys.stdout.write(text)
diff --git a/python/bin/5ttgen b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/5ttgen.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 87%
rename from python/bin/5ttgen
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/5ttgen.py
index c504964bfb..c60582224c
--- a/python/bin/5ttgen
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/5ttgen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -15,10 +13,11 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
+import importlib
+
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Generate a 5TT image suitable for ACT')
@@ -51,15 +50,15 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                               help='Represent the amygdalae and hippocampi as sub-cortical grey matter in the 5TT image')
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
-  algorithm.usage(cmdline)
+  cmdline.add_subparsers()
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
-  alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
+  # Load module for the user-requested algorithm
+  alg = importlib.import_module(f'.{app.ARGS.algorithm}', 'mrtrix3.commands.5ttgen')
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
@@ -70,9 +69,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       app.warn('Generated image does not perfectly conform to 5TT format:')
       for line in stderr.splitlines():
         app.warn(line)
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f72263f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-variable
+ALGORITHMS = ['freesurfer', 'fsl', 'gif', 'hsvs']
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/freesurfer.py
similarity index 97%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/freesurfer.py
index f7fc7af05e..14411bf4dd 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/freesurfer.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/freesurfer.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     lut_output_file_name = 'FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt'
   else:
     lut_output_file_name = 'FreeSurfer2ACT.txt'
-  lut_output_path = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), path.script_subdir_name(), lut_output_file_name)
+  lut_output_path = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), '5ttgen', lut_output_file_name)
   if not os.path.isfile(lut_output_path):
     raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find lookup table file for converting FreeSurfer parcellation output to tissues '
                       f'(expected location: {lut_output_path})')
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/fsl.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/fsl.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/fsl.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/gif.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/gif.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/gif.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py
similarity index 99%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py
index d71eddf8ee..c9bfded485 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -325,10 +325,10 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                         'required for use of hippocampal subfields module')
     freesurfer_lut_file = os.path.join(os.environ['FREESURFER_HOME'], 'FreeSurferColorLUT.txt')
     check_file(freesurfer_lut_file)
-    hipp_lut_file = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), path.script_subdir_name(), 'hsvs', 'HippSubfields.txt')
+    hipp_lut_file = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), '5ttgen', 'hsvs', 'HippSubfields.txt')
     check_file(hipp_lut_file)
     if hipp_subfield_has_amyg:
-      amyg_lut_file = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), path.script_subdir_name(), 'hsvs', 'AmygSubfields.txt')
+      amyg_lut_file = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), '5ttgen', 'hsvs', 'AmygSubfields.txt')
       check_file(amyg_lut_file)
 
   if app.ARGS.sgm_amyg_hipp:
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
     for hemi in [ 'Left-', 'Right-' ]:
       wm_index = [ index for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if name.startswith(hemi) and 'White' in name ][0]
       gm_index = [ index for index, tissue, name in CEREBELLUM_ASEG if name.startswith(hemi) and 'Cortex' in name ][0]
-      run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, wm_index, '-eq', aparc_image, gm_index, '-eq', '-add', '-', '|',
+      run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, str(wm_index), '-eq', aparc_image, str(gm_index), '-eq', '-add', '-', '|',
                   'voxel2mesh', '-', f'{hemi}cerebellum_all_init.vtk'])
       progress.increment()
       run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, gm_index, '-eq', '-', '|',
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8861f055f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+
+set(PYTHON_COMMANDS_INIT_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py)
+
+file(GLOB PYTHON_ALL_COMMANDS_ROOT_PATHS
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*
+)
+
+file(GLOB_RECURSE PYTHON_ALL_COMMANDS_FILES
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.py
+)
+
+set(PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "")
+foreach(PYTHON_PATH ${PYTHON_ALL_COMMANDS_ROOT_PATHS})
+    get_filename_component(CMDNAME ${PYTHON_PATH} NAME_WE)
+    if(NOT ${CMDNAME} STREQUAL "CMakeLists" AND NOT ${CMDNAME} STREQUAL "__init__")
+        list(APPEND PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST ${CMDNAME})
+    endif()
+endforeach()
+
+if(MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK)
+    set(PYTHON_COMMANDS_TARGET_NAME "LinkPythonCommandFiles")
+    set(PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME "LinkPythonCommandFiles")
+    set(PYTHON_COMMANDS_FUNCTION_NAME "create_symlink")
+else()
+    set(PYTHON_COMMANDS_TARGET_NAME "CopyPythonCommandFiles")
+    set(PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME "CopyPythonCommandFiles")
+    set(PYTHON_COMMANDS_FUNCTION_NAME "copy_if_different")
+endif()
+
+add_custom_target(${PYTHON_COMMANDS_TARGET_NAME} ALL)
+add_dependencies(${PYTHON_COMMANDS_TARGET_NAME} ${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME})
+
+set(PYTHON_BUILD_COMMAND_FILES "")
+
+# Have to append commands to create all directories
+#   before commands to symlink files can appear
+# Use presence of "__init__.py" as proxy for the need to construct a directory
+foreach(PYTHON_SRC_PATH ${PYTHON_ALL_COMMANDS_FILES})
+    get_filename_component(FILENAME ${PYTHON_SRC_PATH} NAME)
+    if(${FILENAME} STREQUAL "__init__.py")
+        file(RELATIVE_PATH REL_PATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} ${PYTHON_SRC_PATH})
+        get_filename_component(DIRNAME ${REL_PATH} DIRECTORY)
+        add_custom_command(
+            TARGET ${PYTHON_COMMANDS_TARGET_NAME}
+            COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/commands/${DIRNAME}
+        )
+    endif()
+endforeach()
+
+foreach(PYTHON_SRC_PATH ${PYTHON_ALL_COMMANDS_FILES})
+    file(RELATIVE_PATH DST_RELPATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} ${PYTHON_SRC_PATH})
+    # Skip "commands/__init__.py";
+    #   this file will be written separately via execution of "commands/__init__.py.in"
+    if (${DST_RELPATH} STREQUAL "__init__.py")
+        continue()
+    endif()
+    set(DST_BUILDPATH ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/commands/${DST_RELPATH})
+    add_custom_command(
+        TARGET ${PYTHON_COMMANDS_TARGET_NAME}
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E ${PYTHON_COMMANDS_FUNCTION_NAME} ${PYTHON_SRC_PATH} ${DST_BUILDPATH}
+        DEPENDS ${PYTHON_SRC_PATH}
+    )
+    get_filename_component(DST_INSTALLDIR ${DST_RELPATH} DIRECTORY)
+    install(FILES ${PYTHON_SRC_PATH}
+        PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+        DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/mrtrix3/commands/${DST_INSTALLDIR}
+    )
+    list(APPEND PYTHON_BUILD_COMMAND_FILES ${DST_PATH})
+endforeach()
+
+add_custom_target(MakePythonExecutables ALL)
+
+file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/temporary/python)
+set(PYTHON_BIN_FILES "")
+foreach(CMDNAME ${PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST})
+    add_custom_command(
+        TARGET MakePythonExecutables
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${CMDNAME} -DBUILDDIR=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} -P ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+    )
+    list(APPEND PYTHON_BIN_FILES ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${CMDNAME})
+endforeach()
+
+set_target_properties(MakePythonExecutables
+    PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/temporary/python"
+)
+
+# We need to generate a list of MRtrix3 commands:
+#   function run.command() does different things if it is executing an MRtrix3 command vs. an external command,
+#   but unlike prior software versions we cannot simply interrogate the contents of the bin/ directory at runtime
+add_custom_target(MakePythonCommandsInit ALL)
+add_dependencies(MakePythonCommandsInit ${PYTHON_API_TARGET_NAME})
+add_custom_command(
+    TARGET MakePythonCommandsInit
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
+    -D DST=${PYTHON_COMMANDS_INIT_FILE}
+    -D SRC=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/__init__.py.in
+    -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
+)
+
+install(FILES ${PYTHON_BIN_FILES}
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE OWNER_EXECUTE GROUP_READ GROUP_EXECUTE WORLD_READ WORLD_EXECUTE
+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
+)
+
+install(FILES ${PYTHON_COMMANDS_INIT_FILE}
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/mrtrix3/commands/
+)
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c633679d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# WARNING: Any content added to this file will NOT propagate to the built software!
+# Contents for this file in the build directory are generated using file __init__.py.in
+
+#pylint: disable=unused-variable
+EXECUTABLES_PATH = None
+CPP_COMMANDS = []
+PYTHON_COMMANDS = []
+ALL_COMMANDS = CPP_COMMANDS + PYTHON_COMMANDS
+
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py.in b/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa8cbe0f08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py.in
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+import os
+
+EXECUTABLES_PATH = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), os.pardir, os.pardir, os.pardir, 'bin'))
+
+CPP_COMMANDS = [
+  @MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST@
+]
+
+PYTHON_COMMANDS = [
+  @MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST@
+]
+
+ALL_COMMANDS = CPP_COMMANDS + PYTHON_COMMANDS
+
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/3dautomask.py
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fb40c1e56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-variable
+ALGORITHMS = ['3dautomask',
+              'ants',
+              'b02template',
+              'consensus',
+              'fslbet',
+              'hdbet',
+              'legacy',
+              'mean',
+              'mtnorm',
+              'synthstrip',
+              'trace']
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/ants.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/ants.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/ants.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/b02template.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/b02template.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/b02template.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/consensus.py
similarity index 98%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/consensus.py
index c585cf67d3..566e418d70 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/consensus.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/consensus.py
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError
-from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, run
+from mrtrix3 import app, run
+from . import ALGORITHMS
 
 NEEDS_MEAN_BZERO = False # pylint: disable=unused-variable
 DEFAULT_THRESHOLD = 0.501
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ def usage(base_parser, subparsers): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  algorithm_list = [item for item in algorithm.get_list() if item != 'consensus']
+  algorithm_list = [item for item in ALGORITHMS if item != 'consensus']
   app.debug(str(algorithm_list))
 
   if app.ARGS.algorithms:
diff --git a/python/bin/dwi2mask b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/dwi2mask.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 86%
rename from python/bin/dwi2mask
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/dwi2mask.py
index ab805cc103..ca741db901
--- a/python/bin/dwi2mask
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/dwi2mask.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2023 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -15,10 +13,12 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
+import importlib
+
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
                      ' and Warda Syeda (wtsyeda@unimelb.edu.au)')
@@ -30,23 +30,23 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' e.g. to see the help page of the "fslbet" algorithm,'
                           ' type "dwi2mask fslbet".')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
 
   # General options
   #common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2mask options')
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
-  algorithm.usage(cmdline)
+  cmdline.add_subparsers()
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
-  alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
+  # Load module for the user-requested algorithm
+  alg = importlib.import_module(f'.{app.ARGS.algorithm}', 'mrtrix3.commands.dwi2mask')
 
   input_header = image.Header(app.ARGS.input)
   image.check_3d_nonunity(input_header)
@@ -94,9 +94,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3  #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/fslbet.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/legacy.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/legacy.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/legacy.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mean.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mean.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mean.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/synthstrip.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/trace.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2mask/trace.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/trace.py
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8173a15e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-variable
+ALGORITHMS = [ 'dhollander', 'fa', 'manual', 'msmt_5tt', 'tax', 'tournier' ]
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/dhollander.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/dhollander.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/dhollander.py
diff --git a/python/bin/dwi2response b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/dwi2response.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 89%
rename from python/bin/dwi2response
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/dwi2response.py
index 7135ffff02..276c5e51ac
--- a/python/bin/dwi2response
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/dwi2response.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -15,10 +13,12 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
+import importlib
+
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)'
                      ' and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                            ' type "dwi2response fa".')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on response function estimation for spherical deconvolution'
                           ' can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/constrained_spherical_deconvolution/response_function_estimation.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/constrained_spherical_deconvolution/response_function_estimation.html')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified,'
                           ' the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to'
                           ' derive an initial voxel exclusion mask.'
                           ' More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
 
   # General options
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('General dwi2response options')
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
-  algorithm.usage(cmdline)
+  cmdline.add_subparsers()
 
 
 
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
-  alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
+  # Load module for the user-requested algorithm
+  alg = importlib.import_module(f'.{app.ARGS.algorithm}', 'mrtrix3.commands.dwi2response')
 
   # Sanitise some inputs, and get ready for data import
   if app.ARGS.lmax:
@@ -135,12 +135,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # From here, the script splits depending on what estimation algorithm is being used
   alg.execute()
-
-
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/fa.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/fa.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/fa.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/manual.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/manual.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/manual.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/msmt_5tt.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/tax.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tax.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/tax.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/tournier.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwi2response/tournier.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2response/tournier.py
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96baa29368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-variable
+ALGORITHMS = [ 'ants', 'fsl', 'mtnorm' ]
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/ants.py
diff --git a/python/bin/dwibiascorrect b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/dwibiascorrect.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 84%
rename from python/bin/dwibiascorrect
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/dwibiascorrect.py
index 2360e21c31..ae8b457497
--- a/python/bin/dwibiascorrect
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/dwibiascorrect.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -15,17 +13,19 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
+import importlib
+
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform B1 field inhomogeneity correction for a DWI volume series')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that if the -mask command-line option is not specified, '
                           'the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called to '
                           'derive a mask that will be passed to the relevant bias field estimation command. '
                           'More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/' + _version.__tag__ + '/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   common_options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options common to all dwibiascorrect algorithms')
   common_options.add_argument('-mask',
                               type=app.Parser.ImageIn(),
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   app.add_dwgrad_import_options(cmdline)
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
-  algorithm.usage(cmdline)
+  cmdline.add_subparsers()
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   from mrtrix3 import CONFIG, MRtrixError #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, image, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
-  alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
+  # Load module for the user-requested algorithm
+  alg = importlib.import_module(f'.{app.ARGS.algorithm}', 'mrtrix3.commands.dwibiascorrect')
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()
   run.command(['mrconvert', app.ARGS.input, 'in.mif']
@@ -77,11 +77,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # From here, the script splits depending on what estimation algorithm is being used
   alg.execute()
-
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/fsl.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
diff --git a/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 99%
rename from python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
index d4b9585a24..e7c2d3b052
--- a/python/bin/dwibiasnormmask
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2023 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -470,9 +468,3 @@ def msg():
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 preserve_pipes=True,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/dwicat b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwicat.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 98%
rename from python/bin/dwicat
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwicat.py
index 586cb86c2e..41b7b5da25
--- a/python/bin/dwicat
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwicat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2023 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -15,8 +13,6 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-
-
 import json, os, shutil
 
 
@@ -244,10 +240,3 @@ def check_header(header):
   run.command(['mrconvert', 'result.mif', app.ARGS.output],
               mrconvert_keyval='result_final.json',
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwifslpreproc.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 99%
rename from python/bin/dwifslpreproc
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwifslpreproc.py
index 61572e803c..f63464fa29
--- a/python/bin/dwifslpreproc
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwifslpreproc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform diffusion image pre-processing using FSL\'s eddy tool; '
                        'including inhomogeneity distortion correction using FSL\'s topup tool if possible')
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' The "example usage" section demonstrates the ways in which the script can be used'
                           ' based on the (compulsory) -rpe_* command-line options.')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the dwifslpreproc command can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/dwifslpreproc.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/dwi_preprocessing/dwifslpreproc.html')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the MRtrix3 command dwi2mask will automatically be called'
                           ' to derive a processing mask for the FSL command "eddy",'
                           ' which determines which voxels contribute to the estimation of geometric distortion parameters'
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' otherwise it will be executed directly on the input DWIs.'
                           ' Alternatively, the -eddy_mask option can be specified in order to manually provide such a processing mask.'
                           ' More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   cmdline.add_description('The "-topup_options" and "-eddy_options" command-line options allow the user'
                           ' to pass desired command-line options directly to the FSL commands topup and eddy.'
                           ' The available options for those commands may vary between versions of FSL;'
@@ -353,7 +351,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       #   pre-calculated topup output files were provided this way instead
       if app.ARGS.se_epi:
         raise MRtrixError('Cannot use both -eddy_options "--topup=" and -se_epi')
-      topup_file_userpath = app.UserPath(eddy_topup_entry[0][len('--topup='):])
+      topup_file_userpath = eddy_topup_entry[0][len('--topup='):]
       eddy_manual_options = [entry for entry in eddy_manual_options if not entry.startswith('--topup=')]
 
 
@@ -1604,12 +1602,3 @@ def scheme_times_match(one, two):
               + app.dwgrad_export_options(),
               mrconvert_keyval='output.json',
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/dwigradcheck b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 96%
rename from python/bin/dwigradcheck
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py
index 98f53e56d5..afd8d59c05
--- a/python/bin/dwigradcheck
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@
 
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app, _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app, version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Check the orientation of the diffusion gradient table')
   cmdline.add_description('Note that the corrected gradient table can be output using the -export_grad_{mrtrix,fsl} option.')
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' to derive a binary mask image to be used for streamline seeding'
                           ' and to constrain streamline propagation.'
                           ' More information on mask derivation from DWI data can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/dwi_preprocessing/masking.html')
   cmdline.add_citation('Jeurissen, B.; Leemans, A.; Sijbers, J. '
                        'Automated correction of improperly rotated diffusion gradient orientations in diffusion weighted MRI. '
                        'Medical Image Analysis, 2014, 18(7), 953-962')
@@ -223,8 +221,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                 + grad_import_option
                 + grad_export_option,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3390ab0a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-variable
+ALGORITHMS = ['group', 'manual', 'mtnorm']
diff --git a/python/bin/dwinormalise b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/dwinormalise.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 79%
rename from python/bin/dwinormalise
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/dwinormalise.py
index 52fb3a5cea..d96900feaf
--- a/python/bin/dwinormalise
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/dwinormalise.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -15,9 +13,11 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
+import importlib
+
+
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform various forms of intensity normalisation of DWIs')
   cmdline.add_description('This script provides access to different techniques'
@@ -30,23 +30,15 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' eg. "dwinormalise group -help".')
 
   # Import the command-line settings for all algorithms found in the relevant directory
-  algorithm.usage(cmdline)
+  cmdline.add_subparsers()
 
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import algorithm, app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
-  # Find out which algorithm the user has requested
-  alg = algorithm.get_module(app.ARGS.algorithm)
+  # Load module for the user-requested algorithm
+  alg = importlib.import_module(f'.{app.ARGS.algorithm}', 'mrtrix3.commands.dwinormalise')
 
   # From here, the script splits depending on what algorithm is being used
   alg.execute()
-
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/group.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/group.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/group.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/manual.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/manual.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/manual.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
diff --git a/python/bin/dwishellmath b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwishellmath.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 96%
rename from python/bin/dwishellmath
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/dwishellmath.py
index 290fde3a1b..913853c6bc
--- a/python/bin/dwishellmath
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwishellmath.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -83,9 +81,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                 mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
                 preserve_pipes=True)
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/for_each b/python/mrtrix3/commands/for_each.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 97%
rename from python/bin/for_each
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/for_each.py
index e269c49278..8df3924238
--- a/python/bin/for_each
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/for_each.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@
 
 def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   global CMDSPLIT
-  from mrtrix3 import _version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+  from mrtrix3 import version #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
   cmdline.set_author('Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au) and David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)')
   cmdline.set_synopsis('Perform some arbitrary processing step for each of a set of inputs')
   cmdline.add_description('This script greatly simplifies various forms of batch processing'
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' (or set of commands)'
                           ' independently for each of a set of inputs.')
   cmdline.add_description('More information on use of the for_each command can be found at the following link: \n'
-                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{_version.__tag__}/tips_and_tricks/batch_processing_with_foreach.html')
+                          f'https://mrtrix.readthedocs.io/en/{version.TAG}/tips_and_tricks/batch_processing_with_foreach.html')
   cmdline.add_description('The way that this batch processing capability is achieved'
                           ' is by providing basic text substitutions,'
                           ' which simplify the formation of valid command strings'
@@ -355,7 +353,7 @@ def execute_parallel():
     app.warn(f'{fail_count} of {len(jobs)} jobs did not complete successfully')
     if fail_count > 1:
       app.warn('Outputs from failed commands:')
-      sys.stderr.write(f'{app.EXE_NAME}:\n')
+      sys.stderr.write(f'{app.EXEC_NAME}:\n')
     else:
       app.warn('Output from failed command:')
     for job in jobs:
@@ -367,7 +365,7 @@ def execute_parallel():
         else:
           app.warn(f'No output from command for input "{job.sub_in}" (return code = {job.returncode})')
         if fail_count > 1:
-          sys.stderr.write(f'{app.EXE_NAME}:\n')
+          sys.stderr.write(f'{app.EXEC_NAME}:\n')
     raise MRtrixError(f'{fail_count} of {len(jobs)} jobs did not complete successfully: '
                       f'{[job.input_text for job in jobs if job.returncode]}')
 
@@ -386,12 +384,3 @@ def execute_parallel():
       app.console('No output from command for any inputs')
 
   app.console('Script reported successful completion for all inputs')
-
-
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/labelsgmfirst b/python/mrtrix3/commands/labelsgmfirst.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 92%
rename from python/bin/labelsgmfirst
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/labelsgmfirst.py
index 80fb75657f..140c5bcee6
--- a/python/bin/labelsgmfirst
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/labelsgmfirst.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -15,16 +13,6 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-# Script for 'repairing' a FreeSurfer parcellation image
-# FreeSurfer's sub-cortical structure segmentation has been observed to be highly variable
-#   under scan-rescan conditions. This introduces unwanted variability into the connectome,
-#   as the parcellations don't overlap with the sub-cortical segmentations provided by
-#   FIRST for the sake of Anatomically-Constrained Tractography. This script determines the
-#   node indices that correspond to these structures, and replaces them with estimates
-#   derived from FIRST.
-
-
-
 import math, os
 
 
@@ -141,7 +129,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # This will map a structure name to an index
   sgm_lut = {}
   sgm_lut_file_name = 'FreeSurferSGM.txt'
-  sgm_lut_file_path = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), path.script_subdir_name(), sgm_lut_file_name)
+  sgm_lut_file_path = os.path.join(path.shared_data_path(), 'labelsgmfirst', sgm_lut_file_name)
   with open(sgm_lut_file_path, encoding='utf-8') as sgm_lut_file:
     for line in sgm_lut_file:
       line = line.rstrip()
@@ -198,11 +186,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.parc,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
-
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/mask2glass b/python/mrtrix3/commands/mask2glass.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 96%
rename from python/bin/mask2glass
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/mask2glass.py
index 439a9e2ade..f0f3129790
--- a/python/bin/mask2glass
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/mask2glass.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
-# Copyright (c) 2008-2023 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -105,7 +103,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
               mrconvert_keyval=app.ARGS.input,
               force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE,
               preserve_pipes=True)
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup b/python/mrtrix3/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 98%
rename from python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.py
index ccec3f202e..140c218cf3
--- a/python/bin/mrtrix_cleanup
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/mrtrix_cleanup.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -159,9 +157,3 @@ def print_freed():
       app.console('All items deleted successfully' + print_freed())
   else:
     app.console('No files or directories found')
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/population_template b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 98%
rename from python/bin/population_template
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py
index 1f2fbefe8a..b835174835
--- a/python/bin/population_template
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -15,7 +13,6 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-# Generates an unbiased group-average template via image registration of images to a midway space.
 import json, math, os, re, shlex, shutil, sys
 
 DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES  = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
@@ -796,12 +793,7 @@ def paths_to_file_uids(paths, prefix, postfix):
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image, matrix, path, run, EXE_LIST #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-
-  expected_commands = ['mrfilter', 'mrgrid', 'mrregister', 'mrtransform', 'mraverageheader', 'mrconvert', 'mrmath', 'transformcalc']
-  for cmd in expected_commands:
-    if cmd not in EXE_LIST :
-      raise MRtrixError(f'Could not find "{cmd}" in bin/; binary commands not compiled?')
+  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image, matrix, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   if not app.ARGS.type in REGISTRATION_MODES:
     raise MRtrixError(f'Registration type must be one of {REGISTRATION_MODES}; provided: "{app.ARGS.type}"')
@@ -861,16 +853,16 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   agg_measure = 'mean'
   if app.ARGS.aggregate is not None:
     if not app.ARGS.aggregate in AGGREGATION_MODES:
-      app.error(f'aggregation type must be one of {AGGREGATION_MODES}; provided: {app.ARGS.aggregate}')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation type must be one of {AGGREGATION_MODES}; provided: {app.ARGS.aggregate}')
     agg_measure = app.ARGS.aggregate
 
   agg_weights = app.ARGS.aggregation_weights
   if agg_weights is not None:
     agg_measure = 'weighted_' + agg_measure
     if agg_measure != 'weighted_mean':
-      app.error(f'aggregation weights require "-aggregate mean" option; provided: {app.ARGS.aggregate}')
-      if not os.path.isfile(app.ARGS.aggregation_weights):
-        app.error(f'aggregation weights file not found: {app.ARGS.aggregation_weights}')
+      raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation weights require "-aggregate mean" option; provided: {app.ARGS.aggregate}')
+    if not os.path.isfile(app.ARGS.aggregation_weights):
+      raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation weights file not found: {app.ARGS.aggregation_weights}')
 
   initial_alignment = app.ARGS.initial_alignment
   if initial_alignment not in INITIAL_ALIGNMENT:
@@ -1731,9 +1723,3 @@ def nonlinear_msg():
     run.command(['mrconvert', current_template_mask, app.ARGS.template_mask],
                 mrconvert_keyval='NULL',
                 force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/bin/responsemean b/python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 97%
rename from python/bin/responsemean
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py
index ef0854cdb9..5a80662103
--- a/python/bin/responsemean
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python3
-
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #
 # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
@@ -104,10 +102,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   mean_coeffs = [ [ f/len(data) for f in line ] for line in weighted_sum_coeffs ]
   matrix.save_matrix(app.ARGS.output, mean_coeffs, force=app.FORCE_OVERWRITE)
-
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py b/python/mrtrix3/fsl.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/fsl.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/fsl.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/image.py b/python/mrtrix3/image.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/image.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/image.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py b/python/mrtrix3/matrix.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/matrix.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/matrix.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/path.py b/python/mrtrix3/path.py
similarity index 87%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/path.py
index de8264618b..51e53ecf4a 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/path.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/path.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 
 
-import ctypes, inspect, os, shutil, subprocess, time
+import ctypes, os, shutil, subprocess, time
 
 
 
@@ -45,27 +45,6 @@ def is_hidden(directory, filename):
 
 
 
-# Determine the name of a sub-directory containing additional data / source files for a script
-# This can be algorithm files in lib/mrtrix3/, or data files in share/mrtrix3/
-# This function appears here rather than in the algorithm module as some scripts may
-#   need to access the shared data directory but not actually be using the algorithm module
-def script_subdir_name(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  frameinfo = inspect.stack()[-1]
-  try:
-    frame = frameinfo.frame
-  except AttributeError: # Prior to Version 3.5
-    frame = frameinfo[0]
-  # If the script has been run through a softlink, we need the name of the original
-  #   script in order to locate the additional data
-  name = os.path.basename(os.path.realpath(inspect.getfile(frame)))
-  if not name[0].isalpha():
-    name = '_' + name
-  app.debug(name)
-  return name
-
-
-
 # Find data in the relevant directory
 # Some scripts come with additional requisite data files; this function makes it easy to find them.
 # For data that is stored in a named sub-directory specifically for a particular script, this function will
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py b/python/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/phaseencoding.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/run.py b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
similarity index 98%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/run.py
index b8dc3b3fb8..41ae71d337 100644
--- a/python/lib/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
 import collections, itertools, os, pathlib, shlex, shutil, signal, string, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading
-from mrtrix3 import ANSI, BIN_PATH, COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING, EXE_LIST, MRtrixBaseError, MRtrixError
+from mrtrix3 import ANSI, COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING, MRtrixBaseError, MRtrixError
+from mrtrix3.commands import ALL_COMMANDS, EXECUTABLES_PATH
 
 IOStream = collections.namedtuple('IOStream', 'handle filename')
 
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
         cmdstack[-1].extend([ '-append_property', 'command_history', COMMAND_HISTORY_STRING ])
 
     for line in cmdstack:
-      is_mrtrix_exe = line[0] in EXE_LIST
+      is_mrtrix_exe = line[0] in ALL_COMMANDS
       if is_mrtrix_exe:
         line[0] = version_match(line[0])
         if shared.get_num_threads() is not None:
@@ -554,9 +555,9 @@ def exe_name(item):
     path = item
   elif item.endswith('.exe'):
     path = item
-  elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BIN_PATH, item)):
+  elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(EXECUTABLES_PATH, item)):
     path = item
-  elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BIN_PATH, f'{item}.exe')):
+  elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(EXECUTABLES_PATH, f'{item}.exe')):
     path = item + '.exe'
   elif shutil.which(item) is not None:
     path = item
@@ -577,10 +578,10 @@ def exe_name(item):
 #   which checks system32\ before PATH)
 def version_match(item):
   from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-  if not item in EXE_LIST:
-    app.debug(f'Command "{item}" not found in MRtrix3 bin/ directory')
+  if not item in ALL_COMMANDS:
+    app.debug(f'Command "{item}" not in list of MRtrix3 commands')
     return item
-  exe_path_manual = os.path.join(BIN_PATH, exe_name(item))
+  exe_path_manual = os.path.join(EXECUTABLES_PATH, exe_name(item))
   if os.path.isfile(exe_path_manual):
     app.debug(f'Version-matched executable for "{item}": {exe_path_manual}')
     return exe_path_manual
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/sh.py b/python/mrtrix3/sh.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/sh.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/sh.py
diff --git a/python/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py b/python/mrtrix3/utils.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/lib/mrtrix3/utils.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/utils.py
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/version.py b/python/mrtrix3/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28b1ea85f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# WARNING: Any content added to this file will NOT propagate to the built software!
+# Contents for this file in the build directory are generated using file version.py.in
+
+#pylint: disable=unused-variable
+VERSION = "NOT_VERSIONED"
+TAG = "NOT_TAGGED"
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/version.py.in b/python/mrtrix3/version.py.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7499769e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/version.py.in
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+VERSION = "@MRTRIX_VERSION@"
+TAG = "@MRTRIX_GIT_TAG@"
+
diff --git a/run_pylint b/run_pylint
index 9a4e3a1e50..a480c35b13 100755
--- a/run_pylint
+++ b/run_pylint
@@ -21,21 +21,8 @@ echo logging to \""$LOGFILE"\"
 # generate list of tests to run:
 tests="update_copyright"
 if [ $# == 0 ]; then
-  for lib_path in python/lib/mrtrix3/*; do
-    if [[ -d ${lib_path} && ! ( ${lib_path} == *"__pycache__"* ) ]]; then
-      for src_file in ${lib_path}/*.py; do
-        if [[ -f ${src_file} ]]; then
-          tests="$tests $src_file"
-        fi
-      done
-    elif [[ ${lib_path} == *.py ]]; then
-      tests="$tests $lib_path"
-    fi
-  done
-  for bin_path in python/bin/*; do
-    if [ -f ${bin_path} ] && $(head -n1 ${bin_path} | grep -q "#!/usr/bin/python3"); then
-      tests="$tests $bin_path"
-    fi
+  for filepath in $(find python/mrtrix3/ -name '*.py'); do
+    tests="$tests $filepath"
   done
 else
   tests="$@"
diff --git a/share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT.txt b/share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT.txt
rename to share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT.txt
diff --git a/share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt b/share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt
rename to share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/FreeSurfer2ACT_sgm_amyg_hipp.txt
diff --git a/share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs/AmygSubfields.txt b/share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/hsvs/AmygSubfields.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs/AmygSubfields.txt
rename to share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/hsvs/AmygSubfields.txt
diff --git a/share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs/HippSubfields.txt b/share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/hsvs/HippSubfields.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from share/mrtrix3/_5ttgen/hsvs/HippSubfields.txt
rename to share/mrtrix3/5ttgen/hsvs/HippSubfields.txt

From 71bc07cac1c34b0985b601c0cb6277d19a1dbe75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 20:32:24 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 098/182] update_copyright: Changes to reflect post-cmake
 refactoring

---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py | 1 -
 update_copyright                    | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py
index c633679d93..8f77f73ede 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/__init__.py
@@ -21,4 +21,3 @@
 CPP_COMMANDS = []
 PYTHON_COMMANDS = []
 ALL_COMMANDS = CPP_COMMANDS + PYTHON_COMMANDS
-
diff --git a/update_copyright b/update_copyright
index c59453089c..68d008cd38 100755
--- a/update_copyright
+++ b/update_copyright
@@ -45,17 +45,16 @@ ProcessFile = namedtuple('ProcessFile', 'path keep_shebang comment')
 MRTRIX_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 APP_CPP_PATH = os.path.join(MRTRIX_ROOT, 'core', 'app.cpp')
 APP_CPP_STRING = 'const char *COPYRIGHT ='
-APP_PY_PATH = os.path.join(MRTRIX_ROOT, 'python', 'lib', 'mrtrix3', 'app.py')
+APP_PY_PATH = os.path.join(MRTRIX_ROOT, 'python', 'mrtrix3', 'app.py')
 APP_PY_STRING = '_DEFAULT_COPYRIGHT ='
 
 SEARCH_PATHS = [
     SearchPath('.', False, True, '#', [], ['mrtrix-mrview.desktop']),
-    SearchPath(os.path.join('python', 'bin'), False, True, '#', ['.py'], []),
     SearchPath('cmd', False, False, '*', ['.cpp'], []),
     SearchPath('core', True, False, '*', ['.cpp', '.h'], [os.path.join('file', 'json.h'), os.path.join('file', 'nifti1.h'), 'version.h']),
     SearchPath('docs', False, True, '#', [], []),
     SearchPath('matlab', True, False, '%', ['.m'], []),
-    SearchPath(os.path.join('python', 'lib'), True, False, '#', ['.py'], [os.path.join('mrtrix3', '_version.py.in')]),
+    SearchPath('python', True, False, '#', ['.py'], [os.path.join('mrtrix3', 'version.py.in'), os.path.join('mrtrix3', 'commands', '__init__.py.in')]),
     SearchPath(os.path.join('share', 'mrtrix3'), True, False, '#', ['.txt'], []),
     SearchPath('src', True, False, '*', ['.cpp', '.h'], []),
     SearchPath(os.path.join('testing', 'tools'), False, False, '*', ['.cpp'], []),

From 9b3de4d4defc3c7572bcd3ab9f214b72ce91abf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 20:33:33 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 099/182] population_template: Split source code between files

---
 .../commands/population_template/__init__.py  |  49 +
 .../commands/population_template/contrasts.py | 107 +++
 .../execute.py}                               | 845 +-----------------
 .../commands/population_template/input.py     | 141 +++
 .../commands/population_template/usage.py     | 288 ++++++
 .../commands/population_template/utils.py     | 297 ++++++
 6 files changed, 924 insertions(+), 803 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/contrasts.py
 rename python/mrtrix3/commands/{population_template.py => population_template/execute.py} (53%)
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/input.py
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/usage.py
 create mode 100644 python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/utils.py

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/__init__.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e67ed1d462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-variable
+
+DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES  = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
+DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX    = [2,2,2,4,4,4]
+DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
+DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX   = [2,2,2,4,4,4]
+
+DEFAULT_NL_SCALES = [0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0]
+DEFAULT_NL_NITER  = [  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5]
+DEFAULT_NL_LMAX   = [  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4]
+
+DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH = 2.0
+DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH = 1.0
+DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP = 0.5
+
+REGISTRATION_MODES = ['rigid',
+                      'affine',
+                      'nonlinear',
+                      'rigid_affine',
+                      'rigid_nonlinear',
+                      'affine_nonlinear',
+                      'rigid_affine_nonlinear']
+
+LINEAR_ESTIMATORS = ['l1', 'l2', 'lp', 'none']
+
+AGGREGATION_MODES = ['mean', 'median']
+
+LINEAR_ESTIMATORS = ['l1', 'l2', 'lp', 'none']
+
+INITIAL_ALIGNMENT = ['mass', 'robust_mass', 'geometric', 'none']
+
+LEAVE_ONE_OUT = ['0', '1', 'auto']
+
+IMAGEEXT = ['mif', 'nii', 'mih', 'mgh', 'mgz', 'img', 'hdr']
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/contrasts.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/contrasts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4450b5897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/contrasts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+import os
+
+from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
+from mrtrix3 import app
+
+
+
+class Contrasts: # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  """
+      Class that parses arguments and holds information specific to each image contrast
+
+      Attributes
+      ----------
+      suff: list of str
+        identifiers used for contrast-specific filenames and folders ['_c0', '_c1', ...]
+
+      names: list of str
+        derived from constrast-specific input folder
+
+      templates_out: list of str
+        full path to output templates
+
+      templates: list of str
+        holds current template names during registration
+
+      n_volumes: list of int
+        number of volumes in each contrast
+
+      fod_reorientation: list of bool
+        whether to perform FOD reorientation with mrtransform
+
+      isfinite_count: list of str
+        filenames of images holding (weighted) number of finite-valued voxels across all images
+
+      mc_weight_<mode>: list of floats
+        contrast-specific weight used during initialisation / registration
+
+      <mode>_weight_option: list of str
+        weight option to be passed to mrregister, <mode> = {'initial_alignment', 'rigid', 'affine', 'nl'}
+
+      n_contrasts: int
+
+      """
+
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    n_contrasts = len(app.ARGS.input_dir)
+    self.suff = [f'_c{c}' for c in map(str, range(n_contrasts))]
+    self.names = [os.path.relpath(f, os.path.commonprefix(app.ARGS.input_dir)) for f in app.ARGS.input_dir]
+
+    self.templates_out = list(app.ARGS.template)
+
+    self.mc_weight_initial_alignment = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.mc_weight_rigid = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.mc_weight_affine = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.mc_weight_nl = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.initial_alignment_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.rigid_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.affine_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.nl_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+
+    self.isfinite_count = [f'isfinite{c}.mif' for c in self.suff]
+    self.templates = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.n_volumes = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+    self.fod_reorientation = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
+
+
+    for mode in ['initial_alignment', 'rigid', 'affine', 'nl']:
+      opt = app.ARGS.__dict__.get(f'mc_weight_{mode}', None)
+      if opt:
+        if n_contrasts == 1:
+          raise MRtrixError(f'mc_weight_{mode} requires multiple input contrasts')
+        if len(opt) != n_contrasts:
+          raise MRtrixError(f'mc_weight_{mode} needs to be defined for each contrast')
+      else:
+        opt = [1.0] * n_contrasts
+      self.__dict__[f'mc_weight_{mode}'] = opt
+      self.__dict__[f'{mode}_weight_option'] = f' -mc_weights {",".join(map(str, opt))}' if n_contrasts > 1 else ''
+
+    if len(app.ARGS.template) != n_contrasts:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'number of templates ({len(app.ARGS.template)}) '
+                        f'does not match number of input directories ({n_contrasts})')
+
+  @property
+  def n_contrasts(self):
+    return len(self.suff)
+
+  def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    text = ''
+    for cid in range(self.n_contrasts):
+      text += f'\tcontrast: {self.names[cid]}, suffix: {self.suff[cid]}\n'
+    return text
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/execute.py
similarity index 53%
rename from python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py
rename to python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/execute.py
index b835174835..510705bf05 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/execute.py
@@ -13,787 +13,25 @@
 #
 # For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
 
-import json, math, os, re, shlex, shutil, sys
-
-DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES  = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
-DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX    = [2,2,2,4,4,4]
-DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES = [0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.0]
-DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX   = [2,2,2,4,4,4]
-
-DEFAULT_NL_SCALES = [0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0]
-DEFAULT_NL_NITER  = [  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5]
-DEFAULT_NL_LMAX   = [  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4]
-
-DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH = 2.0
-DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH = 1.0
-DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP = 0.5
-
-REGISTRATION_MODES = ['rigid',
-                      'affine',
-                      'nonlinear',
-                      'rigid_affine',
-                      'rigid_nonlinear',
-                      'affine_nonlinear',
-                      'rigid_affine_nonlinear']
-
-LINEAR_ESTIMATORS = ['l1', 'l2', 'lp', 'none']
-
-AGGREGATION_MODES = ['mean', 'median']
-
-LINEAR_ESTIMATORS = ['l1', 'l2', 'lp', 'none']
-
-INITIAL_ALIGNMENT = ['mass', 'robust_mass', 'geometric', 'none']
-
-LEAVE_ONE_OUT = ['0', '1', 'auto']
-
-IMAGEEXT = ['mif', 'nii', 'mih', 'mgh', 'mgz', 'img', 'hdr']
-
-def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)'
-                     ' and Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk)'
-                     ' and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
-
-  cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
-  cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration'
-                          ' (rigid and/or affine, both by default),'
-                          ' then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input_dir',
-                       nargs='+',
-                       type=app.Parser.Various(),
-                       help='Input directory containing all images of a given contrast')
-  cmdline.add_argument('template',
-                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                       help='Output template image')
-  cmdline.add_example_usage('Multi-contrast registration',
-                            'population_template input_WM_ODFs/ output_WM_template.mif input_GM_ODFs/ output_GM_template.mif',
-                            'When performing multi-contrast registration,'
-                            ' the input directory and corresponding output template image'
-                            ' for a given contrast are to be provided as a pair,'
-                            ' with the pairs corresponding to different contrasts provided sequentially.')
-
-  options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment.'
-                            ' Comma separated,'
-                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration.'
-                            ' Comma separated,'
-                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration.'
-                            ' Comma separated,'
-                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
-  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration.'
-                            ' Comma separated,'
-                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
-
-  linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause',
-                          action='store_true',
-                          default=None,
-                          help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction',
-                          action='store_true',
-                          default=None,
-                          help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator',
-                          choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS,
-                          help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric.'
-                               ' Valid choices are:'
-                               ' l1 (least absolute: |x|),'
-                               ' l2 (ordinary least squares),'
-                               ' lp (least powers: |x|^1.2),'
-                               ' none (no robust estimator).'
-                               ' Default: none.')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale',
-                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template,'
-                               ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
-                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES])}).'
-                               ' This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax',
-                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor,'
-                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
-                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX])}).'
-                               ' The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter',
-                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used'
-                               ' within each level before updating the template,'
-                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
-                               ' (default: 50 for each scale).'
-                               ' This must be a single number'
-                               ' or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale',
-                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template,'
-                               ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
-                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES])}).'
-                               ' This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax',
-                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor,'
-                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
-                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX])}).'
-                               ' The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter',
-                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations'
-                               ' used within each level before updating the template,'
-                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
-                               ' (default: 500 for each scale).'
-                               ' This must be a single number'
-                               ' or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
-
-  nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale',
-                         type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                         help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template,'
-                              ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
-                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES])}).'
-                              ' This implicitly defines the number of template levels')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax',
-                         type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                         help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor,'
-                              ' in the form of a list of integers'
-                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX])}).'
-                              ' The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter',
-                         type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
-                         help='Specify the number of registration iterations'
-                              ' used within each level before updating the template,'
-                              ' in the form of a list of integers'
-                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER])}).'
-                              ' The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth',
-                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
-                         default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH,
-                         help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing'
-                              ' (standard deviation in voxel units,'
-                              f' Default {DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth',
-                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
-                         default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH,
-                         help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing'
-                              ' (standard deviation in voxel units,'
-                              f' Default {DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
-  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step',
-                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
-                         default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP,
-                         help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration'
-                              f' (Default: {DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP})')
-
-  class SequenceDirectoryOut(app.Parser.CustomTypeBase):
-    def __call__(self, input_value):
-      return [cmdline.make_userpath_object(app.Parser._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) # pylint: disable=protected-access \
-              for item in input_value.split(',')]
-    @staticmethod
-    def _legacytypestring():
-      return 'SEQDIROUT'
-    @staticmethod
-    def _metavar():
-      return 'directory_list'
-
-  options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
-  registration_modes_string = ', '.join(f'"{x}"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if '_' in x)
-  options.add_argument('-type',
-                       choices=REGISTRATION_MODES,
-                       help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform.'
-                            ' Options are:'
-                            ' "rigid" (perform rigid registration only,'
-                            ' which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis);'
-                            ' "affine" (perform affine registration);'
-                            ' "nonlinear";'
-                            f' as well as combinations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}.'
-                            ' Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear',
-                            default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
-  options.add_argument('-voxel_size',
-                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
-                       help='Define the template voxel size in mm.'
-                            ' Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
-  options.add_argument('-initial_alignment',
-                       choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT,
-                       default='mass',
-                       help='Method of alignment to form the initial template.'
-                            ' Options are:'
-                            ' "mass" (default);'
-                            ' "robust_mass" (requires masks);'
-                            ' "geometric";'
-                            ' "none".')
-  options.add_argument('-mask_dir',
-                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
-                       help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory,'
-                            ' one per input image'
-                            ' (with the same file name prefix).'
-                            ' Using masks will speed up registration significantly.'
-                            ' Note that masks are used for registration,'
-                            ' not for aggregation.'
-                            ' To exclude areas from aggregation,'
-                            ' NaN-mask your input images.')
-  options.add_argument('-warp_dir',
-                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                       help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template.'
-                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir',
-                       type=SequenceDirectoryOut(),
-                       help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template.'
-                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created.'
-                            ' For multi-contrast registration,'
-                            ' provide a comma-separated list of directories.')
-  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir',
-                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
-                       help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations'
-                            ' used to generate the template.'
-                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
-  options.add_argument('-template_mask',
-                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
-                       help='Output a template mask.'
-                            ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.'
-                            ' The template mask is computed as the intersection'
-                            ' of all subject masks in template space.')
-  options.add_argument('-noreorientation',
-                       action='store_true',
-                       default=None,
-                       help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister.'
-                            ' Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension'
-                            ' corresponds to the number of coefficients'
-                            ' in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series'
-                            ' (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
-  options.add_argument('-leave_one_out',
-                       choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT,
-                       default='auto',
-                       help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image.'
-                            f' Valid choices: {", ".join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT)}.'
-                            ' (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))')
-  options.add_argument('-aggregate',
-                       choices=AGGREGATION_MODES,
-                       help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image.'
-                            f' Valid choices: {", ".join(AGGREGATION_MODES)}.'
-                            ' Default: mean')
-  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights',
-                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
-                       help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation.'
-                            ' Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight.'
-                            ' Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
-  options.add_argument('-nanmask',
-                       action='store_true',
-                       default=None,
-                       help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values'
-                            ' to specify include areas for registration and aggregation.'
-                            ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
-  options.add_argument('-copy_input',
-                       action='store_true',
-                       default=None,
-                       help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
-  options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files',
-                       action='store_true',
-                       default=None,
-                       help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
-
-# ENH: add option to initialise warps / transformations
-
-
-
-def abspath(arg, *args):
-  return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(arg, *args))
-
-
-def copy(src, dst, follow_symlinks=True):
-  """Copy data but do not set mode bits. Return the file's destination.
-
-  mimics shutil.copy but without setting mode bits as shutil.copymode can fail on exotic mounts
-  (observed on cifs with file_mode=0777).
-  """
-  if os.path.isdir(dst):
-    dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
-  if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
-    shutil.copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)   # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
-  else:
-    shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
-  return dst
-
-
-def check_linear_transformation(transformation, cmd, max_scaling=0.5, max_shear=0.2, max_rot=None, pause_on_warn=True):
-  from mrtrix3 import app, run, utils #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  if max_rot is None:
-    max_rot = 2 * math.pi
-
-  good = True
-  run.command(f'transformcalc {transformation} decompose {transformation}decomp')
-  if not os.path.isfile(f'{transformation}decomp'):  # does not exist if run with -continue option
-    app.console(f'"{transformation}decomp" not found; skipping check')
-    return True
-  data = utils.load_keyval(f'{transformation}decomp')
-  run.function(os.remove, f'{transformation}decomp')
-  scaling = [float(value) for value in data['scaling']]
-  if any(a < 0 for a in scaling) or any(a > (1 + max_scaling) for a in scaling) or any(
-      a < (1 - max_scaling) for a in scaling):
-    app.warn(f'large scaling ({scaling})) in {transformation}')
-    good = False
-  shear = [float(value) for value in data['shear']]
-  if any(abs(a) > max_shear for a in shear):
-    app.warn(f'large shear ({shear}) in {transformation}')
-    good = False
-  rot_angle = float(data['angle_axis'][0])
-  if abs(rot_angle) > max_rot:
-    app.warn(f'large rotation ({rot_angle}) in {transformation}')
-    good = False
-
-  if not good:
-    newcmd = []
-    what = ''
-    init_rotation_found = False
-    skip = 0
-    for element in cmd.split():
-      if skip:
-        skip -= 1
-        continue
-      if '_init_rotation' in element:
-        init_rotation_found = True
-      if '_init_matrix' in element:
-        skip = 1
-        continue
-      if 'affine_scale' in element:
-        assert what != 'rigid'
-        what = 'affine'
-      elif 'rigid_scale' in element:
-        assert what != 'affine'
-        what = 'rigid'
-      newcmd.append(element)
-    newcmd = ' '.join(newcmd)
-    if not init_rotation_found:
-      app.console('replacing the transformation obtained with:')
-      app.console(cmd)
-      if what:
-        newcmd += f' -{what}_init_translation mass -{what}_init_rotation search'
-      app.console("by the one obtained with:")
-      app.console(newcmd)
-      run.command(newcmd, force=True)
-      return check_linear_transformation(transformation, newcmd, max_scaling, max_shear, max_rot, pause_on_warn=pause_on_warn)
-    if pause_on_warn:
-      app.warn('you might want to manually repeat mrregister with different parameters and overwrite the transformation file: \n{transformation}')
-      app.console(f'The command that failed the test was: \n{cmd}')
-      app.console(f'Working directory: \n{os.getcwd()}')
-      input('press enter to continue population_template')
-  return good
-
-
-def aggregate(inputs, output, contrast_idx, mode, force=True):
-  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, run  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-
-  images = [inp.ims_transformed[contrast_idx] for inp in inputs]
-  if mode == 'mean':
-    run.command(['mrmath', images, 'mean', '-keep_unary_axes', output], force=force)
-  elif mode == 'median':
-    run.command(['mrmath', images, 'median', '-keep_unary_axes', output], force=force)
-  elif mode == 'weighted_mean':
-    weights = [inp.aggregation_weight for inp in inputs]
-    assert not any(w is None for w in weights), weights
-    wsum = sum(float(w) for w in weights)
-    cmd = ['mrcalc']
-    if wsum <= 0:
-      raise MRtrixError('the sum of aggregetion weights has to be positive')
-    for weight, image in zip(weights, images):
-      if float(weight) != 0:
-        cmd += [image, weight, '-mult'] + (['-add'] if len(cmd) > 1 else [])
-    cmd += [f'{wsum:.16f}', '-div', output]
-    run.command(cmd, force=force)
-  else:
-    raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation mode {mode} not understood')
-
-
-def inplace_nan_mask(images, masks):
-  from mrtrix3 import run  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  assert len(images) == len(masks), (len(images), len(masks))
-  for image, mask in zip(images, masks):
-    target_dir = os.path.split(image)[0]
-    masked = os.path.join(target_dir, f'__{os.path.split(image)[1]}')
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {mask} {image} nan -if {masked}', force=True)
-    run.function(shutil.move, masked, image)
-
-
-def calculate_isfinite(inputs, contrasts):
-  from mrtrix3 import run, path  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  agg_weights = [float(inp.aggregation_weight) for inp in inputs if inp.aggregation_weight is not None]
-  for cid in range(contrasts.n_contrasts):
-    for inp in inputs:
-      if contrasts.n_volumes[cid] > 0:
-        cmd = f'mrconvert {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} -coord 3 0 - | ' \
-              f'mrcalc - -finite'
-      else:
-        cmd = f'mrcalc {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} -finite'
-      if inp.aggregation_weight:
-        cmd += f' {inp.aggregation_weight} -mult'
-      cmd += f' isfinite{contrasts.suff[cid]}/{inp.uid}.mif'
-      run.command(cmd, force=True)
-  for cid in range(contrasts.n_contrasts):
-    cmd = ['mrmath', path.all_in_dir(f'isfinite{contrasts.suff[cid]}'), 'sum']
-    if agg_weights:
-      agg_weight_norm = float(len(agg_weights)) / sum(agg_weights)
-      cmd += ['-', '|', 'mrcalc', '-', str(agg_weight_norm), '-mult']
-    run.command(cmd + [contrasts.isfinite_count[cid]], force=True)
-
-
-def get_common_postfix(file_list):
-  return os.path.commonprefix([i[::-1] for i in file_list])[::-1]
-
-
-def get_common_prefix(file_list):
-  return os.path.commonprefix(file_list)
-
-
-class Contrasts:
-  """
-      Class that parses arguments and holds information specific to each image contrast
-
-      Attributes
-      ----------
-      suff: list of str
-        identifiers used for contrast-specific filenames and folders ['_c0', '_c1', ...]
-
-      names: list of str
-        derived from constrast-specific input folder
-
-      templates_out: list of str
-        full path to output templates
-
-      templates: list of str
-        holds current template names during registration
-
-      n_volumes: list of int
-        number of volumes in each contrast
-
-      fod_reorientation: list of bool
-        whether to perform FOD reorientation with mrtransform
-
-      isfinite_count: list of str
-        filenames of images holding (weighted) number of finite-valued voxels across all images
-
-      mc_weight_<mode>: list of floats
-        contrast-specific weight used during initialisation / registration
-
-      <mode>_weight_option: list of str
-        weight option to be passed to mrregister, <mode> = {'initial_alignment', 'rigid', 'affine', 'nl'}
-
-      n_contrasts: int
-
-      """
-
-
-  def __init__(self):
-    from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-
-    n_contrasts = len(app.ARGS.input_dir)
-    self.suff = [f'_c{c}' for c in map(str, range(n_contrasts))]
-    self.names = [os.path.relpath(f, os.path.commonprefix(app.ARGS.input_dir)) for f in app.ARGS.input_dir]
-
-    self.templates_out = list(app.ARGS.template)
-
-    self.mc_weight_initial_alignment = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.mc_weight_rigid = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.mc_weight_affine = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.mc_weight_nl = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.initial_alignment_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.rigid_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.affine_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.nl_weight_option = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-
-    self.isfinite_count = [f'isfinite{c}.mif' for c in self.suff]
-    self.templates = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.n_volumes = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-    self.fod_reorientation = [None for _ in range(self.n_contrasts)]
-
-
-    for mode in ['initial_alignment', 'rigid', 'affine', 'nl']:
-      opt = app.ARGS.__dict__.get(f'mc_weight_{mode}', None)
-      if opt:
-        if n_contrasts == 1:
-          raise MRtrixError(f'mc_weight_{mode} requires multiple input contrasts')
-        if len(opt) != n_contrasts:
-          raise MRtrixError(f'mc_weight_{mode} needs to be defined for each contrast')
-      else:
-        opt = [1.0] * n_contrasts
-      self.__dict__[f'mc_weight_{mode}'] = opt
-      self.__dict__[f'{mode}_weight_option'] = f' -mc_weights {",".join(map(str, opt))}' if n_contrasts > 1 else ''
-
-    if len(app.ARGS.template) != n_contrasts:
-      raise MRtrixError(f'number of templates ({len(app.ARGS.template)}) '
-                        f'does not match number of input directories ({n_contrasts})')
-
-  @property
-  def n_contrasts(self):
-    return len(self.suff)
-
-  def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-    text = ''
-    for cid in range(self.n_contrasts):
-      text += f'\tcontrast: {self.names[cid]}, suffix: {self.suff[cid]}\n'
-    return text
-
-
-class Input:
-  """
-      Class that holds input information specific to a single image (multiple contrasts)
-
-      Attributes
-      ----------
-      uid: str
-        unique identifier for these input image(s), does not contain spaces
-
-      ims_path: list of str
-        full path to input images, shell quoted OR paths to cached file if cache_local was called
-
-      msk_path: str
-        full path to input mask, shell quoted OR path to cached file if cache_local was called
-
-      ims_filenames : list of str
-        for each contrast the input file paths stripped of their respective directories. Used for final output only.
-
-      msk_filename: str
-        as ims_filenames
-
-      ims_transformed: list of str
-        input_transformed<contrast identifier>/<uid>.mif
-
-      msk_transformed: list of str
-        mask_transformed/<uid>.mif
-
-      aggregation_weight: float
-        weights used in image aggregation that forms the template. Has to be normalised across inputs.
-
-      _im_directories : list of str
-        full path to user-provided input directories containing the input images, one for each contrast
-
-      _msk_directory: str
-        full path to user-provided mask directory
-
-      _local_ims: list of str
-        path to cached input images
-
-      _local_msk: str
-        path to cached input mask
-
-      Methods
-      -------
-      cache_local()
-        copy files into folders in current working directory. modifies _local_ims and  _local_msk
-
-      """
-  def __init__(self, uid, filenames, directories, contrasts, mask_filename='', mask_directory=''):
-    self.contrasts = contrasts
-
-    self.uid = uid
-    assert self.uid, "UID empty"
-    assert self.uid.count(' ') == 0, f'UID "{self.uid}" contains whitespace'
-
-    assert len(directories) == len(filenames)
-    self.ims_filenames = filenames
-    self._im_directories = directories
-
-    self.msk_filename = mask_filename
-    self._msk_directory = mask_directory
-
-    n_contrasts = len(contrasts)
-
-    self.ims_transformed = [os.path.join(f'input_transformed{contrasts[cid]}', f'{uid}.mif') for cid in range(n_contrasts)]
-    self.msk_transformed = os.path.join('mask_transformed', f'{uid}.mif')
-
-    self.aggregation_weight = None
-
-    self._local_ims = []
-    self._local_msk = None
-
-  def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-    text = '\nInput ['
-    for key in sorted([k for k in self.__dict__ if not k.startswith('_')]):
-      text += f'\n\t{key}: {self.__dict__[key]}'
-    text += '\n]'
-    return text
-
-  def info(self):
-    message = [f'input: {self.uid}']
-    if self.aggregation_weight:
-      message += [f'agg weight: {self.aggregation_weight}']
-    for csuff, fname in zip(self.contrasts, self.ims_filenames):
-      message += [f'{(csuff + ": ") if csuff else ""}: "{fname}"']
-    if self.msk_filename:
-      message += [f'mask: {self.msk_filename}']
-    return ', '.join(message)
-
-  def cache_local(self):
-    from mrtrix3 import run  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-    contrasts = self.contrasts
-    for cid, csuff in enumerate(contrasts):
-      os.makedirs(f'input{csuff}', exist_ok=True)
-      run.command(['mrconvert', self.ims_path[cid], os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
-    self._local_ims = [os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif') for csuff in contrasts]
-    if self.msk_filename:
-      os.makedirs('mask', exist_ok=True)
-      run.command(['mrconvert', self.msk_path, os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
-      self._local_msk = os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')
-
-  def get_ims_path(self, quoted=True):
-    """ return path to input images """
-    if self._local_ims:
-      return self._local_ims
-    return [(shlex.quote(abspath(d, f)) \
-             if quoted \
-              else abspath(d, f)) \
-                for d, f in zip(self._im_directories, self.ims_filenames)]
-  ims_path = property(get_ims_path)
-
-  def get_msk_path(self, quoted=True):
-    """ return path to input mask """
-    if self._local_msk:
-      return self._local_msk
-    if not self.msk_filename:
-      return None
-    unquoted_path = os.path.join(self._msk_directory, self.msk_filename)
-    if quoted:
-      return shlex.quote(unquoted_path)
-    return unquoted_path
-  msk_path = property(get_msk_path)
-
-
-def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whitespace_repl='_'):
-  """
-    matches input images across contrasts and pair them with masks.
-    extracts unique identifiers from mask and image filenames by stripping common pre and postfix (per contrast and for masks)
-    unique identifiers contain ASCII letters, numbers and '_' but no whitespace which is replaced by whitespace_repl
-
-    in_files: list of lists
-      the inner list holds filenames specific to a contrast
-
-    mask_files:
-      can be empty
-
-    returns list of Input
-
-    checks: 3d_nonunity
-    TODO check if no common grid & trafo across contrasts (only relevant for robust init?)
-
-  """
-  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
-  contrasts = contrasts.suff
-  inputs = []
-  def paths_to_file_uids(paths, prefix, postfix):
-    """ strip pre and postfix from filename, replace whitespace characters """
-    uid_path = {}
-    uids = []
-    for path in paths:
-      uid = re.sub(re.escape(postfix)+'$', '', re.sub('^'+re.escape(prefix), '', os.path.split(path)[1]))
-      uid = re.sub(r'\s+', whitespace_repl, uid)
-      if not uid:
-        raise MRtrixError(f'No uniquely identifiable part of filename "{path}" '
-                          'after prefix and postfix substitution '
-                          'with prefix "{prefix}" and postfix "{postfix}"')
-      app.debug(f'UID mapping: "{path}" --> "{uid}"')
-      if uid in uid_path:
-        raise MRtrixError(f'unique file identifier is not unique: '
-                          f'"{uid}" mapped to "{path}" and "{uid_path[uid]}"')
-      uid_path[uid] = path
-      uids.append(uid)
-    return uids
-
-  # mask uids
-  mask_uids = []
-  if mask_files:
-    mask_common_postfix = get_common_postfix(mask_files)
-    if not mask_common_postfix:
-      raise MRtrixError('mask filenames do not have a common postfix')
-    mask_common_prefix = get_common_prefix([os.path.split(m)[1] for m in mask_files])
-    mask_uids = paths_to_file_uids(mask_files, mask_common_prefix, mask_common_postfix)
-    if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-      app.console(f'mask uids: {mask_uids}')
-
-  # images uids
-  common_postfix = [get_common_postfix(files) for files in in_files]
-  common_prefix = [get_common_prefix(files) for files in in_files]
-  # xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix: prefix and postfix of the common part across contrasts and subjects,
-  # without image extensions and leading or trailing '_' or '-'
-  xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix = [get_common_postfix(common_prefix).lstrip('_-'),
-                                    get_common_prefix([re.sub('.('+'|'.join(IMAGEEXT)+')(.gz)?$', '', pfix).rstrip('_-') for pfix in common_postfix])]
-  if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console(f'common_postfix: {common_postfix}')
-    app.console(f'common_prefix: {common_prefix}')
-    app.console(f'xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix: {xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix}')
-  for ipostfix, postfix in enumerate(common_postfix):
-    if not postfix:
-      raise MRtrixError('image filenames do not have a common postfix:\n%s' % '\n'.join(in_files[ipostfix]))
-
-  c_uids = []
-  for cid, files in enumerate(in_files):
-    c_uids.append(paths_to_file_uids(files, common_prefix[cid], common_postfix[cid]))
-
-  if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
-    app.console(f'uids by contrast: {c_uids}')
-
-  # join images and masks
-  for ifile, fname in enumerate(in_files[0]):
-    uid = c_uids[0][ifile]
-    fnames = [fname]
-    dirs = [app.ARGS.input_dir[0]]
-    if len(contrasts) > 1:
-      for cid in range(1, len(contrasts)):
-        dirs.append(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid])
-        image.check_3d_nonunity(os.path.join(dirs[cid], in_files[cid][ifile]))
-        if uid != c_uids[cid][ifile]:
-          raise MRtrixError(f'no matching image was found for image {fname} and contrasts {dirs[0]} and {dirs[cid]}')
-        fnames.append(in_files[cid][ifile])
-
-    if mask_files:
-      if uid not in mask_uids:
-        candidates_string = ', '.join([f'"{m}"' for m in mask_uids])
-        raise MRtrixError(f'No matching mask image was found for input image {fname} with uid "{uid}". '
-                          f'Mask uid candidates: {candidates_string}')
-      index = mask_uids.index(uid)
-      # uid, filenames, directories, contrasts, mask_filename = '', mask_directory = '', agg_weight = None
-      inputs.append(Input(uid, fnames, dirs, contrasts,
-                          mask_filename=mask_files[index],
-                          mask_directory=app.ARGS.mask_dir))
-    else:
-      inputs.append(Input(uid, fnames, dirs, contrasts))
-
-  # parse aggregation weights and match to inputs
-  if f_agg_weight:
-    import csv  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-    try:
-      with open(f_agg_weight, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fweights:
-        agg_weights = dict((row[0].lstrip().rstrip(), row[1]) for row in csv.reader(fweights, delimiter=',', quotechar='#'))
-    except UnicodeDecodeError:
-      with open(f_agg_weight, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fweights:
-        reader = csv.reader(fweights.read().decode('utf-8', errors='replace'), delimiter=',', quotechar='#')
-        agg_weights = dict((row[0].lstrip().rstrip(), row[1]) for row in reader)
-    pref = '^' + re.escape(get_common_prefix(list(agg_weights.keys())))
-    suff = re.escape(get_common_postfix(list(agg_weights.keys()))) + '$'
-    for key in agg_weights.keys():
-      agg_weights[re.sub(suff, '', re.sub(pref, '', key))] = agg_weights.pop(key).strip()
-
-    for inp in inputs:
-      if inp.uid not in agg_weights:
-        raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation weight not found for {inp.uid}')
-      inp.aggregation_weight = agg_weights[inp.uid]
-    app.console(f'Using aggregation weights {f_agg_weight}')
-    weights = [float(inp.aggregation_weight) for inp in inputs if inp.aggregation_weight is not None]
-    if sum(weights) <= 0:
-      raise MRtrixError(f'Sum of aggregation weights is not positive: {weights}')
-    if any(w < 0 for w in weights):
-      app.warn(f'Negative aggregation weights: {weights}')
-
-  return inputs, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix
-
+import json, os, shutil
+from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, matrix, path, run
+from .contrasts import Contrasts
+from . import utils
+from . import AGGREGATION_MODES, \
+              DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX, \
+              DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_LMAX, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_NITER, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_SCALES, \
+              DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX, \
+              DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES, \
+              INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, \
+              LEAVE_ONE_OUT, \
+              REGISTRATION_MODES
 
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
-  from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError, app, image, matrix, path, run #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
 
   if not app.ARGS.type in REGISTRATION_MODES:
     raise MRtrixError(f'Registration type must be one of {REGISTRATION_MODES}; provided: "{app.ARGS.type}"')
@@ -891,7 +129,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   if nanmask_input and not use_masks:
     raise MRtrixError('You cannot use NaN masking when no subject masks were input using -mask_dir')
 
-  ins, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix = parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, cns, agg_weights)
+  ins, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix = utils.parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, cns, agg_weights)
 
   leave_one_out = 'auto'
   if app.ARGS.leave_one_out is not None:
@@ -1182,9 +420,9 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     run.command(f'mrconvert {avh3d} -axes 0,1,2,-1 {avh4d}')
     for cid in range(n_contrasts):
       if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 0:
-        run.function(copy, avh3d, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
+        run.function(utils.copy, avh3d, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
       elif cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
-        run.function(copy, avh4d, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
+        run.function(utils.copy, avh4d, f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif')
       else:
         run.command(['mrcat', [avh3d] * cns.n_volumes[cid], '-axis', '3', f'average_header{cns.suff[cid]}.mif'])
     run.function(os.remove, avh3d)
@@ -1212,18 +450,18 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       progress.done()
 
     if nanmask_input:
-      inplace_nan_mask([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
-                       [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
+      utils.inplace_nan_mask([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
+                             [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
 
     if leave_one_out:
-      calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
+      utils.calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
 
     if not dolinear:
       for inp in ins:
         with open(os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fout:
           fout.write('1 0 0 0\n0 1 0 0\n0 0 1 0\n0 0 0 1\n')
 
-    run.function(copy, f'average_header{cns.suff[0]}.mif', 'average_header.mif')
+    run.function(utils.copy, f'average_header{cns.suff[0]}.mif', 'average_header.mif')
 
   else:
     progress = app.ProgressBar('Performing initial rigid registration to template', len(ins))
@@ -1333,15 +571,15 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     progress.done()
 
     if nanmask_input:
-      inplace_nan_mask([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
-                       [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
+      utils.inplace_nan_mask([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
+                             [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
 
     if leave_one_out:
-      calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
+      utils.calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
 
   cns.templates = [f'initial_template{contrast}.mif' for contrast in cns.suff]
   for cid in range(n_contrasts):
-    aggregate(ins, f'initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif', cid, agg_measure)
+    utils.aggregate(ins, f'initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif', cid, agg_measure)
     if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
       run.function(shutil.move, f'initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif', 'tmp.mif')
       run.command(f'mrconvert tmp.mif initial_template{cns.suff[cid]}.mif -axes 0,1,2,-1')
@@ -1349,7 +587,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   # Optimise template with linear registration
   if not dolinear:
     for inp in ins:
-      run.function(copy, os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
+      run.function(utils.copy,
+                   os.path.join('linear_transforms_initial', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
                    os.path.join('linear_transforms', f'{inp.uid}.txt'))
   else:
     level = 0
@@ -1440,9 +679,9 @@ def linear_msg():
                   output_option + \
                   mrregister_log_option
         run.command(command, force=True)
-        check_linear_transformation(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
-                                    command,
-                                    pause_on_warn=do_pause_on_warn)
+        utils.check_linear_transformation(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
+                                          command,
+                                          pause_on_warn=do_pause_on_warn)
         if leave_one_out:
           for im_temp in tmpl:
             run.function(os.remove, im_temp)
@@ -1499,7 +738,7 @@ def linear_msg():
           for inp in ins:
             transform = matrix.load_transform(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'))
             transform_updated = matrix.dot(transform, transform_update)
-            run.function(copy,
+            run.function(utils.copy,
                          os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'),
                          os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.precorrection'))
             matrix.save_transform(os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', f'{inp.uid}.txt'), transform_updated, force=True)
@@ -1535,24 +774,24 @@ def linear_msg():
           progress.increment()
 
       if nanmask_input:
-        inplace_nan_mask([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
-                         [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
+        utils.inplace_nan_mask([inp.ims_transformed[cid] for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
+                               [inp.msk_transformed for inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
 
       if leave_one_out:
-        calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
+        utils.calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
 
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
         if level > 0 and app.ARGS.delete_temporary_files:
           os.remove(cns.templates[cid])
         cns.templates[cid] = f'linear_template{level:02d}{cns.suff[cid]}.mif'
-        aggregate(ins, cns.templates[cid], cid, agg_measure)
+        utils.aggregate(ins, cns.templates[cid], cid, agg_measure)
         if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
           run.function(shutil.move, cns.templates[cid], 'tmp.mif')
           run.command(f'mrconvert tmp.mif {cns.templates[cid]} -axes 0,1,2,-1')
           run.function(os.remove, 'tmp.mif')
 
     for entry in os.listdir(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}'):
-      run.function(copy,
+      run.function(utils.copy,
                    os.path.join(f'linear_transforms_{level:02d}', entry),
                    os.path.join('linear_transforms', entry))
     progress.done()
@@ -1642,17 +881,17 @@ def nonlinear_msg():
         progress.increment(nonlinear_msg())
 
       if nanmask_input:
-        inplace_nan_mask([_inp.ims_transformed[cid] for _inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
-                         [_inp.msk_transformed for _inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
+        utils.inplace_nan_mask([_inp.ims_transformed[cid] for _inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)],
+                               [_inp.msk_transformed for _inp in ins for cid in range(n_contrasts)])
 
       if leave_one_out:
-        calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
+        utils.calculate_isfinite(ins, cns)
 
       for cid in range(n_contrasts):
         if level > 0 and app.ARGS.delete_temporary_files:
           os.remove(cns.templates[cid])
         cns.templates[cid] = f'nl_template{level:02d}{cns.suff[cid]}.mif'
-        aggregate(ins, cns.templates[cid], cid, agg_measure)
+        utils.aggregate(ins, cns.templates[cid], cid, agg_measure)
         if cns.n_volumes[cid] == 1:
           run.function(shutil.move, cns.templates[cid], 'tmp.mif')
           run.command(f'mrconvert tmp.mif {cns.templates[cid]} -axes 0,1,2,-1')
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/input.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/input.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67c66d7b44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+import os, shlex
+
+class Input: # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  """
+      Class that holds input information specific to a single image (multiple contrasts)
+
+      Attributes
+      ----------
+      uid: str
+        unique identifier for these input image(s), does not contain spaces
+
+      ims_path: list of str
+        full path to input images, shell quoted OR paths to cached file if cache_local was called
+
+      msk_path: str
+        full path to input mask, shell quoted OR path to cached file if cache_local was called
+
+      ims_filenames : list of str
+        for each contrast the input file paths stripped of their respective directories. Used for final output only.
+
+      msk_filename: str
+        as ims_filenames
+
+      ims_transformed: list of str
+        input_transformed<contrast identifier>/<uid>.mif
+
+      msk_transformed: list of str
+        mask_transformed/<uid>.mif
+
+      aggregation_weight: float
+        weights used in image aggregation that forms the template. Has to be normalised across inputs.
+
+      _im_directories : list of str
+        full path to user-provided input directories containing the input images, one for each contrast
+
+      _msk_directory: str
+        full path to user-provided mask directory
+
+      _local_ims: list of str
+        path to cached input images
+
+      _local_msk: str
+        path to cached input mask
+
+      Methods
+      -------
+      cache_local()
+        copy files into folders in current working directory. modifies _local_ims and  _local_msk
+
+      """
+  def __init__(self, uid, filenames, directories, contrasts, mask_filename='', mask_directory=''):
+    self.contrasts = contrasts
+
+    self.uid = uid
+    assert self.uid, "UID empty"
+    assert self.uid.count(' ') == 0, f'UID "{self.uid}" contains whitespace'
+
+    assert len(directories) == len(filenames)
+    self.ims_filenames = filenames
+    self._im_directories = directories
+
+    self.msk_filename = mask_filename
+    self._msk_directory = mask_directory
+
+    n_contrasts = len(contrasts)
+
+    self.ims_transformed = [os.path.join(f'input_transformed{contrasts[cid]}', f'{uid}.mif') for cid in range(n_contrasts)]
+    self.msk_transformed = os.path.join('mask_transformed', f'{uid}.mif')
+
+    self.aggregation_weight = None
+
+    self._local_ims = []
+    self._local_msk = None
+
+  def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    text = '\nInput ['
+    for key in sorted([k for k in self.__dict__ if not k.startswith('_')]):
+      text += f'\n\t{key}: {self.__dict__[key]}'
+    text += '\n]'
+    return text
+
+  def info(self):
+    message = [f'input: {self.uid}']
+    if self.aggregation_weight:
+      message += [f'agg weight: {self.aggregation_weight}']
+    for csuff, fname in zip(self.contrasts, self.ims_filenames):
+      message += [f'{(csuff + ": ") if csuff else ""}: "{fname}"']
+    if self.msk_filename:
+      message += [f'mask: {self.msk_filename}']
+    return ', '.join(message)
+
+  def cache_local(self):
+    from mrtrix3 import run  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module, import-outside-toplevel
+    contrasts = self.contrasts
+    for cid, csuff in enumerate(contrasts):
+      os.makedirs(f'input{csuff}', exist_ok=True)
+      run.command(['mrconvert', self.ims_path[cid], os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
+    self._local_ims = [os.path.join(f'input{csuff}', f'{self.uid}.mif') for csuff in contrasts]
+    if self.msk_filename:
+      os.makedirs('mask', exist_ok=True)
+      run.command(['mrconvert', self.msk_path, os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')])
+      self._local_msk = os.path.join('mask', f'{self.uid}.mif')
+
+  def get_ims_path(self, quoted=True):
+    """ return path to input images """
+    def abspath(arg, *args): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+      return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(arg, *args))
+    if self._local_ims:
+      return self._local_ims
+    return [(shlex.quote(abspath(d, f)) \
+             if quoted \
+              else abspath(d, f)) \
+                for d, f in zip(self._im_directories, self.ims_filenames)]
+  ims_path = property(get_ims_path)
+
+  def get_msk_path(self, quoted=True):
+    """ return path to input mask """
+    if self._local_msk:
+      return self._local_msk
+    if not self.msk_filename:
+      return None
+    unquoted_path = os.path.join(self._msk_directory, self.msk_filename)
+    if quoted:
+      return shlex.quote(unquoted_path)
+    return unquoted_path
+  msk_path = property(get_msk_path)
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/usage.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/usage.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3bd98093c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+from mrtrix3 import app #pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
+
+from . import AGGREGATION_MODES, \
+              DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX, \
+              DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_LMAX, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_NITER, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_SCALES, \
+              DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH, \
+              DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX, \
+              DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES, \
+              INITIAL_ALIGNMENT, \
+              LEAVE_ONE_OUT, \
+              LINEAR_ESTIMATORS, \
+              REGISTRATION_MODES
+
+
+class SequenceDirectoryOut(app.Parser.CustomTypeBase):
+  def __call__(self, input_value):
+    return [app.Parser.make_userpath_object(app.Parser._UserDirOutPathExtras, item) # pylint: disable=protected-access \
+            for item in input_value.split(',')]
+  @staticmethod
+  def _legacytypestring():
+    return 'SEQDIROUT'
+  @staticmethod
+  def _metavar():
+    return 'directory_list'
+
+
+
+def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  cmdline.set_author('David Raffelt (david.raffelt@florey.edu.au)'
+                     ' and Max Pietsch (maximilian.pietsch@kcl.ac.uk)'
+                     ' and Thijs Dhollander (thijs.dhollander@gmail.com)')
+
+  cmdline.set_synopsis('Generates an unbiased group-average template from a series of images')
+  cmdline.add_description('First a template is optimised with linear registration'
+                          ' (rigid and/or affine, both by default),'
+                          ' then non-linear registration is used to optimise the template further.')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input_dir',
+                       nargs='+',
+                       type=app.Parser.Various(),
+                       help='Input directory containing all images of a given contrast')
+  cmdline.add_argument('template',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='Output template image')
+  cmdline.add_example_usage('Multi-contrast registration',
+                            'population_template input_WM_ODFs/ output_WM_template.mif input_GM_ODFs/ output_GM_template.mif',
+                            'When performing multi-contrast registration,'
+                            ' the input directory and corresponding output template image'
+                            ' for a given contrast are to be provided as a pair,'
+                            ' with the pairs corresponding to different contrasts provided sequentially.')
+
+  options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Multi-contrast options')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_initial_alignment',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the initial alignment.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting).')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_rigid',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of rigid registration.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_affine',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of affine registration.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+  options.add_argument('-mc_weight_nl',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Weight contribution of each contrast to the objective of nonlinear registration.'
+                            ' Comma separated,'
+                            ' default: 1.0 for each contrast (ie. equal weighting)')
+
+  linoptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the linear registration')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_pause',
+                          action='store_true',
+                          default=None,
+                          help='Do not pause the script if a linear registration seems implausible')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_no_drift_correction',
+                          action='store_true',
+                          default=None,
+                          help='Deactivate correction of template appearance (scale and shear) over iterations')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-linear_estimator',
+                          choices=LINEAR_ESTIMATORS,
+                          help='Specify estimator for intensity difference metric.'
+                               ' Valid choices are:'
+                               ' l1 (least absolute: |x|),'
+                               ' l2 (ordinary least squares),'
+                               ' lp (least powers: |x|^1.2),'
+                               ' none (no robust estimator).'
+                               ' Default: none.')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_scale',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the rigid template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_SCALES])}).'
+                               ' This and affine_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_lmax',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the lmax used for rigid registration for each scale factor,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_RIGID_LMAX])}).'
+                               ' The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-rigid_niter',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations used'
+                               ' within each level before updating the template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               ' (default: 50 for each scale).'
+                               ' This must be a single number'
+                               ' or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_scale',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                          help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the affine template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_SCALES])}).'
+                               ' This and rigid_scale implicitly define the number of template levels')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_lmax',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the lmax used for affine registration for each scale factor,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_AFFINE_LMAX])}).'
+                               ' The list must be the same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+  linoptions.add_argument('-affine_niter',
+                          type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                          help='Specify the number of registration iterations'
+                               ' used within each level before updating the template,'
+                               ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                               ' (default: 500 for each scale).'
+                               ' This must be a single number'
+                               ' or a list of same length as the linear_scale factor list')
+
+  nloptions = cmdline.add_argument_group('Options for the non-linear registration')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_scale',
+                         type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                         help='Specify the multi-resolution pyramid used to build the non-linear template,'
+                              ' in the form of a list of scale factors'
+                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_SCALES])}).'
+                              ' This implicitly defines the number of template levels')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_lmax',
+                         type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                         help='Specify the lmax used for non-linear registration for each scale factor,'
+                              ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_LMAX])}).'
+                              ' The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_niter',
+                         type=app.Parser.SequenceInt(),
+                         help='Specify the number of registration iterations'
+                              ' used within each level before updating the template,'
+                              ' in the form of a list of integers'
+                              f' (default: {",".join([str(x) for x in DEFAULT_NL_NITER])}).'
+                              ' The list must be the same length as the nl_scale factor list')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_update_smooth',
+                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                         default=DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH,
+                         help='Regularise the gradient update field with Gaussian smoothing'
+                              ' (standard deviation in voxel units,'
+                              f' Default {DEFAULT_NL_UPDATE_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_disp_smooth',
+                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                         default=DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH,
+                         help='Regularise the displacement field with Gaussian smoothing'
+                              ' (standard deviation in voxel units,'
+                              f' Default {DEFAULT_NL_DISP_SMOOTH} x voxel_size)')
+  nloptions.add_argument('-nl_grad_step',
+                         type=app.Parser.Float(0.0),
+                         default=DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP,
+                         help='The gradient step size for non-linear registration'
+                              f' (Default: {DEFAULT_NL_GRAD_STEP})')
+
+
+
+  options = cmdline.add_argument_group('Input, output and general options')
+  registration_modes_string = ', '.join(f'"{x}"' for x in REGISTRATION_MODES if '_' in x)
+  options.add_argument('-type',
+                       choices=REGISTRATION_MODES,
+                       help='Specify the types of registration stages to perform.'
+                            ' Options are:'
+                            ' "rigid" (perform rigid registration only,'
+                            ' which might be useful for intra-subject registration in longitudinal analysis);'
+                            ' "affine" (perform affine registration);'
+                            ' "nonlinear";'
+                            f' as well as combinations of registration types: {registration_modes_string}.'
+                            ' Default: rigid_affine_nonlinear',
+                            default='rigid_affine_nonlinear')
+  options.add_argument('-voxel_size',
+                       type=app.Parser.SequenceFloat(),
+                       help='Define the template voxel size in mm.'
+                            ' Use either a single value for isotropic voxels or 3 comma-separated values.')
+  options.add_argument('-initial_alignment',
+                       choices=INITIAL_ALIGNMENT,
+                       default='mass',
+                       help='Method of alignment to form the initial template.'
+                            ' Options are:'
+                            ' "mass" (default);'
+                            ' "robust_mass" (requires masks);'
+                            ' "geometric";'
+                            ' "none".')
+  options.add_argument('-mask_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryIn(),
+                       help='Optionally input a set of masks inside a single directory,'
+                            ' one per input image'
+                            ' (with the same file name prefix).'
+                            ' Using masks will speed up registration significantly.'
+                            ' Note that masks are used for registration,'
+                            ' not for aggregation.'
+                            ' To exclude areas from aggregation,'
+                            ' NaN-mask your input images.')
+  options.add_argument('-warp_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                       help='Output a directory containing warps from each input to the template.'
+                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-transformed_dir',
+                       type=SequenceDirectoryOut(),
+                       help='Output a directory containing the input images transformed to the template.'
+                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created.'
+                            ' For multi-contrast registration,'
+                            ' provide a comma-separated list of directories.')
+  options.add_argument('-linear_transformations_dir',
+                       type=app.Parser.DirectoryOut(),
+                       help='Output a directory containing the linear transformations'
+                            ' used to generate the template.'
+                            ' If the folder does not exist it will be created')
+  options.add_argument('-template_mask',
+                       type=app.Parser.ImageOut(),
+                       help='Output a template mask.'
+                            ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.'
+                            ' The template mask is computed as the intersection'
+                            ' of all subject masks in template space.')
+  options.add_argument('-noreorientation',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
+                       help='Turn off FOD reorientation in mrregister.'
+                            ' Reorientation is on by default if the number of volumes in the 4th dimension'
+                            ' corresponds to the number of coefficients'
+                            ' in an antipodally symmetric spherical harmonic series'
+                            ' (i.e. 6, 15, 28, 45, 66 etc)')
+  options.add_argument('-leave_one_out',
+                       choices=LEAVE_ONE_OUT,
+                       default='auto',
+                       help='Register each input image to a template that does not contain that image.'
+                            f' Valid choices: {", ".join(LEAVE_ONE_OUT)}.'
+                            ' (Default: auto (true if n_subjects larger than 2 and smaller than 15))')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregate',
+                       choices=AGGREGATION_MODES,
+                       help='Measure used to aggregate information from transformed images to the template image.'
+                            f' Valid choices: {", ".join(AGGREGATION_MODES)}.'
+                            ' Default: mean')
+  options.add_argument('-aggregation_weights',
+                       type=app.Parser.FileIn(),
+                       help='Comma-separated file containing weights used for weighted image aggregation.'
+                            ' Each row must contain the identifiers of the input image and its weight.'
+                            ' Note that this weighs intensity values not transformations (shape).')
+  options.add_argument('-nanmask',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
+                       help='Optionally apply masks to (transformed) input images using NaN values'
+                            ' to specify include areas for registration and aggregation.'
+                            ' Only works if -mask_dir has been input.')
+  options.add_argument('-copy_input',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
+                       help='Copy input images and masks into local scratch directory.')
+  options.add_argument('-delete_temporary_files',
+                       action='store_true',
+                       default=None,
+                       help='Delete temporary files from scratch directory during template creation.')
+
+# ENH: add option to initialise warps / transformations
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/utils.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d642c3997c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/population_template/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+#
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+# basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+# statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+# Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+# particular purpose or non-infringing.
+# See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+#
+# For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+import csv, math, os, re, shutil, sys
+from mrtrix3 import MRtrixError
+from mrtrix3 import app, image, path, run, utils
+from . import IMAGEEXT
+from .input import Input
+
+
+#def abspath(arg, *args): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+#  return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(arg, *args))
+
+
+
+def copy(src, dst, follow_symlinks=True): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  """Copy data but do not set mode bits. Return the file's destination.
+
+  mimics shutil.copy but without setting mode bits as shutil.copymode can fail on exotic mounts
+  (observed on cifs with file_mode=0777).
+  """
+  if os.path.isdir(dst):
+    dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+  if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
+    shutil.copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)   # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
+  else:
+    shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
+  return dst
+
+
+
+def check_linear_transformation(transformation, cmd, max_scaling=0.5, max_shear=0.2, max_rot=None, pause_on_warn=True): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  if max_rot is None:
+    max_rot = 2 * math.pi
+
+  good = True
+  run.command(f'transformcalc {transformation} decompose {transformation}decomp')
+  if not os.path.isfile(f'{transformation}decomp'):  # does not exist if run with -continue option
+    app.console(f'"{transformation}decomp" not found; skipping check')
+    return True
+  data = utils.load_keyval(f'{transformation}decomp')
+  run.function(os.remove, f'{transformation}decomp')
+  scaling = [float(value) for value in data['scaling']]
+  if any(a < 0 for a in scaling) or any(a > (1 + max_scaling) for a in scaling) or any(
+      a < (1 - max_scaling) for a in scaling):
+    app.warn(f'large scaling ({scaling})) in {transformation}')
+    good = False
+  shear = [float(value) for value in data['shear']]
+  if any(abs(a) > max_shear for a in shear):
+    app.warn(f'large shear ({shear}) in {transformation}')
+    good = False
+  rot_angle = float(data['angle_axis'][0])
+  if abs(rot_angle) > max_rot:
+    app.warn(f'large rotation ({rot_angle}) in {transformation}')
+    good = False
+
+  if not good:
+    newcmd = []
+    what = ''
+    init_rotation_found = False
+    skip = 0
+    for element in cmd.split():
+      if skip:
+        skip -= 1
+        continue
+      if '_init_rotation' in element:
+        init_rotation_found = True
+      if '_init_matrix' in element:
+        skip = 1
+        continue
+      if 'affine_scale' in element:
+        assert what != 'rigid'
+        what = 'affine'
+      elif 'rigid_scale' in element:
+        assert what != 'affine'
+        what = 'rigid'
+      newcmd.append(element)
+    newcmd = ' '.join(newcmd)
+    if not init_rotation_found:
+      app.console('replacing the transformation obtained with:')
+      app.console(cmd)
+      if what:
+        newcmd += f' -{what}_init_translation mass -{what}_init_rotation search'
+      app.console("by the one obtained with:")
+      app.console(newcmd)
+      run.command(newcmd, force=True)
+      return check_linear_transformation(transformation, newcmd, max_scaling, max_shear, max_rot, pause_on_warn=pause_on_warn)
+    if pause_on_warn:
+      app.warn('you might want to manually repeat mrregister with different parameters and overwrite the transformation file: \n{transformation}')
+      app.console(f'The command that failed the test was: \n{cmd}')
+      app.console(f'Working directory: \n{os.getcwd()}')
+      input('press enter to continue population_template')
+  return good
+
+
+
+def aggregate(inputs, output, contrast_idx, mode, force=True): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  images = [inp.ims_transformed[contrast_idx] for inp in inputs]
+  if mode == 'mean':
+    run.command(['mrmath', images, 'mean', '-keep_unary_axes', output], force=force)
+  elif mode == 'median':
+    run.command(['mrmath', images, 'median', '-keep_unary_axes', output], force=force)
+  elif mode == 'weighted_mean':
+    weights = [inp.aggregation_weight for inp in inputs]
+    assert not any(w is None for w in weights), weights
+    wsum = sum(float(w) for w in weights)
+    cmd = ['mrcalc']
+    if wsum <= 0:
+      raise MRtrixError('the sum of aggregetion weights has to be positive')
+    for weight, imagepath in zip(weights, images):
+      if float(weight) != 0:
+        cmd += [imagepath, weight, '-mult'] + (['-add'] if len(cmd) > 1 else [])
+    cmd += [f'{wsum:.16f}', '-div', output]
+    run.command(cmd, force=force)
+  else:
+    raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation mode {mode} not understood')
+
+
+
+def inplace_nan_mask(images, masks): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  assert len(images) == len(masks), (len(images), len(masks))
+  for imagepath, maskpath in zip(images, masks):
+    target_dir = os.path.split(imagepath)[0]
+    masked = os.path.join(target_dir, f'__{os.path.split(image)[1]}')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {maskpath} {imagepath} nan -if {masked}', force=True)
+    run.function(shutil.move, masked, imagepath)
+
+
+
+def calculate_isfinite(inputs, contrasts): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  agg_weights = [float(inp.aggregation_weight) for inp in inputs if inp.aggregation_weight is not None]
+  for cid in range(contrasts.n_contrasts):
+    for inp in inputs:
+      if contrasts.n_volumes[cid] > 0:
+        cmd = f'mrconvert {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} -coord 3 0 - | ' \
+              f'mrcalc - -finite'
+      else:
+        cmd = f'mrcalc {inp.ims_transformed[cid]} -finite'
+      if inp.aggregation_weight:
+        cmd += f' {inp.aggregation_weight} -mult'
+      cmd += f' isfinite{contrasts.suff[cid]}/{inp.uid}.mif'
+      run.command(cmd, force=True)
+  for cid in range(contrasts.n_contrasts):
+    cmd = ['mrmath', path.all_in_dir(f'isfinite{contrasts.suff[cid]}'), 'sum']
+    if agg_weights:
+      agg_weight_norm = float(len(agg_weights)) / sum(agg_weights)
+      cmd += ['-', '|', 'mrcalc', '-', str(agg_weight_norm), '-mult']
+    run.command(cmd + [contrasts.isfinite_count[cid]], force=True)
+
+
+
+def get_common_postfix(file_list): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  return os.path.commonprefix([i[::-1] for i in file_list])[::-1]
+
+
+
+def get_common_prefix(file_list): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  return os.path.commonprefix(file_list)
+
+
+
+def parse_input_files(in_files, mask_files, contrasts, f_agg_weight=None, whitespace_repl='_'): # pylint: disable=unused-variable
+  """
+    matches input images across contrasts and pair them with masks.
+    extracts unique identifiers from mask and image filenames by stripping common pre and postfix (per contrast and for masks)
+    unique identifiers contain ASCII letters, numbers and '_' but no whitespace which is replaced by whitespace_repl
+
+    in_files: list of lists
+      the inner list holds filenames specific to a contrast
+
+    mask_files:
+      can be empty
+
+    returns list of Input
+
+    checks: 3d_nonunity
+    TODO check if no common grid & trafo across contrasts (only relevant for robust init?)
+
+  """
+  contrasts = contrasts.suff
+  inputs = []
+  def paths_to_file_uids(paths, prefix, postfix):
+    """ strip pre and postfix from filename, replace whitespace characters """
+    uid_path = {}
+    uids = []
+    for filepath in paths:
+      uid = re.sub(re.escape(postfix)+'$', '', re.sub('^'+re.escape(prefix), '', os.path.split(filepath)[1]))
+      uid = re.sub(r'\s+', whitespace_repl, uid)
+      if not uid:
+        raise MRtrixError(f'No uniquely identifiable part of filename "{path}" '
+                          'after prefix and postfix substitution '
+                          'with prefix "{prefix}" and postfix "{postfix}"')
+      app.debug(f'UID mapping: "{filepath}" --> "{uid}"')
+      if uid in uid_path:
+        raise MRtrixError(f'unique file identifier is not unique: '
+                          f'"{uid}" mapped to "{filepath}" and "{uid_path[uid]}"')
+      uid_path[uid] = filepath
+      uids.append(uid)
+    return uids
+
+  # mask uids
+  mask_uids = []
+  if mask_files:
+    mask_common_postfix = get_common_postfix(mask_files)
+    if not mask_common_postfix:
+      raise MRtrixError('mask filenames do not have a common postfix')
+    mask_common_prefix = get_common_prefix([os.path.split(m)[1] for m in mask_files])
+    mask_uids = paths_to_file_uids(mask_files, mask_common_prefix, mask_common_postfix)
+    if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
+      app.console(f'mask uids: {mask_uids}')
+
+  # images uids
+  common_postfix = [get_common_postfix(files) for files in in_files]
+  common_prefix = [get_common_prefix(files) for files in in_files]
+  # xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix: prefix and postfix of the common part across contrasts and subjects,
+  # without image extensions and leading or trailing '_' or '-'
+  xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix = [get_common_postfix(common_prefix).lstrip('_-'),
+                                    get_common_prefix([re.sub('.('+'|'.join(IMAGEEXT)+')(.gz)?$', '', pfix).rstrip('_-') for pfix in common_postfix])]
+  if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
+    app.console(f'common_postfix: {common_postfix}')
+    app.console(f'common_prefix: {common_prefix}')
+    app.console(f'xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix: {xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix}')
+  for ipostfix, postfix in enumerate(common_postfix):
+    if not postfix:
+      raise MRtrixError('image filenames do not have a common postfix:\n%s' % '\n'.join(in_files[ipostfix]))
+
+  c_uids = []
+  for cid, files in enumerate(in_files):
+    c_uids.append(paths_to_file_uids(files, common_prefix[cid], common_postfix[cid]))
+
+  if app.VERBOSITY > 1:
+    app.console(f'uids by contrast: {c_uids}')
+
+  # join images and masks
+  for ifile, fname in enumerate(in_files[0]):
+    uid = c_uids[0][ifile]
+    fnames = [fname]
+    dirs = [app.ARGS.input_dir[0]]
+    if len(contrasts) > 1:
+      for cid in range(1, len(contrasts)):
+        dirs.append(app.ARGS.input_dir[cid])
+        image.check_3d_nonunity(os.path.join(dirs[cid], in_files[cid][ifile]))
+        if uid != c_uids[cid][ifile]:
+          raise MRtrixError(f'no matching image was found for image {fname} and contrasts {dirs[0]} and {dirs[cid]}')
+        fnames.append(in_files[cid][ifile])
+
+    if mask_files:
+      if uid not in mask_uids:
+        candidates_string = ', '.join([f'"{m}"' for m in mask_uids])
+        raise MRtrixError(f'No matching mask image was found for input image {fname} with uid "{uid}". '
+                          f'Mask uid candidates: {candidates_string}')
+      index = mask_uids.index(uid)
+      # uid, filenames, directories, contrasts, mask_filename = '', mask_directory = '', agg_weight = None
+      inputs.append(Input(uid, fnames, dirs, contrasts,
+                          mask_filename=mask_files[index],
+                          mask_directory=app.ARGS.mask_dir))
+    else:
+      inputs.append(Input(uid, fnames, dirs, contrasts))
+
+  # parse aggregation weights and match to inputs
+  if f_agg_weight:
+    try:
+      with open(f_agg_weight, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fweights:
+        agg_weights = dict((row[0].lstrip().rstrip(), row[1]) for row in csv.reader(fweights, delimiter=',', quotechar='#'))
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+      with open(f_agg_weight, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fweights:
+        reader = csv.reader(fweights.read().decode('utf-8', errors='replace'), delimiter=',', quotechar='#')
+        agg_weights = dict((row[0].lstrip().rstrip(), row[1]) for row in reader)
+    pref = '^' + re.escape(get_common_prefix(list(agg_weights.keys())))
+    suff = re.escape(get_common_postfix(list(agg_weights.keys()))) + '$'
+    for key in agg_weights.keys():
+      agg_weights[re.sub(suff, '', re.sub(pref, '', key))] = agg_weights.pop(key).strip()
+
+    for inp in inputs:
+      if inp.uid not in agg_weights:
+        raise MRtrixError(f'aggregation weight not found for {inp.uid}')
+      inp.aggregation_weight = agg_weights[inp.uid]
+    app.console(f'Using aggregation weights {f_agg_weight}')
+    weights = [float(inp.aggregation_weight) for inp in inputs if inp.aggregation_weight is not None]
+    if sum(weights) <= 0:
+      raise MRtrixError(f'Sum of aggregation weights is not positive: {weights}')
+    if any(w < 0 for w in weights):
+      app.warn(f'Negative aggregation weights: {weights}')
+
+  return inputs, xcontrast_xsubject_pre_postfix

From 6a65e81041a6b13f1ea92666cdd3725327fbdebf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2024 21:13:03 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 100/182] git blame: Ignore splitting of population_template
 code

---
 .git-blame-ignore-revs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.git-blame-ignore-revs b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
index f2d7fd4588..b4c7ce0d90 100644
--- a/.git-blame-ignore-revs
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -119,3 +119,8 @@ cd8a6f1c2d0debcf3a6de185f8b92fc0be3e1401
 #Author: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
 #Date:   Fri, 5 Apr 2024 14:06:00 +0100
 #    Replace include guards with #pragma once
+
+9b3de4d4defc3c7572bcd3ab9f214b72ce91abf3
+#Author: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
+#Date:   Sun Jun 9 20:33:33 2024 +1000
+#    population_template: Split source code between files

From 9ff374bf37179713166037ed9b9fe81872bcfb9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 11:39:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 101/182] Avoid using CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR

CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR refers to the top level source tree. Hence, if mrtrix3
is built as a subproject of another project (e.g. using
add_subdirectory), things won't work as expected.
---
 cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake     | 4 ++--
 python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake b/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
index ebcef2728d..93f3dcb1df 100644
--- a/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
+++ b/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 file(
     GLOB CPP_COMMAND_FILES
-    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmd/*.cpp
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmd/*.cpp
 )
 
 file(
     GLOB PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRIES
-    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/python/mrtrix3/commands/*
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/python/mrtrix3/commands/*
 )
 
 set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "")
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
index 8861f055f1..bbfcfcd0bb 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ foreach(CMDNAME ${PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST})
     add_custom_command(
         TARGET MakePythonExecutables
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
-        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${CMDNAME} -DBUILDDIR=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} -P ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${CMDNAME} -DBUILDDIR=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
     )
     list(APPEND PYTHON_BIN_FILES ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${CMDNAME})
 endforeach()

From 398cc04fe0d6ad789e0036fdd38b41fd87d311e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: J-Donald Tournier <jdtournier@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2024 14:29:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 102/182] CMakeList.txt: fix very minor typo in warning message

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index ed4d875479..de5ede25e1 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ project(mrtrix3 LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 3.0.4)
 
 if(NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR STREQUAL "Ninja")
     message(WARNING "It is recommended to use the Ninja generator to build MRtrix3. "
-                    "To use it, run cmake with -G Ninja or set the CMAKE_GENERATOR"
+                    "To use it, run cmake with -G Ninja or set the CMAKE_GENERATOR "
                     "environment variable to Ninja.")
 endif()
 

From 4e2bc42419c8ca7b63a1cf29058bb049f5c66846 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 12:23:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 103/182] Remove app bundle related files and logic now that
 cmake takes care if this

---
 .../macos/MRView.app/Contents/Info.plist      | 156 ------------------
 .../MRView.app/Contents/Resources/mrview.icns | Bin 232623 -> 0 bytes
 .../Contents/Resources/mrview_doc.icns        | Bin 177431 -> 0 bytes
 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/lib       |   1 -
 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/plugins   |   1 -
 .../macos/SHView.app/Contents/Info.plist      |  20 ---
 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Resources |   1 -
 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/lib       |   1 -
 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/plugins   |   1 -
 packaging/macos/build                         |  12 --
 packaging/macos/mrview                        |   8 -
 packaging/macos/shview                        |   8 -
 12 files changed, 209 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Info.plist
 delete mode 100644 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Resources/mrview.icns
 delete mode 100644 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Resources/mrview_doc.icns
 delete mode 120000 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/lib
 delete mode 120000 packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/plugins
 delete mode 100755 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Info.plist
 delete mode 120000 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Resources
 delete mode 120000 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/lib
 delete mode 120000 packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/plugins
 delete mode 100755 packaging/macos/mrview
 delete mode 100755 packaging/macos/shview

diff --git a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Info.plist b/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Info.plist
deleted file mode 100755
index 56b853a703..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Info.plist
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
-<plist version="1.0">
-  <dict>
-    <key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>  <string>6.0</string>
-    <key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>      <string>en-UK</string>
-    <key>CFBundleName</key>                   <string>MRView</string>
-    <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>            <string>MRView</string>
-    <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>             <string>mrview</string>
-    <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>               <string>mrview.icns</string>
-    <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>             <string>org.mrtrix.mrview</string>
-    <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>            <string>APPL</string>
-    <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>     <string>3.0</string>
-    <key>CFBundleVersion</key>                <string>3.0</string>
-    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) 2008-2023 the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
-    <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>         <string>10.14.0</string>
-    <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
-    <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>
-
-    <key>CFBundleURLTypes</key>
-    <array>
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleURLName</key>
-        <string>MRView file</string>
-        <key>CFBundleURLSchemes</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>mrview</string>
-        </array>
-      </dict>
-    </array>
-
-    <key>CFBundleDocumentTypes</key>
-    <array>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>gz</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>MRtrix of NIfTI image (compressed)</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>mif</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>MRtrix image</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>mih</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>MRtrix image header</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>mif.gz</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>MRtrix image (compressed)</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>nii</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>NIfTI image</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>nii.gz</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>NIfTI image (compressed)</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>mgh</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>MGH image</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>mgz</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>MGH image (compressed)</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-      <dict>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeExtensions</key>
-        <array>
-          <string>img</string>
-        </array>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeName</key>
-        <string>Analyze image</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeRole</key>
-        <string>Viewer</string>
-        <key>CFBundleTypeIconFile</key>
-        <string>mrview_doc.icns</string>
-      </dict>
-
-    </array>
-  </dict>
-</plist>
diff --git a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Resources/mrview.icns b/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/Resources/mrview.icns
deleted file mode 100644
index 542cf14c271ad43fd1aa3620eefbefe32727ac8a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
GIT binary patch
literal 0
HcmV?d00001

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z3E3|ie*J2`2%&{=at`V9A-QUy`#s_$zVtWRTuzUYDkGK5Wy~*Hen|=}jbC4Jl(>3^
zZ~pq%a%HX8p0s$ZRD}jEZK3MUAqWR&+Jp#n=Pj(y2{WpLZX|Z(ogLLBJjPjY1xNc1
zTe8a^f2>%1d*cP<m}#i<570;t3_9@1)#3pXdt#J+wI+PQRdkb|Mg-Gy)+s@B<@~A(
zTYJBJ`2I?37O>(|%&x#QPFvjv4ndHqB9K!m?0A0O4Srk{OfTzNYY!n)QPKh$f;sUK
zJ^5FQw(f+OieHdcQT0a1IV*DszMhEk^p!D1mrt-Z`P)F408IM?Ir60`<Lv82A=@P<
zN=rzqayrxEx~c{lito^Ma2FFTa%17*oczxLGMoJ9WUZv?4P6{CVpu3NE`45K%<e-A
zCVy)ac2_OzDO)^n_AS@o(2mXhQufHqYB+6K;e*bab4B7o4qG#7RcpHD!0WZ)PaWFQ
z0?8>mNUj~fF<}@#+cD?fqu0wW=x=9ETL}K`!nRKyGVezVC*FrBx0n!tpah)WFX{J7
z$k8?zdZE`fmo>$5=%ubC)1p`xbRAj_<!oXovpKQ7g_3F@y8$h?9Oy|kdKqp7xA9>%
zTe_Y`&&}(;UtIY6)|2HoARAqKH1U3RQkq{GWFnn+xrj|NZ`iR(7ma=AE#`IED)h(Q
zF{44`_L^C3pHLnn_QpZZM5<icK|Xs~EWloG@aZkyK0d*(ye3<tymOOAzsZi@WW(lc
zzljjup8tRTdXb+i@TL6L@U2rmKSIED=9JaRyq_-L@;c`234sW1<^9LENA9;vR+9Jo
z&zD&HJbm+;pBwq$@MkClB00?c!xhc<=N6KKe*km24+Q?y;7@Sw6QO@?@Mk#p`L=&)
z@NaN#w&))l{5zcccKaV1`~{p_x$B<|{tC{0`%fhQ63)Hw`v89pfAt^W?Y~d(*ZryD
z{}|w};e)@g<^K(Q=ywwS_4q?Oe#dX<U)KM(AAf-VD}Veq;e-ES{{QRy|KA&b`{ZBI
YXY%*^6L~;*`EM8Dfyh7T`#<^oFR#^aAOHXW

diff --git a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/lib b/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/lib
deleted file mode 120000
index a5bc7439f9..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/lib
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../lib
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/plugins b/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/plugins
deleted file mode 120000
index e18ba3b9ff..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/MRView.app/Contents/plugins
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../bin/plugins
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Info.plist b/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Info.plist
deleted file mode 100755
index 878182098a..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Info.plist
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
-<plist version="1.0">
-  <dict>
-    <key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>  <string>6.0</string>
-    <key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>      <string>en-UK</string>
-    <key>CFBundleName</key>                   <string>SHView</string>
-    <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>            <string>SHView</string>
-    <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>             <string>shview</string>
-    <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>               <string>mrview.icns</string>
-    <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>             <string>org.mrtrix.shview</string>
-    <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>            <string>APPL</string>
-    <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>     <string>3.0</string>
-    <key>CFBundleVersion</key>                <string>3.0</string>
-    <key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>       <string>Copyright (c) 2008-2023 the MRtrix3 contributors</string>
-    <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>         <string>10.14.0</string>
-    <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>               <string>0</string>
-    <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>        <true/>
-  </dict>
-</plist>
diff --git a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Resources b/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Resources
deleted file mode 120000
index 4b771a36eb..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/Resources
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../MRView.app/Contents/Resources
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/lib b/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/lib
deleted file mode 120000
index a5bc7439f9..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/lib
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../lib
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/plugins b/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/plugins
deleted file mode 120000
index e18ba3b9ff..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/SHView.app/Contents/plugins
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../bin/plugins
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packaging/macos/build b/packaging/macos/build
index ff10f88a3a..69d458605a 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/build
+++ b/packaging/macos/build
@@ -171,18 +171,6 @@ if [ "${OS}" = "macos" ]; then
 fi
 rm -rf ${PREFIX}_dep
 
-if [ "${OS}" = "macos" ]; then
-  cp -R ${PLD}/MRView.app ${PREFIX}/bin
-  mkdir -p ${PREFIX}/bin/MRView.app/Contents/MacOS/
-  mv ${PREFIX}/bin/mrview ${PREFIX}/bin/MRView.app/Contents/MacOS/
-  cp ${PLD}/mrview ${PREFIX}/bin
-
-  cp -R ${PLD}/SHView.app ${PREFIX}/bin
-  mkdir -p ${PREFIX}/bin/SHView.app/Contents/MacOS/
-  mv ${PREFIX}/bin/shview ${PREFIX}/bin/SHView.app/Contents/MacOS/
-  cp ${PLD}/shview ${PREFIX}/bin
-fi
-
 cd ${PREFIX}/..
 tar cfJ mrtrix3-${OS}-${TAGNAME}.tar.xz mrtrix3
 rm -rf ${PREFIX}
diff --git a/packaging/macos/mrview b/packaging/macos/mrview
deleted file mode 100755
index d4a08e287b..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/mrview
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-f="${BASH_SOURCE}"
-while [[ -L "${f}" ]]; do
- f2="$(readlink "${f}")"
- if [[ "${f2}" = /* ]]; then f="${f2}"; else f="$(dirname "${f}")/${f2}"; fi
-done
-f=$(dirname "${f}")
-"${f}"/MRView.app/Contents/MacOS/mrview "$@"
diff --git a/packaging/macos/shview b/packaging/macos/shview
deleted file mode 100755
index 3ec290edd1..0000000000
--- a/packaging/macos/shview
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-f="${BASH_SOURCE}"
-while [[ -L "${f}" ]]; do
- f2="$(readlink "${f}")"
- if [[ "${f2}" = /* ]]; then f="${f2}"; else f="$(dirname "${f}")/${f2}"; fi
-done
-f=$(dirname "${f}")
-"${f}"/SHView.app/Contents/MacOS/shview "$@"

From 2f8df8d5f57ec06c5b341621ab48eaaafb8c0d43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 12:25:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 104/182] Remove MRTRIX_USE_QT6 as it is no longer supported

---
 packaging/macos/build | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packaging/macos/build b/packaging/macos/build
index 69d458605a..5d28f321c4 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/build
+++ b/packaging/macos/build
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/MRtrix3/mrtrix3.git mrtrix3-src -b ${TAGNAME}
 cd ${PREFIX}-src
 sed -i.bak -e '90,101d' cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
 MRTRIX_VERSION=$(git describe --abbrev=8 | tr '-' '_')
-cmake -B build -G Ninja -DMRTRIX_USE_QT6=ON -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX}
+cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX}
 cmake --build build
 cd ..
 MRTRIX_SECONDS=${SECONDS}

From 73e46870f2b57c9ddaad95e1bca2bf5df17392ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 13:01:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 105/182] Make sure app bundles can find the bundled qt6
 plugins

---
 packaging/macos/build | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/packaging/macos/build b/packaging/macos/build
index 5d28f321c4..4f0515e9f3 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/build
+++ b/packaging/macos/build
@@ -171,6 +171,11 @@ if [ "${OS}" = "macos" ]; then
 fi
 rm -rf ${PREFIX}_dep
 
+cd ${PREFIX}/bin/mrview.app/Contents
+ln -s ../../../bin/plugins
+cd ${PREFIX}/bin/shview.app/Contents
+ln -s ../../../bin/plugins
+
 cd ${PREFIX}/..
 tar cfJ mrtrix3-${OS}-${TAGNAME}.tar.xz mrtrix3
 rm -rf ${PREFIX}

From 96ed3f17acdc60ccea40f7dd3b04f65ea5912140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: J-Donald Tournier <jdtournier@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 12:06:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 106/182] remove TIFF from build system following removal from
 code

---
 .github/workflows/checks.yml       |  1 -
 core/CMakeLists.txt                | 13 +------------
 packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD           |  2 --
 packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh |  3 +--
 4 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/checks.yml b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
index 4a4487d3ce..89f85fafcd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/checks.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
@@ -211,7 +211,6 @@ jobs:
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-eigen3
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-fftw
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-gcc
-            ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-libtiff
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-ninja
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-pkg-config
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-qt6-base
diff --git a/core/CMakeLists.txt b/core/CMakeLists.txt
index 395c089319..7cc54e9388 100644
--- a/core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -8,17 +8,13 @@ find_package(FFTW REQUIRED)
 find_package(Git QUIET)
 find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
 find_package(PNG QUIET)
-find_package(TIFF QUIET)
 
-# The find modules for Eigen3, PNG and TIFF don't log the location
+# The find modules for Eigen3, and PNG don't log the location
 # of the libraries, so we do it manually here
 message(STATUS "Found Eigen3: ${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR}")
 if(PNG_FOUND)
     message(STATUS "Found PNG: ${PNG_LIBRARIES}")
 endif()
-if(TIFF_FOUND)
-    message(STATUS "Found TIFF: ${TIFF_LIBRARIES}")
-endif()
 
 add_library(mrtrix-core SHARED ${CORE_SRCS})
 add_library(mrtrix::core ALIAS mrtrix-core)
@@ -86,13 +82,6 @@ else()
     message(WARNING "libpng not found, disabling PNG support")
 endif()
 
-if(TIFF_FOUND)
-    target_compile_definitions(mrtrix-core PUBLIC MRTRIX_TIFF_SUPPORT)
-    target_link_libraries(mrtrix-core PUBLIC TIFF::TIFF)
-else()
-    message(WARNING "libtiff not found, disabling TIFF support")
-endif()
-
 target_link_libraries(mrtrix-core PUBLIC
     Eigen3::Eigen
     ZLIB::ZLIB
diff --git a/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD b/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD
index d1c8ddc43a..0753f7cbc5 100644
--- a/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD
+++ b/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ pkgdesc="Tools for the analysis of diffusion MRI data (mingw-w64)"
 depends=("python"
          "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-qt6-svg"
          "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-fftw"
-         "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-libtiff"
          "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-zlib")
 makedepends=("git"
              "python"
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ makedepends=("git"
 	     "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-ninja"
              "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-fftw"
              "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-gcc"
-             "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-libtiff"
              "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-qt6-svg"
 	     "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-qt6-base"
              "${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-zlib")
diff --git a/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh b/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh
index cc7f3cea22..66600015e2 100755
--- a/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh
+++ b/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ sudo apt install cmake \
     libeigen3-dev \
     zlib1g-dev \
     libfftw3-dev \
-    libtiff5-dev \
     libpng-dev
 
 if ! command -v clang++-17 &> /dev/null
@@ -88,4 +87,4 @@ rm -rf appdir/usr/translations # Remove translations since we don't need them
 cp $source_dir/install_mime_types.sh appdir/usr
 cp $source_dir/set_path appdir/usr
 tar -czf mrtrix.tar.gz -C appdir/usr .
-cp mrtrix.tar.gz $running_dir
\ No newline at end of file
+cp mrtrix.tar.gz $running_dir

From 94cecc2a00af98f83e288a5072fa62da0b7c0dab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 15:34:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 107/182] Bump up OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 11.00

This means we are supporting macOS versions still supported by Apple + the most recent version no longer supported by Apple.
---
 CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index de5ede25e1..d781ea7554 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16 FATAL_ERROR)
 
-set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET 10.15 CACHE STRING "")
+set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET 11.00 CACHE STRING "")
 project(mrtrix3 LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 3.0.4)
 
 if(NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR STREQUAL "Ninja")

From 291a7476eab53d7571f1a4b5f205ee643eca097c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2024 19:38:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 108/182] Cleanup cmake scripts for Python commands

---
 cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake     | 16 +++-----
 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake       | 51 ++++++++++++++++----------
 python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt |  4 --
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake b/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
index 93f3dcb1df..672a188961 100644
--- a/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
+++ b/cmake/GenPythonCommandsLists.cmake
@@ -11,24 +11,20 @@ file(
 set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "")
 foreach(CPP_COMMAND_FILE ${CPP_COMMAND_FILES})
     get_filename_component(CPP_COMMAND_NAME ${CPP_COMMAND_FILE} NAME_WE)
-    if(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST STREQUAL "")
-        set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "\"${CPP_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
-    else()
-        set(MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "${MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST},\n  \"${CPP_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
-    endif()
+    list(APPEND MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "\"${CPP_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
 endforeach()
 
 set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "")
 foreach(PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRY ${PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRIES})
     get_filename_component(PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME ${PYTHON_ROOT_ENTRY} NAME_WE)
     if(NOT ${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME} STREQUAL "CMakeLists" AND NOT ${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME} STREQUAL "__init__")
-        if(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST STREQUAL "")
-            set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "\"${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
-        else()
-            set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "${MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST},\n  \"${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
-        endif()
+        list(APPEND MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "\"${PYTHON_COMMAND_NAME}\"")
     endif()
 endforeach()
+
+string(REPLACE ";" "," MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST "${MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST}")
+string(REPLACE ";" "," MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST "${MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST}")
+
 message(VERBOSE "Completed GenPythonCommandsList() function")
 message(VERBOSE "Formatted list of MRtrix3 C++ commands: ${MRTRIX_CPP_COMMAND_LIST}")
 message(VERBOSE "Formatted list of MRtrix3 Python commands: ${MRTRIX_PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST}")
diff --git a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
index 38b55bcd84..850ff600ea 100644
--- a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
@@ -2,16 +2,20 @@
 #   a short Python executable that is used to run a Python command from the terminal
 # Receives name of the command as ${CMDNAME}; output build directory as ${BUILDDIR}
 set(BINPATH "${BUILDDIR}/temporary/python/${CMDNAME}")
-file(WRITE ${BINPATH} "#!/usr/bin/python3\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "import importlib\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "import os\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "import sys\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "mrtrix_lib_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), os.pardir, 'lib'))\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "sys.path.insert(0, mrtrix_lib_path)\n")
-file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n")
+
+set(BINPATH_CONTENTS
+    "#!/usr/bin/python3\n"
+    "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n"
+    "\n"
+    "import importlib\n"
+    "import os\n"
+    "import sys\n"
+    "\n"
+    "mrtrix_lib_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), os.pardir, 'lib'))\n"
+    "sys.path.insert(0, mrtrix_lib_path)\n"
+    "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n"
+)
+
 # Three possible interfaces:
 #   1. Standalone file residing in commands/
 #   2. File stored in location commands/<cmdname>/<cmdname>.py, which will contain usage() and execute() functions
@@ -19,22 +23,29 @@ file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n")
 # TODO Port population_template to type 3; both for readability and to ensure that it works
 if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/__init__.py")
     if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/usage.py" AND EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/execute.py")
-        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module_usage = importlib.import_module('.usage', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n")
-        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module_execute = importlib.import_module('.execute', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n")
-        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "_execute(module_usage.usage, module_execute.execute)\n")
+        string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS
+            "module_usage = importlib.import_module('.usage', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n"
+            "module_execute = importlib.import_module('.execute', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n"
+            "_execute(module_usage.usage, module_execute.execute)\n"
+        )
     elseif(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/${CMDNAME}.py")
-        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module = importlib.import_module('.${CMDNAME}', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n")
-        file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n")
+        string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS
+            "module = importlib.import_module('.${CMDNAME}', 'mrtrix3.commands.${CMDNAME}')\n"
+            "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n"
+        )
     else()
         message(FATAL_ERROR "Malformed filesystem structure for Python command ${CMDNAME}")
     endif()
 elseif(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}.py")
-    file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "module = importlib.import_module('.${CMDNAME}', 'mrtrix3.commands')\n")
-    file(APPEND ${BINPATH} "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n")
+    string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS
+        "module = importlib.import_module('${CMDNAME}')\n"
+        "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n"
+    )
 else()
     message(FATAL_ERROR "Malformed filesystem structure for Python command ${CMDNAME}")
 endif()
-file(COPY ${BINPATH} DESTINATION ${BUILDDIR}/bin
-    FILE_PERMISSIONS OWNER_EXECUTE OWNER_WRITE OWNER_READ GROUP_EXECUTE GROUP_READ WORLD_EXECUTE WORLD_READ
-)
 
+file(WRITE ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME} ${BINPATH_CONTENTS})
+file(CHMOD ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME} FILE_PERMISSIONS
+    OWNER_EXECUTE OWNER_WRITE OWNER_READ GROUP_EXECUTE GROUP_READ WORLD_EXECUTE WORLD_READ
+)
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
index bbfcfcd0bb..e71c718e0c 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ endforeach()
 
 add_custom_target(MakePythonExecutables ALL)
 
-file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/temporary/python)
 set(PYTHON_BIN_FILES "")
 foreach(CMDNAME ${PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST})
     add_custom_command(
@@ -81,9 +80,6 @@ foreach(CMDNAME ${PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST})
     list(APPEND PYTHON_BIN_FILES ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${CMDNAME})
 endforeach()
 
-set_target_properties(MakePythonExecutables
-    PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/temporary/python"
-)
 
 # We need to generate a list of MRtrix3 commands:
 #   function run.command() does different things if it is executing an MRtrix3 command vs. an external command,

From 70fea8d497a59c1693df46a152df6216960fb1a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2024 17:38:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 109/182] Add CMake targets for Python files

This directs IDEs like Qt Creator to show the Python code as project
files.
---
 python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt          | 4 ++++
 python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt
index c6f0613852..b11c6378bb 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -60,6 +60,10 @@ set_target_properties(MakePythonVersionFile
     PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${PYTHON_VERSION_FILE}
 )
 
+add_custom_target(PythonLibFiles
+    SOURCES ${PYTHON_LIB_FILES}
+)
+
 install(FILES ${PYTHON_LIB_FILES}
     PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
     DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/mrtrix3
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
index e71c718e0c..e7bb4a0faa 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ add_custom_command(
     WORKING_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}
 )
 
+add_custom_target(PythonCommands
+    SOURCES ${PYTHON_ALL_COMMANDS_FILES}
+)
+
 install(FILES ${PYTHON_BIN_FILES}
     PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE OWNER_EXECUTE GROUP_READ GROUP_EXECUTE WORLD_READ WORLD_EXECUTE
     DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}

From 6f2948a39d04f21631e8cf6f2492039055d40b90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2024 16:45:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 110/182] Change/extend inputs for MakePythonExecutable

- Instead of specifying a BUILDDIR, the caller must specify an OUTPUT_DIR directory where the output file will be written.
- The script now additionally accepts a list of directories that will be prepended to the system path in the generated script. This shouldn't be necessary for most commands.
---
 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake       | 20 +++++++++++++++-----
 python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt |  3 +--
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
index 850ff600ea..2da9e69e72 100644
--- a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-# Creates within the bin/ sub-directory of the project build directory
-#   a short Python executable that is used to run a Python command from the terminal
-# Receives name of the command as ${CMDNAME}; output build directory as ${BUILDDIR}
-set(BINPATH "${BUILDDIR}/temporary/python/${CMDNAME}")
+# Creates a short Python executable that is used to run a Python command from the terminal.
+# Inputs:
+#   - CMDNAME: Name of the command
+#   - OUTPUT_DIR: Directory in which to create the executable
+#   - EXTRA_PATH_DIRS: an optional list of directories to be prepended to the Python path (shouldn't be necessary for most commands).
 
 set(BINPATH_CONTENTS
     "#!/usr/bin/python3\n"
@@ -13,9 +14,18 @@ set(BINPATH_CONTENTS
     "\n"
     "mrtrix_lib_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), os.pardir, 'lib'))\n"
     "sys.path.insert(0, mrtrix_lib_path)\n"
-    "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n"
 )
 
+if(EXTRA_PATH_DIRS)
+    foreach(PATH_DIR ${EXTRA_PATH_DIRS})
+        string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS
+            "sys.path.insert(0, '${PATH_DIR}')\n"
+        )
+    endforeach()
+endif()
+
+string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n")
+
 # Three possible interfaces:
 #   1. Standalone file residing in commands/
 #   2. File stored in location commands/<cmdname>/<cmdname>.py, which will contain usage() and execute() functions
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
index e7bb4a0faa..f8a37c0343 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -75,12 +75,11 @@ foreach(CMDNAME ${PYTHON_COMMAND_LIST})
     add_custom_command(
         TARGET MakePythonExecutables
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
-        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${CMDNAME} -DBUILDDIR=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${CMDNAME} -DOUTPUT_DIR="${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin" -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
     )
     list(APPEND PYTHON_BIN_FILES ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin/${CMDNAME})
 endforeach()
 
-
 # We need to generate a list of MRtrix3 commands:
 #   function run.command() does different things if it is executing an MRtrix3 command vs. an external command,
 #   but unlike prior software versions we cannot simply interrogate the contents of the bin/ directory at runtime

From 1f1fb1d6395034abd66a81bf777b50f42cee651d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2024 16:59:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 111/182] Fix execution of unit tests

- Executables for Python testing tools which are essentially MRtrix3
Python commands (e.g. they are defined by a usage and run function), are
generated using the MakePythonExecutable script.

- Additionally, some renaming of variables has been performed for
consistency.
---
 testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt                  | 45 +++++++++++++------
 ...testing_check_npy => testing_check_npy.py} |  0
 .../{testing_gen_npy => testing_gen_npy.py}   |  0
 ...sting_python_cli => testing_python_cli.py} |  6 ---
 4 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 rename testing/tools/{testing_check_npy => testing_check_npy.py} (100%)
 rename testing/tools/{testing_gen_npy => testing_gen_npy.py} (100%)
 rename testing/tools/{testing_python_cli => testing_python_cli.py} (98%)

diff --git a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
index 5a99c0f0bb..8b3113e43e 100644
--- a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,31 +16,48 @@ set(CPP_TOOLS_SRCS
 )
 
 set(PYTHON_TOOLS_SRCS
-    testing_check_npy
-    testing_gen_npy
-    testing_python_cli
+    testing_check_npy.py
+    testing_gen_npy.py
+    testing_python_cli.py
 )
 
-add_custom_target(testing_tools)
+add_custom_target(testing_tools ALL)
 
-function(add_testing_cmd CMD_SRC)
+function(add_cpp_tool TOOL_SRC)
     # Extract the filename without an extension (NAME_WE)
-    get_filename_component(CMD_NAME ${CMD} NAME_WE)
-    add_executable(${CMD_NAME} ${CMD})
-    target_link_libraries(${CMD_NAME} PRIVATE
+    get_filename_component(TOOL_NAME ${TOOL_SRC} NAME_WE)
+    add_executable(${TOOL_NAME} ${TOOL_SRC})
+    target_link_libraries(${TOOL_NAME} PRIVATE
         mrtrix::headless
         mrtrix::exec-version-lib
         mrtrix::tests-lib
     )
-    set_target_properties(${CMD_NAME} PROPERTIES LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true)
-    add_dependencies(testing_tools ${CMD_NAME})
+    set_target_properties(${TOOL_NAME} PROPERTIES LINK_DEPENDS_NO_SHARED true)
+    add_dependencies(testing_tools ${TOOL_NAME})
 endfunction()
 
+function(add_python_tool TOOL_SRC IS_MRTRIX_CMD)
+    get_filename_component(TOOL_NAME ${TOOL_SRC} NAME_WE)
+    # If the tool behaves like a Python MRtrix3 command, then we need to generate its executable using
+    # the MakePythonExecutable script
+    if(IS_MRTRIX_CMD)
+        set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_LIB_PATH "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib")
+        add_custom_command(
+            TARGET testing_tools PRE_BUILD
+            WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+            COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${TOOL_NAME} -DOUTPUT_DIR="${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}" -DEXTRA_PATH_DIRS="${MRTRIX_PYTHON_LIB_PATH}" -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+        )
+        # Install "module" file alongside the executable
+        configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} COPYONLY)
+    else()
+        configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${TOOL_NAME} COPYONLY)
+    endif()
+endfunction()
 
 foreach(CMD ${CPP_TOOLS_SRCS})
-    add_testing_cmd(${CMD})
+    add_cpp_tool(${CMD})
 endforeach(CMD)
 
-foreach(CMD ${PYTHON_TOOLS_SRCS})
-    configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMD} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${CMD} COPYONLY)
-endforeach(CMD)
+add_python_tool(testing_check_npy.py FALSE)
+add_python_tool(testing_gen_npy.py FALSE)
+add_python_tool(testing_python_cli.py TRUE)
diff --git a/testing/tools/testing_check_npy b/testing/tools/testing_check_npy.py
similarity index 100%
rename from testing/tools/testing_check_npy
rename to testing/tools/testing_check_npy.py
diff --git a/testing/tools/testing_gen_npy b/testing/tools/testing_gen_npy.py
similarity index 100%
rename from testing/tools/testing_gen_npy
rename to testing/tools/testing_gen_npy.py
diff --git a/testing/tools/testing_python_cli b/testing/tools/testing_python_cli.py
similarity index 98%
rename from testing/tools/testing_python_cli
rename to testing/tools/testing_python_cli.py
index f54e571dde..9b6245ee66 100755
--- a/testing/tools/testing_python_cli
+++ b/testing/tools/testing_python_cli.py
@@ -136,9 +136,3 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     value = getattr(app.ARGS, key)
     if value is not None:
       app.console(f'{key}: {repr(value)}')
-
-
-
-# Execute the script
-import mrtrix3 #pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
-mrtrix3.execute() #pylint: disable=no-member

From cee8d41025e6f7e9853eb28f868d15f0ed44b016 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2024 17:22:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 112/182] Fix permissions with CMake < 3.19

---
 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake | 19 +++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
index 2da9e69e72..bed01475b7 100644
--- a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
@@ -55,7 +55,18 @@ else()
     message(FATAL_ERROR "Malformed filesystem structure for Python command ${CMDNAME}")
 endif()
 
-file(WRITE ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME} ${BINPATH_CONTENTS})
-file(CHMOD ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME} FILE_PERMISSIONS
-    OWNER_EXECUTE OWNER_WRITE OWNER_READ GROUP_EXECUTE GROUP_READ WORLD_EXECUTE WORLD_READ
-)
+if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.19)
+    file(WRITE ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME} ${BINPATH_CONTENTS})
+    file(CHMOD ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME} FILE_PERMISSIONS
+        OWNER_EXECUTE OWNER_WRITE OWNER_READ GROUP_EXECUTE GROUP_READ WORLD_EXECUTE WORLD_READ
+    )
+else()
+    set(tmp_output_file "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/tmp_${CMDNAME}")
+    file(WRITE ${tmp_output_file} ${BINPATH_CONTENTS})
+    file(COPY ${tmp_output_file} DESTINATION ${OUTPUT_DIR}
+        FILE_PERMISSIONS
+            OWNER_EXECUTE OWNER_WRITE OWNER_READ GROUP_EXECUTE GROUP_READ WORLD_EXECUTE WORLD_READ
+    )
+    file(RENAME ${OUTPUT_DIR}/tmp_${CMDNAME} ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${CMDNAME})
+    file(REMOVE ${tmp_output_file})
+endif()

From 3fce6484a071acd6ea703b05bdf9e21064153629 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2024 13:25:58 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 113/182] Fix Python commands, documentation generation, CLI
 test

- Fix importlib call in cmake-generated Python executables for stand-alone Python files; this regressed in cleanup commit 291a7476eab53d7571f1a4b5f205ee643eca097c, which worked for the Python CLI test (as both executable and source file resided in the same directory) but broke execution of other Python commands.
- Change handling of Python CLI test: executable will be placed in ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin; source code will be placed in ${PROJECT_BUILD_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/commands/.
- Update docs/generate_user_docs.sh to reflect new handling of Python commands.
- Auto-update of some Python command help pages to propagate prior changes.
- Add per-test labels to unit tests.
---
 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake           | 15 ++------
 docs/generate_user_docs.sh                 |  6 +--
 docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst         |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst       |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst   |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst |  2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst   |  2 +-
 testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt               | 45 +++++++++++++---------
 testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt          |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
index 9f7e4edfc2..b20cbbb878 100644
--- a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Inputs:
 #   - CMDNAME: Name of the command
 #   - OUTPUT_DIR: Directory in which to create the executable
-#   - EXTRA_PATH_DIRS: an optional list of directories to be prepended to the Python path (shouldn't be necessary for most commands).
 
 set(BINPATH_CONTENTS
     "#!/usr/bin/python3\n"
@@ -14,18 +13,10 @@ set(BINPATH_CONTENTS
     "\n"
     "mrtrix_lib_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), os.pardir, 'lib'))\n"
     "sys.path.insert(0, mrtrix_lib_path)\n"
+    "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n"
+    "\n"
 )
 
-if(EXTRA_PATH_DIRS)
-    foreach(PATH_DIR ${EXTRA_PATH_DIRS})
-        string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS
-            "sys.path.insert(0, '${PATH_DIR}')\n"
-        )
-    endforeach()
-endif()
-
-string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS "from mrtrix3.app import _execute\n")
-
 # Three possible interfaces:
 #   1. Standalone file residing in commands/
 #   2. File stored in location commands/<cmdname>/<cmdname>.py, which will contain usage() and execute() functions
@@ -47,7 +38,7 @@ if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}/__init__.py")
     endif()
 elseif(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${CMDNAME}.py")
     string(APPEND BINPATH_CONTENTS
-        "module = importlib.import_module('${CMDNAME}')\n"
+        "module = importlib.import_module('.${CMDNAME}', 'mrtrix3.commands')\n"
         "_execute(module.usage, module.execute)\n"
     )
 else()
diff --git a/docs/generate_user_docs.sh b/docs/generate_user_docs.sh
index 3d07fa218b..3b76db5b36 100755
--- a/docs/generate_user_docs.sh
+++ b/docs/generate_user_docs.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function prepend {
 # Generating documentation for all commands
 
 mrtrix_root=$( cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE}")"/../ ; pwd -P )
-export PATH=$build_dir/bin:${mrtrix_root}/python/bin:"$PATH"
+export PATH=$build_dir/bin:$PATH
 dirpath=${mrtrix_root}'/docs/reference/commands'
 export LC_ALL=C
 
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ cmdlist=""
 for n in `find "${mrtrix_root}"/cmd/ -name "*.cpp"`; do
   cmdlist=$cmdlist$'\n'`basename $n`
 done
-for n in `find "${mrtrix_root}"/python/bin/ -type f -print0 | xargs -0 grep -l "import mrtrix3"`; do
-  cmdlist=$cmdlist$'\n'`basename $n`
+for n in `ls "${mrtrix_root}"/python/mrtrix3/commands/ --ignore=__init__.py* --ignore=CMakeLists.txt`; do
+  cmdlist=$cmdlist$'\n'`basename $n .py`
 done
 
 for n in `echo "$cmdlist" | sort`; do
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
index 995f47a624..950fd9c9af 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/5ttgen.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     5ttgen algorithm [ options ] ...
 
--  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used to complete the script operation; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: freesurfer, fsl, gif, hsvs
+-  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: freesurfer, fsl, gif, hsvs
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
index 26d50f6a85..6e0db85a8d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2mask.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     dwi2mask algorithm [ options ] ...
 
--  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used to complete the script operation; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: 3dautomask, ants, b02template, consensus, fslbet, hdbet, legacy, mean, mtnorm, synthstrip, trace
+-  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: 3dautomask, ants, b02template, consensus, fslbet, hdbet, legacy, mean, mtnorm, synthstrip, trace
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
index 23764dd20d..e835d91f76 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2response.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     dwi2response algorithm [ options ] ...
 
--  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used to complete the script operation; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: dhollander, fa, manual, msmt_5tt, tax, tournier
+-  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: dhollander, fa, manual, msmt_5tt, tax, tournier
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
index e8f8fdf49a..4d25516b47 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwibiascorrect.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     dwibiascorrect algorithm [ options ] ...
 
--  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used to complete the script operation; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: ants, fsl, mtnorm
+-  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: ants, fsl, mtnorm
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
index f7fd5098fe..109f70722c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwinormalise.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Usage
 
     dwinormalise algorithm [ options ] ...
 
--  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used to complete the script operation; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: group, manual, mtnorm
+-  *algorithm*: Select the algorithm to be used; additional details and options become available once an algorithm is nominated. Options are: group, manual, mtnorm
 
 Description
 -----------
diff --git a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
index 8b3113e43e..946b5f7370 100644
--- a/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/tools/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,9 +15,12 @@ set(CPP_TOOLS_SRCS
     testing_npywrite.cpp
 )
 
-set(PYTHON_TOOLS_SRCS
+set(PYTHON_TOOLS_STANDALONE
     testing_check_npy.py
     testing_gen_npy.py
+)
+
+set(PYTHON_TOOLS_MRTRIXAPI
     testing_python_cli.py
 )
 
@@ -36,28 +39,32 @@ function(add_cpp_tool TOOL_SRC)
     add_dependencies(testing_tools ${TOOL_NAME})
 endfunction()
 
-function(add_python_tool TOOL_SRC IS_MRTRIX_CMD)
+function(add_python_tool_standalone TOOL_SRC)
     get_filename_component(TOOL_NAME ${TOOL_SRC} NAME_WE)
-    # If the tool behaves like a Python MRtrix3 command, then we need to generate its executable using
-    # the MakePythonExecutable script
-    if(IS_MRTRIX_CMD)
-        set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_LIB_PATH "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib")
-        add_custom_command(
-            TARGET testing_tools PRE_BUILD
-            WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
-            COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${TOOL_NAME} -DOUTPUT_DIR="${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}" -DEXTRA_PATH_DIRS="${MRTRIX_PYTHON_LIB_PATH}" -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
-        )
-        # Install "module" file alongside the executable
-        configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} COPYONLY)
-    else()
-        configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${TOOL_NAME} COPYONLY)
-    endif()
+    configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${TOOL_NAME} COPYONLY)
+endfunction()
+
+# If the tool behaves like a Python MRtrix3 command, then we need to generate its executable using
+# the MakePythonExecutable script
+function(add_python_tool_mrtrixapi TOOL_SRC)
+    get_filename_component(TOOL_NAME ${TOOL_SRC} NAME_WE)
+    set(MRTRIX_PYTHON_LIB_PATH "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib")
+    add_custom_command(
+        TARGET testing_tools PRE_BUILD
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DCMDNAME=${TOOL_NAME} -DOUTPUT_DIR="${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin" -P ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+    )
+    configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${TOOL_SRC} ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/lib/mrtrix3/commands/${TOOL_SRC} COPYONLY)
 endfunction()
 
 foreach(CMD ${CPP_TOOLS_SRCS})
     add_cpp_tool(${CMD})
 endforeach(CMD)
 
-add_python_tool(testing_check_npy.py FALSE)
-add_python_tool(testing_gen_npy.py FALSE)
-add_python_tool(testing_python_cli.py TRUE)
+foreach(CMD ${PYTHON_TOOLS_STANDALONE})
+    add_python_tool_standalone(${CMD})
+endforeach(CMD)
+
+foreach(CMD ${PYTHON_TOOLS_MRTRIXAPI})
+    add_python_tool_mrtrixapi(${CMD})
+endforeach(CMD)
diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 06d56c34d4..c161343f54 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ function (add_bash_unit_test FILE_SRC)
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"
         ENVIRONMENT "PYTHONPATH=${PYTHON_ENV_PATH}"
-        LABELS "unittest"
+        LABELS "unittest;${NAME}"
     )
 endfunction()
 

From 2c76370fbc5dfcf60f3ac99aedd938f9ea0a4ca3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:18:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 114/182] Disable PCHs when building macos release

---
 packaging/macos/build | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packaging/macos/build b/packaging/macos/build
index 4f0515e9f3..03a37f9307 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/build
+++ b/packaging/macos/build
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/MRtrix3/mrtrix3.git mrtrix3-src -b ${TAGNAME}
 cd ${PREFIX}-src
 sed -i.bak -e '90,101d' cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
 MRTRIX_VERSION=$(git describe --abbrev=8 | tr '-' '_')
-cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX}
+cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX} -DMRTRIX_USE_PCH=OFF
 cmake --build build
 cd ..
 MRTRIX_SECONDS=${SECONDS}

From 27d377a06cdc05d5b29efa4155c0d033188c4b70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:21:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 115/182] Enable MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC for releases

---
 packaging/macos/build              | 2 +-
 packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD           | 2 +-
 packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh | 3 ++-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packaging/macos/build b/packaging/macos/build
index 03a37f9307..783045b4b5 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/build
+++ b/packaging/macos/build
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/MRtrix3/mrtrix3.git mrtrix3-src -b ${TAGNAME}
 cd ${PREFIX}-src
 sed -i.bak -e '90,101d' cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
 MRTRIX_VERSION=$(git describe --abbrev=8 | tr '-' '_')
-cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX} -DMRTRIX_USE_PCH=OFF
+cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX} -DMRTRIX_USE_PCH=OFF -DMRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC=ON
 cmake --build build
 cd ..
 MRTRIX_SECONDS=${SECONDS}
diff --git a/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD b/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD
index 0753f7cbc5..4ab03194cd 100644
--- a/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD
+++ b/packaging/mingw/PKGBUILD
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pkgver() {
 
 build() {
   cd "${_realname}"
-  cmake -B build -G Ninja
+  cmake -B build -G Ninja -DMRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC=ON
   cmake --build build
   cmake --install build --prefix=./install
 }
diff --git a/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh b/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh
index 66600015e2..29d980185a 100755
--- a/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh
+++ b/packaging/package-linux-tarball.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ cmake -B $build_dir -S $source_dir \
     -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
     -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$install_dir \
     -DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS="-Wl,--as-needed" \
-    -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=ON
+    -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=ON \
+    -DMRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC=ON
     
 cmake --build $build_dir
 cmake --install $build_dir

From 38cc99267332515f855be2e01d5242cb9eaad859 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ben Jeurissen <ben.jeurissen@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2024 09:58:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 116/182] Modified FindFFTW to only look for double precision
 version of fftw3, preventing failures when unused single and quad precision
 are not available

---
 cmake/FindFFTW.cmake  | 37 ++-----------------------------------
 packaging/macos/build |  1 -
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/FindFFTW.cmake b/cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
index 42fdc41ff7..3524a1bc22 100644
--- a/cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
+++ b/cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
@@ -54,22 +54,6 @@ if( FFTW_ROOT )
     NO_DEFAULT_PATH
   )
 
-  find_library(
-    FFTWF_LIB
-    NAMES "fftw3f"
-    PATHS ${FFTW_ROOT}
-    PATH_SUFFIXES "lib" "lib64"
-    NO_DEFAULT_PATH
-  )
-
-  find_library(
-    FFTWL_LIB
-    NAMES "fftw3l"
-    PATHS ${FFTW_ROOT}
-    PATH_SUFFIXES "lib" "lib64"
-    NO_DEFAULT_PATH
-  )
-
   #find includes
   find_path(
     FFTW_INCLUDES
@@ -87,19 +71,6 @@ else()
     PATHS ${PKG_FFTW_LIBRARY_DIRS} ${LIB_INSTALL_DIR}
   )
 
-  find_library(
-    FFTWF_LIB
-    NAMES "fftw3f"
-    PATHS ${PKG_FFTW_LIBRARY_DIRS} ${LIB_INSTALL_DIR}
-  )
-
-
-  find_library(
-    FFTWL_LIB
-    NAMES "fftw3l"
-    PATHS ${PKG_FFTW_LIBRARY_DIRS} ${LIB_INSTALL_DIR}
-  )
-
   find_path(
     FFTW_INCLUDES
     NAMES "fftw3.h"
@@ -108,11 +79,7 @@ else()
 
 endif()
 
-set(FFTW_LIBRARIES ${FFTW_LIB} ${FFTWF_LIB})
-
-if(FFTWL_LIB)
-  set(FFTW_LIBRARIES ${FFTW_LIBRARIES} ${FFTWL_LIB})
-endif()
+set(FFTW_LIBRARIES ${FFTW_LIB})
 
 set( CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES ${CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES_SAV} )
 
@@ -120,5 +87,5 @@ include(FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
 find_package_handle_standard_args(FFTW DEFAULT_MSG
                                   FFTW_INCLUDES FFTW_LIBRARIES)
 
-mark_as_advanced(FFTW_INCLUDES FFTW_LIBRARIES FFTW_LIB FFTWF_LIB FFTWL_LIB)
+mark_as_advanced(FFTW_INCLUDES FFTW_LIBRARIES FFTW_LIB)
 
diff --git a/packaging/macos/build b/packaging/macos/build
index 783045b4b5..a8825e4063 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/build
+++ b/packaging/macos/build
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ export PATH
 SECONDS=0
 git clone https://github.com/MRtrix3/mrtrix3.git mrtrix3-src -b ${TAGNAME}
 cd ${PREFIX}-src
-sed -i.bak -e '90,101d' cmake/FindFFTW.cmake
 MRTRIX_VERSION=$(git describe --abbrev=8 | tr '-' '_')
 cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PREFIX} -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="/opt/homebrew;/usr/X11;/usr/X11R6" -DFFTW_USE_STATIC_LIBS=ON -DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_ARCHS} -DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${PREFIX}/include/QtPng -DPNG_LIBRARY=${PREFIX}/lib/libQt6BundledLibpng.a -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PREFIX} -DMRTRIX_USE_PCH=OFF -DMRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC=ON
 cmake --build build

From 07c529025c15b0546a6e82f1bd7d9601875b65db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2024 10:05:43 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 117/182] New command: dirrotate

---
 cmd/dirrotate.cpp                     | 162 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst |  78 +++++++++++++
 docs/reference/commands_list.rst      |   2 +
 3 files changed, 242 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cmd/dirrotate.cpp
 create mode 100644 docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst

diff --git a/cmd/dirrotate.cpp b/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b4aac7823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+ * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+ * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+ * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+ * particular purpose or non-infringing.
+ * See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+ *
+ * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+ */
+
+#include "command.h"
+#include "dwi/directions/file.h"
+#include "file/utils.h"
+#include "math/rng.h"
+#include "progressbar.h"
+#include "thread.h"
+
+constexpr size_t default_permutations = 1e8;
+
+using namespace MR;
+using namespace App;
+
+// clang-format off
+void usage() {
+
+  AUTHOR = "Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)";
+
+  SYNOPSIS = "Apply a rotation to a direction set";
+
+  DESCRIPTION
+  + "The primary use case of this command is to find,"
+    " for a given basis direction set,"
+    " an appropriate rotation that preserves the homogeneity of coverage on the sphere"
+    " but that minimises the maximal peak amplitude along the physical axes of the scanner,"
+    " so as to minimise the peak gradient system demands."
+    " It can alternatively be used to introduce a random rotation"
+    " to hopefully prevent any collinearity between directions in different shells,"
+    " by requesting only a single permutation.";
+
+  ARGUMENTS
+    + Argument ("in", "the input direction file").type_file_in()
+    + Argument ("out", "the output direction file").type_file_out();
+
+
+  OPTIONS
+    + Option ("permutations", "number of permutations to try"
+                              " (default: " + str(default_permutations) + ")")
+    +   Argument ("num").type_integer(1)
+
+    + Option ("cartesian", "Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z]"
+                           " instead of [az el].");
+}
+// clang-format on
+
+using axis_type = Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1>;
+using rotation_type = Eigen::AngleAxis<default_type>;
+using rotation_transform_type = Eigen::Transform<default_type, 3, Eigen::Isometry>;
+
+class Shared {
+public:
+  Shared(const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions, size_t target_num_permutations)
+      : directions(directions),
+        target_num_permutations(target_num_permutations),
+        num_permutations(0),
+        progress(target_num_permutations == 1 ? "randomising direction set orientation" : "optimising directions for peak gradient load", target_num_permutations),
+        best_rotation(0.0, axis_type{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}),
+        min_peak(1.0),
+        original_peak(directions.array().abs().maxCoeff()) {}
+
+  bool update(default_type peak, const rotation_type &rotation) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+    if (peak < min_peak) {
+      min_peak = peak;
+      best_rotation = rotation;
+      progress.set_text(
+          std::string(target_num_permutations == 1 ? "randomising direction set orientation" : "optimising directions for peak gradient load")
+          + " (original = " + str(original_peak, 6) + "; "
+          + (target_num_permutations == 1 ? "rotated" : "best")
+          + " = " + str(min_peak, 6) + ")");
+    }
+    ++num_permutations;
+    ++progress;
+    return num_permutations < target_num_permutations;
+  }
+
+  default_type peak(const rotation_type &rotation) const {
+    return (rotation_transform_type(rotation).linear() * directions.transpose()).array().abs().maxCoeff();
+  }
+
+  const rotation_type &get_best_rotation() const { return best_rotation; }
+
+protected:
+  const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions;
+  const size_t target_num_permutations;
+  size_t num_permutations;
+  ProgressBar progress;
+  rotation_type best_rotation;
+  default_type min_peak;
+  default_type original_peak;
+  std::mutex mutex;
+};
+
+class Processor {
+public:
+  Processor(Shared &shared) :
+      shared(shared),
+      rotation(0.0, axis_type{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}),
+      angle_distribution (-Math::pi, Math::pi),
+      axes_distribution (-1.0, 1.0) {}
+
+  void execute() {
+    while (eval());
+  }
+
+  bool eval() {
+    rotation.angle() = angle_distribution(rng);
+    do {
+      axis[0] = axes_distribution(rng);
+      axis[1] = axes_distribution(rng);
+      axis[2] = axes_distribution(rng);
+    } while (axis.squaredNorm() > 1.0);
+    rotation.axis() = axis.normalized();
+
+    return shared.update(shared.peak(rotation), rotation);
+  }
+
+protected:
+  Shared &shared;
+  rotation_type rotation;
+  axis_type axis;
+  Math::RNG rng;
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<default_type> angle_distribution;
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<default_type> axes_distribution;
+};
+
+void run() {
+  auto directions = DWI::Directions::load_cartesian(argument[0]);
+
+  size_t num_permutations = get_option_value<size_t>("permutations", default_permutations);
+
+  rotation_type rotation;
+  {
+    Shared shared(directions, num_permutations);
+    if (num_permutations == 1) {
+      Processor processor(shared);
+      processor.eval();
+    } else {
+      Thread::run(Thread::multi(Processor(shared)), "eval thread");
+    }
+    rotation = shared.get_best_rotation();
+  }
+
+  directions = (rotation_transform_type(rotation).linear() * directions.transpose()).transpose();
+
+  DWI::Directions::save(directions, argument[1], !get_options("cartesian").empty());
+}
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..154f4aebfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+.. _dirrotate:
+
+dirrotate
+===================
+
+Synopsis
+--------
+
+Apply a rotation to a direction set
+
+Usage
+--------
+
+::
+
+    dirrotate [ options ]  in out
+
+-  *in*: the input direction file
+-  *out*: the output direction file
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The primary use case of this command is to find, for a given basis direction set, an appropriate rotation that preserves the homogeneity of coverage on the sphere but that minimises the maximal peak amplitude along the physical axes of the scanner, so as to minimise the peak gradient system demands. It can alternatively be used to introduce a random rotation to hopefully prevent any collinearity between directions in different shells, by requesting only a single permutation.
+
+Options
+-------
+
+-  **-permutations num** number of permutations to try (default: 100000000)
+
+-  **-cartesian** Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z] instead of [az el].
+
+Standard options
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+-  **-info** display information messages.
+
+-  **-quiet** do not display information messages or progress status; alternatively, this can be achieved by setting the MRTRIX_QUIET environment variable to a non-empty string.
+
+-  **-debug** display debugging messages.
+
+-  **-force** force overwrite of output files (caution: using the same file as input and output might cause unexpected behaviour).
+
+-  **-nthreads number** use this number of threads in multi-threaded applications (set to 0 to disable multi-threading).
+
+-  **-config key value** *(multiple uses permitted)* temporarily set the value of an MRtrix config file entry.
+
+-  **-help** display this information page and exit.
+
+-  **-version** display version information and exit.
+
+References
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
+
+--------------
+
+
+
+**Author:** Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)
+
+**Copyright:** Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+particular purpose or non-infringing.
+See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+
+For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+
+
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands_list.rst b/docs/reference/commands_list.rst
index c29f39b65d..78cfaa506e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands_list.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands_list.rst
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ List of MRtrix3 commands
     commands/dirgen
     commands/dirmerge
     commands/dirorder
+    commands/dirrotate
     commands/dirsplit
     commands/dirstat
     commands/dwi2adc
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ List of MRtrix3 commands
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`dirgen`, "Generate a set of uniformly distributed directions using a bipolar electrostatic repulsion model"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`dirmerge`, "Splice / merge multiple sets of directions in such a way as to maintain near-optimality upon truncation"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`dirorder`, "Reorder a set of directions to ensure near-uniformity upon truncation"
+    |cpp.png|, :ref:`dirrotate`, "Apply a rotation to a direction set"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`dirsplit`, "Split a set of evenly distributed directions (as generated by dirgen) into approximately uniformly distributed subsets"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`dirstat`, "Report statistics on a direction set"
     |cpp.png|, :ref:`dwi2adc`, "Calculate ADC and/or IVIM parameters."

From 49f7ede0b0698d8f1c2a4c3ee1a48753b22df38b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2024 10:18:11 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 118/182] dirmerge: Better selection of first volume

Previously, the first volume in the output scheme was chosen as a random volume from the first subset of the first shell. Here, this is modified to instead be a random volume from the largest subset of the largest shell. This should slightly improve the quality of distribution of bmax volumes across the acquisition time.
---
 cmd/dirmerge.cpp | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/dirmerge.cpp b/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
index 49396aec93..4ec4d4904f 100644
--- a/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
@@ -111,10 +111,45 @@ void run() {
   }();
   INFO("found total of " + str(total) + " volumes");
 
-  // pick random direction from first direction set:
+  // pick which volume will be first
+  // from within the shell with the largest number of volumes,
+  //   choose the subset with the largest number of volumes,
+  //   then choose a random volume within that subset
+  size_t largest_shell = [&] {
+    value_type largestshell_b = 0.0;
+    size_t largestshell_n = 0;
+    size_t largestshell_index = 0;
+    for (size_t n = 0; n != dirs.size(); ++n) {
+      size_t size = 0;
+      for (auto &m : dirs[n])
+        size += m.size();
+      if (size > largestshell_n || (size == largestshell_n && bvalue[n] > largestshell_b)) {
+        largestshell_b = bvalue[n];
+        largestshell_n = size;
+        largestshell_index = n;
+      }
+    }
+    return largestshell_index;
+  }();
+  INFO("first volume will be from shell b=" + str(bvalue[largest_shell]));
+  size_t largest_subset_within_largest_shell = [&] {
+    size_t largestsubset_index = 0;
+    size_t largestsubset_n = dirs[largest_shell][0].size();
+    for (size_t n = 1; n != dirs[largest_shell].size(); ++n) {
+      const size_t size = dirs[largest_shell][n].size();
+      if (size > largestsubset_n) {
+        largestsubset_n = size;
+        largestsubset_index = n;
+      }
+    }
+    return largestsubset_index;
+  }();
+  if (num_subsets > 1) {
+    INFO("first volume will be from subset " + str(largest_subset_within_largest_shell + 1) + " from largest shell");
+  }
   std::random_device rd;
   std::mt19937 rng(rd());
-  size_t first = std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>(0, dirs[0][0].size() - 1)(rng);
+  const size_t first = std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>(0, dirs[largest_shell][largest_subset_within_largest_shell].size() - 1)(rng);
 
   std::vector<OutDir> merged;
 
@@ -161,11 +196,6 @@ void run() {
     fraction.push_back(float(n) / float(total));
   };
 
-  push(0, 0, first);
-
-  std::vector<size_t> counts(bvalue.size(), 0);
-  ++counts[0];
-
   auto num_for_b = [&](size_t b) {
     size_t n = 0;
     for (auto &d : merged)
@@ -174,6 +204,11 @@ void run() {
     return n;
   };
 
+  // write the volume that was chosen to be first
+  push(largest_shell, largest_subset_within_largest_shell, first);
+  std::vector<size_t> counts(bvalue.size(), 0);
+  ++counts[largest_shell];
+
   size_t nPE = num_subsets > 1 ? 1 : 0;
   while (merged.size() < total) {
     // find shell with shortfall in numbers:

From e1f0c99cafd56982216171cf8382e0ff25522c25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jul 2024 09:27:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 119/182] Add interface library for project-wide compile
 options

Previously we were relying on the use of add_compile_options and
add_compile_definitions for defining compiler definitions and options for
the entire project. This commit replaces that behaviour by defining a new
mrtrix::common INTERFACE library that links to all targets in the
project (the library is linked to mrtrix::core). This is more idiomatic
and prevents the propagation of compiler definitions to targets that do
not link to mrtrix::core (useful when compiling MRtrix3 as a subproject
of anothe project).
---
 CMakeLists.txt      | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt  |  2 +-
 core/CMakeLists.txt |  1 +
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index c1299b0794..00f44a6246 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -81,35 +81,35 @@ if(EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/.git AND NOT EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE
         "and then run `pre-commit install` from the ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} directory.")
 endif()
 
-
-# Allow compilation of big object of files in debug mode on MINGW
-if(MINGW AND CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MATCHES "Debug")
-    add_compile_options(-Wa,-mbig-obj)
-endif()
-
-add_compile_definitions(
+add_library(mrtrix-common INTERFACE)
+add_library(mrtrix::common ALIAS mrtrix-common)
+target_compile_definitions(mrtrix-common INTERFACE
     MRTRIX_BUILD_TYPE="${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}"
     $<$<PLATFORM_ID:Windows>:MRTRIX_WINDOWS>
     $<$<PLATFORM_ID:Darwin>:MRTRIX_MACOSX>
     $<$<PLATFORM_ID:FreeBSD>:MRTRIX_FREEBSD>
 )
 
-if(MRTRIX_STL_DEBUGGING AND $<NOT:$<CONFIG:Debug>>)
-    if(MSVC)
-        add_compile_definitions(_ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL=1)
-    elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
-        add_compile_options(_LIBCPP_DEBUG)
-    elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
-        add_compile_options(_GLIBCXX_DEBUG _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC)
-    endif()
+if(MRTRIX_STL_DEBUGGING AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+    message(STATUS "Enabling STL debug mode")
+    target_compile_definitions(mrtrix-common INTERFACE
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>:_ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL=1>
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU>:_GLIBCXX_DEBUG _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC>
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:Clang>:_LIBCPP_DEBUG=1>
+    )
 endif()
 
 if(MRTRIX_WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS)
-    if (MSVC)
-        add_compile_options(/WX)
-    else()
-        add_compile_options(-Werror)
-    endif()
+    message(STATUS "Enabling warnings as errors")
+    target_compile_options(mrtrix-common INTERFACE
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>:/WX>
+        $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU,Clang>:-Werror>
+    )
+endif()
+
+# Allow compilation of big object of files in debug mode on MINGW
+if(MINGW AND CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MATCHES "Debug")
+    target_compile_options(mrtrix-common INTERFACE -Wa,-mbig-obj)
 endif()
 
 
diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index fd6de1b333..9c28ba9897 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ if(MRTRIX_USE_PCH)
     add_executable(pch_cmd ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/pch_cmd.cpp)
     target_include_directories(pch_cmd PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../core)
     find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
-    target_link_libraries(pch_cmd PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen)
+    target_link_libraries(pch_cmd PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen mrtrix::common)
     target_precompile_headers(pch_cmd PRIVATE
         [["app.h"]]
         [["image.h"]]
diff --git a/core/CMakeLists.txt b/core/CMakeLists.txt
index 7cc54e9388..54cec5b4eb 100644
--- a/core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ target_link_libraries(mrtrix-core PUBLIC
     ZLIB::ZLIB
     ${FFTW_LIBRARIES}
     mrtrix::core-version-lib
+    mrtrix::common
     Threads::Threads
     ${FFTW_LIBRARIES}
 )

From 79d4edf97edb0170bab605727ffa4da10335306e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 May 2024 14:52:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 120/182] Use string_view in dash detection/removal

---
 core/mrtrix.cpp | 15 +++++++++------
 core/mrtrix.h   |  9 +++------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/mrtrix.cpp b/core/mrtrix.cpp
index 2e99b40365..3a316b6095 100644
--- a/core/mrtrix.cpp
+++ b/core/mrtrix.cpp
@@ -233,15 +233,18 @@ size_t char_is_dash(const char *arg) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-bool is_dash(const std::string &arg) {
-  const size_t nbytes = char_is_dash(arg.c_str());
+bool is_dash(std::string_view arg) {
+  const size_t nbytes = char_is_dash(arg.data());
   return nbytes != 0 && nbytes == arg.size();
 }
 
-bool consume_dash(const char *&arg) {
-  size_t nbytes = char_is_dash(arg);
-  arg += nbytes;
-  return nbytes != 0;
+std::string_view without_leading_dash(std::string_view arg) {
+  size_t nbytes = char_is_dash(arg.data());
+  while (nbytes > 0) {
+    arg.remove_prefix(nbytes);
+    nbytes = char_is_dash(arg.data());
+  }
+  return arg;
 }
 
 std::string join(const std::vector<std::string> &V, const std::string &delimiter) {
diff --git a/core/mrtrix.h b/core/mrtrix.h
index 34bc754011..4a637b9a56 100644
--- a/core/mrtrix.h
+++ b/core/mrtrix.h
@@ -104,13 +104,10 @@ bool match(const std::string &pattern, const std::string &text, bool ignore_case
 size_t char_is_dash(const char *arg);
 
 //! match whole string to a dash or any Unicode character that looks like one
-bool is_dash(const std::string &arg);
+bool is_dash(std::string_view arg);
 
-//! match current character to a dash or any Unicode character that looks like one
-/*! \note If a match is found, this also advances the \a arg pointer to the next
- * character in the string, which could be one or several bytes along depending on
- * the width of the UTF8 character identified. */
-bool consume_dash(const char *&arg);
+//! returns string without leading dashes
+std::string_view without_leading_dash(std::string_view arg);
 
 template <class T> inline std::string str(const T &value, int precision = 0) {
   std::ostringstream stream;

From 3ab8fd968099b5071b50117375db8326ceda88ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 May 2024 11:54:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 121/182] Replace union with std::variant for argument choices

---
 core/cmdline_option.h | 35 ++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/cmdline_option.h b/core/cmdline_option.h
index bae7b52b3d..f8610739ac 100644
--- a/core/cmdline_option.h
+++ b/core/cmdline_option.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "mrtrix.h"
 #include "types.h"
+#include <variant>
 
 namespace MR::App {
 
@@ -101,13 +102,11 @@ class Argument {
   /*! this is used to construct a command-line argument object, with a name
    * and description. If default arguments are used, the object corresponds
    * to the end-of-list specifier, as detailed in \ref command_line_parsing. */
-  Argument(const char *name = nullptr, std::string description = std::string())
-      : id(name), desc(description), type(Undefined), flags(None) {
-    memset(&limits, 0x00, sizeof(limits));
-  }
+  Argument(std::string name, std::string description = std::string())
+      : id(std::move(name)), desc(std::move(description)), type(Undefined), flags(None) {}
 
   //! the argument name
-  const char *id;
+  std::string id;
   //! the argument description
   std::string desc;
   //! the argument type
@@ -115,16 +114,16 @@ class Argument {
   //! the argument flags (AllowMultiple & Optional)
   ArgFlags flags;
 
+  struct IntRange {
+    int64_t min, max;
+  };
+  struct FloatRange {
+    default_type min, max;
+  };
+
   //! a structure to store the various parameters of the Argument
-  union {
-    const char *const *choices;
-    struct {
-      int64_t min, max;
-    } i;
-    struct {
-      default_type min, max;
-    } f;
-  } limits;
+  using Limits = std::variant<std::vector<std::string>, IntRange, FloatRange>;
+  Limits limits;
 
   operator bool() const { return id; }
 
@@ -178,8 +177,7 @@ class Argument {
                          const int64_t max = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
     assert(type == Undefined);
     type = Integer;
-    limits.i.min = min;
-    limits.i.max = max;
+    limits = IntRange{min, max};
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -197,8 +195,7 @@ class Argument {
                        const default_type max = std::numeric_limits<default_type>::infinity()) {
     assert(type == Undefined);
     type = Float;
-    limits.f.min = min;
-    limits.f.max = max;
+    limits = FloatRange{min, max};
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -216,7 +213,7 @@ class Argument {
   Argument &type_choice(const char *const *choices) {
     assert(type == Undefined);
     type = Choice;
-    limits.choices = choices;
+    limits = choices;
     return *this;
   }
 

From b0f80182abb7ea42a37c634ffae0e7bcbbd7861e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 10:55:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 122/182] Use std::string for app CLI

---
 core/app.cpp          | 218 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 core/app.h            |  27 +++---
 core/cmdline_option.h |  25 ++---
 3 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/app.cpp b/core/app.cpp
index 3dec82b14b..73fb6523bd 100644
--- a/core/app.cpp
+++ b/core/app.cpp
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ OptionGroup __standard_options =
     + Option("version", "display version information and exit.");
 // clang-format on
 
-const char *AUTHOR = nullptr;
-const char *COPYRIGHT = "Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.\n"
+std::string AUTHOR{};
+std::string COPYRIGHT = "Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.\n"
                         "\n"
                         "This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public\n"
                         "License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this\n"
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ const char *COPYRIGHT = "Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.\n"
                         "See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.\n"
                         "\n"
                         "For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.\n";
-const char *SYNOPSIS = nullptr;
+std::string SYNOPSIS{};
 
 std::string NAME;
 std::string command_history_string;
@@ -116,8 +116,7 @@ const char *project_version = nullptr;
 const char *project_build_date = nullptr;
 const char *executable_uses_mrtrix_version = nullptr;
 
-int argc = 0;
-const char *const *argv = nullptr;
+std::vector<std::string> raw_arguments_list;
 
 bool overwrite_files = false;
 void (*check_overwrite_files_func)(const std::string &name) = nullptr;
@@ -450,12 +449,16 @@ std::string Argument::usage() const {
   case Undefined:
     assert(0);
     break;
-  case Integer:
-    stream << "INT " << limits.i.min << " " << limits.i.max;
+  case Integer: {
+    const auto int_range = std::get<IntRange>(limits);
+    stream << "INT " << int_range.min << " " << int_range.max;
     break;
-  case Float:
-    stream << "FLOAT " << limits.f.min << " " << limits.f.max;
+  }
+  case Float: {
+    const auto float_range = std::get<FloatRange>(this->limits);
+    stream << "FLOAT " << float_range.min << " " << float_range.max;
     break;
+  }
   case Text:
     stream << "TEXT";
     break;
@@ -471,11 +474,13 @@ std::string Argument::usage() const {
   case ArgDirectoryOut:
     stream << "DIROUT";
     break;
-  case Choice:
+  case Choice: {
     stream << "CHOICE";
-    for (const char *const *p = limits.choices; *p; ++p)
-      stream << " " << *p;
+    const auto &choices = std::get<std::vector<std::string>>(limits);
+    for (const std::string &p : choices)
+      stream << " " << p;
     break;
+  }
   case ImageIn:
     stream << "IMAGEIN";
     break;
@@ -807,7 +812,7 @@ std::string restructured_text_usage() {
     while (OPTIONS[n].name != group_names[i])
       ++n;
     if (OPTIONS[n].name != std::string("OPTIONS"))
-      s += OPTIONS[n].name + std::string("\n") + std::string(std::strlen(OPTIONS[n].name), '^') + "\n\n";
+      s += OPTIONS[n].name + std::string("\n") + std::string(OPTIONS[n].name.size(), '^') + "\n\n";
     while (n < OPTIONS.size()) {
       if (OPTIONS[n].name == group_names[i]) {
         for (size_t o = 0; o < OPTIONS[n].size(); ++o)
@@ -831,66 +836,73 @@ std::string restructured_text_usage() {
   }
   s += std::string(MRTRIX_CORE_REFERENCE) + "\n\n";
 
-  s += std::string("--------------\n\n") + "\n\n**Author:** " + (char *)AUTHOR + "\n\n**Copyright:** " + COPYRIGHT +
-       "\n\n";
+  s += std::string("--------------\n\n") + "\n\n**Author:** " + AUTHOR + "\n\n**Copyright:** " + COPYRIGHT + "\n\n";
 
   return s;
 }
 
-const Option *match_option(const char *arg) {
-  if (consume_dash(arg) && *arg && !isdigit(*arg) && *arg != '.') {
-    while (consume_dash(arg))
-      ;
-    std::vector<const Option *> candidates;
-    std::string root(arg);
+const Option *match_option(std::string_view arg) {
+  // let's check if arg starts with a dash
+  auto no_dash_arg = without_leading_dash(arg);
+  if (arg.size() == no_dash_arg.size() || no_dash_arg.empty() || isdigit(no_dash_arg.front()) != 0 ||
+      no_dash_arg.front() == '.') {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < OPTIONS.size(); ++i)
-      get_matches(candidates, OPTIONS[i], root);
-    get_matches(candidates, __standard_options, root);
+  std::vector<const Option *> candidates;
+  std::string root(no_dash_arg);
 
-    // no matches
-    if (candidates.empty())
-      throw Exception(std::string("unknown option \"-") + root + "\"");
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < OPTIONS.size(); ++i)
+    get_matches(candidates, OPTIONS[i], root);
+  get_matches(candidates, __standard_options, root);
 
-    // return match if unique:
-    if (candidates.size() == 1)
-      return candidates[0];
+  // no matches
+  if (candidates.empty())
+    throw Exception(std::string("unknown option \"-") + root + "\"");
 
-    // return match if fully specified:
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates.size(); ++i)
-      if (root == candidates[i]->id)
-        return candidates[i];
+  // return match if unique:
+  if (candidates.size() == 1)
+    return candidates[0];
 
-    // check if there is only one *unique* candidate
-    const auto cid = candidates[0]->id;
-    if (std::all_of(++candidates.begin(), candidates.end(), [&cid](const Option *cand) { return cand->id == cid; }))
-      return candidates[0];
+  // return match if fully specified:
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < candidates.size(); ++i)
+    if (root == candidates[i]->id)
+      return candidates[i];
 
-    // report something useful:
-    root = "several matches possible for option \"-" + root + "\": \"-" + candidates[0]->id;
+  // check if there is only one *unique* candidate
+  const auto cid = candidates[0]->id;
+  if (std::all_of(++candidates.begin(), candidates.end(), [&cid](const Option *cand) { return cand->id == cid; }))
+    return candidates[0];
 
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < candidates.size(); ++i)
-      root += std::string("\", \"-") + candidates[i]->id + "\"";
+  // report something useful:
+  root = "several matches possible for option \"-" + root + "\": \"-" + candidates[0]->id;
 
-    throw Exception(root);
-  }
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < candidates.size(); ++i)
+    root += std::string("\", \"-") + candidates[i]->id + "\"";
 
-  return nullptr;
+  throw Exception(root);
 }
 
-void sort_arguments(int argc, const char *const *argv) {
-  for (int n = 1; n < argc; ++n) {
-    if (argv[n]) {
-      const Option *opt = match_option(argv[n]);
-      if (opt) {
-        if (n + int(opt->size()) >= argc)
-          throw Exception(std::string("not enough parameters to option \"-") + opt->id + "\"");
-
-        option.push_back(ParsedOption(opt, argv + n + 1));
-        n += opt->size();
-      } else
-        argument.push_back(ParsedArgument(nullptr, nullptr, argv[n]));
+void sort_arguments(const std::vector<std::string> &arguments) {
+  auto it = arguments.begin();
+  while (it != arguments.end()) {
+    const Option *opt = match_option(*it);
+    if (opt != nullptr) {
+      if (it + opt->size() >= arguments.end()) {
+        throw Exception(std::string("not enough parameters to option \"-") + opt->id + "\"");
+      }
+
+      const size_t index = std::distance(arguments.begin(), it);
+      std::vector<std::string> option_args;
+      std::copy_n(it + 1, opt->size(), std::back_inserter(option_args));
+      std::transform(option_args.begin(), option_args.end(), option_args.begin(), without_leading_dash);
+
+      option.push_back(ParsedOption(opt, option_args));
+      it += opt->size();
+    } else {
+      argument.push_back(ParsedArgument(nullptr, nullptr, *it));
     }
+    ++it;
   }
 }
 
@@ -908,28 +920,30 @@ void parse_standard_options() {
 }
 
 void verify_usage() {
-  if (!AUTHOR)
+  if (AUTHOR.empty())
     throw Exception("No author specified for command " + std::string(NAME));
-  if (!SYNOPSIS)
+  if (SYNOPSIS.empty())
     throw Exception("No synopsis specified for command " + std::string(NAME));
 }
 
 void parse_special_options() {
-  if (argc != 2)
+  // special options are only accessible as the first argument
+  if (raw_arguments_list.size() != 1)
     return;
-  if (strcmp(argv[1], "__print_full_usage__") == 0) {
+
+  if (raw_arguments_list.front() == "__print_full_usage__") {
     print(full_usage());
     throw 0;
   }
-  if (strcmp(argv[1], "__print_usage_markdown__") == 0) {
+  if (raw_arguments_list.front() == "__print_usage_markdown__") {
     print(markdown_usage());
     throw 0;
   }
-  if (strcmp(argv[1], "__print_usage_rst__") == 0) {
+  if (raw_arguments_list.front() == "__print_usage_rst__") {
     print(restructured_text_usage());
     throw 0;
   }
-  if (strcmp(argv[1], "__print_synopsis__") == 0) {
+  if (raw_arguments_list.front() == "__print_synopsis__") {
     print(SYNOPSIS);
     throw 0;
   }
@@ -939,7 +953,7 @@ void parse() {
   argument.clear();
   option.clear();
 
-  sort_arguments(argc, argv);
+  sort_arguments(raw_arguments_list);
 
   if (!get_options("help").empty()) {
     print_help();
@@ -1128,10 +1142,10 @@ void init(int cmdline_argc, const char *const *cmdline_argv) {
 
   terminal_use_colour = !ProgressBar::set_update_method();
 
-  argc = cmdline_argc;
-  argv = cmdline_argv;
+  raw_arguments_list = std::vector<std::string>(cmdline_argv, cmdline_argv + cmdline_argc);
+  NAME = Path::basename(raw_arguments_list.front());
+  raw_arguments_list.erase(raw_arguments_list.begin());
 
-  NAME = Path::basename(argv[0]);
 #ifdef MRTRIX_WINDOWS
   if (Path::has_suffix(NAME, ".exe"))
     NAME.erase(NAME.size() - 4);
@@ -1170,9 +1184,9 @@ void init(int cmdline_argc, const char *const *cmdline_argv) {
     }
     return s;
   };
-  command_history_string = argv[0];
-  for (int n = 1; n < argc; ++n)
-    command_history_string += std::string(" ") + argv_quoted(argv[n]);
+  command_history_string = raw_arguments_list.front();
+  for (const auto &a : raw_arguments_list)
+    command_history_string += std::string(" ") + argv_quoted(a);
   command_history_string += std::string("  (version=") + mrtrix_version;
   if (project_version)
     command_history_string += std::string(", project=") + project_version;
@@ -1206,15 +1220,15 @@ int64_t App::ParsedArgument::as_int() const {
     bool alpha_is_last = false;
     bool contains_dotpoint = false;
     char alpha_char = 0;
-    for (const char *c = p; *c; ++c) {
-      if (std::isalpha(*c)) {
+    for (const char &c : p) {
+      if (std::isalpha(c) != 0) {
         ++alpha_count;
         alpha_is_last = true;
-        alpha_char = *c;
+        alpha_char = c;
       } else {
         alpha_is_last = false;
       }
-      if (*c == '.')
+      if (c == '.')
         contains_dotpoint = true;
     }
     if (alpha_count > 1)
@@ -1262,16 +1276,15 @@ int64_t App::ParsedArgument::as_int() const {
       retval = to<int64_t>(p);
     }
 
-    const int64_t min = arg->limits.i.min;
-    const int64_t max = arg->limits.i.max;
-    if (retval < min || retval > max) {
+    const auto range = std::get<Argument::IntRange>(arg->limits);
+    if (retval < range.min || retval > range.max) {
       std::string msg("value supplied for ");
       if (opt)
         msg += std::string("option \"") + opt->id;
       else
         msg += std::string("argument \"") + arg->id;
-      msg += "\" is out of bounds (valid range: " + str(min) + " to " + str(max) + ", value supplied: " + str(retval) +
-             ")";
+      msg += "\" is out of bounds (valid range: " + str(range.min) + " to " + str(range.max) +
+             ", value supplied: " + str(retval) + ")";
       throw Exception(msg);
     }
     return retval;
@@ -1279,19 +1292,18 @@ int64_t App::ParsedArgument::as_int() const {
 
   if (arg->type == Choice) {
     std::string selection = lowercase(p);
-    const char *const *choices = arg->limits.choices;
-    for (int i = 0; choices[i]; ++i) {
-      if (selection == choices[i]) {
-        return i;
-      }
+    const auto &choices = std::get<std::vector<std::string>>(arg->limits);
+    auto it = std::find(choices.begin(), choices.end(), selection);
+    if (it == choices.end()) {
+      std::string msg = std::string("unexpected value supplied for ");
+      if (opt != nullptr)
+        msg += std::string("option \"") + opt->id;
+      else
+        msg += std::string("argument \"") + arg->id;
+      msg += std::string("\" (received \"" + std::string(p) + "\"; valid choices are: ") + join(choices, ", ") + ")";
+      throw Exception(msg);
     }
-    std::string msg = std::string("unexpected value supplied for ");
-    if (opt)
-      msg += std::string("option \"") + opt->id;
-    else
-      msg += std::string("argument \"") + arg->id;
-    msg += std::string("\" (received \"" + std::string(p) + "\"; valid choices are: ") + join(choices, ", ") + ")";
-    throw Exception(msg);
+    return static_cast<int>(std::distance(choices.begin(), it));
   }
   assert(0);
   return (0);
@@ -1300,16 +1312,15 @@ int64_t App::ParsedArgument::as_int() const {
 default_type App::ParsedArgument::as_float() const {
   assert(arg->type == Float);
   const default_type retval = to<default_type>(p);
-  const default_type min = arg->limits.f.min;
-  const default_type max = arg->limits.f.max;
-  if (retval < min || retval > max) {
+  const auto range = std::get<Argument::FloatRange>(arg->limits);
+  if (retval < range.min || retval > range.max) {
     std::string msg("value supplied for ");
     if (opt)
       msg += std::string("option \"") + opt->id;
     else
       msg += std::string("argument \"") + arg->id;
-    msg +=
-        "\" is out of bounds (valid range: " + str(min) + " to " + str(max) + ", value supplied: " + str(retval) + ")";
+    msg += "\" is out of bounds (valid range: " + str(range.min) + " to " + str(range.max) +
+           ", value supplied: " + str(retval) + ")";
     throw Exception(msg);
   }
 
@@ -1346,9 +1357,9 @@ std::vector<default_type> ParsedArgument::as_sequence_float() const {
   return std::vector<default_type>();
 }
 
-ParsedArgument::ParsedArgument(const Option *option, const Argument *argument, const char *text)
-    : opt(option), arg(argument), p(text) {
-  assert(text);
+ParsedArgument::ParsedArgument(const Option *option, const Argument *argument, std::string text, size_t index)
+    : opt(option), arg(argument), p(std::move(text)), index_(index){
+  assert(!p.empty());
 }
 
 void ParsedArgument::error(Exception &e) const {
@@ -1370,10 +1381,11 @@ void check_overwrite(const std::string &name) {
   }
 }
 
-ParsedOption::ParsedOption(const Option *option, const char *const *arguments) : opt(option), args(arguments) {
+
+ParsedOption::ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string> &arguments) : opt(option), args(arguments) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i != option->size(); ++i) {
-    const char *p = arguments[i];
-    if (!consume_dash(p))
+    const auto &p = arguments[i];
+    if (!is_dash(p))
       continue;
     if (((*option)[i].type == ImageIn || (*option)[i].type == ImageOut) && is_dash(arguments[i]))
       continue;
diff --git a/core/app.h b/core/app.h
index f8a8e30310..70741bcd6d 100644
--- a/core/app.h
+++ b/core/app.h
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ extern bool fail_on_warn;
 extern bool terminal_use_colour;
 extern const std::thread::id main_thread_ID;
 
-extern int argc;
-extern const char *const *argv;
+extern std::vector<std::string> raw_arguments_list;
 
 extern const char *project_version;
 extern const char *project_build_date;
@@ -130,10 +129,10 @@ void parse_special_options();
 void parse();
 
 //! sort command-line tokens into arguments and options [used internally]
-void sort_arguments(int argc, const char *const *argv);
+void sort_arguments(const std::vector<std::string> &arguments);
 
 //! uniquely match option stub to Option
-const Option *match_option(const char *stub);
+const Option *match_option(std::string_view arg);
 
 //! dump formatted help page [used internally]
 std::string full_usage();
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ class ParsedArgument {
 public:
   operator std::string() const { return p; }
 
-  const char *as_text() const { return p; }
+  const std::string &as_text() const { return p; }
   bool as_bool() const { return to<bool>(p); }
   int64_t as_int() const;
   uint64_t as_uint() const { return uint64_t(as_int()); }
@@ -167,14 +166,14 @@ class ParsedArgument {
   operator std::vector<uint32_t>() const { return as_sequence_uint(); }
   operator std::vector<default_type>() const { return as_sequence_float(); }
 
-  const char *c_str() const { return p; }
+  const char *c_str() const { return p.c_str(); }
 
 private:
   const Option *opt;
   const Argument *arg;
-  const char *p;
+  std::string p;
 
-  ParsedArgument(const Option *option, const Argument *argument, const char *text);
+  ParsedArgument(const Option *option, const Argument *argument, std::string text, size_t index);
 
   void error(Exception &e) const;
 
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ class ParsedArgument {
   friend class Options;
   friend void MR::App::init(int argc, const char *const *argv);
   friend void MR::App::parse();
-  friend void MR::App::sort_arguments(int argc, const char *const *argv);
+  friend void MR::App::sort_arguments(const std::vector<std::string> &arguments);
 };
 
 //! object storing information about option parsed from command-line
@@ -190,12 +189,12 @@ class ParsedArgument {
  * returned by App::get_options(). */
 class ParsedOption {
 public:
-  ParsedOption(const Option *option, const char *const *arguments);
+  ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string> &arguments);
 
   //! reference to the corresponding Option entry in the OPTIONS section
   const Option *opt;
   //! pointer into \c argv corresponding to the option's first argument
-  const char *const *args;
+  std::vector<std::string> args;
 
   ParsedArgument operator[](size_t num) const;
 
@@ -285,13 +284,13 @@ extern OptionList OPTIONS;
 extern bool REQUIRES_AT_LEAST_ONE_ARGUMENT;
 
 //! set the author of the command
-extern const char *AUTHOR;
+extern std::string AUTHOR;
 
 //! set the copyright notice if different from that used in MRtrix
-extern const char *COPYRIGHT;
+extern std::string COPYRIGHT;
 
 //! set a one-sentence synopsis for the command
-extern const char *SYNOPSIS;
+extern std::string SYNOPSIS;
 
 //! add references to command help page
 /*! Like the description, use the '+' operator to add paragraphs (typically
diff --git a/core/cmdline_option.h b/core/cmdline_option.h
index f8610739ac..22cdc61d18 100644
--- a/core/cmdline_option.h
+++ b/core/cmdline_option.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <limits>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #ifdef None
 #undef None
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ class Argument {
   using Limits = std::variant<std::vector<std::string>, IntRange, FloatRange>;
   Limits limits;
 
-  operator bool() const { return id; }
+  operator bool() const { return id.empty(); }
 
   //! specifies that the argument is optional
   /*! For example:
@@ -200,17 +202,17 @@ class Argument {
   }
 
   //! specifies that the argument should be selected from a predefined list
-  /*! The list of allowed values must be specified as a nullptr-terminated
-   * list of C strings. Here is an example usage:
+  /*! The list of allowed values must be specified as a vector of strings.
+   * Here is an example usage:
    * \code
-   * const char* mode_list [] = { "standard", "pedantic", "approx", nullptr };
+   * const std::vector<std::string> mode_list = { "standard", "pedantic", "approx" };
    *
    * ARGUMENTS
    *   + Argument ("mode", "the mode of operation")
    *     .type_choice (mode_list);
    * \endcode
    * \note Each string in the list must be supplied in \b lowercase. */
-  Argument &type_choice(const char *const *choices) {
+  Argument &type_choice(const std::vector<std::string> &choices) {
     assert(type == Undefined);
     type = Choice;
     limits = choices;
@@ -323,18 +325,19 @@ class Argument {
  */
 class Option : public std::vector<Argument> {
 public:
-  Option() : id(nullptr), flags(Optional) {}
+  Option() : flags(Optional) {}
 
-  Option(const char *name, const std::string &description) : id(name), desc(description), flags(Optional) {}
+  Option(std::string name, const std::string &description)
+      : id(std::move(name)), desc(std::move(description)), flags(Optional) {}
 
   Option &operator+(const Argument &arg) {
     push_back(arg);
     return *this;
   }
-  operator bool() const { return id; }
+  operator bool() const { return id.empty(); }
 
   //! the option name
-  const char *id;
+  std::string id;
   //! the option description
   std::string desc;
   //! option flags (AllowMultiple and/or Optional)
@@ -388,8 +391,8 @@ class Option : public std::vector<Argument> {
  */
 class OptionGroup : public std::vector<Option> {
 public:
-  OptionGroup(const char *group_name = "OPTIONS") : name(group_name) {}
-  const char *name;
+  OptionGroup(std::string group_name = "OPTIONS") : name(std::move(group_name)) {}
+  std::string name;
 
   OptionGroup &operator+(const Option &option) {
     push_back(option);

From 62861585ac9dedfdc64d2879124ab392ac4736a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2024 19:36:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 123/182] Use std::string in rest of the code

---
 cmd/connectome2tck.cpp                        |  2 +-
 cmd/connectomeedit.cpp                        |  5 +--
 cmd/connectomestats.cpp                       |  2 +-
 cmd/dwi2fod.cpp                               |  2 +-
 cmd/dwidenoise.cpp                            |  5 ++-
 cmd/fixel2voxel.cpp                           | 27 ++++++++-------
 cmd/fixelfilter.cpp                           |  2 +-
 cmd/labelstats.cpp                            |  2 +-
 cmd/maskfilter.cpp                            |  2 +-
 cmd/meshconvert.cpp                           |  2 +-
 cmd/meshfilter.cpp                            |  2 +-
 cmd/mrcalc.cpp                                | 23 ++++++-------
 cmd/mrcolour.cpp                              | 21 +++++-------
 cmd/mrdegibbs.cpp                             |  2 +-
 cmd/mrfilter.cpp                              |  2 +-
 cmd/mrgrid.cpp                                |  4 +--
 cmd/mrhistmatch.cpp                           |  2 +-
 cmd/mrmath.cpp                                | 27 +++++++--------
 cmd/mrmetric.cpp                              |  8 ++---
 cmd/mrregister.cpp                            | 10 ++----
 cmd/mrthreshold.cpp                           |  2 +-
 cmd/mrtransform.cpp                           |  4 +--
 cmd/mtnormalise.cpp                           |  2 +-
 cmd/shbasis.cpp                               |  2 +-
 cmd/tckdfc.cpp                                |  2 +-
 cmd/tckgen.cpp                                |  5 +--
 cmd/tcksample.cpp                             |  2 +-
 cmd/tckstats.cpp                              |  2 +-
 cmd/tensor2metric.cpp                         |  2 +-
 cmd/transformcalc.cpp                         | 19 +++++------
 cmd/transformconvert.cpp                      |  2 +-
 cmd/warpconvert.cpp                           |  4 +--
 core/cmdline_option.h                         |  2 +-
 core/datatype.cpp                             |  5 +--
 core/datatype.h                               |  2 +-
 core/math/average_space.cpp                   |  4 +--
 core/math/average_space.h                     |  3 +-
 core/math/stats/shuffle.cpp                   |  2 +-
 core/math/stats/shuffle.h                     |  3 +-
 core/mrtrix.h                                 |  5 +++
 core/stats.cpp                                |  2 +-
 core/stats.h                                  |  3 +-
 src/colourmap.cpp                             |  7 ++--
 src/colourmap.h                               |  2 +-
 src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.cpp    |  2 +-
 src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.h      |  2 +-
 src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.cpp    | 33 ++++++++++---------
 src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.h      |  8 +++--
 .../mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp | 18 +++++-----
 .../mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.h   |  2 +-
 src/registration/linear.cpp                   | 12 +++----
 src/registration/linear.h                     |  2 +-
 testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp             |  2 +-
 53 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 162 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/connectome2tck.cpp b/cmd/connectome2tck.cpp
index 20558264e0..fc49710ca4 100644
--- a/cmd/connectome2tck.cpp
+++ b/cmd/connectome2tck.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ using namespace MR::DWI;
 using namespace MR::DWI::Tractography;
 using namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Connectome;
 
-const char *file_outputs[] = {"per_edge", "per_node", "single", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> file_outputs = {"per_edge", "per_node", "single"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup TrackOutputOptions = OptionGroup ("Options for determining the content / format of output files")
diff --git a/cmd/connectomeedit.cpp b/cmd/connectomeedit.cpp
index 794e33d67d..bec759b264 100644
--- a/cmd/connectomeedit.cpp
+++ b/cmd/connectomeedit.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ using namespace MR::Connectome;
 using namespace MR::Math;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *operations[] = {"to_symmetric", "upper_triangular", "lower_triangular", "transpose", "zero_diagonal", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> operations = {
+    "to_symmetric", "upper_triangular", "lower_triangular", "transpose", "zero_diagonal"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
@@ -73,4 +74,4 @@ void run() {
   }
 
   File::Matrix::save_matrix(connectome, output_path);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/cmd/connectomestats.cpp b/cmd/connectomestats.cpp
index 9622ba85e9..9aae00d97a 100644
--- a/cmd/connectomestats.cpp
+++ b/cmd/connectomestats.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ using Math::Stats::matrix_type;
 using Math::Stats::vector_type;
 using Stats::PermTest::count_matrix_type;
 
-const char *algorithms[] = {"nbs", "tfnbs", "none", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> algorithms = {"nbs", "tfnbs", "none"};
 
 // TODO Eventually these will move to some kind of TFCE header
 #define TFCE_DH_DEFAULT 0.1
diff --git a/cmd/dwi2fod.cpp b/cmd/dwi2fod.cpp
index 4b293f4af7..f7ced207b0 100644
--- a/cmd/dwi2fod.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dwi2fod.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *const algorithms[] = {"csd", "msmt_csd", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> algorithms = {"csd", "msmt_csd"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup CommonOptions = OptionGroup ("Options common to more than one algorithm")
diff --git a/cmd/dwidenoise.cpp b/cmd/dwidenoise.cpp
index f5bdf776f3..20d9242cd4 100644
--- a/cmd/dwidenoise.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dwidenoise.cpp
@@ -23,9 +23,8 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *const dtypes[] = {"float32", "float64", NULL};
-
-const char *const estimators[] = {"exp1", "exp2", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> dtypes = {"float32", "float64"};
+const std::vector<std::string> estimators = {"exp1", "exp2"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/fixel2voxel.cpp b/cmd/fixel2voxel.cpp
index 8a174c25f5..e82109b3b7 100644
--- a/cmd/fixel2voxel.cpp
+++ b/cmd/fixel2voxel.cpp
@@ -37,20 +37,19 @@ using namespace App;
 
 using Fixel::index_type;
 
-const char *operations[] = {"mean",
-                            "sum",
-                            "product",
-                            "min",
-                            "max",
-                            "absmax",
-                            "magmax",
-                            "count",
-                            "complexity",
-                            "sf",
-                            "dec_unit",
-                            "dec_scaled",
-                            "none",
-                            nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> operations = {"mean",
+                                             "sum",
+                                             "product",
+                                             "min",
+                                             "max",
+                                             "absmax",
+                                             "magmax",
+                                             "count",
+                                             "complexity",
+                                             "sf",
+                                             "dec_unit",
+                                             "dec_scaled",
+                                             "none"};
 
 // clang-format off
 
diff --git a/cmd/fixelfilter.cpp b/cmd/fixelfilter.cpp
index 0d3ff75798..82d65e7337 100644
--- a/cmd/fixelfilter.cpp
+++ b/cmd/fixelfilter.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 using namespace MR::Fixel;
 
-const char *const filters[] = {"connect", "smooth", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> filters = {"connect", "smooth"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/labelstats.cpp b/cmd/labelstats.cpp
index 38aa82c656..40b75581a8 100644
--- a/cmd/labelstats.cpp
+++ b/cmd/labelstats.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *field_choices[] = {"mass", "centre", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> field_choices = {"mass", "centre"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/maskfilter.cpp b/cmd/maskfilter.cpp
index 8eb444f183..f5122e7479 100644
--- a/cmd/maskfilter.cpp
+++ b/cmd/maskfilter.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ using namespace App;
 
 #define DEFAULT_CLEAN_SCALE 2
 
-const char *filters[] = {"clean", "connect", "dilate", "erode", "fill", "median", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> filters = {"clean", "connect", "dilate", "erode", "fill", "median"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup CleanOption =
diff --git a/cmd/meshconvert.cpp b/cmd/meshconvert.cpp
index d7dc23de7f..7aca9457c6 100644
--- a/cmd/meshconvert.cpp
+++ b/cmd/meshconvert.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 using namespace MR::Surface;
 
-const char *transform_choices[] = {"first2real", "real2first", "voxel2real", "real2voxel", "fs2real", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> transform_choices = {"first2real", "real2first", "voxel2real", "real2voxel", "fs2real"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/meshfilter.cpp b/cmd/meshfilter.cpp
index b6a645b0b6..b2a9d20a66 100644
--- a/cmd/meshfilter.cpp
+++ b/cmd/meshfilter.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 using namespace MR::Surface;
 
-const char *filters[] = {"smooth", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> filters = {"smooth"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup smooth_option = OptionGroup ("Options for mesh smoothing filter")
diff --git a/cmd/mrcalc.cpp b/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
index f301cfb697..2a6943fea4 100644
--- a/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
@@ -480,13 +480,12 @@ class LoadedImage {
 
 class StackEntry {
 public:
-  StackEntry(const char *entry) : arg(entry), rng_gaussian(false), image_is_complex(false) {}
+  StackEntry(std::string entry) : arg(std::move(entry)), rng_gaussian(false), image_is_complex(false) {}
 
-  StackEntry(Evaluator *evaluator_p)
-      : arg(nullptr), evaluator(evaluator_p), rng_gaussian(false), image_is_complex(false) {}
+  StackEntry(Evaluator *evaluator_p) : evaluator(evaluator_p), rng_gaussian(false), image_is_complex(false) {}
 
   void load() {
-    if (!arg)
+    if (arg.empty())
       return;
     auto search = image_list.find(arg);
     if (search != image_list.end()) {
@@ -530,10 +529,9 @@ class StackEntry {
         }
       }
     }
-    arg = nullptr;
   }
 
-  const char *arg;
+  std::string arg;
   std::shared_ptr<Evaluator> evaluator;
   std::shared_ptr<Image<complex_type>> image;
   copy_ptr<Math::RNG> rng;
@@ -898,7 +896,7 @@ void run_operations(const std::vector<StackEntry> &stack) {
   if (stack.size() > 2)
     throw Exception("too many operands left on stack!");
 
-  if (!stack[1].arg)
+  if (stack[1].arg.empty())
     throw Exception("output image not specified");
 
   if (stack[0].is_complex()) {
@@ -984,15 +982,14 @@ class OpTernary : public OpBase {
 void run() {
   std::vector<StackEntry> stack;
 
-  for (int n = 1; n < App::argc; ++n) {
-
-    const Option *opt = match_option(App::argv[n]);
+  for (const auto &argument : App::raw_arguments_list) {
+    const Option *opt = match_option(argument);
     if (opt) {
 
       if (opt->is("datatype"))
-        ++n;
+        continue;
       else if (opt->is("nthreads"))
-        ++n;
+        continue;
       else if (opt->is("force") || opt->is("info") || opt->is("debug") || opt->is("quiet"))
         continue;
 
@@ -1003,7 +1000,7 @@ void run() {
         throw Exception(std::string("operation \"") + opt->id + "\" not yet implemented!");
 
     } else {
-      stack.push_back(App::argv[n]);
+      stack.push_back(argument);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/cmd/mrcolour.cpp b/cmd/mrcolour.cpp
index 838548855e..d3bd5d8f28 100644
--- a/cmd/mrcolour.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrcolour.cpp
@@ -29,22 +29,17 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-std::vector<std::string> colourmap_choices_std;
-std::vector<const char *> colourmap_choices_cstr;
+std::vector<std::string> colourmap_choices;
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
 
-  const ColourMap::Entry *entry = ColourMap::maps;
-  do {
-    if (strcmp(entry->name, "Complex"))
-      colourmap_choices_std.push_back(lowercase(entry->name));
-    ++entry;
-  } while(entry->name != nullptr);
-  colourmap_choices_cstr.reserve(colourmap_choices_std.size() + 1);
-  for (const auto& s : colourmap_choices_std)
-    colourmap_choices_cstr.push_back(s.c_str());
-  colourmap_choices_cstr.push_back(nullptr);
+  for(const auto& entry : ColourMap::maps) {
+    const bool is_complex = strcmp(entry.name, "Complex") == 0;
+    if(!is_complex) {
+      colourmap_choices.push_back(lowercase(entry.name));
+    }
+  }
 
   AUTHOR = "Robert E. Smith (robert.smith@florey.edu.au)";
 
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ void usage() {
   ARGUMENTS
   + Argument ("input",  "the input image").type_image_in()
   + Argument ("map",    "the colourmap to apply;"
-                        " choices are: " + join(colourmap_choices_std, ",")).type_choice (colourmap_choices_cstr.data())
+                        " choices are: " + join(colourmap_choices, ",")).type_choice (colourmap_choices)
   + Argument ("output", "the output image").type_image_out();
 
   OPTIONS
diff --git a/cmd/mrdegibbs.cpp b/cmd/mrdegibbs.cpp
index 69ab97ab22..bc7ce9e5f5 100644
--- a/cmd/mrdegibbs.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrdegibbs.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *modes[] = {"2d", "3d", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> modes = {"2d", "3d"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mrfilter.cpp b/cmd/mrfilter.cpp
index a34c671666..e97e2882a4 100644
--- a/cmd/mrfilter.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrfilter.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *filters[] = {"fft", "gradient", "median", "smooth", "normalise", "zclean", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> filters = {"fft", "gradient", "median", "smooth", "normalise", "zclean"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup FFTOption = OptionGroup ("Options for FFT filter")
diff --git a/cmd/mrgrid.cpp b/cmd/mrgrid.cpp
index 5e6083558d..a6ba5d8511 100644
--- a/cmd/mrgrid.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrgrid.cpp
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *interp_choices[] = {"nearest", "linear", "cubic", "sinc", NULL};
 #define DEFAULT_INTERP 2 // cubic
-const char *operation_choices[] = {"regrid", "crop", "pad", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> interp_choices = {"nearest", "linear", "cubic", "sinc"};
+const std::vector<std::string> operation_choices = {"regrid", "crop", "pad"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mrhistmatch.cpp b/cmd/mrhistmatch.cpp
index 6b8673d3b9..cf8e05c66e 100644
--- a/cmd/mrhistmatch.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrhistmatch.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *choices[] = {"scale", "linear", "nonlinear", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> choices = {"scale", "linear", "nonlinear"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mrmath.cpp b/cmd/mrmath.cpp
index 3233ecc0bf..6424a9054f 100644
--- a/cmd/mrmath.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrmath.cpp
@@ -33,19 +33,20 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *operations[] = {"mean",
-                            "median",
-                            "sum",
-                            "product",
-                            "rms",
-                            "norm",
-                            "var",
-                            "std",
-                            "min",
-                            "max",
-                            "absmax", // Maximum of absolute values
-                            "magmax", // Value for which the magnitude is the maximum (i.e. preserves signed-ness)
-                            NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> operations = {
+    "mean",
+    "median",
+    "sum",
+    "product",
+    "rms",
+    "norm",
+    "var",
+    "std",
+    "min",
+    "max",
+    "absmax", // Maximum of absolute values
+    "magmax"  // Value for which the magnitude is the maximum (i.e. preserves signed-ness)
+};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mrmetric.cpp b/cmd/mrmetric.cpp
index 73a7f82e98..2995ff9a4c 100644
--- a/cmd/mrmetric.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrmetric.cpp
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *interp_choices[] = {"nearest", "linear", "cubic", "sinc", NULL};
 #define DEFAULT_INTERP 1 // linear
-const char *space_choices[] = {"voxel", "image1", "image2", "average", NULL};
-#define DEFAULT_SPACE 0 // voxel
+#define DEFAULT_SPACE 0  // voxel
+const std::vector<std::string> interp_choices = {"nearest", "linear", "cubic", "sinc"};
+const std::vector<std::string> space_choices = {"voxel", "image1", "image2", "average"};
 
 template <class ValueType>
 inline void
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ void evaluate_voxelwise_msq(InType1 &in1,
 }
 
 enum MetricType { MeanSquared, CrossCorrelation };
-const char *metric_choices[] = {"diff", "cc", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> metric_choices = {"diff", "cc"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mrregister.cpp b/cmd/mrregister.cpp
index d55058077e..e4f75fd391 100644
--- a/cmd/mrregister.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrregister.cpp
@@ -39,15 +39,9 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *transformation_choices[] = {"rigid",
-                                        "affine",
-                                        "nonlinear",
-                                        "rigid_affine",
-                                        "rigid_nonlinear",
-                                        "affine_nonlinear",
-                                        "rigid_affine_nonlinear",
-                                        nullptr};
 #define DEFAULT_TRANSFORMATION_TYPE 5 // affine_nonlinear
+const std::vector<std::string> transformation_choices = {
+    "rigid", "affine", "nonlinear", "rigid_affine", "rigid_nonlinear", "affine_nonlinear", "rigid_affine_nonlinear"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup multiContrastOptions =
diff --git a/cmd/mrthreshold.cpp b/cmd/mrthreshold.cpp
index 80e86d34ad..4bb5a057f4 100644
--- a/cmd/mrthreshold.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrthreshold.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
 enum class operator_type { LT, LE, GE, GT, UNDEFINED };
-const char *const operator_list[] = {"lt", "le", "ge", "gt", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> operator_list = {"lt", "le", "ge", "gt"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mrtransform.cpp b/cmd/mrtransform.cpp
index c212a449dd..bfa91707b1 100644
--- a/cmd/mrtransform.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrtransform.cpp
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *interp_choices[] = {"nearest", "linear", "cubic", "sinc", nullptr};
 #define DEFAULT_INTERP 2 // cubic
-const char *modulation_choices[] = {"fod", "jac", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> interp_choices = {"nearest", "linear", "cubic", "sinc"};
+const std::vector<std::string> modulation_choices = {"fod", "jac"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/mtnormalise.cpp b/cmd/mtnormalise.cpp
index 8510a80c2d..19e39fcfb9 100644
--- a/cmd/mtnormalise.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mtnormalise.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ using namespace App;
 #define DEFAULT_BALANCE_MAXITER_VALUE 7
 #define DEFAULT_POLY_ORDER 3
 
-const char *poly_order_choices[] = {"0", "1", "2", "3", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> poly_order_choices = {"0", "1", "2", "3"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/shbasis.cpp b/cmd/shbasis.cpp
index 7d76059bce..e9b7688897 100644
--- a/cmd/shbasis.cpp
+++ b/cmd/shbasis.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *conversions[] = {"old", "new", "force_oldtonew", "force_newtoold", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> conversions = {"old", "new", "force_oldtonew", "force_newtoold"};
 enum conv_t { NONE, OLD, NEW, FORCE_OLDTONEW, FORCE_NEWTOOLD };
 
 // clang-format off
diff --git a/cmd/tckdfc.cpp b/cmd/tckdfc.cpp
index e2d9e6e277..21801b0628 100644
--- a/cmd/tckdfc.cpp
+++ b/cmd/tckdfc.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ using namespace MR::DWI;
 using namespace MR::DWI::Tractography;
 using namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Mapping;
 
-const char *windows[] = {"rectangle", "triangle", "cosine", "hann", "hamming", "lanczos", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> windows = {"rectangle", "triangle", "cosine", "hann", "hamming", "lanczos"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage () {
diff --git a/cmd/tckgen.cpp b/cmd/tckgen.cpp
index 6be635f6a6..afede626b7 100644
--- a/cmd/tckgen.cpp
+++ b/cmd/tckgen.cpp
@@ -40,10 +40,11 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *algorithms[] = {
-    "fact", "ifod1", "ifod2", "nulldist1", "nulldist2", "sd_stream", "seedtest", "tensor_det", "tensor_prob", nullptr};
 #define DEFAULT_ALGORITHM 2 // ifod2
 
+const std::vector<std::string> algorithms = {
+    "fact", "ifod1", "ifod2", "nulldist1", "nulldist2", "sd_stream", "seedtest", "tensor_det", "tensor_prob"};
+
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
 
diff --git a/cmd/tcksample.cpp b/cmd/tcksample.cpp
index a6d632400f..c956200a3b 100644
--- a/cmd/tcksample.cpp
+++ b/cmd/tcksample.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
 enum stat_tck { MEAN, MEDIAN, MIN, MAX, NONE };
-const char *statistics[] = {"mean", "median", "min", "max", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> statistics = {"mean", "median", "min", "max"};
 
 enum interp_type { NEAREST, LINEAR, PRECISE };
 
diff --git a/cmd/tckstats.cpp b/cmd/tckstats.cpp
index 77461ed071..cea7e11370 100644
--- a/cmd/tckstats.cpp
+++ b/cmd/tckstats.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ using namespace MR::DWI::Tractography;
 // TODO Make compatible with stats generic options?
 // - Some features would not be compatible due to potential presence of track weights
 
-const char *field_choices[] = {"mean", "median", "std", "min", "max", "count", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> field_choices = {"mean", "median", "std", "min", "max", "count"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/tensor2metric.cpp b/cmd/tensor2metric.cpp
index c21b739937..a0214da31d 100644
--- a/cmd/tensor2metric.cpp
+++ b/cmd/tensor2metric.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
 using value_type = float;
-const char *modulate_choices[] = {"none", "fa", "eigval", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> modulate_choices = {"none", "fa", "eigval"};
 #define DEFAULT_RK_NDIRS 300
 
 // clang-format off
diff --git a/cmd/transformcalc.cpp b/cmd/transformcalc.cpp
index 20394e2590..a27eeeef38 100644
--- a/cmd/transformcalc.cpp
+++ b/cmd/transformcalc.cpp
@@ -29,16 +29,15 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *operations[] = {"invert",
-                            "half",
-                            "rigid",
-                            "header",
-                            "average",
-                            "interpolate",
-                            "decompose",
-                            "align_vertices_rigid",
-                            "align_vertices_rigid_scale",
-                            NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> operations = {"invert",
+                                             "half",
+                                             "rigid",
+                                             "header",
+                                             "average",
+                                             "interpolate",
+                                             "decompose",
+                                             "align_vertices_rigid",
+                                             "align_vertices_rigid_scale"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/transformconvert.cpp b/cmd/transformconvert.cpp
index bbf2e2205e..6f0dbe97d8 100644
--- a/cmd/transformconvert.cpp
+++ b/cmd/transformconvert.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *operations[] = {"flirt_import", "itk_import", NULL};
+const std::vector<std::string> operations = {"flirt_import", "itk_import"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/cmd/warpconvert.cpp b/cmd/warpconvert.cpp
index 9563705cf3..31012e943f 100644
--- a/cmd/warpconvert.cpp
+++ b/cmd/warpconvert.cpp
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *conversion_types[] = {
-    "deformation2displacement", "displacement2deformation", "warpfull2deformation", "warpfull2displacement", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> conversion_types = {
+    "deformation2displacement", "displacement2deformation", "warpfull2deformation", "warpfull2displacement"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {
diff --git a/core/cmdline_option.h b/core/cmdline_option.h
index 22cdc61d18..978d570d6b 100644
--- a/core/cmdline_option.h
+++ b/core/cmdline_option.h
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class Option : public std::vector<Argument> {
 public:
   Option() : flags(Optional) {}
 
-  Option(std::string name, const std::string &description)
+  Option(std::string name, std::string description)
       : id(std::move(name)), desc(std::move(description)), flags(Optional) {}
 
   Option &operator+(const Argument &arg) {
diff --git a/core/datatype.cpp b/core/datatype.cpp
index e75ffbd216..1a1d6b8940 100644
--- a/core/datatype.cpp
+++ b/core/datatype.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "datatype.h"
 #include "app.h"
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace MR {
 
@@ -67,12 +68,12 @@ constexpr uint8_t DataType::CFloat64LE;
 constexpr uint8_t DataType::CFloat64BE;
 constexpr uint8_t DataType::Native;
 
-const char *DataType::identifiers[] = {
+const std::vector<std::string> DataType::identifiers = {
     "float16",    "float16le", "float16be",  "float32",    "float32le",  "float32be",  "float64",  "float64le",
     "float64be",  "int64",     "uint64",     "int64le",    "uint64le",   "int64be",    "uint64be", "int32",
     "uint32",     "int32le",   "uint32le",   "int32be",    "uint32be",   "int16",      "uint16",   "int16le",
     "uint16le",   "int16be",   "uint16be",   "cfloat16",   "cfloat16le", "cfloat16be", "cfloat32", "cfloat32le",
-    "cfloat32be", "cfloat64",  "cfloat64le", "cfloat64be", "int8",       "uint8",      "bit",      NULL};
+    "cfloat32be", "cfloat64",  "cfloat64le", "cfloat64be", "int8",       "uint8",      "bit"};
 
 DataType DataType::parse(const std::string &spec) {
   std::string str(lowercase(spec));
diff --git a/core/datatype.h b/core/datatype.h
index ea5fd7aff6..bb212c1dc0 100644
--- a/core/datatype.h
+++ b/core/datatype.h
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class DataType {
 #endif
   static App::OptionGroup options();
 
-  static const char *identifiers[];
+  static const std::vector<std::string> identifiers;
 
   friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const DataType &dt) {
     stream << dt.specifier();
diff --git a/core/math/average_space.cpp b/core/math/average_space.cpp
index a5ad25fc7c..7cc5d395ce 100644
--- a/core/math/average_space.cpp
+++ b/core/math/average_space.cpp
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ double matrix_average(std::vector<Eigen::MatrixXd> const &mat_in, Eigen::MatrixX
 
 namespace MR {
 
-const char *const avgspace_voxspacing_choices[]{
-    "min_projection", "mean_projection", "min_nearest", "mean_nearest", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> avgspace_voxspacing_choices{
+    "min_projection", "mean_projection", "min_nearest", "mean_nearest"};
 
 FORCE_INLINE Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 8, 4> get_cuboid_corners(const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 4, 1> &xyz_sizes) {
   Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 8, 4> corners;
diff --git a/core/math/average_space.h b/core/math/average_space.h
index 46ac45fe23..8f2c3df530 100644
--- a/core/math/average_space.h
+++ b/core/math/average_space.h
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ double matrix_average(std::vector<Eigen::MatrixXd> const &mat_in, Eigen::MatrixX
 
 namespace MR {
 
-extern const char *const avgspace_voxspacing_choices[];
+extern const std::vector<std::string> avgspace_voxspacing_choices;
+
 enum class avgspace_voxspacing_t { MIN_PROJECTION, MEAN_PROJECTION, MIN_NEAREST, MEAN_NEAREST };
 
 Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 8, 4> get_cuboid_corners(const Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 4, 1> &xyz_sizes);
diff --git a/core/math/stats/shuffle.cpp b/core/math/stats/shuffle.cpp
index ad86c858b3..c9a459afb5 100644
--- a/core/math/stats/shuffle.cpp
+++ b/core/math/stats/shuffle.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 namespace MR::Math::Stats {
 
-const char *error_types[] = {"ee", "ise", "both", nullptr};
+std::vector<std::string> error_types = {"ee", "ise", "both"};
 
 App::OptionGroup shuffle_options(const bool include_nonstationarity, const default_type default_skew) {
   using namespace App;
diff --git a/core/math/stats/shuffle.h b/core/math/stats/shuffle.h
index d81d5f76e8..e4ace6960d 100644
--- a/core/math/stats/shuffle.h
+++ b/core/math/stats/shuffle.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "misc/bitset.h"
 
 #include "math/stats/typedefs.h"
+#include <vector>
 
 #define DEFAULT_NUMBER_SHUFFLES 5000
 #define DEFAULT_NUMBER_SHUFFLES_NONSTATIONARITY 5000
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ namespace MR::Math::Stats {
 // - Import permutations (actual & nonstationarity correction)
 // - (future) Set exchangeability blocks
 
-extern const char *error_types[];
+extern std::vector<std::string> error_types;
 App::OptionGroup shuffle_options(const bool include_nonstationarity, const default_type default_skew = 1.0);
 
 class Shuffle {
diff --git a/core/mrtrix.h b/core/mrtrix.h
index 4a637b9a56..59cb7c97ff 100644
--- a/core/mrtrix.h
+++ b/core/mrtrix.h
@@ -356,6 +356,11 @@ Eigen::Matrix<ValueType, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic> parse_matrix(const std:
 
 std::string join(const std::vector<std::string> &V, const std::string &delimiter);
 
+template <size_t N> inline std::string join(const std::array<std::string, N> &array, const std::string &delimiter) {
+  const auto v = std::vector<std::string>(array.begin(), array.end());
+  return join(v, delimiter);
+}
+
 template <typename T> inline std::string join(const std::vector<T> &V, const std::string &delimiter) {
   std::string ret;
   if (V.empty())
diff --git a/core/stats.cpp b/core/stats.cpp
index 8ac9847c60..85be8e0add 100644
--- a/core/stats.cpp
+++ b/core/stats.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace MR::Stats {
 
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *field_choices[] = {"mean", "median", "std", "std_rv", "min", "max", "count", nullptr};
+std::vector<std::string> field_choices{"mean", "median", "std", "std_rv", "min", "max", "count"};
 
 // clang-format off
 const OptionGroup Options =
diff --git a/core/stats.h b/core/stats.h
index f8ad14f033..10c378d7e4 100644
--- a/core/stats.h
+++ b/core/stats.h
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@
 #include "math/median.h"
 
 #include <iomanip>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace MR::Stats {
 
-extern const char *field_choices[];
+extern std::vector<std::string> field_choices;
 extern const App::OptionGroup Options;
 
 using value_type = default_type;
diff --git a/src/colourmap.cpp b/src/colourmap.cpp
index ec931f8971..70e5748df9 100644
--- a/src/colourmap.cpp
+++ b/src/colourmap.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace {
 float clamp(const float i) { return std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, i)); }
 } // namespace
 
-const Entry maps[] = {
+const std::vector<Entry> maps = {
     Entry("Gray",
           "color.rgb = vec3 (amplitude);\n",
           [](float amplitude) { return Eigen::Array3f(clamp(amplitude), clamp(amplitude), clamp(amplitude)); }),
@@ -140,8 +140,5 @@ const Entry maps[] = {
           "color.rgb = scale * (amplitude - offset) * color.rgb;\n",
           Entry::basic_map_fn(),
           "length (color.rg)",
-          true),
-
-    Entry(NULL, NULL, Entry::basic_map_fn(), NULL, true)};
-
+          true)};
 } // namespace MR::ColourMap
diff --git a/src/colourmap.h b/src/colourmap.h
index f2eb57304a..897806df0a 100644
--- a/src/colourmap.h
+++ b/src/colourmap.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Entry {
   static const char *default_amplitude;
 };
 
-extern const Entry maps[];
+extern const std::vector<Entry> maps;
 
 inline size_t num() {
   size_t n = 0;
diff --git a/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.cpp b/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.cpp
index 32f3e2e093..0b47d81fc9 100644
--- a/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.cpp
+++ b/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Connectome {
 
-const char *statistics[] = {"sum", "mean", "min", "max", NULL};
+std::vector<std::string> statistics = {"sum", "mean", "min", "max"};
 
 const App::Option EdgeStatisticOption
 
diff --git a/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.h b/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.h
index 02c1599332..2e5066b00e 100644
--- a/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.h
+++ b/src/dwi/tractography/connectome/matrix.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Connectome {
 
 enum stat_edge { SUM, MEAN, MIN, MAX };
-extern const char *statistics[];
+extern std::vector<std::string> statistics;
 extern const App::Option EdgeStatisticOption;
 
 // The number of nodes that must be exceeded in a connectome matrix in
diff --git a/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.cpp b/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.cpp
index 9a24c77785..b2e44e21de 100644
--- a/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.cpp
+++ b/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.cpp
@@ -13,26 +13,27 @@
  *
  * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
  */
+#include "twi_stats.h"
 
-#include "dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.h"
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Mapping {
 
-const char *contrasts[] = {
-    "tdi", "length", "invlength", "scalar_map", "scalar_map_count", "fod_amp", "curvature", "vector_file", 0};
-const char *voxel_statistics[] = {"sum", "min", "mean", "max", 0};
+const std::vector<std::string> contrasts = {
+    "tdi", "length", "invlength", "scalar_map", "scalar_map_count", "fod_amp", "curvature", "vector_file"};
+const std::vector<std::string> voxel_statistics = {"sum", "min", "mean", "max"};
 // Note: ENDS_CORR not provided as a command-line option
-const char *track_statistics[] = {"sum",
-                                  "min",
-                                  "mean",
-                                  "max",
-                                  "median",
-                                  "mean_nonzero",
-                                  "gaussian",
-                                  "ends_min",
-                                  "ends_mean",
-                                  "ends_max",
-                                  "ends_prod",
-                                  0};
+const std::vector<std::string> track_statistics = {"sum",
+                                                   "min",
+                                                   "mean",
+                                                   "max",
+                                                   "median",
+                                                   "mean_nonzero",
+                                                   "gaussian",
+                                                   "ends_min",
+                                                   "ends_mean",
+                                                   "ends_max",
+                                                   "ends_prod"};
 
 } // namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Mapping
diff --git a/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.h b/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.h
index d11f62bce8..d82867c0a9 100644
--- a/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.h
+++ b/src/dwi/tractography/mapping/twi_stats.h
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Mapping {
 
 enum contrast_t { TDI, LENGTH, INVLENGTH, SCALAR_MAP, SCALAR_MAP_COUNT, FOD_AMP, CURVATURE, VECTOR_FILE };
@@ -36,8 +38,8 @@ enum tck_stat_t {
   ENDS_CORR
 };
 
-extern const char *contrasts[];
-extern const char *voxel_statistics[];
-extern const char *track_statistics[];
+extern const std::vector<std::string> contrasts;
+extern const std::vector<std::string> voxel_statistics;
+extern const std::vector<std::string> track_statistics;
 
 } // namespace MR::DWI::Tractography::Mapping
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp
index 9d48af1635..2db3b73cff 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "mrtrix.h"
 
 namespace MR::GUI::MRView::Tool {
-const char *tractogram_geometry_types[] = {"pseudotubes", "lines", "points", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> tractogram_geometry_types = {"pseudotubes", "lines", "points"};
 
 TrackGeometryType geometry_index2type(const int idx) {
   switch (idx) {
@@ -43,13 +43,15 @@ TrackGeometryType geometry_index2type(const int idx) {
 
 size_t geometry_string2index(std::string type_str) {
   type_str = lowercase(type_str);
-  size_t index = 0;
-  for (const char *const *p = tractogram_geometry_types; *p; ++p, ++index) {
-    if (type_str == *p)
-      return index;
-  }
-  throw Exception("Unrecognised value for tractogram geometry \"" + type_str +
-                  "\" (options are: " + join(tractogram_geometry_types, ", ") + "); ignoring");
+
+  auto matches = [&type_str](const std::string &s) { return type_str == lowercase(s); };
+  const auto &list = tractogram_geometry_types;
+  auto it = std::find_if(list.begin(), list.end(), matches);
+  if (it != list.end())
+    return std::distance(list.begin(), it);
+
+  throw Exception("Unrecognised value for tractogram geometry \"" + type_str + "\" (options are: " + join(list, ", ") +
+                  "); ignoring");
   return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.h b/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.h
index 74aff41ead..090ac53135 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.h
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class LightingDock;
 
 namespace MRView::Tool {
 
-extern const char *tractogram_geometry_types[];
+extern const std::vector<std::string> tractogram_geometry_types;
 
 class Tractography : public Base {
   Q_OBJECT
diff --git a/src/registration/linear.cpp b/src/registration/linear.cpp
index a6013a928c..7e49d37e1b 100644
--- a/src/registration/linear.cpp
+++ b/src/registration/linear.cpp
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ namespace MR::Registration {
 
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *const initialisation_translation_choices[] = {"mass", "geometric", "none", nullptr};
-const char *const initialisation_rotation_choices[] = {"search", "moments", "none", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> initialisation_translation_choices = {"mass", "geometric", "none"};
+const std::vector<std::string> initialisation_rotation_choices = {"search", "moments", "none"};
 
-const char *const linear_metric_choices[] = {"diff", "ncc", nullptr};
-const char *const linear_robust_estimator_choices[] = {"l1", "l2", "lp", "none", nullptr};
-const char *const linear_optimisation_algo_choices[] = {"bbgd", "gd", nullptr};
-const char *const optim_algo_names[] = {"BBGD", "GD", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> linear_metric_choices = {"diff", "ncc"};
+const std::vector<std::string> linear_robust_estimator_choices = {"l1", "l2", "lp", "none"};
+const std::vector<std::string> linear_optimisation_algo_choices = {"bbgd", "gd"};
+const std::vector<std::string> optim_algo_names = {"BBGD", "GD"};
 
 // define parameters of initialisation methods used for both, rigid and affine registration
 void parse_general_options(Registration::Linear &registration) {
diff --git a/src/registration/linear.h b/src/registration/linear.h
index a65a33c007..e98a709db2 100644
--- a/src/registration/linear.h
+++ b/src/registration/linear.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ extern const App::OptionGroup lin_stage_options;
 extern const App::OptionGroup rigid_options;
 extern const App::OptionGroup affine_options;
 extern const App::OptionGroup fod_options;
-extern const char *const optim_algo_names[];
+extern const std::vector<std::string> optim_algo_names;
 
 enum LinearMetricType { Diff, NCC };
 enum LinearRobustMetricEstimatorType { L1, L2, LP, None };
diff --git a/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp b/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
index 310a1011c8..6080e7d30a 100644
--- a/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
+++ b/testing/tools/testing_cpp_cli.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
-const char *const choices[] = {"One", "Two", "Three", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> choices = {"One", "Two", "Three"};
 
 // clang-format off
 void usage() {

From 54b9672b74560d0ea95320f77e8f97e277048ba4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 May 2024 10:48:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 124/182] Cleanup MRView::Window::parse_arguments

- Logic has been rewritten using STL algorithms. Not that previously we
were using pointer arithmetic to achieve this, which was technically
more efficient but less readable and safe. However, performance is
not a concern considering the data size involved.

- A new `index` member has been added to ParsedOption to identify an
option's position in the list of raw command-line arguments list.
---
 core/app.cpp              | 13 +++++++------
 core/app.h                |  6 ++++--
 src/gui/mrview/window.cpp | 34 +++++++++++++++++++---------------
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/app.cpp b/core/app.cpp
index 73fb6523bd..4b110f44f6 100644
--- a/core/app.cpp
+++ b/core/app.cpp
@@ -895,9 +895,10 @@ void sort_arguments(const std::vector<std::string> &arguments) {
       const size_t index = std::distance(arguments.begin(), it);
       std::vector<std::string> option_args;
       std::copy_n(it + 1, opt->size(), std::back_inserter(option_args));
-      std::transform(option_args.begin(), option_args.end(), option_args.begin(), without_leading_dash);
-
-      option.push_back(ParsedOption(opt, option_args));
+      std::transform(option_args.begin(), option_args.end(), option_args.begin(), [](std::string_view arg) {
+        return is_dash(arg) ? arg : without_leading_dash(arg);
+      });
+      option.push_back(ParsedOption(opt, option_args, index));
       it += opt->size();
     } else {
       argument.push_back(ParsedArgument(nullptr, nullptr, *it));
@@ -1203,7 +1204,7 @@ const std::vector<ParsedOption> get_options(const std::string &name) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < option.size(); ++i) {
     assert(option[i].opt);
     if (option[i].opt->is(name))
-      matches.push_back({option[i].opt, option[i].args});
+      matches.push_back({option[i].opt, option[i].args, option[i].index});
   }
   return matches;
 }
@@ -1381,8 +1382,8 @@ void check_overwrite(const std::string &name) {
   }
 }
 
-
-ParsedOption::ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string> &arguments) : opt(option), args(arguments) {
+ParsedOption::ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string> &arguments, size_t i)
+    : opt(option), args(arguments), index(i) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i != option->size(); ++i) {
     const auto &p = arguments[i];
     if (!is_dash(p))
diff --git a/core/app.h b/core/app.h
index 70741bcd6d..e5bfa6e770 100644
--- a/core/app.h
+++ b/core/app.h
@@ -189,12 +189,14 @@ class ParsedArgument {
  * returned by App::get_options(). */
 class ParsedOption {
 public:
-  ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string> &arguments);
+  ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string> &arguments, size_t index);
 
   //! reference to the corresponding Option entry in the OPTIONS section
   const Option *opt;
-  //! pointer into \c argv corresponding to the option's first argument
+  //! list of arguments supplied to the option
   std::vector<std::string> args;
+  //! the index of this option in the raw command-line arguments list
+  size_t index;
 
   ParsedArgument operator[](size_t num) const;
 
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
index 9b44f11794..c7bc32078a 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
@@ -721,22 +721,26 @@ void Window::parse_arguments() {
   if (!MR::App::argument.empty()) {
     if (!MR::App::option.empty()) {
       // check that first non-standard option appears after last argument:
-      size_t last_arg_pos = 1;
-      for (; MR::App::argv[last_arg_pos] != MR::App::argument.back().c_str(); ++last_arg_pos)
-        if (MR::App::argv[last_arg_pos] == nullptr)
-          throw Exception("FIXME: error determining position of last argument!");
-
-      // identify first non-standard option:
-      size_t first_option = 0;
-      for (; first_option < MR::App::option.size(); ++first_option) {
-        if (size_t(MR::App::option[first_option].opt - &MR::App::__standard_options[0]) >=
-            MR::App::__standard_options.size())
-          break;
+      const auto last_arg = std::find(
+          MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rbegin(), MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rend(), MR::App::argument.back().c_str());
+
+      if (last_arg == MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rend()) {
+        throw Exception("FIXME: error determining position of last argument!");
       }
-      if (MR::App::option.size() > first_option) {
-        first_option = MR::App::option[first_option].args - MR::App::argv;
-        if (first_option < last_arg_pos)
-          throw Exception("options must appear after the last argument - see help page for details");
+
+      const auto last_arg_pos = std::distance(last_arg, MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rend()) - 1;
+
+      const auto is_non_standard_option = [](const MR::App::ParsedOption &option) {
+        return std::none_of(MR::App::__standard_options.begin(),
+                            MR::App::__standard_options.end(),
+                            [&option](const auto &standard_option) { return option.opt == &standard_option; });
+      };
+
+      const auto first_non_standard_option =
+          std::find_if(MR::App::option.begin(), MR::App::option.end(), is_non_standard_option);
+
+      if (first_non_standard_option != MR::App::option.end() && first_non_standard_option->index < last_arg_pos) {
+        throw Exception("options must appear after the last argument - see help page for details");
       }
     }
 

From c21d48d779b920ad989a39ae20d0771b16f179ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 11:50:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 125/182] Store index of args in raw CL input in ParsedArgument

This change reflects the same idea implemented in ParsedOption
---
 core/app.cpp              | 8 ++++----
 core/app.h                | 4 ++++
 src/gui/mrview/window.cpp | 9 +--------
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/app.cpp b/core/app.cpp
index 4b110f44f6..f73cf5fafd 100644
--- a/core/app.cpp
+++ b/core/app.cpp
@@ -886,13 +886,13 @@ const Option *match_option(std::string_view arg) {
 void sort_arguments(const std::vector<std::string> &arguments) {
   auto it = arguments.begin();
   while (it != arguments.end()) {
+    const size_t index = std::distance(arguments.begin(), it);
     const Option *opt = match_option(*it);
     if (opt != nullptr) {
       if (it + opt->size() >= arguments.end()) {
         throw Exception(std::string("not enough parameters to option \"-") + opt->id + "\"");
       }
 
-      const size_t index = std::distance(arguments.begin(), it);
       std::vector<std::string> option_args;
       std::copy_n(it + 1, opt->size(), std::back_inserter(option_args));
       std::transform(option_args.begin(), option_args.end(), option_args.begin(), [](std::string_view arg) {
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ void sort_arguments(const std::vector<std::string> &arguments) {
       option.push_back(ParsedOption(opt, option_args, index));
       it += opt->size();
     } else {
-      argument.push_back(ParsedArgument(nullptr, nullptr, *it));
+      argument.push_back(ParsedArgument(nullptr, nullptr, *it, index));
     }
     ++it;
   }
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ std::vector<default_type> ParsedArgument::as_sequence_float() const {
 }
 
 ParsedArgument::ParsedArgument(const Option *option, const Argument *argument, std::string text, size_t index)
-    : opt(option), arg(argument), p(std::move(text)), index_(index){
+    : opt(option), arg(argument), p(std::move(text)), index_(index) {
   assert(!p.empty());
 }
 
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ ParsedOption::ParsedOption(const Option *option, const std::vector<std::string>
 
 ParsedArgument ParsedOption::operator[](size_t num) const {
   assert(num < opt->size());
-  return ParsedArgument(opt, &(*opt)[num], args[num]);
+  return ParsedArgument(opt, &(*opt)[num], args[num], index + num + 1);
 }
 
 bool ParsedOption::operator==(const char *match) const {
diff --git a/core/app.h b/core/app.h
index e5bfa6e770..1af93e0e74 100644
--- a/core/app.h
+++ b/core/app.h
@@ -168,10 +168,14 @@ class ParsedArgument {
 
   const char *c_str() const { return p.c_str(); }
 
+  //! the index of this argument in the raw command-line arguments list
+  size_t index() const { return index_; }
+
 private:
   const Option *opt;
   const Argument *arg;
   std::string p;
+  size_t index_;
 
   ParsedArgument(const Option *option, const Argument *argument, std::string text, size_t index);
 
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
index c7bc32078a..71e4376c20 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
@@ -721,14 +721,7 @@ void Window::parse_arguments() {
   if (!MR::App::argument.empty()) {
     if (!MR::App::option.empty()) {
       // check that first non-standard option appears after last argument:
-      const auto last_arg = std::find(
-          MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rbegin(), MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rend(), MR::App::argument.back().c_str());
-
-      if (last_arg == MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rend()) {
-        throw Exception("FIXME: error determining position of last argument!");
-      }
-
-      const auto last_arg_pos = std::distance(last_arg, MR::App::raw_arguments_list.rend()) - 1;
+      const auto last_arg_pos = MR::App::argument.back().index();
 
       const auto is_non_standard_option = [](const MR::App::ParsedOption &option) {
         return std::none_of(MR::App::__standard_options.begin(),

From f30a90d60138b817feff55660cf103906a839e5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2024 18:23:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 126/182] Update copyright script with new APP_CPP_STRING

---
 update_copyright | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/update_copyright b/update_copyright
index 68d008cd38..9b34e52502 100755
--- a/update_copyright
+++ b/update_copyright
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ ProcessFile = namedtuple('ProcessFile', 'path keep_shebang comment')
 
 MRTRIX_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 APP_CPP_PATH = os.path.join(MRTRIX_ROOT, 'core', 'app.cpp')
-APP_CPP_STRING = 'const char *COPYRIGHT ='
+APP_CPP_STRING = 'std::string COPYRIGHT ='
 APP_PY_PATH = os.path.join(MRTRIX_ROOT, 'python', 'mrtrix3', 'app.py')
 APP_PY_STRING = '_DEFAULT_COPYRIGHT ='
 

From 11421f3d3bc705e18b1984d2e92450268d861195 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 12:33:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 127/182] Fix parsing of arguments in mrcalc

Also adds a new test that verifies that mrcalc parsing of arguments
behaves as expected when using MRtrix3 standard options for commands.
---
 cmd/mrcalc.cpp                             | 9 ++++-----
 testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt            | 1 +
 testing/binaries/tests/mrcalc/expression_5 | 7 +++++++
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/mrcalc/expression_5

diff --git a/cmd/mrcalc.cpp b/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
index 2a6943fea4..50ba664925 100644
--- a/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
@@ -982,14 +982,13 @@ class OpTernary : public OpBase {
 void run() {
   std::vector<StackEntry> stack;
 
-  for (const auto &argument : App::raw_arguments_list) {
+  for (size_t n = 0; n < raw_arguments_list.size(); ++n) {
+    const auto &argument = raw_arguments_list[n];
     const Option *opt = match_option(argument);
     if (opt) {
 
-      if (opt->is("datatype"))
-        continue;
-      else if (opt->is("nthreads"))
-        continue;
+      if (opt->is("datatype") || opt->is("nthreads"))
+        ++n;
       else if (opt->is("force") || opt->is("info") || opt->is("debug") || opt->is("quiet"))
         continue;
 
diff --git a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
index f7bfb23400..a8294b2640 100644
--- a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ add_bash_binary_test(mrcalc/expression_1)
 add_bash_binary_test(mrcalc/expression_2)
 add_bash_binary_test(mrcalc/expression_3)
 add_bash_binary_test(mrcalc/expression_4)
+add_bash_binary_test(mrcalc/expression_5)
 
 add_bash_binary_test(mrcat/axis)
 add_bash_binary_test(mrcat/single_input)
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/mrcalc/expression_5 b/testing/binaries/tests/mrcalc/expression_5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bfc717db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/mrcalc/expression_5
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Check operation of an arbitrary mathematical expressions that contains
+# standard MRtrix3 options between operands. This is to ensure that arguments
+# are correctly parsed and processed.
+# Ensure that output matches that generated by a prior software version
+mrcalc mrcalc/in.mif 2 -mult -info -neg -exp 10 -debug -nthreads 2 -add - | \
+testing_diff_image - mrcalc/out1.mif -frac 1e-5

From 4a76d094c9533c9625293ecebc456f727b424296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 12:34:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 128/182] Fix command line history string construction

---
 core/app.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/app.cpp b/core/app.cpp
index f73cf5fafd..e3135fa2b9 100644
--- a/core/app.cpp
+++ b/core/app.cpp
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ void init(int cmdline_argc, const char *const *cmdline_argv) {
     }
     return s;
   };
-  command_history_string = raw_arguments_list.front();
+  command_history_string = cmdline_argv[0];
   for (const auto &a : raw_arguments_list)
     command_history_string += std::string(" ") + argv_quoted(a);
   command_history_string += std::string("  (version=") + mrtrix_version;

From 32babf06112083f016cc2decf0d1191a882d347b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 12:37:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 129/182] Remove unnecessary comment

---
 core/app.cpp | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/app.cpp b/core/app.cpp
index e3135fa2b9..b0347fa429 100644
--- a/core/app.cpp
+++ b/core/app.cpp
@@ -842,7 +842,6 @@ std::string restructured_text_usage() {
 }
 
 const Option *match_option(std::string_view arg) {
-  // let's check if arg starts with a dash
   auto no_dash_arg = without_leading_dash(arg);
   if (arg.size() == no_dash_arg.size() || no_dash_arg.empty() || isdigit(no_dash_arg.front()) != 0 ||
       no_dash_arg.front() == '.') {

From 5495bbe810616ee7d89d728c5d52907dc4655879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <129752264+daljit46@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 14:56:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 130/182] Update error message in mrview CLI

Co-authored-by: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
---
 src/gui/mrview/window.cpp | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
index 71e4376c20..115e4f0ee0 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
@@ -733,7 +733,8 @@ void Window::parse_arguments() {
           std::find_if(MR::App::option.begin(), MR::App::option.end(), is_non_standard_option);
 
       if (first_non_standard_option != MR::App::option.end() && first_non_standard_option->index < last_arg_pos) {
-        throw Exception("options must appear after the last argument - see help page for details");
+        throw Exception("MRView-specific options can only appear on the command-line after all arguments specifying "
+                        "input images; see help page for details");
       }
     }
 

From 032fb56397f65adeba99aca48e140dbb77dba905 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2024 15:36:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 131/182] Add further tests for app CLI

---
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
index 3bdd0b1d47..483b86a561 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@
 # Test using all options at once
 mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -flag -text my_text -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
 
+# Run previous with different option/argument orders
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -text my_text -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various -flag && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -choice One -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various -flag -text my_text && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+mkdir -p tmp-dirin/ && touch tmp-filein.txt && touch tmp-tracksin.tck && testing_cpp_cli -bool false -int_unbound 0 -int_nonneg 1 -int_bound 50 -float_unbound 0.0 -float_nonneg 1.0 -float_bound 0.5 -int_seq 1,2,3 -float_seq 0.1,0.2,0.3 -dir_in tmp-dirin/ -dir_out tmp-dirout/ -file_in tmp-filein.txt -file_out tmp-fileout.txt -tracks_in tmp-tracksin.tck -tracks_out tmp-tracksout.tck -various my_various -flag -text my_text -choice One && rm -rf tmp-dirin/ && rm -f tmp-filein.txt && rm -f tmp-tracksin.tck
+
+# No arguments are supported
+! testing_cpp_cli random_arg
+
 # Test export of interface to various file formats
 testing_cpp_cli -help | tail -n +3 > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/help.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
 testing_cpp_cli __print_full_usage__ > tmp.txt && diff -a --strip-trailing-cr tmp.txt cpp_cli/full_usage.txt && rm -f tmp.txt
@@ -32,6 +40,37 @@ testing_cpp_cli -bool 2
 ! testing_cpp_cli -int_seq Not,An,Int,Seq
 ! testing_cpp_cli -float_seq Not,A,Float,Seq
 
+# Options requiring arguments should fail if no argument is provided
+! testing_cpp_cli -choice
+! testing_cpp_cli -text
+! testing_cpp_cli -bool
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_unbound
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_nonneg
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_bound
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_unbound
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_nonneg
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_bound
+! testing_cpp_cli -int_seq
+! testing_cpp_cli -float_seq
+! testing_cpp_cli -file_in
+! testing_cpp_cli -file_out
+! testing_cpp_cli -dir_in
+! testing_cpp_cli -dir_out
+! testing_cpp_cli -tracks_in
+! testing_cpp_cli -tracks_out
+! testing_cpp_cli -various
+! testing_cpp_cli -nargs_two
+! testing_cpp_cli -nargs_two first
+
+# Unsupported options should fail
+! testing_cpp_cli -unsupported_option
+! testing_cpp_cli -2244223
+
+# Test handling of various dash-like characters
+testing_cpp_cli —bool false # Em dash
+testing_cpp_cli –bool false # En dash
+testing_cpp_cli -bool false # Hyphen
+
 # Test interfaces relating to filesystem paths:
 # - Make sure that command fails if expected input is not present
 # - Make sure that existing outputs either succeed or fail depending on the presence of the -force option

From a6ab4e155d55f698896d634426c4683837cd4e50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Aug 2024 12:48:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 132/182] Skip dash tests on MSYS2

---
 testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
index 483b86a561..645f83e8d0 100644
--- a/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
+++ b/testing/unit_tests/cpp_cli
@@ -67,9 +67,13 @@ testing_cpp_cli -bool 2
 ! testing_cpp_cli -2244223
 
 # Test handling of various dash-like characters
-testing_cpp_cli —bool false # Em dash
-testing_cpp_cli –bool false # En dash
-testing_cpp_cli -bool false # Hyphen
+# Skip the dash tests on MSYS2 as they don't seem to be correctly parsed by CTest
+# TODO: try to find whether there is a solution to this
+if ![[ -z "${MSYSTEM}" ]]; then
+    testing_cpp_cli —bool false # Em dash
+    testing_cpp_cli –bool false # En dash
+    testing_cpp_cli -bool false # Hyphen
+fi
 
 # Test interfaces relating to filesystem paths:
 # - Make sure that command fails if expected input is not present

From 1f394fb784ce30808ca3a3a86af51fd66e9a5bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 5 Aug 2024 16:10:24 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 133/182] dwi2tensor: Update reference for constrained fit

---
 cmd/dwi2tensor.cpp                     | 2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dwi2tensor.rst | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/dwi2tensor.cpp b/cmd/dwi2tensor.cpp
index 00cc0e0154..080c4ab620 100644
--- a/cmd/dwi2tensor.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dwi2tensor.cpp
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ void usage() {
   + "* any of above with constraints:\n"
     "Morez, J.; Szczepankiewicz, F; den Dekker, A. J.; Vanhevel, F.; Sijbers, J. &  Jeurissen, B. " // Internal
     "Optimal experimental design and estimation for q-space trajectory imaging. "
-    "Human Brain Mapping, In press";
+    "Human Brain Mapping, 2023, 44, 1793-1809";
 
 }
 // clang-format on
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2tensor.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2tensor.rst
index f208b734bf..a788ea5764 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dwi2tensor.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dwi2tensor.rst
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ References based on fitting algorithm used:
   Veraart, J.; Sijbers, J.; Sunaert, S.; Leemans, A. & Jeurissen, B. Weighted linear least squares estimation of diffusion MRI parameters: strengths, limitations, and pitfalls. NeuroImage, 2013, 81, 335-346
 
 * any of above with constraints: |br|
-  Morez, J.; Szczepankiewicz, F; den Dekker, A. J.; Vanhevel, F.; Sijbers, J. &  Jeurissen, B. Optimal experimental design and estimation for q-space trajectory imaging. Human Brain Mapping, In press
+  Morez, J.; Szczepankiewicz, F; den Dekker, A. J.; Vanhevel, F.; Sijbers, J. &  Jeurissen, B. Optimal experimental design and estimation for q-space trajectory imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 2023, 44, 1793-1809
 
 Tournier, J.-D.; Smith, R. E.; Raffelt, D.; Tabbara, R.; Dhollander, T.; Pietsch, M.; Christiaens, D.; Jeurissen, B.; Yeh, C.-H. & Connelly, A. MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage, 2019, 202, 116137
 

From ac48d3a6994b22ec768bcc2cd03d1ed8ff3ad057 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Aug 2024 12:09:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 134/182] Fix warning with GCC14

---
 core/file/npy.cpp | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/file/npy.cpp b/core/file/npy.cpp
index f6dffaaf85..910c535449 100644
--- a/core/file/npy.cpp
+++ b/core/file/npy.cpp
@@ -134,9 +134,10 @@ DataType descr2datatype(const std::string &s) {
   if (bytes > 1) {
     data_type = data_type() | (is_little_endian ? DataType::LittleEndian : DataType::BigEndian);
     if (issue_endianness_warning) {
-      WARN(std::string("NumPy file does not indicate data endianness;") +         //
-           " assuming " + (MRTRIX_IS_BIG_ENDIAN ? "big" : "little") + "-endian" + //
-           " (same as system)");
+      using namespace std::string_literals;
+      const std::string message = "NumPy file does not indicate data endianness; assuming "s +
+                                  (MRTRIX_IS_BIG_ENDIAN ? "big"s : "little"s) + "-endian"s + " (same as system)"s;
+      WARN(message);
     }
   }
   return data_type;

From 6da0f3903f6f888bb0ab8177d3934763dce5dd30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 16:26:02 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 135/182] Python API: Support Python 3.12

The newly-used "pathlib" module prior to Python 3.12 utilises the __new__() function to initialise member variables; nPython 3.12 more suitably uses __init__().
---
 python/mrtrix3/app.py | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/mrtrix3/app.py
index a3c205aeb1..44982981f3 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -585,11 +585,15 @@ class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
   @staticmethod
   def make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
     abspath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
+    super_class = pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath
     new_class = type(f'{base_class.__name__.lstrip("_").rstrip("Extras")}',
-                    (base_class,
-                     pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath),
+                    (base_class, super_class),
                     {})
-    instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, abspath, **kwargs)
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 12):
+      instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, abspath)
+    else:
+      instance = new_class.__new__(new_class)
+      super(super_class, instance).__init__(abspath)
     return instance
 
   # Classes that extend the functionality of pathlib.Path
@@ -606,7 +610,7 @@ def check_output(self, item_type='path'):
                 'will be overwritten at script completion')
         else:
           raise FileExistsError(f'Output {item_type} "{str(self)}" already exists '
-                            '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
+                                '(use -force option to force overwrite)')
   class _UserFileOutPathExtras(_UserOutPathExtras):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)

From 1f9d3b485e0e3505a89848fc5e7747b7f50d350c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2024 10:35:15 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 136/182] mrtrix3.app: Pylint fixes for 3.12 compatibility

Fixes to 6da0f3903f6f888bb0ab8177d3934763dce5dd30.
---
 python/mrtrix3/app.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/app.py b/python/mrtrix3/app.py
index 44982981f3..8484b97700 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/app.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/app.py
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ class Parser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
   #   which will derive from both pathlib.Path (which itself through __new__() could be Posix or Windows)
   #   and a desired augmentation that provides additional functions
   @staticmethod
-  def make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
+  def make_userpath_object(base_class, *args):
     abspath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, *args))
     super_class = pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath
     new_class = type(f'{base_class.__name__.lstrip("_").rstrip("Extras")}',
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ def make_userpath_object(base_class, *args, **kwargs):
       instance = new_class.__new__(new_class, abspath)
     else:
       instance = new_class.__new__(new_class)
-      super(super_class, instance).__init__(abspath)
+      super(super_class, instance).__init__(abspath) # pylint: disable=bad-super-call
     return instance
 
   # Classes that extend the functionality of pathlib.Path

From 5b5a0eafdd2814b184e515949ca3d28678718c46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2024 10:36:02 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 137/182] mrtrix3.run: Improved shebang parsing

---
 python/mrtrix3/run.py | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/run.py b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
index 41ae71d337..bd447dbacd 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -610,6 +610,49 @@ def _shebang(item):
   # Read the first 1024 bytes of the file
   with open(path, 'rb') as file_in:
     data = file_in.read(1024)
+
+  class ShebangParseError(Exception):
+    pass
+  def parse_shebang(line):
+    # Need to strip first in case there's a gap between the shebang symbol and the interpreter path
+    shebang = line[2:].strip().split(' ')
+    # On Windows, /usr/bin/env can't be easily found
+    #   Instead, manually find the right interpreter to call using shutil.which()
+    # Also if script is written in Python,
+    #   try to execute it using the same interpreter as that currently running,
+    #   as long as the version is an adequate match
+    # This selection should apply to shebangs both of the form "/usr/bin/env python3" and "/usr/bin/python3"
+    shebang_firstitem_basename = os.path.basename(shebang[0])
+    shebang_python_version = None
+    if shebang_firstitem_basename == 'env':
+      if len(shebang) < 2:
+        raise ShebangParseError('missing interpreter after "env"')
+      if shebang[1].startswith('python'):
+        try:
+          shebang_python_version = tuple(map(int, shebang[1][len('python'):].split('.')))
+        except ValueError as exc:
+          raise ShebangParseError(f'unable to extract Python version from text "{line}"') from exc
+      elif utils.is_windows():
+        return [ os.path.abspath(shutil.which(exe_name(shebang[1]))) ] + shebang[2:]
+    elif shebang_firstitem_basename == 'python':
+      shebang_python_version = tuple()
+    elif shebang_firstitem_basename.startswith('python'):
+      try:
+        shebang_python_version = tuple(map(int, shebang_firstitem_basename[len('python'):].split('.')))
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        raise ShebangParseError(f'unable to extract Python version from text "{line}"') from exc
+    if shebang_python_version is None:
+      return shebang
+    if len(shebang_python_version) > 3:
+      raise ShebangParseError(f'erroneously long Python version "{shebang_python_version}" in shebang')
+    this_version = tuple(sys.version_info[:3])
+    # Either the shebang requested versions are compatible with the current interpreter,
+    #   or the shebang just requests "python"
+    if this_version[:len(shebang_python_version)] == shebang_python_version \
+        or not shebang_python_version:
+      return [ sys.executable ] + shebang[2:] if sys.executable else []
+    return []
+
   # Try to find the shebang line
   for line in data.splitlines():
     # Are there any non-text characters? If so, it's a binary file, so no need to looking for a shebang
@@ -619,30 +662,13 @@ def _shebang(item):
       app.debug(f'File "{item}": Not a text file')
       return []
     line = line.strip()
-    if len(line) > 2 and line[0:2] == '#!':
-      # Need to strip first in case there's a gap between the shebang symbol and the interpreter path
-      shebang = line[2:].strip().split(' ')
-      # On Windows, /usr/bin/env can't be easily found
-      #   Instead, manually find the right interpreter to call using distutils
-      # Also if script is written in Python, try to execute it using the same interpreter as that currently running,
-      #   as long as Python2 is not explicitly requested
-      if os.path.basename(shebang[0]) == 'env':
-        if len(shebang) < 2:
-          app.warn(f'Invalid shebang in script file "{item}" '
-                   '(missing interpreter after "env")')
-          return []
-        if shebang[1] == 'python' or shebang[1] == 'python3':
-          if not sys.executable:
-            app.warn('Unable to self-identify Python interpreter; '
-                     f'file "{item}" not guaranteed to execute on same version')
-            return []
-          shebang = [ sys.executable ] + shebang[2:]
-          app.debug(f'File "{item}": Using current Python interpreter')
-        elif utils.is_windows():
-          shebang = [ os.path.abspath(shutil.which(exe_name(shebang[1]))) ] + shebang[2:]
-      elif utils.is_windows():
-        shebang = [ os.path.abspath(shutil.which(exe_name(os.path.basename(shebang[0])))) ] + shebang[1:]
-      app.debug(f'File "{item}": string "{line}": {shebang}')
-      return shebang
+    if not (len(line) > 2 and line[0:2] == '#!'):
+      continue
+    try:
+      shebang = parse_shebang(line)
+      app.debug(f'File "{item}": shebang line "{line}"; utilised shebang {shebang}')
+    except ShebangParseError as exc:
+      app.warn(f'Invalid shebang in script file "{item}": {exc}')
+      return []
   app.debug(f'File "{item}": No shebang found')
   return []

From 21046088858f7ff51b0f6af8c9de48dea0044b2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2024 12:07:34 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 138/182] mrtrix3.run: Further refinement to _shebang()

---
 python/mrtrix3/run.py | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/run.py b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
index bd447dbacd..20b20fda82 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ def _shebang(item):
 
   class ShebangParseError(Exception):
     pass
-  def parse_shebang(line):
+  def parse_shebang(line, resolve_env):
     # Need to strip first in case there's a gap between the shebang symbol and the interpreter path
     shebang = line[2:].strip().split(' ')
     # On Windows, /usr/bin/env can't be easily found
@@ -624,23 +624,29 @@ def parse_shebang(line):
     # This selection should apply to shebangs both of the form "/usr/bin/env python3" and "/usr/bin/python3"
     shebang_firstitem_basename = os.path.basename(shebang[0])
     shebang_python_version = None
+    shebang_extras = None
     if shebang_firstitem_basename == 'env':
+      shebang_extras = shebang[2:]
       if len(shebang) < 2:
         raise ShebangParseError('missing interpreter after "env"')
-      if shebang[1].startswith('python'):
+      if shebang[1] == 'python':
+        shebang_python_version = tuple()
+      elif shebang[1].startswith('python'):
         try:
           shebang_python_version = tuple(map(int, shebang[1][len('python'):].split('.')))
         except ValueError as exc:
           raise ShebangParseError(f'unable to extract Python version from text "{line}"') from exc
-      elif utils.is_windows():
-        return [ os.path.abspath(shutil.which(exe_name(shebang[1]))) ] + shebang[2:]
-    elif shebang_firstitem_basename == 'python':
-      shebang_python_version = tuple()
-    elif shebang_firstitem_basename.startswith('python'):
-      try:
-        shebang_python_version = tuple(map(int, shebang_firstitem_basename[len('python'):].split('.')))
-      except ValueError as exc:
-        raise ShebangParseError(f'unable to extract Python version from text "{line}"') from exc
+      elif resolve_env:
+        return [ shutil.which(shebang[1]) ] + shebang[2:]
+    else:
+      shebang_extras = shebang[1:]
+      if shebang_firstitem_basename == 'python':
+        shebang_python_version = tuple()
+      elif shebang_firstitem_basename.startswith('python'):
+        try:
+          shebang_python_version = tuple(map(int, shebang_firstitem_basename[len('python'):].split('.')))
+        except ValueError as exc:
+          raise ShebangParseError(f'unable to extract Python version from text "{line}"') from exc
     if shebang_python_version is None:
       return shebang
     if len(shebang_python_version) > 3:
@@ -650,7 +656,16 @@ def parse_shebang(line):
     #   or the shebang just requests "python"
     if this_version[:len(shebang_python_version)] == shebang_python_version \
         or not shebang_python_version:
-      return [ sys.executable ] + shebang[2:] if sys.executable else []
+      return [ sys.executable ] + shebang_extras if sys.executable else []
+    if shebang_firstitem_basename == 'env' and resolve_env:
+      exe_path = shutil.which(shebang[1])
+      if not exe_path:
+        raise ShebangParseError(f'on Windows with "env" shebang, but unable to find command "{shebang[1]}"')
+      return [exe_path] + shebang_extras
+    if os.path.exists(shebang[0]):
+      if not os.access(shebang[0], os.X_OK):
+        raise ShebangParseError(f'no execution access to "{shebang[1]}"')
+      return shebang
     return []
 
   # Try to find the shebang line
@@ -665,7 +680,7 @@ def parse_shebang(line):
     if not (len(line) > 2 and line[0:2] == '#!'):
       continue
     try:
-      shebang = parse_shebang(line)
+      shebang = parse_shebang(line, utils.is_windows())
       app.debug(f'File "{item}": shebang line "{line}"; utilised shebang {shebang}')
     except ShebangParseError as exc:
       app.warn(f'Invalid shebang in script file "{item}": {exc}')

From fb7d615cf07efb07c35dc65a0fff69f4b9491064 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 14 Aug 2024 11:39:22 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 139/182] run._shebang(): Fix non-use of determined shebang

---
 python/mrtrix3/run.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/run.py b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
index 20b20fda82..ffa45ac58a 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -682,6 +682,7 @@ def parse_shebang(line, resolve_env):
     try:
       shebang = parse_shebang(line, utils.is_windows())
       app.debug(f'File "{item}": shebang line "{line}"; utilised shebang {shebang}')
+      return shebang
     except ShebangParseError as exc:
       app.warn(f'Invalid shebang in script file "{item}": {exc}')
       return []

From 129bbf565495469410d59fe4428ee0b7c889b33e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 14 Aug 2024 13:39:43 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 140/182] mrtrix3.run: Some renaming "shebang" -> "interpreter"

---
 python/mrtrix3/run.py | 24 +++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/run.py b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
index ffa45ac58a..f821ee71ca 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/run.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/run.py
@@ -369,14 +369,15 @@ def quote_nonpipe(item):
           line.append('-force')
       else:
         line[0] = exe_name(line[0])
-      shebang = _shebang(line[0])
-      if shebang:
+      interpreter = get_interpreter(line[0])
+      if interpreter:
         if not is_mrtrix_exe:
-          # If a shebang is found, and this call is therefore invoking an
-          #   interpreter, can't rely on the interpreter finding the script
-          #   from PATH; need to find the full path ourselves.
+          # If a shebang is found,
+          #   and this call is therefore explicitly invoking an interpreter,
+          #   can't rely on the interpreter finding the script from PATH;
+          #   need to find the full path ourselves.
           line[0] = shutil.which(line[0])
-        for item in reversed(shebang):
+        for item in reversed(interpreter):
           line.insert(0, item)
 
     with shared.lock:
@@ -595,7 +596,7 @@ def version_match(item):
 
 # If the target executable is not a binary, but is actually a script, use the
 #   shebang at the start of the file to alter the subprocess call
-def _shebang(item):
+def get_interpreter(item):
   from mrtrix3 import app, utils #pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
   # If a complete path has been provided rather than just a file name, don't perform any additional file search
   if os.sep in item:
@@ -616,7 +617,8 @@ class ShebangParseError(Exception):
   def parse_shebang(line, resolve_env):
     # Need to strip first in case there's a gap between the shebang symbol and the interpreter path
     shebang = line[2:].strip().split(' ')
-    # On Windows, /usr/bin/env can't be easily found
+    # On Windows MSYS2, can have issues attempting to run commands through subprocess
+    #   without the shell interpreter if /usr/bin/env is used in the shebang
     #   Instead, manually find the right interpreter to call using shutil.which()
     # Also if script is written in Python,
     #   try to execute it using the same interpreter as that currently running,
@@ -680,9 +682,9 @@ def parse_shebang(line, resolve_env):
     if not (len(line) > 2 and line[0:2] == '#!'):
       continue
     try:
-      shebang = parse_shebang(line, utils.is_windows())
-      app.debug(f'File "{item}": shebang line "{line}"; utilised shebang {shebang}')
-      return shebang
+      interpreter = parse_shebang(line, utils.is_windows())
+      app.debug(f'File "{item}": shebang line "{line}"; utilising interpreter {interpreter}')
+      return interpreter
     except ShebangParseError as exc:
       app.warn(f'Invalid shebang in script file "{item}": {exc}')
       return []

From 519381615b7cd0bbb1a801b3a0538aca63663d8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 16:46:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 141/182] Fix drag & drop on Windows for mrview

Addresses #1373
---
 src/gui/mrview/window.cpp | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
index 115e4f0ee0..af8e844491 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
@@ -154,7 +154,10 @@ void Window::GLArea::dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) {
     QList<QUrl> urlList = mimeData->urls();
     for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size() && i < 32; ++i) {
       try {
-        list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(urlList.at(i).path().toUtf8().constData())));
+        const auto url = urlList.at(i);
+        const auto filePath =
+            url.isLocalFile() ? url.toLocalFile().toUtf8().constData() : url.toString().toUtf8().constData();
+        list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(filePath)));
       } catch (Exception &e) {
         e.display();
       }

From 1f2656d45647c9efc18a3bdf511aa89a15a259bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 May 2024 16:58:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 142/182] Parse URLs in GUI drop events using helper function

A new QtHelpers namespace has been introduced which contains a helper
function to convert a QUrl to a std::string, ensuring that local URLs
are parsed correctly on all platforms.
---
 src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.cpp                  | 33 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.h                    | 26 +++++++++++++++
 src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp           |  3 +-
 src/gui/mrview/tool/overlay.cpp               |  4 +--
 src/gui/mrview/tool/roi_editor/roi.cpp        |  3 +-
 .../mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp |  3 +-
 src/gui/mrview/window.cpp                     |  6 ++--
 7 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.cpp
 create mode 100644 src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.h

diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa4627e82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+ * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+ * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+ * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+ * particular purpose or non-infringing.
+ * See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+ *
+ * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+ */
+
+#include "gui/mrview/qthelpers.h"
+
+#include <QString>
+#include <QUrl>
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace MR::GUI::MRView::QtHelpers {
+
+std::string url_to_std_string(const QUrl &url) {
+  const bool isLocal = url.isLocalFile();
+  const std::string str = isLocal ? url.toLocalFile().toStdString() : url.toString().toStdString();
+
+  return str;
+}
+
+} // namespace MR::GUI::MRView::QtHelpers
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.h b/src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5b8136290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/qthelpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
+ * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
+ * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
+ * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
+ * particular purpose or non-infringing.
+ * See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
+ *
+ * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+
+class QUrl;
+
+namespace MR::GUI::MRView::QtHelpers {
+
+std::string url_to_std_string(const QUrl &url);
+
+} // namespace MR::GUI::MRView::QtHelpers
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp
index d597b7db6e..e390dc2646 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.h"
 
 #include "gui/dialog/file.h"
+#include "gui/mrview/qthelpers.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/fixel/base_fixel.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/fixel/directory.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/fixel/image4D.h"
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ void Fixel::dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) {
     std::vector<std::string> list;
     QList<QUrl> urlList = mimeData->urls();
     for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size() && i < max_files; ++i) {
-      list.push_back(urlList.at(i).path().toUtf8().constData());
+      list.push_back(QtHelpers::url_to_std_string(urlList.at(i)));
     }
     try {
       add_images(list);
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/overlay.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/tool/overlay.cpp
index a7e71e1221..c9613cd12e 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/overlay.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/overlay.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "gui/dialog/file.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/gui_image.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/mode/slice.h"
+#include "gui/mrview/qthelpers.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/list_model_base.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/window.h"
 #include "mrtrix.h"
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ void Overlay::dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) {
     QList<QUrl> urlList = mimeData->urls();
     for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size() && i < max_files; ++i) {
       try {
-        list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(urlList.at(i).path().toUtf8().constData())));
+        list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(QtHelpers::url_to_std_string(urlList.at(i)))));
       } catch (Exception &e) {
         e.display();
       }
@@ -775,5 +776,4 @@ bool Overlay::process_commandline_option(const MR::App::ParsedOption &opt) {
 
   return false;
 }
-
 } // namespace MR::GUI::MRView::Tool
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/roi_editor/roi.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/tool/roi_editor/roi.cpp
index 9c160e2a03..df5adfb7ea 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/roi_editor/roi.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/roi_editor/roi.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include "gui/mrview/qthelpers.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/roi_editor/roi.h"
 
 #include "gui/cursor.h"
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ void ROI::dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) {
     QList<QUrl> urlList = mimeData->urls();
     for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size() && i < max_files; ++i) {
       try {
-        list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(urlList.at(i).path().toUtf8().constData())));
+        list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(QtHelpers::url_to_std_string(urlList.at(i)))));
       } catch (Exception &e) {
         e.display();
       }
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp
index 2db3b73cff..fb9e3aa7f0 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractography.h"
 #include "gui/dialog/file.h"
 #include "gui/lighting_dock.h"
+#include "gui/mrview/qthelpers.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/list_model_base.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/tractography/track_scalar_file.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/tractography/tractogram.h"
@@ -369,7 +370,7 @@ void Tractography::dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) {
     std::vector<std::string> list;
     QList<QUrl> urlList = mimeData->urls();
     for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size() && i < max_files; ++i) {
-      list.push_back(urlList.at(i).path().toUtf8().constData());
+      list.push_back(QtHelpers::url_to_std_string(urlList.at(i)));
     }
     try {
       tractogram_list_model->add_items(list, *this);
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
index af8e844491..d0e9ccdcbf 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/window.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "gui/dialog/progress.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/mode/base.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/mode/list.h"
+#include "gui/mrview/qthelpers.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/base.h"
 #include "gui/mrview/tool/list.h"
 #include "gui/opengl/gl.h"
@@ -154,9 +155,8 @@ void Window::GLArea::dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) {
     QList<QUrl> urlList = mimeData->urls();
     for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size() && i < 32; ++i) {
       try {
-        const auto url = urlList.at(i);
-        const auto filePath =
-            url.isLocalFile() ? url.toLocalFile().toUtf8().constData() : url.toString().toUtf8().constData();
+        const auto &url = urlList.at(i);
+        const auto filePath = QtHelpers::url_to_std_string(url);
         list.push_back(std::make_unique<MR::Header>(MR::Header::open(filePath)));
       } catch (Exception &e) {
         e.display();

From bc57d8d50c154c1285fdd59e4f17b7f8be12dc86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Aug 2024 15:58:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 143/182] Move external deps in thirdparty

- Json for Modern C++ and Eigen3 are fetched using CMake's FetchContent

- Nifti headers are moved to thirdparty/nifti
---
 cmd/mrinfo.cpp                           |  3 ++-
 core/CMakeLists.txt                      |  4 +++-
 core/file/json_utils.h                   |  2 +-
 core/file/nifti_utils.cpp                |  3 +++
 core/file/nifti_utils.h                  | 11 +++--------
 thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt                | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 {core/file => thirdparty/nifti}/nifti1.h |  0
 {core/file => thirdparty/nifti}/nifti2.h |  0
 8 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
 rename {core/file => thirdparty/nifti}/nifti1.h (100%)
 rename {core/file => thirdparty/nifti}/nifti2.h (100%)

diff --git a/cmd/mrinfo.cpp b/cmd/mrinfo.cpp
index 70eaa24b8d..a4566dac26 100644
--- a/cmd/mrinfo.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrinfo.cpp
@@ -19,13 +19,14 @@
 
 #include "command.h"
 #include "dwi/gradient.h"
-#include "file/json.h"
 #include "file/json_utils.h"
 #include "header.h"
 #include "image_io/pipe.h"
 #include "phase_encoding.h"
 #include "types.h"
 
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
 
diff --git a/core/CMakeLists.txt b/core/CMakeLists.txt
index 54cec5b4eb..369a09c833 100644
--- a/core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ include(CheckSymbolExists)
 
 file(GLOB_RECURSE CORE_SRCS *.cpp *.h)
 
-find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED NO_MODULE)
+find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
 find_package(ZLIB REQUIRED)
 find_package(FFTW REQUIRED)
 find_package(Git QUIET)
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ target_link_libraries(mrtrix-core PUBLIC
     mrtrix::common
     Threads::Threads
     ${FFTW_LIBRARIES}
+    nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json
+    nifti::nifti
 )
 
 target_include_directories(mrtrix-core PUBLIC
diff --git a/core/file/json_utils.h b/core/file/json_utils.h
index ff47920a12..b7496c2c76 100644
--- a/core/file/json_utils.h
+++ b/core/file/json_utils.h
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "file/json.h"
 #include "file/key_value.h"
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
 
 namespace MR {
 class Header;
diff --git a/core/file/nifti_utils.cpp b/core/file/nifti_utils.cpp
index 17a1c0c9bc..3a574afc21 100644
--- a/core/file/nifti_utils.cpp
+++ b/core/file/nifti_utils.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@
 #include "image_io/gz.h"
 #include "raw.h"
 
+#include <nifti1.h>
+#include <nifti2.h>
+
 namespace MR::File::NIfTI {
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/core/file/nifti_utils.h b/core/file/nifti_utils.h
index 963d1b186d..2583d50aeb 100644
--- a/core/file/nifti_utils.h
+++ b/core/file/nifti_utils.h
@@ -16,18 +16,13 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <array>
-// nifti1_io.h and nifti2_io.h headers must be included after dirent.h (transitively included by header.h)
-// otherwise we run into definitions conflict on Linux
-// clang-format off
-#include "header.h"
-#include "file/nifti1.h"
-#include "file/nifti2.h"
-// clang-format on
 #include "file/config.h"
+#include "header.h"
 #include "raw.h"
 #include "types.h"
 
+#include <array>
+
 namespace MR {
 class Header;
 
diff --git a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b454527a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+include(FetchContent)
+
+FetchContent_Declare(json
+    DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
+    URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.11.3/json.tar.xz
+)
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(json)
+
+FetchContent_Declare(eigen3
+    GIT_REPOSITORY https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git
+    GIT_TAG 3.4.0
+    PATCH_COMMAND git apply --ignore-space-change --ignore-whitespace ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/eigen.patch
+    UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
+)
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(eigen3)
+
+add_library(nifti INTERFACE)
+add_library(nifti::nifti ALIAS nifti)
+target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/nifti)
diff --git a/core/file/nifti1.h b/thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h
similarity index 100%
rename from core/file/nifti1.h
rename to thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h
diff --git a/core/file/nifti2.h b/thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h
similarity index 100%
rename from core/file/nifti2.h
rename to thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h

From 28706ea2f44a4cf87accebae1ef99c8971723278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Aug 2024 16:19:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 144/182] Update CI workflows for new handling of external deps

---
 .github/workflows/checks.yml     | 8 +++-----
 .github/workflows/clang-tidy.yml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/checks.yml b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
index d94a47d007..24ebb4ebee 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/checks.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: install dependencies
       run: |
          sudo apt-get update
-         sudo apt-get install clang qt6-base-dev libglvnd-dev libeigen3-dev zlib1g-dev libfftw3-dev ninja-build python3-distutils python3-numpy
+         sudo apt-get install clang qt6-base-dev libglvnd-dev zlib1g-dev libfftw3-dev ninja-build python3-distutils python3-numpy
 
     - name: Run sccache-cache
       uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.4
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: install dependencies
       run: |
          sudo apt-get update
-         sudo apt-get install g++-9 qt6-base-dev libglvnd-dev libeigen3-dev zlib1g-dev libfftw3-dev ninja-build python3-numpy
+         sudo apt-get install g++-9 qt6-base-dev libglvnd-dev zlib1g-dev libfftw3-dev ninja-build python3-numpy
 
     - name: Run sccache-cache
       uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.4
@@ -208,7 +208,6 @@ jobs:
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-bc
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-cmake
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-diffutils
-            ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-eigen3
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-fftw
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-gcc
             ${{env.MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}}-ninja
@@ -282,5 +281,4 @@ jobs:
         extensions: 'h,cpp'
         clangFormatVersion: 16
         # Ignore third party headers
-        exclude: './core/file/json.h ./core/file/nifti1.h ./core/file/nifti2.h'
-
+        exclude: './thirdparty ./_deps'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/clang-tidy.yml b/.github/workflows/clang-tidy.yml
index bc5aee18c3..8533d179fc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/clang-tidy.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/clang-tidy.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: ZedThree/clang-tidy-review@v0.17.0
       id: review
       with:
-        apt_packages: g++,qt6-base-dev,libqt6opengl6-dev,libglvnd-dev,libeigen3-dev,zlib1g-dev,libfftw3-dev,ninja-build
+        apt_packages: g++,qt6-base-dev,libqt6opengl6-dev,libglvnd-dev,zlib1g-dev,libfftw3-dev,ninja-build
         config_file: .clang-tidy
 
     - uses: ZedThree/clang-tidy-review/upload@v0.17.0

From 47641c899fde5d76826e060a0561f369348f2eef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 23:29:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 145/182] Patch Eigen configuration with custom patch

To remove unnecessary verbose steps we patch Eigen's CMakeLists.txt
---
 core/CMakeLists.txt       |  4 ---
 thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt |  2 ++
 thirdparty/eigen.patch    | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/eigen.patch

diff --git a/core/CMakeLists.txt b/core/CMakeLists.txt
index 369a09c833..1bf3ea0407 100644
--- a/core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,16 +2,12 @@ include(CheckSymbolExists)
 
 file(GLOB_RECURSE CORE_SRCS *.cpp *.h)
 
-find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
 find_package(ZLIB REQUIRED)
 find_package(FFTW REQUIRED)
 find_package(Git QUIET)
 find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
 find_package(PNG QUIET)
 
-# The find modules for Eigen3, and PNG don't log the location
-# of the libraries, so we do it manually here
-message(STATUS "Found Eigen3: ${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR}")
 if(PNG_FOUND)
     message(STATUS "Found PNG: ${PNG_LIBRARIES}")
 endif()
diff --git a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
index 4b454527a9..5d4f1cf63d 100644
--- a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ FetchContent_Declare(eigen3
 )
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(eigen3)
 
+
+
 add_library(nifti INTERFACE)
 add_library(nifti::nifti ALIAS nifti)
 target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/nifti)
diff --git a/thirdparty/eigen.patch b/thirdparty/eigen.patch
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f36ddeedbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/eigen.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
+index f3e69b845..f50304eac 100644
+--- a/CMakeLists.txt
++++ b/CMakeLists.txt
+@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
+ include(GNUInstallDirs)
+ include(CMakeDependentOption)
+ 
++if(0)
+ set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake)
+ 
+ 
+@@ -419,6 +420,7 @@ endif()
+ set(EIGEN_CUDA_COMPUTE_ARCH 30 CACHE STRING "The CUDA compute architecture level to target when compiling CUDA code")
+ 
+ include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
++endif()
+ 
+ # Backward compatibility support for EIGEN_INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR
+ if(EIGEN_INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR)
+@@ -475,7 +477,7 @@ endif()
+ 
+ install(DIRECTORY Eigen DESTINATION ${INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR} COMPONENT Devel)
+ 
+-
++if(0)
+ option(EIGEN_BUILD_DOC "Enable creation of Eigen documentation" ON)
+ if(EIGEN_BUILD_DOC)
+   add_subdirectory(doc EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+@@ -532,9 +534,10 @@ if(EIGEN_TEST_SYCL)
+     add_definitions(-DEIGEN_DONT_VECTORIZE_SYCL=1)
+   endif()
+ endif()
++endif()
+ 
+ add_subdirectory(unsupported)
+-
++if(0)
+ add_subdirectory(demos EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+ 
+ # must be after test and unsupported, for configuring buildtests.in
+@@ -554,11 +557,12 @@ configure_file(scripts/cdashtesting.cmake.in cdashtesting.cmake @ONLY)
+ if(BUILD_TESTING)
+   ei_testing_print_summary()
+ endif()
+-
++endif()
+ message(STATUS "")
+ message(STATUS "Configured Eigen ${EIGEN_VERSION_NUMBER}")
+ message(STATUS "")
+ 
++if(0)
+ string(TOLOWER "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" cmake_generator_tolower)
+ if(cmake_generator_tolower MATCHES "makefile")
+   message(STATUS "Available targets (use: make TARGET):")
+@@ -586,7 +590,7 @@ message(STATUS "blas     | Build BLAS library (not the same thing as Eigen)")
+ message(STATUS "uninstall| Remove files installed by the install target")
+ message(STATUS "---------+--------------------------------------------------------------")
+ message(STATUS "")
+-
++endif()
+ 
+ set ( EIGEN_VERSION_STRING ${EIGEN_VERSION_NUMBER} )
+ set ( EIGEN_VERSION_MAJOR  ${EIGEN_WORLD_VERSION} )

From 61aa984dd41dd48255b486584b2c92f04e8c25f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Aug 2024 07:52:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 146/182] Provide option to specify local dependencies folder

- Developers can now specify an optional local folder containing that
points to the sources of eigen, json for modern c++ and half. This can
be useful in offline environments without network access.

- Dependency handling code is moved into a separate CMake module.

- Half is directly fetched from sourceforge.net

- FetchContent now downloads source repos in PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR/_deps to
avoid downloading repos again for separate build directories.
---
 .gitignore                |  1 +
 CMakeLists.txt            |  8 +++++
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake  | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/CMakeLists.txt       |  1 +
 thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt | 21 ------------
 5 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmake/Dependencies.cmake
 delete mode 100644 thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 38528667db..6a7e82a1ca 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -35,3 +35,4 @@ build/
 CMakeLists.txt.user
 testing/data/tmp*
 testing/data/*-tmp-*
+_deps/
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 00f44a6246..2888311c82 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -25,6 +25,13 @@ option(MRTRIX_USE_PCH "Use precompiled headers" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK "Build directory softlink to Python source code rather than copying" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC "Build MRtrix's non-core code as a static library" OFF)
 
+set(MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR "" CACHE PATH
+    "An optional local directory containing thirdparty dependencies:\n \
+    - Eigen3 https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen\n \
+    - Json for Modern C++ https://github.com/nlohmann/json\n \
+    - Half https://half.sourceforge.net/\n"
+)
+
 if(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS)
     if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 3.17)
         list(APPEND CMAKE_CTEST_ARGUMENTS "--output-on-failure")
@@ -68,6 +75,7 @@ include(LinkerSetup)
 include(FindFFTW)
 include(CompilerCache)
 include(ECMEnableSanitizers)
+include(Dependencies)
 if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME MATCHES "Darwin")
     include(MacOSBundle)
 endif()
diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01f49f95fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+include(FetchContent)
+
+set(FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/_deps)
+
+if(NOT ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR} STREQUAL "")
+    message(STATUS "Using local dependencies at ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}")
+    set(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES ON)
+else()
+    set(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES OFF)
+endif()
+
+# Eigen
+if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+        eigen3
+        SOURCE_DIR ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/eigen
+        UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
+    )
+else()
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+      eigen3
+      GIT_REPOSITORY https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git
+      GIT_TAG 3.4.0
+      PATCH_COMMAND git apply --ignore-space-change --ignore-whitespace ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/thirdparty/eigen.patch
+      UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
+    )
+endif()
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(eigen3)
+
+
+# Json for Modern C++
+if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+        json
+        SOURCE_DIR ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/json
+        UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
+    )
+else()
+    FetchContent_Declare(json
+        DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
+        URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.11.3/json.tar.xz
+    )
+endif()
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(json)
+
+
+# Half-precision floating-point library
+if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+        half
+        SOURCE_DIR ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/half
+        UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
+    )
+else()
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+        half
+        DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
+        URL "https://sourceforge.net/projects/half/files/half/2.1.0/half-2.1.0.zip/download"
+    )
+endif()
+
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(half)
+
+add_library(half INTERFACE)
+add_library(half::half ALIAS half)
+target_include_directories(half INTERFACE "${half_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
+
+
+# Nifti headers
+add_library(nifti INTERFACE)
+add_library(nifti::nifti ALIAS nifti)
+target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/thirdparty/nifti")
diff --git a/core/CMakeLists.txt b/core/CMakeLists.txt
index 1bf3ea0407..6b4211f625 100644
--- a/core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ target_link_libraries(mrtrix-core PUBLIC
     ${FFTW_LIBRARIES}
     nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json
     nifti::nifti
+    half::half
 )
 
 target_include_directories(mrtrix-core PUBLIC
diff --git a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d4f1cf63d..0000000000
--- a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-include(FetchContent)
-
-FetchContent_Declare(json
-    DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
-    URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.11.3/json.tar.xz
-)
-FetchContent_MakeAvailable(json)
-
-FetchContent_Declare(eigen3
-    GIT_REPOSITORY https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git
-    GIT_TAG 3.4.0
-    PATCH_COMMAND git apply --ignore-space-change --ignore-whitespace ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/eigen.patch
-    UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
-)
-FetchContent_MakeAvailable(eigen3)
-
-
-
-add_library(nifti INTERFACE)
-add_library(nifti::nifti ALIAS nifti)
-target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/nifti)

From fa12bdb0ad6ea971404e678b383691907adbb603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Jul 2024 14:16:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 147/182] Link pch_cmd against half

---
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index 9c28ba9897..980ce15a7a 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ if(MRTRIX_USE_PCH)
     add_executable(pch_cmd ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/pch_cmd.cpp)
     target_include_directories(pch_cmd PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../core)
     find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
-    target_link_libraries(pch_cmd PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen mrtrix::common)
+    target_link_libraries(pch_cmd PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen half::half mrtrix::common)
     target_precompile_headers(pch_cmd PRIVATE
         [["app.h"]]
         [["image.h"]]

From a4ef4f01fada0d31a66adb49a0438c6f2a903d83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jul 2024 15:50:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 148/182] Change location of FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR

FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR is now set globally for the project to `_fetchcontent` directory
inside the top level directory.x
---
 .gitignore               | 2 +-
 CMakeLists.txt           | 1 +
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 2 --
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 6a7e82a1ca..8ff3223609 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ build/
 CMakeLists.txt.user
 testing/data/tmp*
 testing/data/*-tmp-*
-_deps/
+_fetchcontent/
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 2888311c82..54294fca52 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ include(GNUInstallDirs)
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
 set(MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION "${CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION}")
+set(FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/_fetchcontent" CACHE PATH "Directory where fetched content is stored")
 
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_GUI "Build the MRtrix3 GUI" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_USE_QT5 "Use Qt 5 to build" OFF)
diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index 01f49f95fb..8627609a61 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 include(FetchContent)
 
-set(FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/_deps)
-
 if(NOT ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR} STREQUAL "")
     message(STATUS "Using local dependencies at ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}")
     set(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES ON)

From 09783252a146409012a846c22bbf7209d10ecbb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Jul 2024 11:31:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 149/182] Use compressed release artefacts rather than cloning
 repos

---
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 53 ++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index 8627609a61..5acedba78c 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -9,54 +9,43 @@ endif()
 
 # Eigen
 if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
-    FetchContent_Declare(
-        eigen3
-        SOURCE_DIR ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/eigen
-        UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
-    )
+    set(eigen_url ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/eigen-3.4.0.tar.gz)
 else()
-    FetchContent_Declare(
-      eigen3
-      GIT_REPOSITORY https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git
-      GIT_TAG 3.4.0
-      PATCH_COMMAND git apply --ignore-space-change --ignore-whitespace ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/thirdparty/eigen.patch
-      UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
-    )
+    set(eigen_url "https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen/-/archive/3.4.0/eigen-3.4.0.tar.gz")
 endif()
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(eigen3)
 
+FetchContent_Declare(
+    eigen3
+    DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
+    URL ${eigen_url}
+)
 
 # Json for Modern C++
 if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
-    FetchContent_Declare(
-        json
-        SOURCE_DIR ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/json
-        UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
-    )
+    set(json_url ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/json.tar.xz)
 else()
-    FetchContent_Declare(json
-        DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
-        URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.11.3/json.tar.xz
-    )
+    set(json_url "https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.11.3/json.tar.xz")
 endif()
+FetchContent_Declare(
+    json
+    DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
+    URL ${json_url}
+)
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(json)
 
 
 # Half-precision floating-point library
 if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
-    FetchContent_Declare(
-        half
-        SOURCE_DIR ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/half
-        UPDATE_DISCONNECTED ON
-    )
+    set(half_url ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/half-2.1.0.zip)
 else()
-    FetchContent_Declare(
-        half
-        DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
-        URL "https://sourceforge.net/projects/half/files/half/2.1.0/half-2.1.0.zip/download"
-    )
+    set(half_url "https://sourceforge.net/projects/half/files/half/2.1.0/half-2.1.0.zip/download")
 endif()
-
+FetchContent_Declare(
+    half
+    DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
+    URL ${half_url}
+)
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(half)
 
 add_library(half INTERFACE)

From 3014111ce0aa39b71ddb4b38b8092acc739aba65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Jul 2024 11:29:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 150/182] Avoid configuring Eigen via FetchContent_MakeAvaiable

Eigen's configuration script is really verbose and we don't need its
output when configuring MRtrix3 as it's just a header only library.
This also allows to get rid of the custom patch to fix this problem.
---
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 10 ++++++-
 cmd/CMakeLists.txt       |  1 -
 thirdparty/eigen.patch   | 64 ----------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 thirdparty/eigen.patch

diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index 5acedba78c..2b90d495ef 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -8,18 +8,26 @@ else()
 endif()
 
 # Eigen
+# We avoid configuring the Eigen library via FetchContent_MakeAvaiable
+# to avoid the verbosity of Eigen's CMake configuration output.
 if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
     set(eigen_url ${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/eigen-3.4.0.tar.gz)
 else()
     set(eigen_url "https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen/-/archive/3.4.0/eigen-3.4.0.tar.gz")
 endif()
-FetchContent_MakeAvailable(eigen3)
 
 FetchContent_Declare(
     eigen3
     DOWNLOAD_EXTRACT_TIMESTAMP ON
     URL ${eigen_url}
 )
+FetchContent_GetProperties(Eigen3)
+if(NOT eigen3_POPULATED)
+    FetchContent_Populate(Eigen3)
+    add_library(Eigen3 INTERFACE)
+    add_library(Eigen3::Eigen ALIAS Eigen3)
+    target_include_directories(Eigen3 INTERFACE "${eigen3_SOURCE_DIR}")
+endif()
 
 # Json for Modern C++
 if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
diff --git a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
index 980ce15a7a..e6ede5619b 100644
--- a/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cmd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ if(MRTRIX_USE_PCH)
     file(GENERATE OUTPUT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/pch_cmd.cpp CONTENT "int main(){}")
     add_executable(pch_cmd ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/pch_cmd.cpp)
     target_include_directories(pch_cmd PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../core)
-    find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
     target_link_libraries(pch_cmd PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen half::half mrtrix::common)
     target_precompile_headers(pch_cmd PRIVATE
         [["app.h"]]
diff --git a/thirdparty/eigen.patch b/thirdparty/eigen.patch
deleted file mode 100644
index f36ddeedbb..0000000000
--- a/thirdparty/eigen.patch
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
-index f3e69b845..f50304eac 100644
---- a/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
- include(GNUInstallDirs)
- include(CMakeDependentOption)
- 
-+if(0)
- set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake)
- 
- 
-@@ -419,6 +420,7 @@ endif()
- set(EIGEN_CUDA_COMPUTE_ARCH 30 CACHE STRING "The CUDA compute architecture level to target when compiling CUDA code")
- 
- include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
-+endif()
- 
- # Backward compatibility support for EIGEN_INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR
- if(EIGEN_INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR)
-@@ -475,7 +477,7 @@ endif()
- 
- install(DIRECTORY Eigen DESTINATION ${INCLUDE_INSTALL_DIR} COMPONENT Devel)
- 
--
-+if(0)
- option(EIGEN_BUILD_DOC "Enable creation of Eigen documentation" ON)
- if(EIGEN_BUILD_DOC)
-   add_subdirectory(doc EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
-@@ -532,9 +534,10 @@ if(EIGEN_TEST_SYCL)
-     add_definitions(-DEIGEN_DONT_VECTORIZE_SYCL=1)
-   endif()
- endif()
-+endif()
- 
- add_subdirectory(unsupported)
--
-+if(0)
- add_subdirectory(demos EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
- 
- # must be after test and unsupported, for configuring buildtests.in
-@@ -554,11 +557,12 @@ configure_file(scripts/cdashtesting.cmake.in cdashtesting.cmake @ONLY)
- if(BUILD_TESTING)
-   ei_testing_print_summary()
- endif()
--
-+endif()
- message(STATUS "")
- message(STATUS "Configured Eigen ${EIGEN_VERSION_NUMBER}")
- message(STATUS "")
- 
-+if(0)
- string(TOLOWER "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" cmake_generator_tolower)
- if(cmake_generator_tolower MATCHES "makefile")
-   message(STATUS "Available targets (use: make TARGET):")
-@@ -586,7 +590,7 @@ message(STATUS "blas     | Build BLAS library (not the same thing as Eigen)")
- message(STATUS "uninstall| Remove files installed by the install target")
- message(STATUS "---------+--------------------------------------------------------------")
- message(STATUS "")
--
-+endif()
- 
- set ( EIGEN_VERSION_STRING ${EIGEN_VERSION_NUMBER} )
- set ( EIGEN_VERSION_MAJOR  ${EIGEN_WORLD_VERSION} )

From 67360380081c1d413d600c3f82957693f104366d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2024 11:28:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 151/182] Don't set custom FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR

---
 .gitignore     | 1 -
 CMakeLists.txt | 1 -
 2 files changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 8ff3223609..38528667db 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -35,4 +35,3 @@ build/
 CMakeLists.txt.user
 testing/data/tmp*
 testing/data/*-tmp-*
-_fetchcontent/
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 54294fca52..2888311c82 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ include(GNUInstallDirs)
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
 set(MRTRIX_BASE_VERSION "${CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION}")
-set(FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/_fetchcontent" CACHE PATH "Directory where fetched content is stored")
 
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_GUI "Build the MRtrix3 GUI" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_USE_QT5 "Use Qt 5 to build" OFF)

From 10c49930a63e6a2b0ce7d25d3f6d8dde290b2719 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
Date: Mon, 19 Aug 2024 16:18:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 152/182] Remove core/file/json.h and core/half.hpp

---
 core/file/json.h | 25172 ---------------------------------------------
 core/half.hpp    |  4866 ---------
 2 files changed, 30038 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 core/file/json.h
 delete mode 100644 core/half.hpp

diff --git a/core/file/json.h b/core/file/json.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 22a455380e..0000000000
--- a/core/file/json.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25172 +0,0 @@
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-/****************************************************************************\
- * Note on documentation: The source files contain links to the online      *
- * documentation of the public API at https://json.nlohmann.me. This URL    *
- * contains the most recent documentation and should also be applicable to  *
- * previous versions; documentation for deprecated functions is not         *
- * removed, but marked deprecated. See "Generate documentation" section in  *
- * file docs/README.md.                                                     *
-\****************************************************************************/
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <algorithm>        // all_of, find, for_each
-#include <cstddef>          // nullptr_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t
-#include <functional>       // hash, less
-#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-#include <iosfwd>   // istream, ostream
-#endif              // JSON_NO_IO
-#include <iterator> // random_access_iterator_tag
-#include <memory>   // unique_ptr
-#include <string>   // string, stoi, to_string
-#include <utility>  // declval, forward, move, pair, swap
-#include <vector>   // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/adl_serializer.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <utility>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// This file contains all macro definitions affecting or depending on the ABI
-
-#ifndef JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK
-#if defined(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR) && defined(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR) && defined(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH)
-#if NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR != 3 || NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR != 11 || NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH != 2
-#warning "Already included a different version of the library!"
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR 3  // NOLINT(modernize-macro-to-enum)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR 11 // NOLINT(modernize-macro-to-enum)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH 2  // NOLINT(modernize-macro-to-enum)
-
-#ifndef JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-#define JSON_DIAGNOSTICS 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
-#define JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON 0
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTICS _diag
-#else
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTICS
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON _ldvcmp
-#else
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
-#endif
-
-#ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION 0
-#endif
-
-// Construct the namespace ABI tags component
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b) json_abi##a##b
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b) NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b)
-
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS                                                                                         \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTICS,                                                     \
-                                NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON)
-
-// Construct the namespace version component
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT_EX(major, minor, patch) _v##major##_##minor##_##patch
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT(major, minor, patch)                                                    \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT_EX(major, minor, patch)
-
-#if NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION
-#else
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION                                                                                \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT(                                                                              \
-      NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR, NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR, NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH)
-#endif
-
-// Combine namespace components
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_CONCAT_EX(a, b) a##b
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_CONCAT(a, b) NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_CONCAT_EX(a, b)
-
-#ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE                                                                                        \
-  nlohmann::NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_CONCAT(NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS, NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN                                                                                  \
-  namespace nlohmann {                                                                                                 \
-  inline namespace NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_CONCAT(NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS, NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION) {
-#endif
-
-#ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END                                                                                    \
-  } /* namespace (inline namespace) NOLINT(readability/namespace) */                                                   \
-  } // namespace nlohmann
-#endif
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/from_json.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm>     // transform
-#include <array>         // array
-#include <forward_list>  // forward_list
-#include <iterator>      // inserter, front_inserter, end
-#include <map>           // map
-#include <string>        // string
-#include <tuple>         // tuple, make_tuple
-#include <type_traits>   // is_arithmetic, is_same, is_enum, underlying_type, is_convertible
-#include <unordered_map> // unordered_map
-#include <utility>       // pair, declval
-#include <valarray>      // valarray
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef>   // nullptr_t
-#include <exception> // exception
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-#include <numeric> // accumulate
-#endif
-#include <stdexcept> // runtime_error
-#include <string>    // to_string
-#include <vector>    // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <array>   // array
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
-#include <cstdint> // uint8_t
-#include <string>  // string
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <utility> // declval, pair
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <type_traits>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/void_t.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename... Ts> struct make_void {
-  using type = void;
-};
-template <typename... Ts> using void_t = typename make_void<Ts...>::type;
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental/is_detected
-struct nonesuch {
-  nonesuch() = delete;
-  ~nonesuch() = delete;
-  nonesuch(nonesuch const &) = delete;
-  nonesuch(nonesuch const &&) = delete;
-  void operator=(nonesuch const &) = delete;
-  void operator=(nonesuch &&) = delete;
-};
-
-template <class Default, class AlwaysVoid, template <class...> class Op, class... Args> struct detector {
-  using value_t = std::false_type;
-  using type = Default;
-};
-
-template <class Default, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-struct detector<Default, void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...> {
-  using value_t = std::true_type;
-  using type = Op<Args...>;
-};
-
-template <template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-using is_detected = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::value_t;
-
-template <template <class...> class Op, class... Args> struct is_detected_lazy : is_detected<Op, Args...> {};
-
-template <template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-using detected_t = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::type;
-
-template <class Default, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-using detected_or = detector<Default, void, Op, Args...>;
-
-template <class Default, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-using detected_or_t = typename detected_or<Default, Op, Args...>::type;
-
-template <class Expected, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-using is_detected_exact = std::is_same<Expected, detected_t<Op, Args...>>;
-
-template <class To, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
-using is_detected_convertible = std::is_convertible<detected_t<Op, Args...>, To>;
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/thirdparty/hedley/hedley.hpp>
-
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016-2021 Evan Nemerson <evan@nemerson.com>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-/* Hedley - https://nemequ.github.io/hedley
- * Created by Evan Nemerson <evan@nemerson.com>
- */
-
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION) || (JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION < 15)
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION 15
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX(x) #x
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY(x) JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX(x)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX(a, b) a##b
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT(a, b) JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX(a, b)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3_EX)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3_EX
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3_EX(a, b, c) a##b##c
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3(a, b, c) JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3_EX(a, b, c)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, revision) (((major)*1000000) + ((minor)*1000) + (revision))
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR(version) ((version) / 1000000)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR(version) (((version) % 1000000) / 1000)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION(version) ((version) % 1000)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                            \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(_MSC_FULL_VER) && (_MSC_FULL_VER >= 140000000) && !defined(__ICL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION                                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      _MSC_FULL_VER / 10000000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000000) / 100000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 100000) / 100)
-#elif defined(_MSC_FULL_VER) && !defined(__ICL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION                                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_FULL_VER / 1000000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 1000000) / 10000, (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000) / 10)
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__ICL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_MSC_VER / 100, _MSC_VER % 100, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                            \
-  (_MSC_FULL_VER >= ((major * 10000000) + (minor * 100000) + (patch)))
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                            \
-  (_MSC_FULL_VER >= ((major * 1000000) + (minor * 10000) + (patch)))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (_MSC_VER >= ((major * 100) + (minor)))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE) && !defined(__ICL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION                                                                                      \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER / 100, __INTEL_COMPILER % 100, __INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE)
-#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__ICL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER / 100, __INTEL_COMPILER % 100, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                           \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(__INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE) && defined(__ICL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__INTEL_COMPILER, __INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                        \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__PGI) && defined(__PGIC__) && defined(__PGIC_MINOR__) && defined(__PGIC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__PGIC__, __PGIC_MINOR__, __PGIC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                             \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__SUNPRO_C) && (__SUNPRO_C > 0x1000)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                                                                     \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((((__SUNPRO_C >> 16) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_C >> 12) & 0xf),                           \
-                             (((__SUNPRO_C >> 8) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_C >> 4) & 0xf),                             \
-                             (__SUNPRO_C & 0xf) * 10)
-#elif defined(__SUNPRO_C)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                                                                     \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__SUNPRO_C >> 8) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_C >> 4) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_C)&0xf)
-#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC) && (__SUNPRO_CC > 0x1000)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                                                                     \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((((__SUNPRO_CC >> 16) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 12) & 0xf),                         \
-                             (((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8) & 0xf) * 10) + ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 4) & 0xf),                           \
-                             (__SUNPRO_CC & 0xf) * 10)
-#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION                                                                                     \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_CC >> 4) & 0xf, (__SUNPRO_CC)&0xf)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                          \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION                                                                                 \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__EMSCRIPTEN_major__, __EMSCRIPTEN_minor__, __EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                      \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__CC_ARM) && defined(__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION                                                                                        \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION / 1000000,                                                          \
-                             (__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION % 1000000) / 10000,                                                \
-                             (__ARMCOMPILER_VERSION % 10000) / 100)
-#elif defined(__CC_ARM) && defined(__ARMCC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION                                                                                        \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __ARMCC_VERSION / 1000000, (__ARMCC_VERSION % 1000000) / 10000, (__ARMCC_VERSION % 10000) / 100)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                             \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__ibmxl__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__ibmxl_version__, __ibmxl_release__, __ibmxl_modification__)
-#elif defined(__xlC__) && defined(__xlC_ver__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__xlC__ >> 8, __xlC__ & 0xff, (__xlC_ver__ >> 8) & 0xff)
-#elif defined(__xlC__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__xlC__ >> 8, __xlC__ & 0xff, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                             \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) &&                                                                                \
-    (defined(__TMS470__) || defined(__TI_ARM__) || defined(__MSP430__) || defined(__TMS320C2000__))
-#if (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ >= 16000000)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION                                                                                         \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                              \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) && defined(__TMS320C2000__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION                                                                                  \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                       \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) && defined(__MSP430__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION                                                                                   \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                        \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) && (defined(__TMS470__) || defined(__TI_ARM__))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION                                                                                   \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                        \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) && defined(__TMS320C6X__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION                                                                                    \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                         \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) && defined(__C7000__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION                                                                                    \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                         \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__) && defined(__PRU__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION                                                                                   \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ / 1000000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000000) / 1000, (__TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ % 1000))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                        \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(_CRAYC)
-#if defined(_RELEASE_PATCHLEVEL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_RELEASE_MAJOR, _RELEASE_MINOR, _RELEASE_PATCHLEVEL)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(_RELEASE_MAJOR, _RELEASE_MINOR, 0)
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                            \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__IAR_SYSTEMS_ICC__)
-#if __VER__ > 1000
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION                                                                                        \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE((__VER__ / 1000000), ((__VER__ / 1000) % 1000), (__VER__ % 1000))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__VER__ / 100, __VER__ % 100, 0)
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                             \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__TINYC__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__TINYC__ / 1000, (__TINYC__ / 100) % 10, __TINYC__ % 100)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                           \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__DMC__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__DMC__ >> 8, (__DMC__ >> 4) & 0xf, __DMC__ & 0xf)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                             \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__COMPCERT_VERSION__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION                                                                                   \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(                                                                                          \
-      __COMPCERT_VERSION__ / 10000, (__COMPCERT_VERSION__ / 100) % 100, __COMPCERT_VERSION__ % 100)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                        \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__POCC__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__POCC__ / 100, __POCC__ % 100, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                          \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__LCC__) && defined(__LCC_MINOR__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(__LCC__ / 100, __LCC__ % 100, __LCC_MINOR__)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                        \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION) &&                 \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION) &&    \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION) &&                                      \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION) &&                               \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION) &&                                  \
-    !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION) && !defined(__COMPCERT__) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)                                                             \
-  (JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION >= JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE(major, minor, patch))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_attribute) && ((!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 5, 9)))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_attribute)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)                                                 \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_attribute)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && defined(__cplusplus) &&                                                            \
-    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS
-#endif
-#if !defined(__cplusplus) || !defined(__has_cpp_attribute)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns, attribute) (0)
-#elif !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION) &&                                        \
-    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0)) &&                            \
-    (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19, 20, 0))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns, attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(ns::attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(ns, attribute) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)                                             \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_cpp_attribute) && defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) __has_cpp_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)                                              \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_builtin)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) __has_builtin(builtin)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_builtin)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch) __has_builtin(builtin)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_builtin)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch) __has_builtin(builtin)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_feature)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature) __has_feature(feature)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_feature)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch) __has_feature(feature)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_feature)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch) __has_feature(feature)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE(feature, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_extension)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) __has_extension(extension)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_extension)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch) __has_extension(extension)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch)                                                 \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_extension)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch) __has_extension(extension)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION(extension, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)                                        \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch) __has_declspec_attribute(attribute)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute, major, minor, patch)                                         \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_warning)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning) __has_warning(warning)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning) (0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_warning)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch) __has_warning(warning)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING
-#endif
-#if defined(__has_warning)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch) __has_warning(warning)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING(warning, major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)) || defined(__clang__) ||                              \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                             \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 4, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 7, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(2, 0, 1) ||                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 0, 0) ||                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) ||                       \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 17) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                                                                       \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) && defined(__C99_PRAGMA_OPERATOR))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value) _Pragma(#value)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value) __pragma(value)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(value)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#endif
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("warning(push)")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("warning(pop)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 6, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH __pragma(warning(push))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP __pragma(warning(pop))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("push")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 4, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0) ||                       \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("diag_push")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("diag_pop")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2, 90, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("warning(push)")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("warning(pop)")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#endif
-
-/* JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_ is for
-   HEDLEY INTERNAL USE ONLY.  API subject to change without notice. */
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++98-compat")
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++17-extensions")
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++1z-extensions")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(xpr)                                                         \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++98-compat\"") _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++17-extensions\"")    \
-      _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++1z-extensions\"") xpr JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(xpr)                                                         \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++98-compat\"") _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++17-extensions\"")    \
-      xpr JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#endif
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(xpr)                                                         \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++98-compat\"") xpr JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(x) x
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) (const_cast<T>(expr))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wcast-qual") || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 6, 0) ||                              \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr)                                                                                \
-  (__extension__({                                                                                                     \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL((T)(expr));                                                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP                                                                                         \
-  }))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST(T, expr) ((T)(expr))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST(T, expr) (reinterpret_cast<T>(expr))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST(T, expr) ((T)(expr))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr) (static_cast<T>(expr))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr) ((T)(expr))
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wold-style-cast")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr)                                                                                  \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wold-style-cast\"")((T)(expr)) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 3, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr)                                                                                  \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe137") JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr) ((T)(expr))
-#endif
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST(T, expr) (expr)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wdeprecated-declarations")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("warning(disable:1478 1786)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED __pragma(warning(disable : 1478 1786))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(20, 7, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress 1215,1216,1444,1445")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress 1215,1444")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED __pragma(warning(disable : 4996))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress 1215,1444")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                                                                       \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress 1291,1718")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 13, 0) && !defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("error_messages(off,E_DEPRECATED_ATT,E_DEPRECATED_ATT_MESS)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 13, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("error_messages(off,symdeprecated,symdeprecated2)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe1444,Pe1215")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2, 90, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED _Pragma("warn(disable:2241)")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-pragmas")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-pragmas\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("warning(disable:161)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS __pragma(warning(disable : 161))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress 1675")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-pragmas\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS __pragma(warning(disable : 4068))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(16, 9, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 3, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress 163")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress 163")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe161")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS _Pragma("diag_suppress 161")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-attributes")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunknown-attributes\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 6, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES                                                          \
-  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(17, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("warning(disable:1292)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES __pragma(warning(disable : 1292))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES __pragma(warning(disable : 5030))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(20, 7, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress 1097,1098")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress 1097")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 14, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("error_messages(off,attrskipunsup)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 3, 0) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress 1173")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress=Pe1097")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES _Pragma("diag_suppress 1097")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wcast-qual")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wcast-qual\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL _Pragma("warning(disable:2203 2331)")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wcast-qual\"")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunused-function")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wunused-function\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wunused-function\"")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION __pragma(warning(disable : 4505))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION _Pragma("diag_suppress 3142")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __declspec(deprecated("Since " #since))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __declspec(deprecated("Since " #since "; use " #replacement))
-#elif (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(attribute_deprecated_with_message) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)) ||           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                             \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 13, 0) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 1, 0) ||                              \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(18, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 3, 0) ||                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 3, 0) ||                       \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __attribute__((__deprecated__("Since " #since)))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)                                                                 \
-  __attribute__((__deprecated__("Since " #since "; use " #replacement)))
-#elif defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201402L)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[deprecated("Since " #since)]])
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)                                                                 \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[deprecated("Since " #since "; use " #replacement)]])
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                               \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10) ||                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(6, 50, 0) ||                       \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) __declspec(deprecated)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) __declspec(deprecated)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since) _Pragma("deprecated")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement) _Pragma("deprecated")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED(since)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(since, replacement)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warning) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE(available_since) __attribute__((__warning__("Not available until " #available_since)))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE(available_since)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warn_unused_result) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                            \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)) ||                                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG(msg) __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
-#elif (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard) >= 201907L)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[nodiscard]])
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[nodiscard(msg)]])
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[nodiscard]])
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[nodiscard]])
-#elif defined(_Check_return_) /* SAL */
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT _Check_return_
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG(msg) _Check_return_
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG(msg)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(sentinel) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                                   \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 4, 0) ||                             \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL(position) __attribute__((__sentinel__(position)))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL(position)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __noreturn
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
-#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Noreturn
-#elif defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[noreturn]])
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 2, 0) ||                                 \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                              \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Pragma("does_not_return")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __declspec(noreturn)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN _Pragma("FUNC_NEVER_RETURNS;")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(3, 2, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __attribute((noreturn))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(9, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN __declspec(noreturn)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noescape)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE __attribute__((__noescape__))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) __assume(expr)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) __builtin_assume(expr)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0)
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) std::_nassert(expr)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) _nassert(expr)
-#endif
-#endif
-#if (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable) && (!defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION))) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 10, 0) ||                              \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 5) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(10, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
-#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(0)
-#endif
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME)
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void, ((expr) ? 1 : (JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE(), 1)))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void, expr)
-#endif
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE)
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) return (JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void, JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(0)), (value))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE()
-#endif
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(value) return (value)
-#endif
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE() JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME(0)
-#endif
-
-JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wpedantic")
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic"
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++98-compat-pedantic") && defined(__cplusplus)
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat-pedantic"
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING("-Wvariadic-macros", 4, 0, 0)
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
-#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION)
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
-#endif
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nonnull) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 3, 0) ||                                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(...) __attribute__((__nonnull__(__VA_ARGS__)))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(...)
-#endif
-JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT
-#endif
-#if defined(__MINGW32__) && JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format, 4, 4, 0) && !defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                                                          \
-  __attribute__((__format__(ms_printf, string_idx, first_to_check)))
-#elif defined(__MINGW32__) && JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format, 4, 4, 0) && defined(__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                                                          \
-  __attribute__((__format__(gnu_printf, string_idx, first_to_check)))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                                   \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0) ||                             \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                              \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)                                                          \
-  __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, string_idx, first_to_check)))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check) __declspec(vaformat(printf, string_idx, first_to_check))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT(string_idx, first_to_check)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(constexpr)
-#endif
-#endif
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unpredictable)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) __builtin_unpredictable((expr))
-#endif
-#if (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect_with_probability) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION)) ||               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(9, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, value, probability) __builtin_expect_with_probability((expr), (value), (probability))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability) __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 1, (probability))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability) __builtin_expect_with_probability(!!(expr), 0, (probability))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
-#elif (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                             \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 15, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) ||  \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                              \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 7, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) ||                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) ||                       \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 27) || JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, expected, probability)                                                               \
-  (((probability) >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect((expr), (expected)) : (JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void, expected), (expr)))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability)                                                                    \
-  (__extension__({                                                                                                     \
-    double hedley_probability_ = (probability);                                                                        \
-    ((hedley_probability_ >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)                                                      \
-                                  : ((hedley_probability_ <= 0.1) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0) : !!(expr)));        \
-  }))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability)                                                                   \
-  (__extension__({                                                                                                     \
-    double hedley_probability_ = (probability);                                                                        \
-    ((hedley_probability_ >= 0.9) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)                                                      \
-                                  : ((hedley_probability_ <= 0.1) ? __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1) : !!(expr)));        \
-  }))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, expected, probability) (JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void, expected), (expr))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE(expr, probability) (!!(expr))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE(expr, probability) (!!(expr))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(expr) (!!(expr))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(expr) (!!(expr))
-#endif
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT(expr, 1, 0.5)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(malloc) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) ||                                     \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(12, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                                                                         \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC __attribute__((__malloc__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC _Pragma("returns_new_memory")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC __declspec(restrict)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PURE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(pure) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(2, 96, 0) ||                                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                                                                         \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE __attribute__((__pure__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE _Pragma("does_not_write_global_data")
-#elif defined(__cplusplus) &&                                                                                          \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(2, 0, 1) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                      \
-     JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE _Pragma("FUNC_IS_PURE;")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CONST)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(const) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(2, 5, 0) ||                                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                                                                         \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST __attribute__((__const__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST _Pragma("no_side_effect")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CONST JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
-#endif
-#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) && !defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT restrict
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(14, 0, 0) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0) ||                     \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(17, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 2, 4) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0) ||                      \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                                                                      \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 14, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)) || JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) ||  \
-    defined(__clang__) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT __restrict
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 3, 0) && !defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT _Restrict
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
-#endif
-#if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)) || (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 199711L))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE inline
-#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(6, 2, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE __inline__
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(12, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0) ||                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 1, 0) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(3, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 2, 0) ||                     \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE __inline
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(always_inline) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                              \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                                                                         \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10) ||                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((__always_inline__)) JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(12, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE __forceinline
-#elif defined(__cplusplus) &&                                                                                          \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                     \
-     JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) ||                     \
-     JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE _Pragma("FUNC_ALWAYS_INLINE;")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE _Pragma("inline=forced")
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noinline) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) ||                                   \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(10, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK(15, 12, 0) ||                                                                         \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK(5, 2, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0) ||                                                                    \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 0, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(4, 3, 0) ||                                                                     \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) ||                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK(1, 2, 0) ||                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK(2, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10) ||                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 10, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __attribute__((__noinline__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 10, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(10, 2, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("noinline")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) && defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("FUNC_CANNOT_INLINE;")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE _Pragma("inline=never")
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK(3, 2, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __attribute((noinline))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(9, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE __declspec(noinline)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT
-#endif
-#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC __declspec(dllexport)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport)
-#else
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(visibility) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 3, 0) ||                                 \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 11, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    (defined(__TI_EABI__) && ((JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 2, 0) && defined(__TI_GNU_ATTRIBUTE_SUPPORT__)) || \
-                              JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(7, 5, 0))) ||                                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE __attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT extern
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nothrow) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 3, 0) ||                                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW __attribute__((__nothrow__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0) ||                    \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW __declspec(nothrow)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(7, 0, 0) ||                                \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH __attribute__((__fallthrough__))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS(clang, fallthrough)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[clang::fallthrough]])
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_([[fallthrough]])
-#elif defined(__fallthrough) /* SAL */
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH __fallthrough
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(returns_nonnull) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 9, 0) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL __attribute__((__returns_nonnull__))
-#elif defined(_Ret_notnull_) /* SAL */
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL _Ret_notnull_
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM
-#endif
-#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) && !defined(__STDC_NO_VLA__) &&                         \
-    !defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM(name) (name)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM(name)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR
-#endif
-/* JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_ is for
-   HEDLEY INTERNAL USE ONLY.  API subject to change without notice. */
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_constant_p) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0) ||                         \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 19) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(4, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK(6, 1, 0) ||                                                                      \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK(5, 10, 0) && !defined(__cplusplus)) ||                                           \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK(1, 25, 10)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) __builtin_constant_p(expr)
-#endif
-#if !defined(__cplusplus)
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_types_compatible_p) || JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(3, 4, 0) ||                 \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(13, 1, 0) ||                            \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(8, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 4, 0) ||                               \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK(0, 9, 24)
-#if defined(__INTPTR_TYPE__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                                                                \
-  __builtin_types_compatible_p(__typeof__((1 ? (void *)((__INTPTR_TYPE__)((expr)*0)) : (int *)0)), int *)
-#else
-#include <stdint.h>
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                                                                \
-  __builtin_types_compatible_p(__typeof__((1 ? (void *)((intptr_t)((expr)*0)) : (int *)0)), int *)
-#endif
-#elif (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION) &&           \
-       !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)) ||                                      \
-    (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(c_generic_selections) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION)) ||                          \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 9, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(17, 0, 0) ||                             \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK(12, 1, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK(5, 3, 0)
-#if defined(__INTPTR_TYPE__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                                                                \
-  _Generic((1 ? (void *)((__INTPTR_TYPE__)((expr)*0)) : (int *)0), int *: 1, void *: 0)
-#else
-#include <stdint.h>
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) _Generic((1 ? (void *)((intptr_t)*0) : (int *)0), int *: 1, void *: 0)
-#endif
-#elif defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION) || defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION) || defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION) ||  \
-    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION) || JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK(18, 12, 0) ||                          \
-    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION) || defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION) ||                                  \
-    defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION) || defined(JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION) || defined(__clang__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)                                                                                \
-  (sizeof(void) != sizeof(*(1 ? ((void *)((expr)*0L)) : ((struct { char v[sizeof(void) * 2]; } *)1))))
-#endif
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_)
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr)
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR(expr) (JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_(expr) ? (expr) : (-1))
-#else
-#if !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT(expr) (0)
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR(expr) (expr)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS extern "C" {
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS }
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL extern "C"
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT
-#endif
-#if !defined(__cplusplus) &&                                                                                           \
-    ((defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L)) ||                                                   \
-     (JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(c_static_assert) && !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION)) ||                           \
-     JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0) || defined(_Static_assert))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message) _Static_assert(expr, message)
-#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)) || JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(16, 0, 0) ||                \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message)                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(static_assert(expr, message))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, message)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_NULL)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NULL
-#endif
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_(nullptr)
-#elif defined(NULL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL NULL
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(void *, 0)
-#endif
-#elif defined(NULL)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL NULL
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_NULL ((void *)0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-pragmas")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)                                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message msg)                                                                                      \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 4, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message msg)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(_CRI message msg)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK(8, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK(2, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wunknown-pragmas")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg)                                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS                                                                       \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(clang warning msg)                                                                                \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(4, 8, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK(18, 4, 0) ||                             \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(13, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(GCC warning msg)
-#elif JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(15, 0, 0) || JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA(message(msg))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING(msg) JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE(msg)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(diagnose_if)
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wgcc-compat")
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr)                                                                                      \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgcc-compat\"") __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), #expr, "error")))           \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr, msg)                                                                             \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
-  _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wgcc-compat\"") __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), msg, "error")))             \
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr) __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), #expr, "error")))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr, msg) __attribute__((diagnose_if(!(expr), msg, "error")))
-#endif
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE(expr)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG(expr, msg)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(flag_enum) &&                                                                            \
-    (!defined(__cplusplus) || JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING("-Wbitfield-enum-conversion"))
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS __attribute__((__flag_enum__))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST
-#endif
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK(19, 0, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST(T, expr)                                                                                \
-  (__extension__({                                                                                                     \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                        \
-    _Pragma("warning(disable:188)")((T)(expr));                                                                        \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP                                                                                         \
-  }))
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST(T, expr) JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST(T, expr)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
-#endif
-#if (JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(19, 0, 23918) && !JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK(20, 0, 0)) ||                     \
-    JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK(2021, 1, 0)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES __declspec(empty_bases)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
-#endif
-
-/* Remaining macros are deprecated. */
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK
-#endif
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) (0)
-#else
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch) JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK(major, minor, patch)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN(builtin)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE(feature) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE(feature)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION(extension) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION(extension)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(attribute)
-
-#if defined(JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING)
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING
-#endif
-#define JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING(warning) JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING(warning)
-
-#endif /* !defined(JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION) || (JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION < X) */
-
-// This file contains all internal macro definitions (except those affecting ABI)
-// You MUST include macro_unscope.hpp at the end of json.hpp to undef all of them
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// exclude unsupported compilers
-#if !defined(JSON_SKIP_UNSUPPORTED_COMPILER_CHECK)
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#if (__clang_major__ * 10000 + __clang_minor__ * 100 + __clang_patchlevel__) < 30400
-#error "unsupported Clang version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
-#endif
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !(defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER))
-#if (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__) < 40800
-#error "unsupported GCC version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-
-// C++ language standard detection
-// if the user manually specified the used c++ version this is skipped
-#if !defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_20) && !defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17) && !defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_14) && !defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_11)
-#if (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 202002L) || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 202002L)
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_20
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201703L) || (defined(_HAS_CXX17) && _HAS_CXX17 == 1) // fix for issue #464
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201402L) || (defined(_HAS_CXX14) && _HAS_CXX14 == 1)
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-#endif
-// the cpp 11 flag is always specified because it is the minimal required version
-#define JSON_HAS_CPP_11
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_include
-#if __has_include(<version>)
-#include <version>
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM) && !defined(JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM)
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-#if defined(__cpp_lib_filesystem)
-#define JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1
-#elif defined(__cpp_lib_experimental_filesystem)
-#define JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM 1
-#elif !defined(__has_include)
-#define JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM 1
-#elif __has_include(<filesystem>)
-#define JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1
-#elif __has_include(<experimental/filesystem>)
-#define JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM 1
-#endif
-
-// std::filesystem does not work on MinGW GCC 8: https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw-w64/bugs/737/
-#if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 8
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#endif
-
-// no filesystem support before GCC 8: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ < 8
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#endif
-
-// no filesystem support before Clang 7: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support
-#if defined(__clang_major__) && __clang_major__ < 7
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#endif
-
-// no filesystem support before MSVC 19.14: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1914
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#endif
-
-// no filesystem support before iOS 13
-#if defined(__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED) && __IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 130000
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#endif
-
-// no filesystem support before macOS Catalina
-#if defined(__MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED) && __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 101500
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#define JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#define JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-#if defined(__cpp_impl_three_way_comparison) && __cpp_impl_three_way_comparison >= 201907L &&                          \
-    defined(__cpp_lib_three_way_comparison) && __cpp_lib_three_way_comparison >= 201907L
-#define JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON 1
-#else
-#define JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON 0
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_RANGES
-// ranges header shipping in GCC 11.1.0 (released 2021-04-27) has syntax error
-#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __GLIBCXX__ == 20210427
-#define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
-#elif defined(__cpp_lib_ranges)
-#define JSON_HAS_RANGES 1
-#else
-#define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-#define JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE inline
-#else
-#define JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(no_unique_address)
-#define JSON_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[no_unique_address]]
-#else
-#define JSON_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
-#endif
-
-// disable documentation warnings on clang
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation"
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation-unknown-command"
-#endif
-
-// allow disabling exceptions
-#if (defined(__cpp_exceptions) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS) || defined(_CPPUNWIND)) && !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
-#define JSON_THROW(exception) throw exception
-#define JSON_TRY try
-#define JSON_CATCH(exception) catch (exception)
-#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(exception) catch (exception)
-#else
-#include <cstdlib>
-#define JSON_THROW(exception) std::abort()
-#define JSON_TRY if (true)
-#define JSON_CATCH(exception) if (false)
-#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(exception) if (false)
-#endif
-
-// override exception macros
-#if defined(JSON_THROW_USER)
-#undef JSON_THROW
-#define JSON_THROW JSON_THROW_USER
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_TRY_USER)
-#undef JSON_TRY
-#define JSON_TRY JSON_TRY_USER
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_CATCH_USER)
-#undef JSON_CATCH
-#define JSON_CATCH JSON_CATCH_USER
-#undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
-#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH JSON_CATCH_USER
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH_USER)
-#undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
-#define JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH_USER
-#endif
-
-// allow overriding assert
-#if !defined(JSON_ASSERT)
-#include <cassert> // assert
-#define JSON_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
-#endif
-
-// allow to access some private functions (needed by the test suite)
-#if defined(JSON_TESTS_PRIVATE)
-#define JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED public
-#else
-#define JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED private
-#endif
-
-/*!
-@brief macro to briefly define a mapping between an enum and JSON
-@def NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM
-@since version 3.4.0
-*/
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(ENUM_TYPE, ...)                                                                   \
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const ENUM_TYPE &e) {                        \
-    static_assert(std::is_enum<ENUM_TYPE>::value, #ENUM_TYPE " must be an enum!");                                     \
-    static const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> m[] = __VA_ARGS__;                                                \
-    auto it =                                                                                                          \
-        std::find_if(std::begin(m), std::end(m), [e](const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> &ej_pair) -> bool {     \
-          return ej_pair.first == e;                                                                                   \
-        });                                                                                                            \
-    j = ((it != std::end(m)) ? it : std::begin(m))->second;                                                            \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ENUM_TYPE &e) {                      \
-    static_assert(std::is_enum<ENUM_TYPE>::value, #ENUM_TYPE " must be an enum!");                                     \
-    static const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> m[] = __VA_ARGS__;                                                \
-    auto it =                                                                                                          \
-        std::find_if(std::begin(m), std::end(m), [&j](const std::pair<ENUM_TYPE, BasicJsonType> &ej_pair) -> bool {    \
-          return ej_pair.second == j;                                                                                  \
-        });                                                                                                            \
-    e = ((it != std::end(m)) ? it : std::begin(m))->first;                                                             \
-  }
-
-// Ugly macros to avoid uglier copy-paste when specializing basic_json. They
-// may be removed in the future once the class is split.
-
-#define NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION                                                                            \
-  template <template <typename, typename, typename...> class ObjectType,                                               \
-            template <typename, typename...>                                                                           \
-            class ArrayType,                                                                                           \
-            class StringType,                                                                                          \
-            class BooleanType,                                                                                         \
-            class NumberIntegerType,                                                                                   \
-            class NumberUnsignedType,                                                                                  \
-            class NumberFloatType,                                                                                     \
-            template <typename>                                                                                        \
-            class AllocatorType,                                                                                       \
-            template <typename, typename = void>                                                                       \
-            class JSONSerializer,                                                                                      \
-            class BinaryType,                                                                                          \
-            class CustomBaseClass>
-
-#define NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL                                                                                        \
-  basic_json<ObjectType,                                                                                               \
-             ArrayType,                                                                                                \
-             StringType,                                                                                               \
-             BooleanType,                                                                                              \
-             NumberIntegerType,                                                                                        \
-             NumberUnsignedType,                                                                                       \
-             NumberFloatType,                                                                                          \
-             AllocatorType,                                                                                            \
-             JSONSerializer,                                                                                           \
-             BinaryType,                                                                                               \
-             CustomBaseClass>
-
-// Macros to simplify conversion from/to types
-
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(x) x
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_GET_MACRO(_1,                                                                                    \
-                                _2,                                                                                    \
-                                _3,                                                                                    \
-                                _4,                                                                                    \
-                                _5,                                                                                    \
-                                _6,                                                                                    \
-                                _7,                                                                                    \
-                                _8,                                                                                    \
-                                _9,                                                                                    \
-                                _10,                                                                                   \
-                                _11,                                                                                   \
-                                _12,                                                                                   \
-                                _13,                                                                                   \
-                                _14,                                                                                   \
-                                _15,                                                                                   \
-                                _16,                                                                                   \
-                                _17,                                                                                   \
-                                _18,                                                                                   \
-                                _19,                                                                                   \
-                                _20,                                                                                   \
-                                _21,                                                                                   \
-                                _22,                                                                                   \
-                                _23,                                                                                   \
-                                _24,                                                                                   \
-                                _25,                                                                                   \
-                                _26,                                                                                   \
-                                _27,                                                                                   \
-                                _28,                                                                                   \
-                                _29,                                                                                   \
-                                _30,                                                                                   \
-                                _31,                                                                                   \
-                                _32,                                                                                   \
-                                _33,                                                                                   \
-                                _34,                                                                                   \
-                                _35,                                                                                   \
-                                _36,                                                                                   \
-                                _37,                                                                                   \
-                                _38,                                                                                   \
-                                _39,                                                                                   \
-                                _40,                                                                                   \
-                                _41,                                                                                   \
-                                _42,                                                                                   \
-                                _43,                                                                                   \
-                                _44,                                                                                   \
-                                _45,                                                                                   \
-                                _46,                                                                                   \
-                                _47,                                                                                   \
-                                _48,                                                                                   \
-                                _49,                                                                                   \
-                                _50,                                                                                   \
-                                _51,                                                                                   \
-                                _52,                                                                                   \
-                                _53,                                                                                   \
-                                _54,                                                                                   \
-                                _55,                                                                                   \
-                                _56,                                                                                   \
-                                _57,                                                                                   \
-                                _58,                                                                                   \
-                                _59,                                                                                   \
-                                _60,                                                                                   \
-                                _61,                                                                                   \
-                                _62,                                                                                   \
-                                _63,                                                                                   \
-                                _64,                                                                                   \
-                                NAME,                                                                                  \
-                                ...)                                                                                   \
-  NAME
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(...)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_GET_MACRO(__VA_ARGS__,                                                            \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE64,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE63,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE62,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE61,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE60,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE59,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE58,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE57,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE56,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE55,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE54,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE53,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE52,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE51,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE50,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE49,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE48,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE47,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE46,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE45,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE44,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE43,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE42,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE41,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE40,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE39,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE38,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE37,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE36,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE35,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE34,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE33,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE32,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE31,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE30,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE29,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE28,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE27,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE26,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE25,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE24,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE23,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE22,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE21,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE20,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE19,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE18,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE17,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE16,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE15,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE14,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE13,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE12,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE11,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE10,                                                  \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE9,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE8,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE7,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE6,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE5,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE4,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE3,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2,                                                   \
-                                               NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE1)(__VA_ARGS__))
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) func(v1)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE3(func, v1, v2) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v2)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE4(func, v1, v2, v3) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE3(func, v2, v3)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE5(func, v1, v2, v3, v4) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE4(func, v2, v3, v4)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE6(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5)                                                                 \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE5(func, v2, v3, v4, v5)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE7(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6)                                                             \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE6(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE8(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7)                                                         \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE7(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE9(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8)                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE8(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE10(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9)                                                \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE9(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE11(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10)                                           \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE10(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE12(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11)                                      \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE11(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE13(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12)                                 \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE12(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE14(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13)                            \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE13(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE15(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14)                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1) NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE14(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE16(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15)                  \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE15(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE17(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16)             \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE16(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE18(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17)        \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE17(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE19(func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18)   \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE18(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE20(                                                                                         \
-    func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19)                        \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE19(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE21(                                                                                         \
-    func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20)                   \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE20(func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE22(                                                                                         \
-    func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21)              \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE21(                                                                                               \
-      func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE23(                                                                                         \
-    func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21, v22)         \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE22(                                                                                               \
-      func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21, v22)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE24(                                                                                         \
-    func, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21, v22, v23)    \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE23(                                                                                               \
-      func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21, v22, v23)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE25(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE24(                                                                                               \
-      func, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16, v17, v18, v19, v20, v21, v22, v23, v24)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE26(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE25(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE27(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE26(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE28(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE27(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE29(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE28(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE30(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE29(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE31(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE30(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE32(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE31(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE33(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE32(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE34(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE33(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE35(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE34(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE36(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE35(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE37(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE36(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE38(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE37(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE39(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE38(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE40(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE39(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE41(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE40(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE42(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE41(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE43(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE42(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE44(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE43(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE45(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE44(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE46(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE45(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE47(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE46(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE48(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE47(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE49(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE48(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE50(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE49(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE51(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE50(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE52(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE51(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE53(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE52(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE54(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE53(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE55(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE54(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE56(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE55(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE57(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE56(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE58(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE57(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE59(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57,                                                                                     \
-                              v58)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE58(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57,                                                                                           \
-                        v58)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE60(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57,                                                                                     \
-                              v58,                                                                                     \
-                              v59)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE59(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57,                                                                                           \
-                        v58,                                                                                           \
-                        v59)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE61(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57,                                                                                     \
-                              v58,                                                                                     \
-                              v59,                                                                                     \
-                              v60)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE60(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57,                                                                                           \
-                        v58,                                                                                           \
-                        v59,                                                                                           \
-                        v60)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE62(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57,                                                                                     \
-                              v58,                                                                                     \
-                              v59,                                                                                     \
-                              v60,                                                                                     \
-                              v61)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE61(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57,                                                                                           \
-                        v58,                                                                                           \
-                        v59,                                                                                           \
-                        v60,                                                                                           \
-                        v61)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE63(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57,                                                                                     \
-                              v58,                                                                                     \
-                              v59,                                                                                     \
-                              v60,                                                                                     \
-                              v61,                                                                                     \
-                              v62)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE62(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57,                                                                                           \
-                        v58,                                                                                           \
-                        v59,                                                                                           \
-                        v60,                                                                                           \
-                        v61,                                                                                           \
-                        v62)
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE64(func,                                                                                    \
-                              v1,                                                                                      \
-                              v2,                                                                                      \
-                              v3,                                                                                      \
-                              v4,                                                                                      \
-                              v5,                                                                                      \
-                              v6,                                                                                      \
-                              v7,                                                                                      \
-                              v8,                                                                                      \
-                              v9,                                                                                      \
-                              v10,                                                                                     \
-                              v11,                                                                                     \
-                              v12,                                                                                     \
-                              v13,                                                                                     \
-                              v14,                                                                                     \
-                              v15,                                                                                     \
-                              v16,                                                                                     \
-                              v17,                                                                                     \
-                              v18,                                                                                     \
-                              v19,                                                                                     \
-                              v20,                                                                                     \
-                              v21,                                                                                     \
-                              v22,                                                                                     \
-                              v23,                                                                                     \
-                              v24,                                                                                     \
-                              v25,                                                                                     \
-                              v26,                                                                                     \
-                              v27,                                                                                     \
-                              v28,                                                                                     \
-                              v29,                                                                                     \
-                              v30,                                                                                     \
-                              v31,                                                                                     \
-                              v32,                                                                                     \
-                              v33,                                                                                     \
-                              v34,                                                                                     \
-                              v35,                                                                                     \
-                              v36,                                                                                     \
-                              v37,                                                                                     \
-                              v38,                                                                                     \
-                              v39,                                                                                     \
-                              v40,                                                                                     \
-                              v41,                                                                                     \
-                              v42,                                                                                     \
-                              v43,                                                                                     \
-                              v44,                                                                                     \
-                              v45,                                                                                     \
-                              v46,                                                                                     \
-                              v47,                                                                                     \
-                              v48,                                                                                     \
-                              v49,                                                                                     \
-                              v50,                                                                                     \
-                              v51,                                                                                     \
-                              v52,                                                                                     \
-                              v53,                                                                                     \
-                              v54,                                                                                     \
-                              v55,                                                                                     \
-                              v56,                                                                                     \
-                              v57,                                                                                     \
-                              v58,                                                                                     \
-                              v59,                                                                                     \
-                              v60,                                                                                     \
-                              v61,                                                                                     \
-                              v62,                                                                                     \
-                              v63)                                                                                     \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE2(func, v1)                                                                                       \
-  NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE63(func,                                                                                          \
-                        v2,                                                                                            \
-                        v3,                                                                                            \
-                        v4,                                                                                            \
-                        v5,                                                                                            \
-                        v6,                                                                                            \
-                        v7,                                                                                            \
-                        v8,                                                                                            \
-                        v9,                                                                                            \
-                        v10,                                                                                           \
-                        v11,                                                                                           \
-                        v12,                                                                                           \
-                        v13,                                                                                           \
-                        v14,                                                                                           \
-                        v15,                                                                                           \
-                        v16,                                                                                           \
-                        v17,                                                                                           \
-                        v18,                                                                                           \
-                        v19,                                                                                           \
-                        v20,                                                                                           \
-                        v21,                                                                                           \
-                        v22,                                                                                           \
-                        v23,                                                                                           \
-                        v24,                                                                                           \
-                        v25,                                                                                           \
-                        v26,                                                                                           \
-                        v27,                                                                                           \
-                        v28,                                                                                           \
-                        v29,                                                                                           \
-                        v30,                                                                                           \
-                        v31,                                                                                           \
-                        v32,                                                                                           \
-                        v33,                                                                                           \
-                        v34,                                                                                           \
-                        v35,                                                                                           \
-                        v36,                                                                                           \
-                        v37,                                                                                           \
-                        v38,                                                                                           \
-                        v39,                                                                                           \
-                        v40,                                                                                           \
-                        v41,                                                                                           \
-                        v42,                                                                                           \
-                        v43,                                                                                           \
-                        v44,                                                                                           \
-                        v45,                                                                                           \
-                        v46,                                                                                           \
-                        v47,                                                                                           \
-                        v48,                                                                                           \
-                        v49,                                                                                           \
-                        v50,                                                                                           \
-                        v51,                                                                                           \
-                        v52,                                                                                           \
-                        v53,                                                                                           \
-                        v54,                                                                                           \
-                        v55,                                                                                           \
-                        v56,                                                                                           \
-                        v57,                                                                                           \
-                        v58,                                                                                           \
-                        v59,                                                                                           \
-                        v60,                                                                                           \
-                        v61,                                                                                           \
-                        v62,                                                                                           \
-                        v63)
-
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_TO(v1) nlohmann_json_j[#v1] = nlohmann_json_t.v1;
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_FROM(v1) nlohmann_json_j.at(#v1).get_to(nlohmann_json_t.v1);
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_FROM_WITH_DEFAULT(v1)                                                                            \
-  nlohmann_json_t.v1 = nlohmann_json_j.value(#v1, nlohmann_json_default_obj.v1);
-
-/*!
-@brief macro
-@def NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE
-@since version 3.9.0
-*/
-#define NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(Type, ...)                                                                      \
-  friend void to_json(nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, const Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                  \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_TO, __VA_ARGS__))                                           \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-  friend void from_json(const nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_FROM, __VA_ARGS__))                                         \
-  }
-
-#define NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(Type, ...)                                                         \
-  friend void to_json(nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, const Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                  \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_TO, __VA_ARGS__))                                           \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-  friend void from_json(const nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                \
-    const Type nlohmann_json_default_obj{};                                                                            \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_FROM_WITH_DEFAULT, __VA_ARGS__))                            \
-  }
-
-/*!
-@brief macro
-@def NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE
-@since version 3.9.0
-*/
-#define NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(Type, ...)                                                                  \
-  inline void to_json(nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, const Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                  \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_TO, __VA_ARGS__))                                           \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-  inline void from_json(const nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_FROM, __VA_ARGS__))                                         \
-  }
-
-#define NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(Type, ...)                                                     \
-  inline void to_json(nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, const Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                  \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_TO, __VA_ARGS__))                                           \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-  inline void from_json(const nlohmann::json &nlohmann_json_j, Type &nlohmann_json_t) {                                \
-    const Type nlohmann_json_default_obj{};                                                                            \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_EXPAND(NLOHMANN_JSON_PASTE(NLOHMANN_JSON_FROM_WITH_DEFAULT, __VA_ARGS__))                            \
-  }
-
-// inspired from https://stackoverflow.com/a/26745591
-// allows to call any std function as if (e.g. with begin):
-// using std::begin; begin(x);
-//
-// it allows using the detected idiom to retrieve the return type
-// of such an expression
-#define NLOHMANN_CAN_CALL_STD_FUNC_IMPL(std_name)                                                                      \
-  namespace detail {                                                                                                   \
-  using std::std_name;                                                                                                 \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  template <typename... T> using result_of_##std_name = decltype(std_name(std::declval<T>()...));                      \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  namespace detail2 {                                                                                                  \
-  struct std_name##_tag {};                                                                                            \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  template <typename... T> std_name##_tag std_name(T &&...);                                                           \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  template <typename... T> using result_of_##std_name = decltype(std_name(std::declval<T>()...));                      \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  template <typename... T> struct would_call_std_##std_name {                                                          \
-    static constexpr auto const value =                                                                                \
-        ::nlohmann::detail::is_detected_exact<std_name##_tag, result_of_##std_name, T...>::value;                      \
-  };                                                                                                                   \
-  } /* namespace detail2 */                                                                                            \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  template <typename... T> struct would_call_std_##std_name : detail2::would_call_std_##std_name<T...> {}
-
-#ifndef JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS
-#define JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS 1
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS
-#define JSON_EXPLICIT
-#else
-#define JSON_EXPLICIT explicit
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-#define JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
-#define JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS 1
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-#include <compare> // partial_ordering
-#endif
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-///////////////////////////
-// JSON type enumeration //
-///////////////////////////
-
-/*!
-@brief the JSON type enumeration
-
-This enumeration collects the different JSON types. It is internally used to
-distinguish the stored values, and the functions @ref basic_json::is_null(),
-@ref basic_json::is_object(), @ref basic_json::is_array(),
-@ref basic_json::is_string(), @ref basic_json::is_boolean(),
-@ref basic_json::is_number() (with @ref basic_json::is_number_integer(),
-@ref basic_json::is_number_unsigned(), and @ref basic_json::is_number_float()),
-@ref basic_json::is_discarded(), @ref basic_json::is_primitive(), and
-@ref basic_json::is_structured() rely on it.
-
-@note There are three enumeration entries (number_integer, number_unsigned, and
-number_float), because the library distinguishes these three types for numbers:
-@ref basic_json::number_unsigned_t is used for unsigned integers,
-@ref basic_json::number_integer_t is used for signed integers, and
-@ref basic_json::number_float_t is used for floating-point numbers or to
-approximate integers which do not fit in the limits of their respective type.
-
-@sa see @ref basic_json::basic_json(const value_t value_type) -- create a JSON
-value with the default value for a given type
-
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-enum class value_t : std::uint8_t {
-  null,            ///< null value
-  object,          ///< object (unordered set of name/value pairs)
-  array,           ///< array (ordered collection of values)
-  string,          ///< string value
-  boolean,         ///< boolean value
-  number_integer,  ///< number value (signed integer)
-  number_unsigned, ///< number value (unsigned integer)
-  number_float,    ///< number value (floating-point)
-  binary,          ///< binary array (ordered collection of bytes)
-  discarded        ///< discarded by the parser callback function
-};
-
-/*!
-@brief comparison operator for JSON types
-
-Returns an ordering that is similar to Python:
-- order: null < boolean < number < object < array < string < binary
-- furthermore, each type is not smaller than itself
-- discarded values are not comparable
-- binary is represented as a b"" string in python and directly comparable to a
-  string; however, making a binary array directly comparable with a string would
-  be surprising behavior in a JSON file.
-
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-inline std::partial_ordering operator<=>(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept // *NOPAD*
-#else
-inline bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept
-#endif
-{
-  static constexpr std::array<std::uint8_t, 9> order = {{
-      0 /* null */,
-      3 /* object */,
-      4 /* array */,
-      5 /* string */,
-      1 /* boolean */,
-      2 /* integer */,
-      2 /* unsigned */,
-      2 /* float */,
-      6 /* binary */
-  }};
-
-  const auto l_index = static_cast<std::size_t>(lhs);
-  const auto r_index = static_cast<std::size_t>(rhs);
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-  if (l_index < order.size() && r_index < order.size()) {
-    return order[l_index] <=> order[r_index]; // *NOPAD*
-  }
-  return std::partial_ordering::unordered;
-#else
-  return l_index < order.size() && r_index < order.size() && order[l_index] < order[r_index];
-#endif
-}
-
-// GCC selects the built-in operator< over an operator rewritten from
-// a user-defined spaceship operator
-// Clang, MSVC, and ICC select the rewritten candidate
-// (see GCC bug https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=105200)
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON && defined(__GNUC__)
-inline bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept {
-  return std::is_lt(lhs <=> rhs); // *NOPAD*
-}
-#endif
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_escape.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/*!
-@brief replace all occurrences of a substring by another string
-
-@param[in,out] s  the string to manipulate; changed so that all
-               occurrences of @a f are replaced with @a t
-@param[in]     f  the substring to replace with @a t
-@param[in]     t  the string to replace @a f
-
-@pre The search string @a f must not be empty. **This precondition is
-enforced with an assertion.**
-
-@since version 2.0.0
-*/
-template <typename StringType> inline void replace_substring(StringType &s, const StringType &f, const StringType &t) {
-  JSON_ASSERT(!f.empty());
-  for (auto pos = s.find(f);            // find first occurrence of f
-       pos != StringType::npos;         // make sure f was found
-       s.replace(pos, f.size(), t),     // replace with t, and
-       pos = s.find(f, pos + t.size())) // find next occurrence of f
-  {
-  }
-}
-
-/*!
- * @brief string escaping as described in RFC 6901 (Sect. 4)
- * @param[in] s string to escape
- * @return    escaped string
- *
- * Note the order of escaping "~" to "~0" and "/" to "~1" is important.
- */
-template <typename StringType> inline StringType escape(StringType s) {
-  replace_substring(s, StringType{"~"}, StringType{"~0"});
-  replace_substring(s, StringType{"/"}, StringType{"~1"});
-  return s;
-}
-
-/*!
- * @brief string unescaping as described in RFC 6901 (Sect. 4)
- * @param[in] s string to unescape
- * @return    unescaped string
- *
- * Note the order of escaping "~1" to "/" and "~0" to "~" is important.
- */
-template <typename StringType> static void unescape(StringType &s) {
-  replace_substring(s, StringType{"~1"}, StringType{"/"});
-  replace_substring(s, StringType{"~0"}, StringType{"~"});
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/position_t.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef> // size_t
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/// struct to capture the start position of the current token
-struct position_t {
-  /// the total number of characters read
-  std::size_t chars_read_total = 0;
-  /// the number of characters read in the current line
-  std::size_t chars_read_current_line = 0;
-  /// the number of lines read
-  std::size_t lines_read = 0;
-
-  /// conversion to size_t to preserve SAX interface
-  constexpr operator size_t() const { return chars_read_total; }
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2018 The Abseil Authors
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <array>       // array
-#include <cstddef>     // size_t
-#include <type_traits> // conditional, enable_if, false_type, integral_constant, is_constructible, is_integral, is_same, remove_cv, remove_reference, true_type
-#include <utility>     // index_sequence, make_index_sequence, index_sequence_for
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename T> using uncvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type;
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-
-// the following utilities are natively available in C++14
-using std::enable_if_t;
-using std::index_sequence;
-using std::index_sequence_for;
-using std::make_index_sequence;
-
-#else
-
-// alias templates to reduce boilerplate
-template <bool B, typename T = void> using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
-
-// The following code is taken from
-// https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/blob/10cb35e459f5ecca5b2ff107635da0bfa41011b4/absl/utility/utility.h which is
-// part of Google Abseil (https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp), licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
-
-//// START OF CODE FROM GOOGLE ABSEIL
-
-// integer_sequence
-//
-// Class template representing a compile-time integer sequence. An instantiation
-// of `integer_sequence<T, Ints...>` has a sequence of integers encoded in its
-// type through its template arguments (which is a common need when
-// working with C++11 variadic templates). `absl::integer_sequence` is designed
-// to be a drop-in replacement for C++14's `std::integer_sequence`.
-//
-// Example:
-//
-//   template< class T, T... Ints >
-//   void user_function(integer_sequence<T, Ints...>);
-//
-//   int main()
-//   {
-//     // user_function's `T` will be deduced to `int` and `Ints...`
-//     // will be deduced to `0, 1, 2, 3, 4`.
-//     user_function(make_integer_sequence<int, 5>());
-//   }
-template <typename T, T... Ints> struct integer_sequence {
-  using value_type = T;
-  static constexpr std::size_t size() noexcept { return sizeof...(Ints); }
-};
-
-// index_sequence
-//
-// A helper template for an `integer_sequence` of `size_t`,
-// `absl::index_sequence` is designed to be a drop-in replacement for C++14's
-// `std::index_sequence`.
-template <size_t... Ints> using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, Ints...>;
-
-namespace utility_internal {
-
-template <typename Seq, size_t SeqSize, size_t Rem> struct Extend;
-
-// Note that SeqSize == sizeof...(Ints). It's passed explicitly for efficiency.
-template <typename T, T... Ints, size_t SeqSize> struct Extend<integer_sequence<T, Ints...>, SeqSize, 0> {
-  using type = integer_sequence<T, Ints..., (Ints + SeqSize)...>;
-};
-
-template <typename T, T... Ints, size_t SeqSize> struct Extend<integer_sequence<T, Ints...>, SeqSize, 1> {
-  using type = integer_sequence<T, Ints..., (Ints + SeqSize)..., 2 * SeqSize>;
-};
-
-// Recursion helper for 'make_integer_sequence<T, N>'.
-// 'Gen<T, N>::type' is an alias for 'integer_sequence<T, 0, 1, ... N-1>'.
-template <typename T, size_t N> struct Gen {
-  using type = typename Extend<typename Gen<T, N / 2>::type, N / 2, N % 2>::type;
-};
-
-template <typename T> struct Gen<T, 0> {
-  using type = integer_sequence<T>;
-};
-
-} // namespace utility_internal
-
-// Compile-time sequences of integers
-
-// make_integer_sequence
-//
-// This template alias is equivalent to
-// `integer_sequence<int, 0, 1, ..., N-1>`, and is designed to be a drop-in
-// replacement for C++14's `std::make_integer_sequence`.
-template <typename T, T N> using make_integer_sequence = typename utility_internal::Gen<T, N>::type;
-
-// make_index_sequence
-//
-// This template alias is equivalent to `index_sequence<0, 1, ..., N-1>`,
-// and is designed to be a drop-in replacement for C++14's
-// `std::make_index_sequence`.
-template <size_t N> using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
-
-// index_sequence_for
-//
-// Converts a typename pack into an index sequence of the same length, and
-// is designed to be a drop-in replacement for C++14's
-// `std::index_sequence_for()`
-template <typename... Ts> using index_sequence_for = make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>;
-
-//// END OF CODE FROM GOOGLE ABSEIL
-
-#endif
-
-// dispatch utility (taken from ranges-v3)
-template <unsigned N> struct priority_tag : priority_tag<N - 1> {};
-template <> struct priority_tag<0> {};
-
-// taken from ranges-v3
-template <typename T> struct static_const {
-  static JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr T value{};
-};
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-template <typename T> constexpr T static_const<T>::value;
-#endif
-
-template <typename T, typename... Args> inline constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(Args)> make_array(Args &&...args) {
-  return std::array<T, sizeof...(Args)>{{static_cast<T>(std::forward<Args>(args))...}};
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <limits>      // numeric_limits
-#include <tuple>       // tuple
-#include <type_traits> // false_type, is_constructible, is_integral, is_same, true_type
-#include <utility>     // declval
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iterator_traits.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <iterator> // random_access_iterator_tag
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/void_t.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename It, typename = void> struct iterator_types {};
-
-template <typename It>
-struct iterator_types<It,
-                      void_t<typename It::difference_type,
-                             typename It::value_type,
-                             typename It::pointer,
-                             typename It::reference,
-                             typename It::iterator_category>> {
-  using difference_type = typename It::difference_type;
-  using value_type = typename It::value_type;
-  using pointer = typename It::pointer;
-  using reference = typename It::reference;
-  using iterator_category = typename It::iterator_category;
-};
-
-// This is required as some compilers implement std::iterator_traits in a way that
-// doesn't work with SFINAE. See https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1341.
-template <typename T, typename = void> struct iterator_traits {};
-
-template <typename T> struct iterator_traits<T, enable_if_t<!std::is_pointer<T>::value>> : iterator_types<T> {};
-
-template <typename T> struct iterator_traits<T *, enable_if_t<std::is_object<T>::value>> {
-  using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;
-  using value_type = T;
-  using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
-  using pointer = T *;
-  using reference = T &;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/call_std/begin.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-NLOHMANN_CAN_CALL_STD_FUNC_IMPL(begin);
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/call_std/end.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-NLOHMANN_CAN_CALL_STD_FUNC_IMPL(end);
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#ifndef INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
-#define INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
-
-#include <cstdint> // int64_t, uint64_t
-#include <map>     // map
-#include <memory>  // allocator
-#include <string>  // string
-#include <vector>  // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-/*!
-@brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
-@see https://github.com/nlohmann
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/*!
-@brief default JSONSerializer template argument
-
-This serializer ignores the template arguments and uses ADL
-([argument-dependent lookup](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl))
-for serialization.
-*/
-template <typename T = void, typename SFINAE = void> struct adl_serializer;
-
-/// a class to store JSON values
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/
-template <template <typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType = std::map,
-          template <typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
-          class StringType = std::string,
-          class BooleanType = bool,
-          class NumberIntegerType = std::int64_t,
-          class NumberUnsignedType = std::uint64_t,
-          class NumberFloatType = double,
-          template <typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator,
-          template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void> class JSONSerializer = adl_serializer,
-          class BinaryType = std::vector<std::uint8_t>, // cppcheck-suppress syntaxError
-          class CustomBaseClass = void>
-class basic_json;
-
-/// @brief JSON Pointer defines a string syntax for identifying a specific value within a JSON document
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/
-template <typename RefStringType> class json_pointer;
-
-/*!
-@brief default specialization
-@sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json/
-*/
-using json = basic_json<>;
-
-/// @brief a minimal map-like container that preserves insertion order
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_map/
-template <class Key, class T, class IgnoredLess, class Allocator> struct ordered_map;
-
-/// @brief specialization that maintains the insertion order of object keys
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json/
-using ordered_json = basic_json<nlohmann::ordered_map>;
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // INCLUDE_NLOHMANN_JSON_FWD_HPP_
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-/*!
-@brief detail namespace with internal helper functions
-
-This namespace collects functions that should not be exposed,
-implementations of some @ref basic_json methods, and meta-programming helpers.
-
-@since version 2.1.0
-*/
-namespace detail {
-
-/////////////
-// helpers //
-/////////////
-
-// Note to maintainers:
-//
-// Every trait in this file expects a non CV-qualified type.
-// The only exceptions are in the 'aliases for detected' section
-// (i.e. those of the form: decltype(T::member_function(std::declval<T>())))
-//
-// In this case, T has to be properly CV-qualified to constraint the function arguments
-// (e.g. to_json(BasicJsonType&, const T&))
-
-template <typename> struct is_basic_json : std::false_type {};
-
-NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-struct is_basic_json<NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL> : std::true_type {};
-
-// used by exceptions create() member functions
-// true_type for pointer to possibly cv-qualified basic_json or std::nullptr_t
-// false_type otherwise
-template <typename BasicJsonContext>
-struct is_basic_json_context
-    : std::integral_constant<
-          bool,
-          is_basic_json<typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_pointer<BasicJsonContext>::type>::type>::value ||
-              std::is_same<BasicJsonContext, std::nullptr_t>::value> {};
-
-//////////////////////
-// json_ref helpers //
-//////////////////////
-
-template <typename> class json_ref;
-
-template <typename> struct is_json_ref : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T> struct is_json_ref<json_ref<T>> : std::true_type {};
-
-//////////////////////////
-// aliases for detected //
-//////////////////////////
-
-template <typename T> using mapped_type_t = typename T::mapped_type;
-
-template <typename T> using key_type_t = typename T::key_type;
-
-template <typename T> using value_type_t = typename T::value_type;
-
-template <typename T> using difference_type_t = typename T::difference_type;
-
-template <typename T> using pointer_t = typename T::pointer;
-
-template <typename T> using reference_t = typename T::reference;
-
-template <typename T> using iterator_category_t = typename T::iterator_category;
-
-template <typename T, typename... Args> using to_json_function = decltype(T::to_json(std::declval<Args>()...));
-
-template <typename T, typename... Args> using from_json_function = decltype(T::from_json(std::declval<Args>()...));
-
-template <typename T, typename U> using get_template_function = decltype(std::declval<T>().template get<U>());
-
-// trait checking if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&, udt&) exists
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename = void> struct has_from_json : std::false_type {};
-
-// trait checking if j.get<T> is valid
-// use this trait instead of std::is_constructible or std::is_convertible,
-// both rely on, or make use of implicit conversions, and thus fail when T
-// has several constructors/operator= (see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/958)
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T> struct is_getable {
-  static constexpr bool value = is_detected<get_template_function, const BasicJsonType &, T>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct has_from_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<!is_basic_json<T>::value>> {
-  using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
-
-  static constexpr bool value =
-      is_detected_exact<void, from_json_function, serializer, const BasicJsonType &, T &>::value;
-};
-
-// This trait checks if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&) exists
-// this overload is used for non-default-constructible user-defined-types
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename = void> struct has_non_default_from_json : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct has_non_default_from_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<!is_basic_json<T>::value>> {
-  using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
-
-  static constexpr bool value = is_detected_exact<T, from_json_function, serializer, const BasicJsonType &>::value;
-};
-
-// This trait checks if BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::to_json exists
-// Do not evaluate the trait when T is a basic_json type, to avoid template instantiation infinite recursion.
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename = void> struct has_to_json : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct has_to_json<BasicJsonType, T, enable_if_t<!is_basic_json<T>::value>> {
-  using serializer = typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>;
-
-  static constexpr bool value = is_detected_exact<void, to_json_function, serializer, BasicJsonType &, T>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename T> using detect_key_compare = typename T::key_compare;
-
-template <typename T>
-struct has_key_compare : std::integral_constant<bool, is_detected<detect_key_compare, T>::value> {};
-
-// obtains the actual object key comparator
-template <typename BasicJsonType> struct actual_object_comparator {
-  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-  using object_comparator_t = typename BasicJsonType::default_object_comparator_t;
-  using type = typename std::
-      conditional<has_key_compare<object_t>::value, typename object_t::key_compare, object_comparator_t>::type;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-using actual_object_comparator_t = typename actual_object_comparator<BasicJsonType>::type;
-
-///////////////////
-// is_ functions //
-///////////////////
-
-// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/conjunction
-template <class...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
-template <class B> struct conjunction<B> : B {};
-template <class B, class... Bn>
-struct conjunction<B, Bn...> : std::conditional<static_cast<bool>(B::value), conjunction<Bn...>, B>::type {};
-
-// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/negation
-template <class B> struct negation : std::integral_constant<bool, !B::value> {};
-
-// Reimplementation of is_constructible and is_default_constructible, due to them being broken for
-// std::pair and std::tuple until LWG 2367 fix (see https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/lwg-defects.html#2367).
-// This causes compile errors in e.g. clang 3.5 or gcc 4.9.
-template <typename T> struct is_default_constructible : std::is_default_constructible<T> {};
-
-template <typename T1, typename T2>
-struct is_default_constructible<std::pair<T1, T2>>
-    : conjunction<is_default_constructible<T1>, is_default_constructible<T2>> {};
-
-template <typename T1, typename T2>
-struct is_default_constructible<const std::pair<T1, T2>>
-    : conjunction<is_default_constructible<T1>, is_default_constructible<T2>> {};
-
-template <typename... Ts>
-struct is_default_constructible<std::tuple<Ts...>> : conjunction<is_default_constructible<Ts>...> {};
-
-template <typename... Ts>
-struct is_default_constructible<const std::tuple<Ts...>> : conjunction<is_default_constructible<Ts>...> {};
-
-template <typename T, typename... Args> struct is_constructible : std::is_constructible<T, Args...> {};
-
-template <typename T1, typename T2>
-struct is_constructible<std::pair<T1, T2>> : is_default_constructible<std::pair<T1, T2>> {};
-
-template <typename T1, typename T2>
-struct is_constructible<const std::pair<T1, T2>> : is_default_constructible<const std::pair<T1, T2>> {};
-
-template <typename... Ts> struct is_constructible<std::tuple<Ts...>> : is_default_constructible<std::tuple<Ts...>> {};
-
-template <typename... Ts>
-struct is_constructible<const std::tuple<Ts...>> : is_default_constructible<const std::tuple<Ts...>> {};
-
-template <typename T, typename = void> struct is_iterator_traits : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T> struct is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<T>> {
-private:
-  using traits = iterator_traits<T>;
-
-public:
-  static constexpr auto value =
-      is_detected<value_type_t, traits>::value && is_detected<difference_type_t, traits>::value &&
-      is_detected<pointer_t, traits>::value && is_detected<iterator_category_t, traits>::value &&
-      is_detected<reference_t, traits>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename T> struct is_range {
-private:
-  using t_ref = typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type;
-
-  using iterator = detected_t<result_of_begin, t_ref>;
-  using sentinel = detected_t<result_of_end, t_ref>;
-
-  // to be 100% correct, it should use https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/iterator/input_or_output_iterator
-  // and https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/iterator/sentinel_for
-  // but reimplementing these would be too much work, as a lot of other concepts are used underneath
-  static constexpr auto is_iterator_begin = is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<iterator>>::value;
-
-public:
-  static constexpr bool value =
-      !std::is_same<iterator, nonesuch>::value && !std::is_same<sentinel, nonesuch>::value && is_iterator_begin;
-};
-
-template <typename R>
-using iterator_t = enable_if_t<is_range<R>::value, result_of_begin<decltype(std::declval<R &>())>>;
-
-template <typename T> using range_value_t = value_type_t<iterator_traits<iterator_t<T>>>;
-
-// The following implementation of is_complete_type is taken from
-// https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2015/12/02/partial-support-for-expression-sfinae-in-vs-2015-update-1/
-// and is written by Xiang Fan who agreed to using it in this library.
-
-template <typename T, typename = void> struct is_complete_type : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T> struct is_complete_type<T, decltype(void(sizeof(T)))> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType, typename = void>
-struct is_compatible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType>
-struct is_compatible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType,
-                                      CompatibleObjectType,
-                                      enable_if_t<is_detected<mapped_type_t, CompatibleObjectType>::value &&
-                                                  is_detected<key_type_t, CompatibleObjectType>::value>> {
-  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-
-  // macOS's is_constructible does not play well with nonesuch...
-  static constexpr bool value =
-      is_constructible<typename object_t::key_type, typename CompatibleObjectType::key_type>::value &&
-      is_constructible<typename object_t::mapped_type, typename CompatibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType>
-struct is_compatible_object_type : is_compatible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType> {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType, typename = void>
-struct is_constructible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType>
-struct is_constructible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType,
-                                         ConstructibleObjectType,
-                                         enable_if_t<is_detected<mapped_type_t, ConstructibleObjectType>::value &&
-                                                     is_detected<key_type_t, ConstructibleObjectType>::value>> {
-  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-
-  static constexpr bool value =
-      (is_default_constructible<ConstructibleObjectType>::value &&
-       (std::is_move_assignable<ConstructibleObjectType>::value ||
-        std::is_copy_assignable<ConstructibleObjectType>::value) &&
-       (is_constructible<typename ConstructibleObjectType::key_type, typename object_t::key_type>::value &&
-        std::is_same<typename object_t::mapped_type, typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value)) ||
-      (has_from_json<BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value ||
-       has_non_default_from_json<BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value);
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType>
-struct is_constructible_object_type : is_constructible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType> {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleStringType> struct is_compatible_string_type {
-  static constexpr auto value = is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, CompatibleStringType>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleStringType> struct is_constructible_string_type {
-  // launder type through decltype() to fix compilation failure on ICPC
-#ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
-  using laundered_type = decltype(std::declval<ConstructibleStringType>());
-#else
-  using laundered_type = ConstructibleStringType;
-#endif
-
-  static constexpr auto value =
-      conjunction<is_constructible<laundered_type, typename BasicJsonType::string_t>,
-                  is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type, value_type_t, laundered_type>>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType, typename = void>
-struct is_compatible_array_type_impl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
-struct is_compatible_array_type_impl<
-    BasicJsonType,
-    CompatibleArrayType,
-    enable_if_t<is_detected<iterator_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value &&
-                is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<detected_t<iterator_t, CompatibleArrayType>>>::value &&
-                // special case for types like std::filesystem::path whose iterator's value_type are themselves
-                // c.f. https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/3073
-                !std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, detected_t<range_value_t, CompatibleArrayType>>::value>> {
-  static constexpr bool value = is_constructible<BasicJsonType, range_value_t<CompatibleArrayType>>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
-struct is_compatible_array_type : is_compatible_array_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType> {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType, typename = void>
-struct is_constructible_array_type_impl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-struct is_constructible_array_type_impl<
-    BasicJsonType,
-    ConstructibleArrayType,
-    enable_if_t<std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::value_type>::value>> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-struct is_constructible_array_type_impl<
-    BasicJsonType,
-    ConstructibleArrayType,
-    enable_if_t<!std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::value_type>::value &&
-                !is_compatible_string_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                is_default_constructible<ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                (std::is_move_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType>::value ||
-                 std::is_copy_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType>::value) &&
-                is_detected<iterator_t, ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                is_iterator_traits<iterator_traits<detected_t<iterator_t, ConstructibleArrayType>>>::value &&
-                is_detected<range_value_t, ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                // special case for types like std::filesystem::path whose iterator's value_type are themselves
-                // c.f. https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/3073
-                !std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, detected_t<range_value_t, ConstructibleArrayType>>::value &&
-                is_complete_type<detected_t<range_value_t, ConstructibleArrayType>>::value>> {
-  using value_type = range_value_t<ConstructibleArrayType>;
-
-  static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<value_type, typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type>::value ||
-                                has_from_json<BasicJsonType, value_type>::value ||
-                                has_non_default_from_json<BasicJsonType, value_type>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType>
-struct is_constructible_array_type : is_constructible_array_type_impl<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType> {};
-
-template <typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType, typename = void>
-struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
-struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl<
-    RealIntegerType,
-    CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
-    enable_if_t<std::is_integral<RealIntegerType>::value && std::is_integral<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value &&
-                !std::is_same<bool, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value>> {
-  // is there an assert somewhere on overflows?
-  using RealLimits = std::numeric_limits<RealIntegerType>;
-  using CompatibleLimits = std::numeric_limits<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>;
-
-  static constexpr auto value = is_constructible<RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value &&
-                                CompatibleLimits::is_integer && RealLimits::is_signed == CompatibleLimits::is_signed;
-};
-
-template <typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
-struct is_compatible_integer_type : is_compatible_integer_type_impl<RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType> {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType, typename = void>
-struct is_compatible_type_impl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType>
-struct is_compatible_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType, enable_if_t<is_complete_type<CompatibleType>::value>> {
-  static constexpr bool value = has_to_json<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType>
-struct is_compatible_type : is_compatible_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType> {};
-
-template <typename T1, typename T2> struct is_constructible_tuple : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T1, typename... Args>
-struct is_constructible_tuple<T1, std::tuple<Args...>> : conjunction<is_constructible<T1, Args>...> {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T> struct is_json_iterator_of : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-struct is_json_iterator_of<BasicJsonType, typename BasicJsonType::iterator> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-struct is_json_iterator_of<BasicJsonType, typename BasicJsonType::const_iterator> : std::true_type {};
-
-// checks if a given type T is a template specialization of Primary
-template <template <typename...> class Primary, typename T> struct is_specialization_of : std::false_type {};
-
-template <template <typename...> class Primary, typename... Args>
-struct is_specialization_of<Primary, Primary<Args...>> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename T> using is_json_pointer = is_specialization_of<::nlohmann::json_pointer, uncvref_t<T>>;
-
-// checks if A and B are comparable using Compare functor
-template <typename Compare, typename A, typename B, typename = void> struct is_comparable : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename Compare, typename A, typename B>
-struct is_comparable<Compare,
-                     A,
-                     B,
-                     void_t<decltype(std::declval<Compare>()(std::declval<A>(), std::declval<B>())),
-                            decltype(std::declval<Compare>()(std::declval<B>(), std::declval<A>()))>> : std::true_type {
-};
-
-template <typename T> using detect_is_transparent = typename T::is_transparent;
-
-// type trait to check if KeyType can be used as object key (without a BasicJsonType)
-// see is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type below
-template <typename Comparator,
-          typename ObjectKeyType,
-          typename KeyTypeCVRef,
-          bool RequireTransparentComparator = true,
-          bool ExcludeObjectKeyType = RequireTransparentComparator,
-          typename KeyType = uncvref_t<KeyTypeCVRef>>
-using is_usable_as_key_type =
-    typename std::conditional<is_comparable<Comparator, ObjectKeyType, KeyTypeCVRef>::value &&
-                                  !(ExcludeObjectKeyType && std::is_same<KeyType, ObjectKeyType>::value) &&
-                                  (!RequireTransparentComparator ||
-                                   is_detected<detect_is_transparent, Comparator>::value) &&
-                                  !is_json_pointer<KeyType>::value,
-                              std::true_type,
-                              std::false_type>::type;
-
-// type trait to check if KeyType can be used as object key
-// true if:
-//   - KeyType is comparable with BasicJsonType::object_t::key_type
-//   - if ExcludeObjectKeyType is true, KeyType is not BasicJsonType::object_t::key_type
-//   - the comparator is transparent or RequireTransparentComparator is false
-//   - KeyType is not a JSON iterator or json_pointer
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename KeyTypeCVRef,
-          bool RequireTransparentComparator = true,
-          bool ExcludeObjectKeyType = RequireTransparentComparator,
-          typename KeyType = uncvref_t<KeyTypeCVRef>>
-using is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type =
-    typename std::conditional<is_usable_as_key_type<typename BasicJsonType::object_comparator_t,
-                                                    typename BasicJsonType::object_t::key_type,
-                                                    KeyTypeCVRef,
-                                                    RequireTransparentComparator,
-                                                    ExcludeObjectKeyType>::value &&
-                                  !is_json_iterator_of<BasicJsonType, KeyType>::value,
-                              std::true_type,
-                              std::false_type>::type;
-
-template <typename ObjectType, typename KeyType>
-using detect_erase_with_key_type = decltype(std::declval<ObjectType &>().erase(std::declval<KeyType>()));
-
-// type trait to check if object_t has an erase() member functions accepting KeyType
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename KeyType>
-using has_erase_with_key_type =
-    typename std::conditional<is_detected<detect_erase_with_key_type, typename BasicJsonType::object_t, KeyType>::value,
-                              std::true_type,
-                              std::false_type>::type;
-
-// a naive helper to check if a type is an ordered_map (exploits the fact that
-// ordered_map inherits capacity() from std::vector)
-template <typename T> struct is_ordered_map {
-  using one = char;
-
-  struct two {
-    char x[2]; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-  };
-
-  template <typename C> static one test(decltype(&C::capacity));
-  template <typename C> static two test(...);
-
-  enum { value = sizeof(test<T>(nullptr)) == sizeof(char) }; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-};
-
-// to avoid useless casts (see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2893#issuecomment-889152324)
-template <typename T, typename U, enable_if_t<!std::is_same<T, U>::value, int> = 0> T conditional_static_cast(U value) {
-  return static_cast<T>(value);
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename U, enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, U>::value, int> = 0> T conditional_static_cast(U value) {
-  return value;
-}
-
-template <typename... Types> using all_integral = conjunction<std::is_integral<Types>...>;
-
-template <typename... Types> using all_signed = conjunction<std::is_signed<Types>...>;
-
-template <typename... Types> using all_unsigned = conjunction<std::is_unsigned<Types>...>;
-
-// there's a disjunction trait in another PR; replace when merged
-template <typename... Types>
-using same_sign = std::integral_constant<bool, all_signed<Types...>::value || all_unsigned<Types...>::value>;
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T>
-using never_out_of_range = std::integral_constant<bool,
-                                                  (std::is_signed<OfType>::value && (sizeof(T) < sizeof(OfType))) ||
-                                                      (same_sign<OfType, T>::value && sizeof(OfType) == sizeof(T))>;
-
-template <typename OfType,
-          typename T,
-          bool OfTypeSigned = std::is_signed<OfType>::value,
-          bool TSigned = std::is_signed<T>::value>
-struct value_in_range_of_impl2;
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> struct value_in_range_of_impl2<OfType, T, false, false> {
-  static constexpr bool test(T val) {
-    using CommonType = typename std::common_type<OfType, T>::type;
-    return static_cast<CommonType>(val) <= static_cast<CommonType>((std::numeric_limits<OfType>::max)());
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> struct value_in_range_of_impl2<OfType, T, true, false> {
-  static constexpr bool test(T val) {
-    using CommonType = typename std::common_type<OfType, T>::type;
-    return static_cast<CommonType>(val) <= static_cast<CommonType>((std::numeric_limits<OfType>::max)());
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> struct value_in_range_of_impl2<OfType, T, false, true> {
-  static constexpr bool test(T val) {
-    using CommonType = typename std::common_type<OfType, T>::type;
-    return val >= 0 && static_cast<CommonType>(val) <= static_cast<CommonType>((std::numeric_limits<OfType>::max)());
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> struct value_in_range_of_impl2<OfType, T, true, true> {
-  static constexpr bool test(T val) {
-    using CommonType = typename std::common_type<OfType, T>::type;
-    return static_cast<CommonType>(val) >= static_cast<CommonType>((std::numeric_limits<OfType>::min)()) &&
-           static_cast<CommonType>(val) <= static_cast<CommonType>((std::numeric_limits<OfType>::max)());
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename OfType,
-          typename T,
-          bool NeverOutOfRange = never_out_of_range<OfType, T>::value,
-          typename = detail::enable_if_t<all_integral<OfType, T>::value>>
-struct value_in_range_of_impl1;
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> struct value_in_range_of_impl1<OfType, T, false> {
-  static constexpr bool test(T val) { return value_in_range_of_impl2<OfType, T>::test(val); }
-};
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> struct value_in_range_of_impl1<OfType, T, true> {
-  static constexpr bool test(T /*val*/) { return true; }
-};
-
-template <typename OfType, typename T> inline constexpr bool value_in_range_of(T val) {
-  return value_in_range_of_impl1<OfType, T>::test(val);
-}
-
-template <bool Value> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, Value>;
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// is_c_string
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-namespace impl {
-
-template <typename T> inline constexpr bool is_c_string() {
-  using TUnExt = typename std::remove_extent<T>::type;
-  using TUnCVExt = typename std::remove_cv<TUnExt>::type;
-  using TUnPtr = typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type;
-  using TUnCVPtr = typename std::remove_cv<TUnPtr>::type;
-  return (std::is_array<T>::value && std::is_same<TUnCVExt, char>::value) ||
-         (std::is_pointer<T>::value && std::is_same<TUnCVPtr, char>::value);
-}
-
-} // namespace impl
-
-// checks whether T is a [cv] char */[cv] char[] C string
-template <typename T> struct is_c_string : bool_constant<impl::is_c_string<T>()> {};
-
-template <typename T> using is_c_string_uncvref = is_c_string<uncvref_t<T>>;
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// is_transparent
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-namespace impl {
-
-template <typename T> inline constexpr bool is_transparent() { return is_detected<detect_is_transparent, T>::value; }
-
-} // namespace impl
-
-// checks whether T has a member named is_transparent
-template <typename T> struct is_transparent : bool_constant<impl::is_transparent<T>()> {};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstring> // strlen
-#include <string>  // string
-#include <utility> // forward
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-inline std::size_t concat_length() { return 0; }
-
-template <typename... Args> inline std::size_t concat_length(const char *cstr, Args &&...rest);
-
-template <typename StringType, typename... Args>
-inline std::size_t concat_length(const StringType &str, Args &&...rest);
-
-template <typename... Args> inline std::size_t concat_length(const char /*c*/, Args &&...rest) {
-  return 1 + concat_length(std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename... Args> inline std::size_t concat_length(const char *cstr, Args &&...rest) {
-  // cppcheck-suppress ignoredReturnValue
-  return ::strlen(cstr) + concat_length(std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename StringType, typename... Args>
-inline std::size_t concat_length(const StringType &str, Args &&...rest) {
-  return str.size() + concat_length(std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename OutStringType> inline void concat_into(OutStringType & /*out*/) {}
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using string_can_append = decltype(std::declval<StringType &>().append(std::declval<Arg &&>()));
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using detect_string_can_append = is_detected<string_can_append, StringType, Arg>;
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using string_can_append_op = decltype(std::declval<StringType &>() += std::declval<Arg &&>());
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using detect_string_can_append_op = is_detected<string_can_append_op, StringType, Arg>;
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using string_can_append_iter = decltype(std::declval<StringType &>().append(std::declval<const Arg &>().begin(),
-                                                                            std::declval<const Arg &>().end()));
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using detect_string_can_append_iter = is_detected<string_can_append_iter, StringType, Arg>;
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using string_can_append_data = decltype(std::declval<StringType &>().append(std::declval<const Arg &>().data(),
-                                                                            std::declval<const Arg &>().size()));
-
-template <typename StringType, typename Arg>
-using detect_string_can_append_data = is_detected<string_can_append_data, StringType, Arg>;
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<!detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          detect_string_can_append_op<OutStringType, Arg>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, Arg &&arg, Args &&...rest);
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<!detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          !detect_string_can_append_op<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          detect_string_can_append_iter<OutStringType, Arg>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, const Arg &arg, Args &&...rest);
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<!detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          !detect_string_can_append_op<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          !detect_string_can_append_iter<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          detect_string_can_append_data<OutStringType, Arg>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, const Arg &arg, Args &&...rest);
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, Arg &&arg, Args &&...rest) {
-  out.append(std::forward<Arg>(arg));
-  concat_into(out, std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<!detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          detect_string_can_append_op<OutStringType, Arg>::value,
-                      int>>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, Arg &&arg, Args &&...rest) {
-  out += std::forward<Arg>(arg);
-  concat_into(out, std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<!detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          !detect_string_can_append_op<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          detect_string_can_append_iter<OutStringType, Arg>::value,
-                      int>>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, const Arg &arg, Args &&...rest) {
-  out.append(arg.begin(), arg.end());
-  concat_into(out, std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename OutStringType,
-          typename Arg,
-          typename... Args,
-          enable_if_t<!detect_string_can_append<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          !detect_string_can_append_op<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          !detect_string_can_append_iter<OutStringType, Arg>::value &&
-                          detect_string_can_append_data<OutStringType, Arg>::value,
-                      int>>
-inline void concat_into(OutStringType &out, const Arg &arg, Args &&...rest) {
-  out.append(arg.data(), arg.size());
-  concat_into(out, std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
-}
-
-template <typename OutStringType = std::string, typename... Args> inline OutStringType concat(Args &&...args) {
-  OutStringType str;
-  str.reserve(concat_length(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
-  concat_into(str, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  return str;
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-////////////////
-// exceptions //
-////////////////
-
-/// @brief general exception of the @ref basic_json class
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/exception/
-class exception : public std::exception {
-public:
-  /// returns the explanatory string
-  const char *what() const noexcept override { return m.what(); }
-
-  /// the id of the exception
-  const int id; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
-
-protected:
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  exception(int id_, const char *what_arg) : id(id_), m(what_arg) {} // NOLINT(bugprone-throw-keyword-missing)
-
-  static std::string name(const std::string &ename, int id_) {
-    return concat("[json.exception.", ename, '.', std::to_string(id_), "] ");
-  }
-
-  static std::string diagnostics(std::nullptr_t /*leaf_element*/) { return ""; }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static std::string diagnostics(const BasicJsonType *leaf_element) {
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
-    for (const auto *current = leaf_element; current != nullptr && current->m_parent != nullptr;
-         current = current->m_parent) {
-      switch (current->m_parent->type()) {
-      case value_t::array: {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < current->m_parent->m_value.array->size(); ++i) {
-          if (&current->m_parent->m_value.array->operator[](i) == current) {
-            tokens.emplace_back(std::to_string(i));
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::object: {
-        for (const auto &element : *current->m_parent->m_value.object) {
-          if (&element.second == current) {
-            tokens.emplace_back(element.first.c_str());
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::null:            // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::string:          // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::boolean:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::number_integer:  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::number_unsigned: // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::number_float:    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::binary:          // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::discarded:       // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      default:                       // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        break;                       // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (tokens.empty()) {
-      return "";
-    }
-
-    auto str =
-        std::accumulate(tokens.rbegin(), tokens.rend(), std::string{}, [](const std::string &a, const std::string &b) {
-          return concat(a, '/', detail::escape(b));
-        });
-    return concat('(', str, ") ");
-#else
-    static_cast<void>(leaf_element);
-    return "";
-#endif
-  }
-
-private:
-  /// an exception object as storage for error messages
-  std::runtime_error m;
-};
-
-/// @brief exception indicating a parse error
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse_error/
-class parse_error : public exception {
-public:
-  /*!
-  @brief create a parse error exception
-  @param[in] id_       the id of the exception
-  @param[in] pos       the position where the error occurred (or with
-                       chars_read_total=0 if the position cannot be
-                       determined)
-  @param[in] what_arg  the explanatory string
-  @return parse_error object
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonContext, enable_if_t<is_basic_json_context<BasicJsonContext>::value, int> = 0>
-  static parse_error create(int id_, const position_t &pos, const std::string &what_arg, BasicJsonContext context) {
-    const std::string w = concat(exception::name("parse_error", id_),
-                                 "parse error",
-                                 position_string(pos),
-                                 ": ",
-                                 exception::diagnostics(context),
-                                 what_arg);
-    return {id_, pos.chars_read_total, w.c_str()};
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonContext, enable_if_t<is_basic_json_context<BasicJsonContext>::value, int> = 0>
-  static parse_error create(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const std::string &what_arg, BasicJsonContext context) {
-    const std::string w = concat(exception::name("parse_error", id_),
-                                 "parse error",
-                                 (byte_ != 0 ? (concat(" at byte ", std::to_string(byte_))) : ""),
-                                 ": ",
-                                 exception::diagnostics(context),
-                                 what_arg);
-    return {id_, byte_, w.c_str()};
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief byte index of the parse error
-
-  The byte index of the last read character in the input file.
-
-  @note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and
-        n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file.
-        This also holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or MessagePack).
-  */
-  const std::size_t byte;
-
-private:
-  parse_error(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg), byte(byte_) {}
-
-  static std::string position_string(const position_t &pos) {
-    return concat(
-        " at line ", std::to_string(pos.lines_read + 1), ", column ", std::to_string(pos.chars_read_current_line));
-  }
-};
-
-/// @brief exception indicating errors with iterators
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/invalid_iterator/
-class invalid_iterator : public exception {
-public:
-  template <typename BasicJsonContext, enable_if_t<is_basic_json_context<BasicJsonContext>::value, int> = 0>
-  static invalid_iterator create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg, BasicJsonContext context) {
-    const std::string w = concat(exception::name("invalid_iterator", id_), exception::diagnostics(context), what_arg);
-    return {id_, w.c_str()};
-  }
-
-private:
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  invalid_iterator(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
-};
-
-/// @brief exception indicating executing a member function with a wrong type
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/type_error/
-class type_error : public exception {
-public:
-  template <typename BasicJsonContext, enable_if_t<is_basic_json_context<BasicJsonContext>::value, int> = 0>
-  static type_error create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg, BasicJsonContext context) {
-    const std::string w = concat(exception::name("type_error", id_), exception::diagnostics(context), what_arg);
-    return {id_, w.c_str()};
-  }
-
-private:
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  type_error(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
-};
-
-/// @brief exception indicating access out of the defined range
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/out_of_range/
-class out_of_range : public exception {
-public:
-  template <typename BasicJsonContext, enable_if_t<is_basic_json_context<BasicJsonContext>::value, int> = 0>
-  static out_of_range create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg, BasicJsonContext context) {
-    const std::string w = concat(exception::name("out_of_range", id_), exception::diagnostics(context), what_arg);
-    return {id_, w.c_str()};
-  }
-
-private:
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  out_of_range(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
-};
-
-/// @brief exception indicating other library errors
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/other_error/
-class other_error : public exception {
-public:
-  template <typename BasicJsonContext, enable_if_t<is_basic_json_context<BasicJsonContext>::value, int> = 0>
-  static other_error create(int id_, const std::string &what_arg, BasicJsonContext context) {
-    const std::string w = concat(exception::name("other_error", id_), exception::diagnostics(context), what_arg);
-    return {id_, w.c_str()};
-  }
-
-private:
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  other_error(int id_, const char *what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/identity_tag.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-// dispatching helper struct
-template <class T> struct identity_tag {};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/std_fs.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-#if JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#include <experimental/filesystem>
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-namespace std_fs = std::experimental::filesystem;
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-#elif JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#include <filesystem>
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-namespace std_fs = std::filesystem;
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-#endif
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename std::nullptr_t &n) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_null())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be null, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  n = nullptr;
-}
-
-// overloads for basic_json template parameters
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename ArithmeticType,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType &j, ArithmeticType &val) {
-  switch (static_cast<value_t>(j)) {
-  case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-  case value_t::number_integer: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-  case value_t::number_float: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-
-  case value_t::null:
-  case value_t::object:
-  case value_t::array:
-  case value_t::string:
-  case value_t::boolean:
-  case value_t::binary:
-  case value_t::discarded:
-  default:
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be number, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t &b) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_boolean())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be boolean, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t *>();
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t &s) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_string())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be string, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t *>();
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename StringType,
-          enable_if_t<
-              std::is_assignable<StringType &, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value &&
-                  is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type, value_type_t, StringType>::value &&
-                  !std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, StringType>::value && !is_json_ref<StringType>::value,
-              int> = 0>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, StringType &s) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_string())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be string, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-
-  s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t *>();
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t &val) {
-  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t &val) {
-  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t &val) {
-  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
-}
-
-#if !JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType, enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, EnumType &e) {
-  typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type val;
-  get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
-  e = static_cast<EnumType>(val);
-}
-#endif // JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-
-// forward_list doesn't have an insert method
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename T,
-          typename Allocator,
-          enable_if_t<is_getable<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator> &l) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  l.clear();
-  std::transform(
-      j.rbegin(), j.rend(), std::front_inserter(l), [](const BasicJsonType &i) { return i.template get<T>(); });
-}
-
-// valarray doesn't have an insert method
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<is_getable<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::valarray<T> &l) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  l.resize(j.size());
-  std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(), std::begin(l), [](const BasicJsonType &elem) { return elem.template get<T>(); });
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto from_json(const BasicJsonType &j,
-               T (&arr)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    -> decltype(j.template get<T>(), void()) {
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
-    arr[i] = j.at(i).template get<T>();
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void
-from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t &arr, priority_tag<3> /*unused*/) {
-  arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t *>();
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, std::array<T, N> &arr, priority_tag<2> /*unused*/)
-    -> decltype(j.template get<T>(), void()) {
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
-    arr[i] = j.at(i).template get<T>();
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename ConstructibleArrayType,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType &, ConstructibleArrayType>::value, int> = 0>
-auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleArrayType &arr, priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
-    -> decltype(arr.reserve(std::declval<typename ConstructibleArrayType::size_type>()),
-                j.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>(),
-                void()) {
-  using std::end;
-
-  ConstructibleArrayType ret;
-  ret.reserve(j.size());
-  std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(), std::inserter(ret, end(ret)), [](const BasicJsonType &i) {
-    // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
-    // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
-    return i.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>();
-  });
-  arr = std::move(ret);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename ConstructibleArrayType,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_assignable<ConstructibleArrayType &, ConstructibleArrayType>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleArrayType &arr, priority_tag<0> /*unused*/) {
-  using std::end;
-
-  ConstructibleArrayType ret;
-  std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(), std::inserter(ret, end(ret)), [](const BasicJsonType &i) {
-    // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
-    // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
-    return i.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>();
-  });
-  arr = std::move(ret);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename ConstructibleArrayType,
-          enable_if_t<is_constructible_array_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !is_constructible_string_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t>::value &&
-                          !is_basic_json<ConstructibleArrayType>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-auto from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleArrayType &arr)
-    -> decltype(from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<3>{}),
-                j.template get<typename ConstructibleArrayType::value_type>(),
-                void()) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-
-  from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<3>{});
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t... Idx>
-std::array<T, sizeof...(Idx)> from_json_inplace_array_impl(BasicJsonType &&j,
-                                                           identity_tag<std::array<T, sizeof...(Idx)>> /*unused*/,
-                                                           index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/) {
-  return {{std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j).at(Idx).template get<T>()...}};
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto from_json(BasicJsonType &&j, identity_tag<std::array<T, N>> tag)
-    -> decltype(from_json_inplace_array_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), tag, make_index_sequence<N>{})) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-
-  return from_json_inplace_array_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), tag, make_index_sequence<N>{});
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t &bin) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_binary())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be binary, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-
-  bin = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t *>();
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename ConstructibleObjectType,
-          enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ConstructibleObjectType &obj) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_object())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be object, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-
-  ConstructibleObjectType ret;
-  const auto *inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t *>();
-  using value_type = typename ConstructibleObjectType::value_type;
-  std::transform(inner_object->begin(),
-                 inner_object->end(),
-                 std::inserter(ret, ret.begin()),
-                 [](typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type const &p) {
-                   return value_type(p.first, p.second.template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>());
-                 });
-  obj = std::move(ret);
-}
-
-// overload for arithmetic types, not chosen for basic_json template arguments
-// (BooleanType, etc..); note: Is it really necessary to provide explicit
-// overloads for boolean_t etc. in case of a custom BooleanType which is not
-// an arithmetic type?
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename ArithmeticType,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ArithmeticType &val) {
-  switch (static_cast<value_t>(j)) {
-  case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-  case value_t::number_integer: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-  case value_t::number_float: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-  case value_t::boolean: {
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t *>());
-    break;
-  }
-
-  case value_t::null:
-  case value_t::object:
-  case value_t::array:
-  case value_t::string:
-  case value_t::binary:
-  case value_t::discarded:
-  default:
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be number, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args, std::size_t... Idx>
-std::tuple<Args...> from_json_tuple_impl_base(BasicJsonType &&j, index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/) {
-  return std::make_tuple(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j).at(Idx).template get<Args>()...);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, class A1, class A2>
-std::pair<A1, A2>
-from_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType &&j, identity_tag<std::pair<A1, A2>> /*unused*/, priority_tag<0> /*unused*/) {
-  return {std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j).at(0).template get<A1>(),
-          std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j).at(1).template get<A2>()};
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename A1, typename A2>
-inline void from_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType &&j, std::pair<A1, A2> &p, priority_tag<1> /*unused*/) {
-  p = from_json_tuple_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), identity_tag<std::pair<A1, A2>>{}, priority_tag<0>{});
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args>
-std::tuple<Args...>
-from_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType &&j, identity_tag<std::tuple<Args...>> /*unused*/, priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) {
-  return from_json_tuple_impl_base<BasicJsonType, Args...>(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j),
-                                                           index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args>
-inline void from_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType &&j, std::tuple<Args...> &t, priority_tag<3> /*unused*/) {
-  t = from_json_tuple_impl_base<BasicJsonType, Args...>(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), index_sequence_for<Args...>{});
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename TupleRelated>
-auto from_json(BasicJsonType &&j, TupleRelated &&t) -> decltype(from_json_tuple_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j),
-                                                                                     std::forward<TupleRelated>(t),
-                                                                                     priority_tag<3>{})) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-
-  return from_json_tuple_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), std::forward<TupleRelated>(t), priority_tag<3>{});
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename Key,
-          typename Value,
-          typename Compare,
-          typename Allocator,
-          typename = enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key>::value>>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator> &m) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  m.clear();
-  for (const auto &p : j) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!p.is_array())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", p.type_name()), &j));
-    }
-    m.emplace(p.at(0).template get<Key>(), p.at(1).template get<Value>());
-  }
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename Key,
-          typename Value,
-          typename Hash,
-          typename KeyEqual,
-          typename Allocator,
-          typename = enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key>::value>>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator> &m) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  m.clear();
-  for (const auto &p : j) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!p.is_array())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", p.type_name()), &j));
-    }
-    m.emplace(p.at(0).template get<Key>(), p.at(1).template get<Value>());
-  }
-}
-
-#if JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM || JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std_fs::path &p) {
-  if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_string())) {
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be string, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-  }
-  p = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t *>();
-}
-#endif
-
-struct from_json_fn {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-  auto operator()(const BasicJsonType &j, T &&val) const noexcept(noexcept(from_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
-      -> decltype(from_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))) {
-    return from_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
-  }
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-/// namespace to hold default `from_json` function
-/// to see why this is required:
-/// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4381.html
-namespace // NOLINT(cert-dcl59-cpp,fuchsia-header-anon-namespaces,google-build-namespaces)
-{
-#endif
-JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr const auto &from_json = // NOLINT(misc-definitions-in-headers)
-    detail::static_const<detail::from_json_fn>::value;
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-} // namespace
-#endif
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_json.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm>   // copy
-#include <iterator>    // begin, end
-#include <string>      // string
-#include <tuple>       // tuple, get
-#include <type_traits> // is_same, is_constructible, is_floating_point, is_enum, underlying_type
-#include <utility>     // move, forward, declval, pair
-#include <valarray>    // valarray
-#include <vector>      // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef>  // size_t
-#include <iterator> // input_iterator_tag
-#include <string>   // string, to_string
-#include <tuple>    // tuple_size, get, tuple_element
-#include <utility>  // move
-
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES
-#include <ranges> // enable_borrowed_range
-#endif
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename string_type> void int_to_string(string_type &target, std::size_t value) {
-  // For ADL
-  using std::to_string;
-  target = to_string(value);
-}
-template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy_value {
-public:
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-  using value_type = iteration_proxy_value;
-  using pointer = value_type *;
-  using reference = value_type &;
-  using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
-  using string_type =
-      typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<decltype(std::declval<IteratorType>().key())>::type>::type;
-
-private:
-  /// the iterator
-  IteratorType anchor{};
-  /// an index for arrays (used to create key names)
-  std::size_t array_index = 0;
-  /// last stringified array index
-  mutable std::size_t array_index_last = 0;
-  /// a string representation of the array index
-  mutable string_type array_index_str = "0";
-  /// an empty string (to return a reference for primitive values)
-  string_type empty_str{};
-
-public:
-  explicit iteration_proxy_value() = default;
-  explicit iteration_proxy_value(IteratorType it, std::size_t array_index_ = 0) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<IteratorType>::value
-          &&std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<string_type>::value)
-      : anchor(std::move(it)), array_index(array_index_) {}
-
-  iteration_proxy_value(iteration_proxy_value const &) = default;
-  iteration_proxy_value &operator=(iteration_proxy_value const &) = default;
-  // older GCCs are a bit fussy and require explicit noexcept specifiers on defaulted functions
-  iteration_proxy_value(iteration_proxy_value &&) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<IteratorType>::value
-          &&std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<string_type>::value) = default;
-  iteration_proxy_value &operator=(iteration_proxy_value &&) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<IteratorType>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<string_type>::value) =
-      default;
-  ~iteration_proxy_value() = default;
-
-  /// dereference operator (needed for range-based for)
-  const iteration_proxy_value &operator*() const { return *this; }
-
-  /// increment operator (needed for range-based for)
-  iteration_proxy_value &operator++() {
-    ++anchor;
-    ++array_index;
-
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  iteration_proxy_value operator++(int) & // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    auto tmp = iteration_proxy_value(anchor, array_index);
-    ++anchor;
-    ++array_index;
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// equality operator (needed for InputIterator)
-  bool operator==(const iteration_proxy_value &o) const { return anchor == o.anchor; }
-
-  /// inequality operator (needed for range-based for)
-  bool operator!=(const iteration_proxy_value &o) const { return anchor != o.anchor; }
-
-  /// return key of the iterator
-  const string_type &key() const {
-    JSON_ASSERT(anchor.m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (anchor.m_object->type()) {
-    // use integer array index as key
-    case value_t::array: {
-      if (array_index != array_index_last) {
-        int_to_string(array_index_str, array_index);
-        array_index_last = array_index;
-      }
-      return array_index_str;
-    }
-
-    // use key from the object
-    case value_t::object:
-      return anchor.key();
-
-    // use an empty key for all primitive types
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      return empty_str;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// return value of the iterator
-  typename IteratorType::reference value() const { return anchor.value(); }
-};
-
-/// proxy class for the items() function
-template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy {
-private:
-  /// the container to iterate
-  typename IteratorType::pointer container = nullptr;
-
-public:
-  explicit iteration_proxy() = default;
-
-  /// construct iteration proxy from a container
-  explicit iteration_proxy(typename IteratorType::reference cont) noexcept : container(&cont) {}
-
-  iteration_proxy(iteration_proxy const &) = default;
-  iteration_proxy &operator=(iteration_proxy const &) = default;
-  iteration_proxy(iteration_proxy &&) noexcept = default;
-  iteration_proxy &operator=(iteration_proxy &&) noexcept = default;
-  ~iteration_proxy() = default;
-
-  /// return iterator begin (needed for range-based for)
-  iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> begin() const noexcept {
-    return iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>(container->begin());
-  }
-
-  /// return iterator end (needed for range-based for)
-  iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> end() const noexcept {
-    return iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>(container->end());
-  }
-};
-
-// Structured Bindings Support
-// For further reference see https://blog.tartanllama.xyz/structured-bindings/
-// And see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1391
-template <std::size_t N, typename IteratorType, enable_if_t<N == 0, int> = 0>
-auto get(const nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> &i) -> decltype(i.key()) {
-  return i.key();
-}
-// Structured Bindings Support
-// For further reference see https://blog.tartanllama.xyz/structured-bindings/
-// And see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1391
-template <std::size_t N, typename IteratorType, enable_if_t<N == 1, int> = 0>
-auto get(const nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType> &i) -> decltype(i.value()) {
-  return i.value();
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// The Addition to the STD Namespace is required to add
-// Structured Bindings Support to the iteration_proxy_value class
-// For further reference see https://blog.tartanllama.xyz/structured-bindings/
-// And see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1391
-namespace std {
-
-#if defined(__clang__)
-// Fix: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1401
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmismatched-tags"
-#endif
-template <typename IteratorType>
-class tuple_size<::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>> // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-cpp)
-    : public std::integral_constant<std::size_t, 2> {};
-
-template <std::size_t N, typename IteratorType>
-class tuple_element<N, ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>> // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-cpp)
-{
-public:
-  using type = decltype(get<N>(std::declval<::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy_value<IteratorType>>()));
-};
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop
-#endif
-
-} // namespace std
-
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES
-template <typename IteratorType>
-inline constexpr bool ::std::ranges::enable_borrowed_range<::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy<IteratorType>> = true;
-#endif
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/std_fs.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-//////////////////
-// constructors //
-//////////////////
-
-/*
- * Note all external_constructor<>::construct functions need to call
- * j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type) to avoid a memory leak in case j contains an
- * allocated value (e.g., a string). See bug issue
- * https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2865 for more information.
- */
-
-template <value_t> struct external_constructor;
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::boolean> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t b) noexcept {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::boolean;
-    j.m_value = b;
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::string> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t &s) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::string;
-    j.m_value = s;
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t &&s) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::string;
-    j.m_value = std::move(s);
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType,
-            typename CompatibleStringType,
-            enable_if_t<!std::is_same<CompatibleStringType, typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value, int> = 0>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleStringType &str) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::string;
-    j.m_value.string = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::string_t>(str);
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::binary> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t &b) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::binary;
-    j.m_value = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t(b);
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t &&b) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::binary;
-    j.m_value = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t(std::move(b));
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::number_float> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t val) noexcept {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::number_float;
-    j.m_value = val;
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t val) noexcept {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
-    j.m_value = val;
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::number_integer> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t val) noexcept {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
-    j.m_value = val;
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::array> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &arr) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value = arr;
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t &&arr) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value = std::move(arr);
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType,
-            typename CompatibleArrayType,
-            enable_if_t<!std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::array_t>::value, int> = 0>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
-    using std::begin;
-    using std::end;
-
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value.array = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::array_t>(begin(arr), end(arr));
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const std::vector<bool> &arr) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value.array->reserve(arr.size());
-    for (const bool x : arr) {
-      j.m_value.array->push_back(x);
-      j.set_parent(j.m_value.array->back());
-    }
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const std::valarray<T> &arr) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value = value_t::array;
-    j.m_value.array->resize(arr.size());
-    if (arr.size() > 0) {
-      std::copy(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr), j.m_value.array->begin());
-    }
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-template <> struct external_constructor<value_t::object> {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &obj) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::object;
-    j.m_value = obj;
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t &&obj) {
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::object;
-    j.m_value = std::move(obj);
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType,
-            typename CompatibleObjectType,
-            enable_if_t<!std::is_same<CompatibleObjectType, typename BasicJsonType::object_t>::value, int> = 0>
-  static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleObjectType &obj) {
-    using std::begin;
-    using std::end;
-
-    j.m_value.destroy(j.m_type);
-    j.m_type = value_t::object;
-    j.m_value.object = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::object_t>(begin(obj), end(obj));
-    j.set_parents();
-    j.assert_invariant();
-  }
-};
-
-/////////////
-// to_json //
-/////////////
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename T,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, T b) noexcept {
-  external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, b);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename BoolRef,
-          enable_if_t<((std::is_same<std::vector<bool>::reference, BoolRef>::value &&
-                        !std::is_same<std::vector<bool>::reference, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t &>::value) ||
-                       (std::is_same<std::vector<bool>::const_reference, BoolRef>::value &&
-                        !std::is_same<detail::uncvref_t<std::vector<bool>::const_reference>,
-                                      typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value)) &&
-                          std::is_convertible<const BoolRef &, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const BoolRef &b) noexcept {
-  external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>(b));
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename CompatibleString,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, CompatibleString>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleString &s) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, s);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t &&s) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, std::move(s));
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename FloatType, enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<FloatType>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, FloatType val) noexcept {
-  external_constructor<value_t::number_float>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>(val));
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename CompatibleNumberUnsignedType,
-          enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t,
-                                                 CompatibleNumberUnsignedType>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType val) noexcept {
-  external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>::construct(
-      j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>(val));
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
-          enable_if_t<
-              is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value,
-              int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleNumberIntegerType val) noexcept {
-  external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j,
-                                                           static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>(val));
-}
-
-#if !JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType, enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, EnumType e) noexcept {
-  using underlying_type = typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type;
-  external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, static_cast<underlying_type>(e));
-}
-#endif // JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::vector<bool> &e) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, e);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename CompatibleArrayType,
-          enable_if_t<is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !is_compatible_string_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::binary_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value &&
-                          !is_basic_json<CompatibleArrayType>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t &bin) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::binary>::construct(j, bin);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::valarray<T> &arr) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t &&arr) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename CompatibleObjectType,
-          enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value &&
-                          !is_basic_json<CompatibleObjectType>::value,
-                      int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleObjectType &obj) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, obj);
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t &&obj) {
-  external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, std::move(obj));
-}
-
-template <
-    typename BasicJsonType,
-    typename T,
-    std::size_t N,
-    enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
-                                       const T (&)[N]>::
-                    value, // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-                int> = 0>
-inline void
-to_json(BasicJsonType &j,
-        const T (&arr)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-{
-  external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
-}
-
-template <
-    typename BasicJsonType,
-    typename T1,
-    typename T2,
-    enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T1>::value && std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T2>::value,
-                int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::pair<T1, T2> &p) {
-  j = {p.first, p.second};
-}
-
-// for https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1134
-template <typename BasicJsonType,
-          typename T,
-          enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, iteration_proxy_value<typename BasicJsonType::iterator>>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const T &b) {
-  j = {{b.key(), b.value()}};
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Idx>
-inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType &j, const Tuple &t, index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/) {
-  j = {std::get<Idx>(t)...};
-}
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<is_constructible_tuple<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
-inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const T &t) {
-  to_json_tuple_impl(j, t, make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value>{});
-}
-
-#if JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM || JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-template <typename BasicJsonType> inline void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std_fs::path &p) { j = p.string(); }
-#endif
-
-struct to_json_fn {
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-  auto operator()(BasicJsonType &j, T &&val) const noexcept(noexcept(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
-      -> decltype(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val)), void()) {
-    return to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
-  }
-};
-} // namespace detail
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-/// namespace to hold default `to_json` function
-/// to see why this is required:
-/// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4381.html
-namespace // NOLINT(cert-dcl59-cpp,fuchsia-header-anon-namespaces,google-build-namespaces)
-{
-#endif
-JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr const auto &to_json = // NOLINT(misc-definitions-in-headers)
-    detail::static_const<detail::to_json_fn>::value;
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-} // namespace
-#endif
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/identity_tag.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/adl_serializer/
-template <typename ValueType, typename> struct adl_serializer {
-  /// @brief convert a JSON value to any value type
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/adl_serializer/from_json/
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename TargetType = ValueType>
-  static auto from_json(BasicJsonType &&j,
-                        TargetType &val) noexcept(noexcept(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val)))
-      -> decltype(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val), void()) {
-    ::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief convert a JSON value to any value type
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/adl_serializer/from_json/
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename TargetType = ValueType>
-  static auto from_json(BasicJsonType &&j) noexcept(noexcept(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j),
-                                                                                   detail::identity_tag<TargetType>{})))
-      -> decltype(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), detail::identity_tag<TargetType>{})) {
-    return ::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), detail::identity_tag<TargetType>{});
-  }
-
-  /// @brief convert any value type to a JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/adl_serializer/to_json/
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename TargetType = ValueType>
-  static auto to_json(BasicJsonType &j,
-                      TargetType &&val) noexcept(noexcept(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<TargetType>(val))))
-      -> decltype(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<TargetType>(val)), void()) {
-    ::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<TargetType>(val));
-  }
-};
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/byte_container_with_subtype.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstdint> // uint8_t, uint64_t
-#include <tuple>   // tie
-#include <utility> // move
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/// @brief an internal type for a backed binary type
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/
-template <typename BinaryType> class byte_container_with_subtype : public BinaryType {
-public:
-  using container_type = BinaryType;
-  using subtype_type = std::uint64_t;
-
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/byte_container_with_subtype/
-  byte_container_with_subtype() noexcept(noexcept(container_type())) : container_type() {}
-
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/byte_container_with_subtype/
-  byte_container_with_subtype(const container_type &b) noexcept(noexcept(container_type(b))) : container_type(b) {}
-
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/byte_container_with_subtype/
-  byte_container_with_subtype(container_type &&b) noexcept(noexcept(container_type(std::move(b))))
-      : container_type(std::move(b)) {}
-
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/byte_container_with_subtype/
-  byte_container_with_subtype(const container_type &b, subtype_type subtype_) noexcept(noexcept(container_type(b)))
-      : container_type(b), m_subtype(subtype_), m_has_subtype(true) {}
-
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/byte_container_with_subtype/
-  byte_container_with_subtype(container_type &&b,
-                              subtype_type subtype_) noexcept(noexcept(container_type(std::move(b))))
-      : container_type(std::move(b)), m_subtype(subtype_), m_has_subtype(true) {}
-
-  bool operator==(const byte_container_with_subtype &rhs) const {
-    return std::tie(static_cast<const BinaryType &>(*this), m_subtype, m_has_subtype) ==
-           std::tie(static_cast<const BinaryType &>(rhs), rhs.m_subtype, rhs.m_has_subtype);
-  }
-
-  bool operator!=(const byte_container_with_subtype &rhs) const { return !(rhs == *this); }
-
-  /// @brief sets the binary subtype
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/set_subtype/
-  void set_subtype(subtype_type subtype_) noexcept {
-    m_subtype = subtype_;
-    m_has_subtype = true;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return the binary subtype
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/subtype/
-  constexpr subtype_type subtype() const noexcept { return m_has_subtype ? m_subtype : static_cast<subtype_type>(-1); }
-
-  /// @brief return whether the value has a subtype
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/has_subtype/
-  constexpr bool has_subtype() const noexcept { return m_has_subtype; }
-
-  /// @brief clears the binary subtype
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/byte_container_with_subtype/clear_subtype/
-  void clear_subtype() noexcept {
-    m_subtype = 0;
-    m_has_subtype = false;
-  }
-
-private:
-  subtype_type m_subtype = 0;
-  bool m_has_subtype = false;
-};
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/from_json.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_json.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/hash.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef>    // size_t
-#include <cstdint>    // uint8_t
-#include <functional> // hash
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-// boost::hash_combine
-inline std::size_t combine(std::size_t seed, std::size_t h) noexcept {
-  seed ^= h + 0x9e3779b9 + (seed << 6U) + (seed >> 2U);
-  return seed;
-}
-
-/*!
-@brief hash a JSON value
-
-The hash function tries to rely on std::hash where possible. Furthermore, the
-type of the JSON value is taken into account to have different hash values for
-null, 0, 0U, and false, etc.
-
-@tparam BasicJsonType basic_json specialization
-@param j JSON value to hash
-@return hash value of j
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType> std::size_t hash(const BasicJsonType &j) {
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-
-  const auto type = static_cast<std::size_t>(j.type());
-  switch (j.type()) {
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::null:
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::discarded: {
-    return combine(type, 0);
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::object: {
-    auto seed = combine(type, j.size());
-    for (const auto &element : j.items()) {
-      const auto h = std::hash<string_t>{}(element.key());
-      seed = combine(seed, h);
-      seed = combine(seed, hash(element.value()));
-    }
-    return seed;
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::array: {
-    auto seed = combine(type, j.size());
-    for (const auto &element : j) {
-      seed = combine(seed, hash(element));
-    }
-    return seed;
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::string: {
-    const auto h = std::hash<string_t>{}(j.template get_ref<const string_t &>());
-    return combine(type, h);
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::boolean: {
-    const auto h = std::hash<bool>{}(j.template get<bool>());
-    return combine(type, h);
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::number_integer: {
-    const auto h = std::hash<number_integer_t>{}(j.template get<number_integer_t>());
-    return combine(type, h);
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::number_unsigned: {
-    const auto h = std::hash<number_unsigned_t>{}(j.template get<number_unsigned_t>());
-    return combine(type, h);
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::number_float: {
-    const auto h = std::hash<number_float_t>{}(j.template get<number_float_t>());
-    return combine(type, h);
-  }
-
-  case BasicJsonType::value_t::binary: {
-    auto seed = combine(type, j.get_binary().size());
-    const auto h = std::hash<bool>{}(j.get_binary().has_subtype());
-    seed = combine(seed, h);
-    seed = combine(seed, static_cast<std::size_t>(j.get_binary().subtype()));
-    for (const auto byte : j.get_binary()) {
-      seed = combine(seed, std::hash<std::uint8_t>{}(byte));
-    }
-    return seed;
-  }
-
-  default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    return 0;           // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-  }
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm> // generate_n
-#include <array>     // array
-#include <cmath>     // ldexp
-#include <cstddef>   // size_t
-#include <cstdint>   // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
-#include <cstdio>    // snprintf
-#include <cstring>   // memcpy
-#include <iterator>  // back_inserter
-#include <limits>    // numeric_limits
-#include <string>    // char_traits, string
-#include <utility>   // make_pair, move
-#include <vector>    // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <array>       // array
-#include <cstddef>     // size_t
-#include <cstring>     // strlen
-#include <iterator>    // begin, end, iterator_traits, random_access_iterator_tag, distance, next
-#include <memory>      // shared_ptr, make_shared, addressof
-#include <numeric>     // accumulate
-#include <string>      // string, char_traits
-#include <type_traits> // enable_if, is_base_of, is_pointer, is_integral, remove_pointer
-#include <utility>     // pair, declval
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-#include <cstdio>  // FILE *
-#include <istream> // istream
-#endif             // JSON_NO_IO
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iterator_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/// the supported input formats
-enum class input_format_t { json, cbor, msgpack, ubjson, bson, bjdata };
-
-////////////////////
-// input adapters //
-////////////////////
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-/*!
-Input adapter for stdio file access. This adapter read only 1 byte and do not use any
- buffer. This adapter is a very low level adapter.
-*/
-class file_input_adapter {
-public:
-  using char_type = char;
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  explicit file_input_adapter(std::FILE *f) noexcept : m_file(f) { JSON_ASSERT(m_file != nullptr); }
-
-  // make class move-only
-  file_input_adapter(const file_input_adapter &) = delete;
-  file_input_adapter(file_input_adapter &&) noexcept = default;
-  file_input_adapter &operator=(const file_input_adapter &) = delete;
-  file_input_adapter &operator=(file_input_adapter &&) = delete;
-  ~file_input_adapter() = default;
-
-  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept { return std::fgetc(m_file); }
-
-private:
-  /// the file pointer to read from
-  std::FILE *m_file;
-};
-
-/*!
-Input adapter for a (caching) istream. Ignores a UFT Byte Order Mark at
-beginning of input. Does not support changing the underlying std::streambuf
-in mid-input. Maintains underlying std::istream and std::streambuf to support
-subsequent use of standard std::istream operations to process any input
-characters following those used in parsing the JSON input.  Clears the
-std::istream flags; any input errors (e.g., EOF) will be detected by the first
-subsequent call for input from the std::istream.
-*/
-class input_stream_adapter {
-public:
-  using char_type = char;
-
-  ~input_stream_adapter() {
-    // clear stream flags; we use underlying streambuf I/O, do not
-    // maintain ifstream flags, except eof
-    if (is != nullptr) {
-      is->clear(is->rdstate() & std::ios::eofbit);
-    }
-  }
-
-  explicit input_stream_adapter(std::istream &i) : is(&i), sb(i.rdbuf()) {}
-
-  // delete because of pointer members
-  input_stream_adapter(const input_stream_adapter &) = delete;
-  input_stream_adapter &operator=(input_stream_adapter &) = delete;
-  input_stream_adapter &operator=(input_stream_adapter &&) = delete;
-
-  input_stream_adapter(input_stream_adapter &&rhs) noexcept : is(rhs.is), sb(rhs.sb) {
-    rhs.is = nullptr;
-    rhs.sb = nullptr;
-  }
-
-  // std::istream/std::streambuf use std::char_traits<char>::to_int_type, to
-  // ensure that std::char_traits<char>::eof() and the character 0xFF do not
-  // end up as the same value, e.g. 0xFFFFFFFF.
-  std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() {
-    auto res = sb->sbumpc();
-    // set eof manually, as we don't use the istream interface.
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(res == std::char_traits<char>::eof())) {
-      is->clear(is->rdstate() | std::ios::eofbit);
-    }
-    return res;
-  }
-
-private:
-  /// the associated input stream
-  std::istream *is = nullptr;
-  std::streambuf *sb = nullptr;
-};
-#endif // JSON_NO_IO
-
-// General-purpose iterator-based adapter. It might not be as fast as
-// theoretically possible for some containers, but it is extremely versatile.
-template <typename IteratorType> class iterator_input_adapter {
-public:
-  using char_type = typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type;
-
-  iterator_input_adapter(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) : current(std::move(first)), end(std::move(last)) {}
-
-  typename std::char_traits<char_type>::int_type get_character() {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != end)) {
-      auto result = std::char_traits<char_type>::to_int_type(*current);
-      std::advance(current, 1);
-      return result;
-    }
-
-    return std::char_traits<char_type>::eof();
-  }
-
-private:
-  IteratorType current;
-  IteratorType end;
-
-  template <typename BaseInputAdapter, size_t T> friend struct wide_string_input_helper;
-
-  bool empty() const { return current == end; }
-};
-
-template <typename BaseInputAdapter, size_t T> struct wide_string_input_helper;
-
-template <typename BaseInputAdapter> struct wide_string_input_helper<BaseInputAdapter, 4> {
-  // UTF-32
-  static void fill_buffer(BaseInputAdapter &input,
-                          std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> &utf8_bytes,
-                          size_t &utf8_bytes_index,
-                          size_t &utf8_bytes_filled) {
-    utf8_bytes_index = 0;
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(input.empty())) {
-      utf8_bytes[0] = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
-      utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-    } else {
-      // get the current character
-      const auto wc = input.get_character();
-
-      // UTF-32 to UTF-8 encoding
-      if (wc < 0x80) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-      } else if (wc <= 0x7FF) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xC0u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 6u) & 0x1Fu));
-        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 2;
-      } else if (wc <= 0xFFFF) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xE0u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 12u) & 0x0Fu));
-        utf8_bytes[1] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 3;
-      } else if (wc <= 0x10FFFF) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 18u) & 0x07u));
-        utf8_bytes[1] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes[2] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
-      } else {
-        // unknown character
-        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename BaseInputAdapter> struct wide_string_input_helper<BaseInputAdapter, 2> {
-  // UTF-16
-  static void fill_buffer(BaseInputAdapter &input,
-                          std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> &utf8_bytes,
-                          size_t &utf8_bytes_index,
-                          size_t &utf8_bytes_filled) {
-    utf8_bytes_index = 0;
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(input.empty())) {
-      utf8_bytes[0] = std::char_traits<char>::eof();
-      utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-    } else {
-      // get the current character
-      const auto wc = input.get_character();
-
-      // UTF-16 to UTF-8 encoding
-      if (wc < 0x80) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-      } else if (wc <= 0x7FF) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xC0u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 6u)));
-        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 2;
-      } else if (0xD800 > wc || wc >= 0xE000) {
-        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xE0u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 12u)));
-        utf8_bytes[1] =
-            static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3Fu));
-        utf8_bytes_filled = 3;
-      } else {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!input.empty())) {
-          const auto wc2 = static_cast<unsigned int>(input.get_character());
-          const auto charcode = 0x10000u + (((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
-          utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
-          utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
-          utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
-          utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
-          utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
-        } else {
-          utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
-          utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-// Wraps another input apdater to convert wide character types into individual bytes.
-template <typename BaseInputAdapter, typename WideCharType> class wide_string_input_adapter {
-public:
-  using char_type = char;
-
-  wide_string_input_adapter(BaseInputAdapter base) : base_adapter(base) {}
-
-  typename std::char_traits<char>::int_type get_character() noexcept {
-    // check if buffer needs to be filled
-    if (utf8_bytes_index == utf8_bytes_filled) {
-      fill_buffer<sizeof(WideCharType)>();
-
-      JSON_ASSERT(utf8_bytes_filled > 0);
-      JSON_ASSERT(utf8_bytes_index == 0);
-    }
-
-    // use buffer
-    JSON_ASSERT(utf8_bytes_filled > 0);
-    JSON_ASSERT(utf8_bytes_index < utf8_bytes_filled);
-    return utf8_bytes[utf8_bytes_index++];
-  }
-
-private:
-  BaseInputAdapter base_adapter;
-
-  template <size_t T> void fill_buffer() {
-    wide_string_input_helper<BaseInputAdapter, T>::fill_buffer(
-        base_adapter, utf8_bytes, utf8_bytes_index, utf8_bytes_filled);
-  }
-
-  /// a buffer for UTF-8 bytes
-  std::array<std::char_traits<char>::int_type, 4> utf8_bytes = {{0, 0, 0, 0}};
-
-  /// index to the utf8_codes array for the next valid byte
-  std::size_t utf8_bytes_index = 0;
-  /// number of valid bytes in the utf8_codes array
-  std::size_t utf8_bytes_filled = 0;
-};
-
-template <typename IteratorType, typename Enable = void> struct iterator_input_adapter_factory {
-  using iterator_type = IteratorType;
-  using char_type = typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type;
-  using adapter_type = iterator_input_adapter<iterator_type>;
-
-  static adapter_type create(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
-    return adapter_type(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename T> struct is_iterator_of_multibyte {
-  using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<T>::value_type;
-  enum { value = sizeof(value_type) > 1 };
-};
-
-template <typename IteratorType>
-struct iterator_input_adapter_factory<IteratorType, enable_if_t<is_iterator_of_multibyte<IteratorType>::value>> {
-  using iterator_type = IteratorType;
-  using char_type = typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type;
-  using base_adapter_type = iterator_input_adapter<iterator_type>;
-  using adapter_type = wide_string_input_adapter<base_adapter_type, char_type>;
-
-  static adapter_type create(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
-    return adapter_type(base_adapter_type(std::move(first), std::move(last)));
-  }
-};
-
-// General purpose iterator-based input
-template <typename IteratorType>
-typename iterator_input_adapter_factory<IteratorType>::adapter_type input_adapter(IteratorType first,
-                                                                                  IteratorType last) {
-  using factory_type = iterator_input_adapter_factory<IteratorType>;
-  return factory_type::create(first, last);
-}
-
-// Convenience shorthand from container to iterator
-// Enables ADL on begin(container) and end(container)
-// Encloses the using declarations in namespace for not to leak them to outside scope
-
-namespace container_input_adapter_factory_impl {
-
-using std::begin;
-using std::end;
-
-template <typename ContainerType, typename Enable = void> struct container_input_adapter_factory {};
-
-template <typename ContainerType>
-struct container_input_adapter_factory<
-    ContainerType,
-    void_t<decltype(begin(std::declval<ContainerType>()), end(std::declval<ContainerType>()))>> {
-  using adapter_type =
-      decltype(input_adapter(begin(std::declval<ContainerType>()), end(std::declval<ContainerType>())));
-
-  static adapter_type create(const ContainerType &container) { return input_adapter(begin(container), end(container)); }
-};
-
-} // namespace container_input_adapter_factory_impl
-
-template <typename ContainerType>
-typename container_input_adapter_factory_impl::container_input_adapter_factory<ContainerType>::adapter_type
-input_adapter(const ContainerType &container) {
-  return container_input_adapter_factory_impl::container_input_adapter_factory<ContainerType>::create(container);
-}
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-// Special cases with fast paths
-inline file_input_adapter input_adapter(std::FILE *file) { return file_input_adapter(file); }
-
-inline input_stream_adapter input_adapter(std::istream &stream) { return input_stream_adapter(stream); }
-
-inline input_stream_adapter input_adapter(std::istream &&stream) { return input_stream_adapter(stream); }
-#endif // JSON_NO_IO
-
-using contiguous_bytes_input_adapter =
-    decltype(input_adapter(std::declval<const char *>(), std::declval<const char *>()));
-
-// Null-delimited strings, and the like.
-template <typename CharT,
-          typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<CharT>::value && !std::is_array<CharT>::value &&
-                                      std::is_integral<typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value &&
-                                      sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1,
-                                  int>::type = 0>
-contiguous_bytes_input_adapter input_adapter(CharT b) {
-  auto length = std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b));
-  const auto *ptr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b);
-  return input_adapter(ptr, ptr + length);
-}
-
-template <typename T, std::size_t N>
-auto input_adapter(T (&array)[N]) -> decltype(input_adapter(
-    array, array + N)) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-{
-  return input_adapter(array, array + N);
-}
-
-// This class only handles inputs of input_buffer_adapter type.
-// It's required so that expressions like {ptr, len} can be implicitly cast
-// to the correct adapter.
-class span_input_adapter {
-public:
-  template <typename CharT,
-            typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<CharT>::value &&
-                                        std::is_integral<typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value &&
-                                        sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1,
-                                    int>::type = 0>
-  span_input_adapter(CharT b, std::size_t l)
-      : ia(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b), reinterpret_cast<const char *>(b) + l) {}
-
-  template <class IteratorType,
-            typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<typename iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category,
-                                                 std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value,
-                                    int>::type = 0>
-  span_input_adapter(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) : ia(input_adapter(first, last)) {}
-
-  contiguous_bytes_input_adapter &&get() {
-    return std::move(ia); // NOLINT(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-  }
-
-private:
-  contiguous_bytes_input_adapter ia;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <string>  // string
-#include <utility> // move
-#include <vector>  // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/*!
-@brief SAX interface
-
-This class describes the SAX interface used by @ref nlohmann::json::sax_parse.
-Each function is called in different situations while the input is parsed. The
-boolean return value informs the parser whether to continue processing the
-input.
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType> struct json_sax {
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief a null value was read
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool null() = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief a boolean value was read
-  @param[in] val  boolean value
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool boolean(bool val) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief an integer number was read
-  @param[in] val  integer value
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief an unsigned integer number was read
-  @param[in] val  unsigned integer value
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief a floating-point number was read
-  @param[in] val  floating-point value
-  @param[in] s    raw token value
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t &s) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief a string value was read
-  @param[in] val  string value
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  @note It is safe to move the passed string value.
-  */
-  virtual bool string(string_t &val) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief a binary value was read
-  @param[in] val  binary value
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  @note It is safe to move the passed binary value.
-  */
-  virtual bool binary(binary_t &val) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief the beginning of an object was read
-  @param[in] elements  number of object elements or -1 if unknown
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  @note binary formats may report the number of elements
-  */
-  virtual bool start_object(std::size_t elements) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief an object key was read
-  @param[in] val  object key
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  @note It is safe to move the passed string.
-  */
-  virtual bool key(string_t &val) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief the end of an object was read
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool end_object() = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief the beginning of an array was read
-  @param[in] elements  number of array elements or -1 if unknown
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  @note binary formats may report the number of elements
-  */
-  virtual bool start_array(std::size_t elements) = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief the end of an array was read
-  @return whether parsing should proceed
-  */
-  virtual bool end_array() = 0;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief a parse error occurred
-  @param[in] position    the position in the input where the error occurs
-  @param[in] last_token  the last read token
-  @param[in] ex          an exception object describing the error
-  @return whether parsing should proceed (must return false)
-  */
-  virtual bool parse_error(std::size_t position, const std::string &last_token, const detail::exception &ex) = 0;
-
-  json_sax() = default;
-  json_sax(const json_sax &) = default;
-  json_sax(json_sax &&) noexcept = default;
-  json_sax &operator=(const json_sax &) = default;
-  json_sax &operator=(json_sax &&) noexcept = default;
-  virtual ~json_sax() = default;
-};
-
-namespace detail {
-/*!
-@brief SAX implementation to create a JSON value from SAX events
-
-This class implements the @ref json_sax interface and processes the SAX events
-to create a JSON value which makes it basically a DOM parser. The structure or
-hierarchy of the JSON value is managed by the stack `ref_stack` which contains
-a pointer to the respective array or object for each recursion depth.
-
-After successful parsing, the value that is passed by reference to the
-constructor contains the parsed value.
-
-@tparam BasicJsonType  the JSON type
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_sax_dom_parser {
-public:
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in,out] r  reference to a JSON value that is manipulated while
-                     parsing
-  @param[in] allow_exceptions_  whether parse errors yield exceptions
-  */
-  explicit json_sax_dom_parser(BasicJsonType &r, const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
-      : root(r), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_) {}
-
-  // make class move-only
-  json_sax_dom_parser(const json_sax_dom_parser &) = delete;
-  json_sax_dom_parser(json_sax_dom_parser &&) =
-      default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  json_sax_dom_parser &operator=(const json_sax_dom_parser &) = delete;
-  json_sax_dom_parser &
-  operator=(json_sax_dom_parser &&) = default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  ~json_sax_dom_parser() = default;
-
-  bool null() {
-    handle_value(nullptr);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool boolean(bool val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t & /*unused*/) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool string(string_t &val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool binary(binary_t &val) {
-    handle_value(std::move(val));
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool start_object(std::size_t len) {
-    ref_stack.push_back(handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::object));
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool key(string_t &val) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(!ref_stack.empty());
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-
-    // add null at given key and store the reference for later
-    object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.object->operator[](val));
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool end_object() {
-    JSON_ASSERT(!ref_stack.empty());
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-
-    ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-    ref_stack.pop_back();
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool start_array(std::size_t len) {
-    ref_stack.push_back(handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::array));
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool end_array() {
-    JSON_ASSERT(!ref_stack.empty());
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_array());
-
-    ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-    ref_stack.pop_back();
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  template <class Exception>
-  bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string & /*unused*/, const Exception &ex) {
-    errored = true;
-    static_cast<void>(ex);
-    if (allow_exceptions) {
-      JSON_THROW(ex);
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  constexpr bool is_errored() const { return errored; }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @invariant If the ref stack is empty, then the passed value will be the new
-             root.
-  @invariant If the ref stack contains a value, then it is an array or an
-             object to which we can add elements
-  */
-  template <typename Value> JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL BasicJsonType *handle_value(Value &&v) {
-    if (ref_stack.empty()) {
-      root = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
-      return &root;
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_array() || ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-
-    if (ref_stack.back()->is_array()) {
-      ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Value>(v));
-      return &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->back());
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-    JSON_ASSERT(object_element);
-    *object_element = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
-    return object_element;
-  }
-
-  /// the parsed JSON value
-  BasicJsonType &root;
-  /// stack to model hierarchy of values
-  std::vector<BasicJsonType *> ref_stack{};
-  /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
-  BasicJsonType *object_element = nullptr;
-  /// whether a syntax error occurred
-  bool errored = false;
-  /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
-  const bool allow_exceptions = true;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_sax_dom_callback_parser {
-public:
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-  using parser_callback_t = typename BasicJsonType::parser_callback_t;
-  using parse_event_t = typename BasicJsonType::parse_event_t;
-
-  json_sax_dom_callback_parser(BasicJsonType &r, const parser_callback_t cb, const bool allow_exceptions_ = true)
-      : root(r), callback(cb), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_) {
-    keep_stack.push_back(true);
-  }
-
-  // make class move-only
-  json_sax_dom_callback_parser(const json_sax_dom_callback_parser &) = delete;
-  json_sax_dom_callback_parser(json_sax_dom_callback_parser &&) =
-      default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  json_sax_dom_callback_parser &operator=(const json_sax_dom_callback_parser &) = delete;
-  json_sax_dom_callback_parser &operator=(json_sax_dom_callback_parser &&) =
-      default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  ~json_sax_dom_callback_parser() = default;
-
-  bool null() {
-    handle_value(nullptr);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool boolean(bool val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool number_integer(number_integer_t val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t & /*unused*/) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool string(string_t &val) {
-    handle_value(val);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool binary(binary_t &val) {
-    handle_value(std::move(val));
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool start_object(std::size_t len) {
-    // check callback for object start
-    const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::object_start, discarded);
-    keep_stack.push_back(keep);
-
-    auto val = handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::object, true);
-    ref_stack.push_back(val.second);
-
-    // check object limit
-    if (ref_stack.back() &&
-        JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool key(string_t &val) {
-    BasicJsonType k = BasicJsonType(val);
-
-    // check callback for key
-    const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::key, k);
-    key_keep_stack.push_back(keep);
-
-    // add discarded value at given key and store the reference for later
-    if (keep && ref_stack.back()) {
-      object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.object->operator[](val) = discarded);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool end_object() {
-    if (ref_stack.back()) {
-      if (!callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1, parse_event_t::object_end, *ref_stack.back())) {
-        // discard object
-        *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
-      } else {
-        ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(!ref_stack.empty());
-    JSON_ASSERT(!keep_stack.empty());
-    ref_stack.pop_back();
-    keep_stack.pop_back();
-
-    if (!ref_stack.empty() && ref_stack.back() && ref_stack.back()->is_structured()) {
-      // remove discarded value
-      for (auto it = ref_stack.back()->begin(); it != ref_stack.back()->end(); ++it) {
-        if (it->is_discarded()) {
-          ref_stack.back()->erase(it);
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool start_array(std::size_t len) {
-    const bool keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::array_start, discarded);
-    keep_stack.push_back(keep);
-
-    auto val = handle_value(BasicJsonType::value_t::array, true);
-    ref_stack.push_back(val.second);
-
-    // check array limit
-    if (ref_stack.back() &&
-        JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size())) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool end_array() {
-    bool keep = true;
-
-    if (ref_stack.back()) {
-      keep = callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1, parse_event_t::array_end, *ref_stack.back());
-      if (keep) {
-        ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-      } else {
-        // discard array
-        *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(!ref_stack.empty());
-    JSON_ASSERT(!keep_stack.empty());
-    ref_stack.pop_back();
-    keep_stack.pop_back();
-
-    // remove discarded value
-    if (!keep && !ref_stack.empty() && ref_stack.back()->is_array()) {
-      ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->pop_back();
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  template <class Exception>
-  bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string & /*unused*/, const Exception &ex) {
-    errored = true;
-    static_cast<void>(ex);
-    if (allow_exceptions) {
-      JSON_THROW(ex);
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  constexpr bool is_errored() const { return errored; }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @param[in] v  value to add to the JSON value we build during parsing
-  @param[in] skip_callback  whether we should skip calling the callback
-             function; this is required after start_array() and
-             start_object() SAX events, because otherwise we would call the
-             callback function with an empty array or object, respectively.
-
-  @invariant If the ref stack is empty, then the passed value will be the new
-             root.
-  @invariant If the ref stack contains a value, then it is an array or an
-             object to which we can add elements
-
-  @return pair of boolean (whether value should be kept) and pointer (to the
-          passed value in the ref_stack hierarchy; nullptr if not kept)
-  */
-  template <typename Value> std::pair<bool, BasicJsonType *> handle_value(Value &&v, const bool skip_callback = false) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(!keep_stack.empty());
-
-    // do not handle this value if we know it would be added to a discarded
-    // container
-    if (!keep_stack.back()) {
-      return {false, nullptr};
-    }
-
-    // create value
-    auto value = BasicJsonType(std::forward<Value>(v));
-
-    // check callback
-    const bool keep = skip_callback || callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()), parse_event_t::value, value);
-
-    // do not handle this value if we just learnt it shall be discarded
-    if (!keep) {
-      return {false, nullptr};
-    }
-
-    if (ref_stack.empty()) {
-      root = std::move(value);
-      return {true, &root};
-    }
-
-    // skip this value if we already decided to skip the parent
-    // (https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/971#issuecomment-413678360)
-    if (!ref_stack.back()) {
-      return {false, nullptr};
-    }
-
-    // we now only expect arrays and objects
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_array() || ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-
-    // array
-    if (ref_stack.back()->is_array()) {
-      ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->emplace_back(std::move(value));
-      return {true, &(ref_stack.back()->m_value.array->back())};
-    }
-
-    // object
-    JSON_ASSERT(ref_stack.back()->is_object());
-    // check if we should store an element for the current key
-    JSON_ASSERT(!key_keep_stack.empty());
-    const bool store_element = key_keep_stack.back();
-    key_keep_stack.pop_back();
-
-    if (!store_element) {
-      return {false, nullptr};
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(object_element);
-    *object_element = std::move(value);
-    return {true, object_element};
-  }
-
-  /// the parsed JSON value
-  BasicJsonType &root;
-  /// stack to model hierarchy of values
-  std::vector<BasicJsonType *> ref_stack{};
-  /// stack to manage which values to keep
-  std::vector<bool> keep_stack{};
-  /// stack to manage which object keys to keep
-  std::vector<bool> key_keep_stack{};
-  /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
-  BasicJsonType *object_element = nullptr;
-  /// whether a syntax error occurred
-  bool errored = false;
-  /// callback function
-  const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
-  /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
-  const bool allow_exceptions = true;
-  /// a discarded value for the callback
-  BasicJsonType discarded = BasicJsonType::value_t::discarded;
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_sax_acceptor {
-public:
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-
-  bool null() { return true; }
-
-  bool boolean(bool /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool number_integer(number_integer_t /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool number_float(number_float_t /*unused*/, const string_t & /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool string(string_t & /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool binary(binary_t & /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool start_object(std::size_t /*unused*/ = static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) { return true; }
-
-  bool key(string_t & /*unused*/) { return true; }
-
-  bool end_object() { return true; }
-
-  bool start_array(std::size_t /*unused*/ = static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) { return true; }
-
-  bool end_array() { return true; }
-
-  bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string & /*unused*/, const detail::exception & /*unused*/) {
-    return false;
-  }
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <array>            // array
-#include <clocale>          // localeconv
-#include <cstddef>          // size_t
-#include <cstdio>           // snprintf
-#include <cstdlib>          // strtof, strtod, strtold, strtoll, strtoull
-#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
-#include <string>           // char_traits, string
-#include <utility>          // move
-#include <vector>           // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/position_t.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-///////////
-// lexer //
-///////////
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> class lexer_base {
-public:
-  /// token types for the parser
-  enum class token_type {
-    uninitialized,   ///< indicating the scanner is uninitialized
-    literal_true,    ///< the `true` literal
-    literal_false,   ///< the `false` literal
-    literal_null,    ///< the `null` literal
-    value_string,    ///< a string -- use get_string() for actual value
-    value_unsigned,  ///< an unsigned integer -- use get_number_unsigned() for actual value
-    value_integer,   ///< a signed integer -- use get_number_integer() for actual value
-    value_float,     ///< an floating point number -- use get_number_float() for actual value
-    begin_array,     ///< the character for array begin `[`
-    begin_object,    ///< the character for object begin `{`
-    end_array,       ///< the character for array end `]`
-    end_object,      ///< the character for object end `}`
-    name_separator,  ///< the name separator `:`
-    value_separator, ///< the value separator `,`
-    parse_error,     ///< indicating a parse error
-    end_of_input,    ///< indicating the end of the input buffer
-    literal_or_value ///< a literal or the begin of a value (only for diagnostics)
-  };
-
-  /// return name of values of type token_type (only used for errors)
-  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-  JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
-  static const char *token_type_name(const token_type t) noexcept {
-    switch (t) {
-    case token_type::uninitialized:
-      return "<uninitialized>";
-    case token_type::literal_true:
-      return "true literal";
-    case token_type::literal_false:
-      return "false literal";
-    case token_type::literal_null:
-      return "null literal";
-    case token_type::value_string:
-      return "string literal";
-    case token_type::value_unsigned:
-    case token_type::value_integer:
-    case token_type::value_float:
-      return "number literal";
-    case token_type::begin_array:
-      return "'['";
-    case token_type::begin_object:
-      return "'{'";
-    case token_type::end_array:
-      return "']'";
-    case token_type::end_object:
-      return "'}'";
-    case token_type::name_separator:
-      return "':'";
-    case token_type::value_separator:
-      return "','";
-    case token_type::parse_error:
-      return "<parse error>";
-    case token_type::end_of_input:
-      return "end of input";
-    case token_type::literal_or_value:
-      return "'[', '{', or a literal";
-    // LCOV_EXCL_START
-    default: // catch non-enum values
-      return "unknown token";
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    }
-  }
-};
-/*!
-@brief lexical analysis
-
-This class organizes the lexical analysis during JSON deserialization.
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename InputAdapterType> class lexer : public lexer_base<BasicJsonType> {
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using char_type = typename InputAdapterType::char_type;
-  using char_int_type = typename std::char_traits<char_type>::int_type;
-
-public:
-  using token_type = typename lexer_base<BasicJsonType>::token_type;
-
-  explicit lexer(InputAdapterType &&adapter, bool ignore_comments_ = false) noexcept
-      : ia(std::move(adapter)),
-        ignore_comments(ignore_comments_),
-        decimal_point_char(static_cast<char_int_type>(get_decimal_point())) {}
-
-  // delete because of pointer members
-  lexer(const lexer &) = delete;
-  lexer(lexer &&) = default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  lexer &operator=(lexer &) = delete;
-  lexer &operator=(lexer &&) = default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  ~lexer() = default;
-
-private:
-  /////////////////////
-  // locales
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /// return the locale-dependent decimal point
-  JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-  static char get_decimal_point() noexcept {
-    const auto *loc = localeconv();
-    JSON_ASSERT(loc != nullptr);
-    return (loc->decimal_point == nullptr) ? '.' : *(loc->decimal_point);
-  }
-
-  /////////////////////
-  // scan functions
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get codepoint from 4 hex characters following `\u`
-
-  For input "\u c1 c2 c3 c4" the codepoint is:
-    (c1 * 0x1000) + (c2 * 0x0100) + (c3 * 0x0010) + c4
-  = (c1 << 12) + (c2 << 8) + (c3 << 4) + (c4 << 0)
-
-  Furthermore, the possible characters '0'..'9', 'A'..'F', and 'a'..'f'
-  must be converted to the integers 0x0..0x9, 0xA..0xF, 0xA..0xF, resp. The
-  conversion is done by subtracting the offset (0x30, 0x37, and 0x57)
-  between the ASCII value of the character and the desired integer value.
-
-  @return codepoint (0x0000..0xFFFF) or -1 in case of an error (e.g. EOF or
-          non-hex character)
-  */
-  int get_codepoint() {
-    // this function only makes sense after reading `\u`
-    JSON_ASSERT(current == 'u');
-    int codepoint = 0;
-
-    const auto factors = {12u, 8u, 4u, 0u};
-    for (const auto factor : factors) {
-      get();
-
-      if (current >= '0' && current <= '9') {
-        codepoint += static_cast<int>((static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x30u) << factor);
-      } else if (current >= 'A' && current <= 'F') {
-        codepoint += static_cast<int>((static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x37u) << factor);
-      } else if (current >= 'a' && current <= 'f') {
-        codepoint += static_cast<int>((static_cast<unsigned int>(current) - 0x57u) << factor);
-      } else {
-        return -1;
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(0x0000 <= codepoint && codepoint <= 0xFFFF);
-    return codepoint;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief check if the next byte(s) are inside a given range
-
-  Adds the current byte and, for each passed range, reads a new byte and
-  checks if it is inside the range. If a violation was detected, set up an
-  error message and return false. Otherwise, return true.
-
-  @param[in] ranges  list of integers; interpreted as list of pairs of
-                     inclusive lower and upper bound, respectively
-
-  @pre The passed list @a ranges must have 2, 4, or 6 elements; that is,
-       1, 2, or 3 pairs. This precondition is enforced by an assertion.
-
-  @return true if and only if no range violation was detected
-  */
-  bool next_byte_in_range(std::initializer_list<char_int_type> ranges) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(ranges.size() == 2 || ranges.size() == 4 || ranges.size() == 6);
-    add(current);
-
-    for (auto range = ranges.begin(); range != ranges.end(); ++range) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(*range <= current && current <= *(++range))) {
-        add(current);
-      } else {
-        error_message = "invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte";
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief scan a string literal
-
-  This function scans a string according to Sect. 7 of RFC 8259. While
-  scanning, bytes are escaped and copied into buffer token_buffer. Then the
-  function returns successfully, token_buffer is *not* null-terminated (as it
-  may contain \0 bytes), and token_buffer.size() is the number of bytes in the
-  string.
-
-  @return token_type::value_string if string could be successfully scanned,
-          token_type::parse_error otherwise
-
-  @note In case of errors, variable error_message contains a textual
-        description.
-  */
-  token_type scan_string() {
-    // reset token_buffer (ignore opening quote)
-    reset();
-
-    // we entered the function by reading an open quote
-    JSON_ASSERT(current == '\"');
-
-    while (true) {
-      // get next character
-      switch (get()) {
-      // end of file while parsing string
-      case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof(): {
-        error_message = "invalid string: missing closing quote";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      // closing quote
-      case '\"': {
-        return token_type::value_string;
-      }
-
-      // escapes
-      case '\\': {
-        switch (get()) {
-        // quotation mark
-        case '\"':
-          add('\"');
-          break;
-        // reverse solidus
-        case '\\':
-          add('\\');
-          break;
-        // solidus
-        case '/':
-          add('/');
-          break;
-        // backspace
-        case 'b':
-          add('\b');
-          break;
-        // form feed
-        case 'f':
-          add('\f');
-          break;
-        // line feed
-        case 'n':
-          add('\n');
-          break;
-        // carriage return
-        case 'r':
-          add('\r');
-          break;
-        // tab
-        case 't':
-          add('\t');
-          break;
-
-        // unicode escapes
-        case 'u': {
-          const int codepoint1 = get_codepoint();
-          int codepoint = codepoint1; // start with codepoint1
-
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(codepoint1 == -1)) {
-            error_message = "invalid string: '\\u' must be followed by 4 hex digits";
-            return token_type::parse_error;
-          }
-
-          // check if code point is a high surrogate
-          if (0xD800 <= codepoint1 && codepoint1 <= 0xDBFF) {
-            // expect next \uxxxx entry
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(get() == '\\' && get() == 'u')) {
-              const int codepoint2 = get_codepoint();
-
-              if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(codepoint2 == -1)) {
-                error_message = "invalid string: '\\u' must be followed by 4 hex digits";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-              }
-
-              // check if codepoint2 is a low surrogate
-              if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(0xDC00 <= codepoint2 && codepoint2 <= 0xDFFF)) {
-                // overwrite codepoint
-                codepoint = static_cast<int>(
-                    // high surrogate occupies the most significant 22 bits
-                    (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint1) << 10u)
-                    // low surrogate occupies the least significant 15 bits
-                    + static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint2)
-                    // there is still the 0xD800, 0xDC00 and 0x10000 noise
-                    // in the result, so we have to subtract with:
-                    // (0xD800 << 10) + DC00 - 0x10000 = 0x35FDC00
-                    - 0x35FDC00u);
-              } else {
-                error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+D800..U+DBFF must be followed by U+DC00..U+DFFF";
-                return token_type::parse_error;
-              }
-            } else {
-              error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+D800..U+DBFF must be followed by U+DC00..U+DFFF";
-              return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
-          } else {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(0xDC00 <= codepoint1 && codepoint1 <= 0xDFFF)) {
-              error_message = "invalid string: surrogate U+DC00..U+DFFF must follow U+D800..U+DBFF";
-              return token_type::parse_error;
-            }
-          }
-
-          // result of the above calculation yields a proper codepoint
-          JSON_ASSERT(0x00 <= codepoint && codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
-
-          // translate codepoint into bytes
-          if (codepoint < 0x80) {
-            // 1-byte characters: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII)
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(codepoint));
-          } else if (codepoint <= 0x7FF) {
-            // 2-byte characters: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0xC0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u)));
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
-          } else if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
-            // 3-byte characters: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0xE0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 12u)));
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu)));
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
-          } else {
-            // 4-byte characters: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0xF0u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 18u)));
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 12u) & 0x3Fu)));
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0x80u | ((static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) >> 6u) & 0x3Fu)));
-            add(static_cast<char_int_type>(0x80u | (static_cast<unsigned int>(codepoint) & 0x3Fu)));
-          }
-
-          break;
-        }
-
-        // other characters after escape
-        default:
-          error_message = "invalid string: forbidden character after backslash";
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // invalid control characters
-      case 0x00: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0000 (NUL) must be escaped to \\u0000";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x01: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0001 (SOH) must be escaped to \\u0001";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x02: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0002 (STX) must be escaped to \\u0002";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x03: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0003 (ETX) must be escaped to \\u0003";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x04: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0004 (EOT) must be escaped to \\u0004";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x05: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0005 (ENQ) must be escaped to \\u0005";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x06: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0006 (ACK) must be escaped to \\u0006";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x07: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0007 (BEL) must be escaped to \\u0007";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x08: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0008 (BS) must be escaped to \\u0008 or \\b";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x09: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0009 (HT) must be escaped to \\u0009 or \\t";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x0A: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000A (LF) must be escaped to \\u000A or \\n";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x0B: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000B (VT) must be escaped to \\u000B";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x0C: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000C (FF) must be escaped to \\u000C or \\f";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x0D: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000D (CR) must be escaped to \\u000D or \\r";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x0E: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000E (SO) must be escaped to \\u000E";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x0F: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+000F (SI) must be escaped to \\u000F";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x10: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0010 (DLE) must be escaped to \\u0010";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x11: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0011 (DC1) must be escaped to \\u0011";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x12: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0012 (DC2) must be escaped to \\u0012";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x13: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0013 (DC3) must be escaped to \\u0013";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x14: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0014 (DC4) must be escaped to \\u0014";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x15: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0015 (NAK) must be escaped to \\u0015";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x16: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0016 (SYN) must be escaped to \\u0016";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x17: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0017 (ETB) must be escaped to \\u0017";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x18: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0018 (CAN) must be escaped to \\u0018";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x19: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+0019 (EM) must be escaped to \\u0019";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x1A: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001A (SUB) must be escaped to \\u001A";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x1B: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001B (ESC) must be escaped to \\u001B";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x1C: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001C (FS) must be escaped to \\u001C";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x1D: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001D (GS) must be escaped to \\u001D";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x1E: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001E (RS) must be escaped to \\u001E";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      case 0x1F: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: control character U+001F (US) must be escaped to \\u001F";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      // U+0020..U+007F (except U+0022 (quote) and U+005C (backspace))
-      case 0x20:
-      case 0x21:
-      case 0x23:
-      case 0x24:
-      case 0x25:
-      case 0x26:
-      case 0x27:
-      case 0x28:
-      case 0x29:
-      case 0x2A:
-      case 0x2B:
-      case 0x2C:
-      case 0x2D:
-      case 0x2E:
-      case 0x2F:
-      case 0x30:
-      case 0x31:
-      case 0x32:
-      case 0x33:
-      case 0x34:
-      case 0x35:
-      case 0x36:
-      case 0x37:
-      case 0x38:
-      case 0x39:
-      case 0x3A:
-      case 0x3B:
-      case 0x3C:
-      case 0x3D:
-      case 0x3E:
-      case 0x3F:
-      case 0x40:
-      case 0x41:
-      case 0x42:
-      case 0x43:
-      case 0x44:
-      case 0x45:
-      case 0x46:
-      case 0x47:
-      case 0x48:
-      case 0x49:
-      case 0x4A:
-      case 0x4B:
-      case 0x4C:
-      case 0x4D:
-      case 0x4E:
-      case 0x4F:
-      case 0x50:
-      case 0x51:
-      case 0x52:
-      case 0x53:
-      case 0x54:
-      case 0x55:
-      case 0x56:
-      case 0x57:
-      case 0x58:
-      case 0x59:
-      case 0x5A:
-      case 0x5B:
-      case 0x5D:
-      case 0x5E:
-      case 0x5F:
-      case 0x60:
-      case 0x61:
-      case 0x62:
-      case 0x63:
-      case 0x64:
-      case 0x65:
-      case 0x66:
-      case 0x67:
-      case 0x68:
-      case 0x69:
-      case 0x6A:
-      case 0x6B:
-      case 0x6C:
-      case 0x6D:
-      case 0x6E:
-      case 0x6F:
-      case 0x70:
-      case 0x71:
-      case 0x72:
-      case 0x73:
-      case 0x74:
-      case 0x75:
-      case 0x76:
-      case 0x77:
-      case 0x78:
-      case 0x79:
-      case 0x7A:
-      case 0x7B:
-      case 0x7C:
-      case 0x7D:
-      case 0x7E:
-      case 0x7F: {
-        add(current);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+0080..U+07FF: bytes C2..DF 80..BF
-      case 0xC2:
-      case 0xC3:
-      case 0xC4:
-      case 0xC5:
-      case 0xC6:
-      case 0xC7:
-      case 0xC8:
-      case 0xC9:
-      case 0xCA:
-      case 0xCB:
-      case 0xCC:
-      case 0xCD:
-      case 0xCE:
-      case 0xCF:
-      case 0xD0:
-      case 0xD1:
-      case 0xD2:
-      case 0xD3:
-      case 0xD4:
-      case 0xD5:
-      case 0xD6:
-      case 0xD7:
-      case 0xD8:
-      case 0xD9:
-      case 0xDA:
-      case 0xDB:
-      case 0xDC:
-      case 0xDD:
-      case 0xDE:
-      case 0xDF: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF}))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+0800..U+0FFF: bytes E0 A0..BF 80..BF
-      case 0xE0: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(next_byte_in_range({0xA0, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+1000..U+CFFF: bytes E1..EC 80..BF 80..BF
-      // U+E000..U+FFFF: bytes EE..EF 80..BF 80..BF
-      case 0xE1:
-      case 0xE2:
-      case 0xE3:
-      case 0xE4:
-      case 0xE5:
-      case 0xE6:
-      case 0xE7:
-      case 0xE8:
-      case 0xE9:
-      case 0xEA:
-      case 0xEB:
-      case 0xEC:
-      case 0xEE:
-      case 0xEF: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+D000..U+D7FF: bytes ED 80..9F 80..BF
-      case 0xED: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0x9F, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+10000..U+3FFFF F0 90..BF 80..BF 80..BF
-      case 0xF0: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(next_byte_in_range({0x90, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+40000..U+FFFFF F1..F3 80..BF 80..BF 80..BF
-      case 0xF1:
-      case 0xF2:
-      case 0xF3: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // U+100000..U+10FFFF F4 80..8F 80..BF 80..BF
-      case 0xF4: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(next_byte_in_range({0x80, 0x8F, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xBF})))) {
-          return token_type::parse_error;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // remaining bytes (80..C1 and F5..FF) are ill-formed
-      default: {
-        error_message = "invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-   * @brief scan a comment
-   * @return whether comment could be scanned successfully
-   */
-  bool scan_comment() {
-    switch (get()) {
-    // single-line comments skip input until a newline or EOF is read
-    case '/': {
-      while (true) {
-        switch (get()) {
-        case '\n':
-        case '\r':
-        case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof():
-        case '\0':
-          return true;
-
-        default:
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // multi-line comments skip input until */ is read
-    case '*': {
-      while (true) {
-        switch (get()) {
-        case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof():
-        case '\0': {
-          error_message = "invalid comment; missing closing '*/'";
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        case '*': {
-          switch (get()) {
-          case '/':
-            return true;
-
-          default: {
-            unget();
-            continue;
-          }
-          }
-        }
-
-        default:
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // unexpected character after reading '/'
-    default: {
-      error_message = "invalid comment; expecting '/' or '*' after '/'";
-      return false;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  static void strtof(float &f, const char *str, char **endptr) noexcept { f = std::strtof(str, endptr); }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  static void strtof(double &f, const char *str, char **endptr) noexcept { f = std::strtod(str, endptr); }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  static void strtof(long double &f, const char *str, char **endptr) noexcept { f = std::strtold(str, endptr); }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief scan a number literal
-
-  This function scans a string according to Sect. 6 of RFC 8259.
-
-  The function is realized with a deterministic finite state machine derived
-  from the grammar described in RFC 8259. Starting in state "init", the
-  input is read and used to determined the next state. Only state "done"
-  accepts the number. State "error" is a trap state to model errors. In the
-  table below, "anything" means any character but the ones listed before.
-
-  state    | 0        | 1-9      | e E      | +       | -       | .        | anything
-  ---------|----------|----------|----------|---------|---------|----------|-----------
-  init     | zero     | any1     | [error]  | [error] | minus   | [error]  | [error]
-  minus    | zero     | any1     | [error]  | [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error]
-  zero     | done     | done     | exponent | done    | done    | decimal1 | done
-  any1     | any1     | any1     | exponent | done    | done    | decimal1 | done
-  decimal1 | decimal2 | decimal2 | [error]  | [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error]
-  decimal2 | decimal2 | decimal2 | exponent | done    | done    | done     | done
-  exponent | any2     | any2     | [error]  | sign    | sign    | [error]  | [error]
-  sign     | any2     | any2     | [error]  | [error] | [error] | [error]  | [error]
-  any2     | any2     | any2     | done     | done    | done    | done     | done
-
-  The state machine is realized with one label per state (prefixed with
-  "scan_number_") and `goto` statements between them. The state machine
-  contains cycles, but any cycle can be left when EOF is read. Therefore,
-  the function is guaranteed to terminate.
-
-  During scanning, the read bytes are stored in token_buffer. This string is
-  then converted to a signed integer, an unsigned integer, or a
-  floating-point number.
-
-  @return token_type::value_unsigned, token_type::value_integer, or
-          token_type::value_float if number could be successfully scanned,
-          token_type::parse_error otherwise
-
-  @note The scanner is independent of the current locale. Internally, the
-        locale's decimal point is used instead of `.` to work with the
-        locale-dependent converters.
-  */
-  token_type scan_number() // lgtm [cpp/use-of-goto]
-  {
-    // reset token_buffer to store the number's bytes
-    reset();
-
-    // the type of the parsed number; initially set to unsigned; will be
-    // changed if minus sign, decimal point or exponent is read
-    token_type number_type = token_type::value_unsigned;
-
-    // state (init): we just found out we need to scan a number
-    switch (current) {
-    case '-': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_minus;
-    }
-
-    case '0': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_zero;
-    }
-
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_any1;
-    }
-
-    // all other characters are rejected outside scan_number()
-    default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-  scan_number_minus:
-    // state: we just parsed a leading minus sign
-    number_type = token_type::value_integer;
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '0': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_zero;
-    }
-
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_any1;
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after '-'";
-      return token_type::parse_error;
-    }
-    }
-
-  scan_number_zero:
-    // state: we just parse a zero (maybe with a leading minus sign)
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '.': {
-      add(decimal_point_char);
-      goto scan_number_decimal1;
-    }
-
-    case 'e':
-    case 'E': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_exponent;
-    }
-
-    default:
-      goto scan_number_done;
-    }
-
-  scan_number_any1:
-    // state: we just parsed a number 0-9 (maybe with a leading minus sign)
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_any1;
-    }
-
-    case '.': {
-      add(decimal_point_char);
-      goto scan_number_decimal1;
-    }
-
-    case 'e':
-    case 'E': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_exponent;
-    }
-
-    default:
-      goto scan_number_done;
-    }
-
-  scan_number_decimal1:
-    // state: we just parsed a decimal point
-    number_type = token_type::value_float;
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_decimal2;
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after '.'";
-      return token_type::parse_error;
-    }
-    }
-
-  scan_number_decimal2:
-    // we just parsed at least one number after a decimal point
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_decimal2;
-    }
-
-    case 'e':
-    case 'E': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_exponent;
-    }
-
-    default:
-      goto scan_number_done;
-    }
-
-  scan_number_exponent:
-    // we just parsed an exponent
-    number_type = token_type::value_float;
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '+':
-    case '-': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_sign;
-    }
-
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_any2;
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      error_message = "invalid number; expected '+', '-', or digit after exponent";
-      return token_type::parse_error;
-    }
-    }
-
-  scan_number_sign:
-    // we just parsed an exponent sign
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_any2;
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      error_message = "invalid number; expected digit after exponent sign";
-      return token_type::parse_error;
-    }
-    }
-
-  scan_number_any2:
-    // we just parsed a number after the exponent or exponent sign
-    switch (get()) {
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9': {
-      add(current);
-      goto scan_number_any2;
-    }
-
-    default:
-      goto scan_number_done;
-    }
-
-  scan_number_done:
-    // unget the character after the number (we only read it to know that
-    // we are done scanning a number)
-    unget();
-
-    char *endptr = nullptr; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-    errno = 0;
-
-    // try to parse integers first and fall back to floats
-    if (number_type == token_type::value_unsigned) {
-      const auto x = std::strtoull(token_buffer.data(), &endptr, 10);
-
-      // we checked the number format before
-      JSON_ASSERT(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
-
-      if (errno == 0) {
-        value_unsigned = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(x);
-        if (value_unsigned == x) {
-          return token_type::value_unsigned;
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (number_type == token_type::value_integer) {
-      const auto x = std::strtoll(token_buffer.data(), &endptr, 10);
-
-      // we checked the number format before
-      JSON_ASSERT(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
-
-      if (errno == 0) {
-        value_integer = static_cast<number_integer_t>(x);
-        if (value_integer == x) {
-          return token_type::value_integer;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // this code is reached if we parse a floating-point number or if an
-    // integer conversion above failed
-    strtof(value_float, token_buffer.data(), &endptr);
-
-    // we checked the number format before
-    JSON_ASSERT(endptr == token_buffer.data() + token_buffer.size());
-
-    return token_type::value_float;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] literal_text  the literal text to expect
-  @param[in] length        the length of the passed literal text
-  @param[in] return_type   the token type to return on success
-  */
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  token_type scan_literal(const char_type *literal_text, const std::size_t length, token_type return_type) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(std::char_traits<char_type>::to_char_type(current) == literal_text[0]);
-    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < length; ++i) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(std::char_traits<char_type>::to_char_type(get()) != literal_text[i])) {
-        error_message = "invalid literal";
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-    }
-    return return_type;
-  }
-
-  /////////////////////
-  // input management
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /// reset token_buffer; current character is beginning of token
-  void reset() noexcept {
-    token_buffer.clear();
-    token_string.clear();
-    token_string.push_back(std::char_traits<char_type>::to_char_type(current));
-  }
-
-  /*
-  @brief get next character from the input
-
-  This function provides the interface to the used input adapter. It does
-  not throw in case the input reached EOF, but returns a
-  `std::char_traits<char>::eof()` in that case.  Stores the scanned characters
-  for use in error messages.
-
-  @return character read from the input
-  */
-  char_int_type get() {
-    ++position.chars_read_total;
-    ++position.chars_read_current_line;
-
-    if (next_unget) {
-      // just reset the next_unget variable and work with current
-      next_unget = false;
-    } else {
-      current = ia.get_character();
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char_type>::eof())) {
-      token_string.push_back(std::char_traits<char_type>::to_char_type(current));
-    }
-
-    if (current == '\n') {
-      ++position.lines_read;
-      position.chars_read_current_line = 0;
-    }
-
-    return current;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief unget current character (read it again on next get)
-
-  We implement unget by setting variable next_unget to true. The input is not
-  changed - we just simulate ungetting by modifying chars_read_total,
-  chars_read_current_line, and token_string. The next call to get() will
-  behave as if the unget character is read again.
-  */
-  void unget() {
-    next_unget = true;
-
-    --position.chars_read_total;
-
-    // in case we "unget" a newline, we have to also decrement the lines_read
-    if (position.chars_read_current_line == 0) {
-      if (position.lines_read > 0) {
-        --position.lines_read;
-      }
-    } else {
-      --position.chars_read_current_line;
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char_type>::eof())) {
-      JSON_ASSERT(!token_string.empty());
-      token_string.pop_back();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// add a character to token_buffer
-  void add(char_int_type c) { token_buffer.push_back(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(c)); }
-
-public:
-  /////////////////////
-  // value getters
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /// return integer value
-  constexpr number_integer_t get_number_integer() const noexcept { return value_integer; }
-
-  /// return unsigned integer value
-  constexpr number_unsigned_t get_number_unsigned() const noexcept { return value_unsigned; }
-
-  /// return floating-point value
-  constexpr number_float_t get_number_float() const noexcept { return value_float; }
-
-  /// return current string value (implicitly resets the token; useful only once)
-  string_t &get_string() { return token_buffer; }
-
-  /////////////////////
-  // diagnostics
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /// return position of last read token
-  constexpr position_t get_position() const noexcept { return position; }
-
-  /// return the last read token (for errors only).  Will never contain EOF
-  /// (an arbitrary value that is not a valid char value, often -1), because
-  /// 255 may legitimately occur.  May contain NUL, which should be escaped.
-  std::string get_token_string() const {
-    // escape control characters
-    std::string result;
-    for (const auto c : token_string) {
-      if (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) <= '\x1F') {
-        // escape control characters
-        std::array<char, 9> cs{{}};
-        static_cast<void>(
-            (std::snprintf)(cs.data(),
-                            cs.size(),
-                            "<U+%.4X>",
-                            static_cast<unsigned char>(c))); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-        result += cs.data();
-      } else {
-        // add character as is
-        result.push_back(static_cast<std::string::value_type>(c));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// return syntax error message
-  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-  constexpr const char *get_error_message() const noexcept { return error_message; }
-
-  /////////////////////
-  // actual scanner
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /*!
-  @brief skip the UTF-8 byte order mark
-  @return true iff there is no BOM or the correct BOM has been skipped
-  */
-  bool skip_bom() {
-    if (get() == 0xEF) {
-      // check if we completely parse the BOM
-      return get() == 0xBB && get() == 0xBF;
-    }
-
-    // the first character is not the beginning of the BOM; unget it to
-    // process is later
-    unget();
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  void skip_whitespace() {
-    do {
-      get();
-    } while (current == ' ' || current == '\t' || current == '\n' || current == '\r');
-  }
-
-  token_type scan() {
-    // initially, skip the BOM
-    if (position.chars_read_total == 0 && !skip_bom()) {
-      error_message = "invalid BOM; must be 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF if given";
-      return token_type::parse_error;
-    }
-
-    // read next character and ignore whitespace
-    skip_whitespace();
-
-    // ignore comments
-    while (ignore_comments && current == '/') {
-      if (!scan_comment()) {
-        return token_type::parse_error;
-      }
-
-      // skip following whitespace
-      skip_whitespace();
-    }
-
-    switch (current) {
-    // structural characters
-    case '[':
-      return token_type::begin_array;
-    case ']':
-      return token_type::end_array;
-    case '{':
-      return token_type::begin_object;
-    case '}':
-      return token_type::end_object;
-    case ':':
-      return token_type::name_separator;
-    case ',':
-      return token_type::value_separator;
-
-    // literals
-    case 't': {
-      std::array<char_type, 4> true_literal = {{static_cast<char_type>('t'),
-                                                static_cast<char_type>('r'),
-                                                static_cast<char_type>('u'),
-                                                static_cast<char_type>('e')}};
-      return scan_literal(true_literal.data(), true_literal.size(), token_type::literal_true);
-    }
-    case 'f': {
-      std::array<char_type, 5> false_literal = {{static_cast<char_type>('f'),
-                                                 static_cast<char_type>('a'),
-                                                 static_cast<char_type>('l'),
-                                                 static_cast<char_type>('s'),
-                                                 static_cast<char_type>('e')}};
-      return scan_literal(false_literal.data(), false_literal.size(), token_type::literal_false);
-    }
-    case 'n': {
-      std::array<char_type, 4> null_literal = {{static_cast<char_type>('n'),
-                                                static_cast<char_type>('u'),
-                                                static_cast<char_type>('l'),
-                                                static_cast<char_type>('l')}};
-      return scan_literal(null_literal.data(), null_literal.size(), token_type::literal_null);
-    }
-
-    // string
-    case '\"':
-      return scan_string();
-
-    // number
-    case '-':
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9':
-      return scan_number();
-
-    // end of input (the null byte is needed when parsing from
-    // string literals)
-    case '\0':
-    case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof():
-      return token_type::end_of_input;
-
-    // error
-    default:
-      error_message = "invalid literal";
-      return token_type::parse_error;
-    }
-  }
-
-private:
-  /// input adapter
-  InputAdapterType ia;
-
-  /// whether comments should be ignored (true) or signaled as errors (false)
-  const bool ignore_comments = false;
-
-  /// the current character
-  char_int_type current = std::char_traits<char_type>::eof();
-
-  /// whether the next get() call should just return current
-  bool next_unget = false;
-
-  /// the start position of the current token
-  position_t position{};
-
-  /// raw input token string (for error messages)
-  std::vector<char_type> token_string{};
-
-  /// buffer for variable-length tokens (numbers, strings)
-  string_t token_buffer{};
-
-  /// a description of occurred lexer errors
-  const char *error_message = "";
-
-  // number values
-  number_integer_t value_integer = 0;
-  number_unsigned_t value_unsigned = 0;
-  number_float_t value_float = 0;
-
-  /// the decimal point
-  const char_int_type decimal_point_char = '.';
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/is_sax.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstdint> // size_t
-#include <string>  // string
-#include <utility> // declval
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/detected.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename T> using null_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().null());
-
-template <typename T> using boolean_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().boolean(std::declval<bool>()));
-
-template <typename T, typename Integer>
-using number_integer_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().number_integer(std::declval<Integer>()));
-
-template <typename T, typename Unsigned>
-using number_unsigned_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().number_unsigned(std::declval<Unsigned>()));
-
-template <typename T, typename Float, typename String>
-using number_float_function_t =
-    decltype(std::declval<T &>().number_float(std::declval<Float>(), std::declval<const String &>()));
-
-template <typename T, typename String>
-using string_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().string(std::declval<String &>()));
-
-template <typename T, typename Binary>
-using binary_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().binary(std::declval<Binary &>()));
-
-template <typename T>
-using start_object_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().start_object(std::declval<std::size_t>()));
-
-template <typename T, typename String>
-using key_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().key(std::declval<String &>()));
-
-template <typename T> using end_object_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().end_object());
-
-template <typename T>
-using start_array_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().start_array(std::declval<std::size_t>()));
-
-template <typename T> using end_array_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().end_array());
-
-template <typename T, typename Exception>
-using parse_error_function_t = decltype(std::declval<T &>().parse_error(
-    std::declval<std::size_t>(), std::declval<const std::string &>(), std::declval<const Exception &>()));
-
-template <typename SAX, typename BasicJsonType> struct is_sax {
-private:
-  static_assert(is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, "BasicJsonType must be of type basic_json<...>");
-
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-  using exception_t = typename BasicJsonType::exception;
-
-public:
-  static constexpr bool value =
-      is_detected_exact<bool, null_function_t, SAX>::value && is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, number_integer_function_t, SAX, number_integer_t>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, number_unsigned_function_t, SAX, number_unsigned_t>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, number_float_function_t, SAX, number_float_t, string_t>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, string_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, binary_function_t, SAX, binary_t>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, start_object_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, key_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, end_object_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, start_array_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, end_array_function_t, SAX>::value &&
-      is_detected_exact<bool, parse_error_function_t, SAX, exception_t>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename SAX, typename BasicJsonType> struct is_sax_static_asserts {
-private:
-  static_assert(is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, "BasicJsonType must be of type basic_json<...>");
-
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-  using exception_t = typename BasicJsonType::exception;
-
-public:
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, null_function_t, SAX>::value, "Missing/invalid function: bool null()");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool boolean(bool)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, boolean_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool boolean(bool)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, number_integer_function_t, SAX, number_integer_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool number_integer(number_integer_t)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, number_unsigned_function_t, SAX, number_unsigned_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, number_float_function_t, SAX, number_float_t, string_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool number_float(number_float_t, const string_t&)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, string_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool string(string_t&)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, binary_function_t, SAX, binary_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool binary(binary_t&)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, start_object_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool start_object(std::size_t)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, key_function_t, SAX, string_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool key(string_t&)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, end_object_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool end_object()");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, start_array_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool start_array(std::size_t)");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, end_array_function_t, SAX>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool end_array()");
-  static_assert(is_detected_exact<bool, parse_error_function_t, SAX, exception_t>::value,
-                "Missing/invalid function: bool parse_error(std::size_t, const "
-                "std::string&, const exception&)");
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/// how to treat CBOR tags
-enum class cbor_tag_handler_t {
-  error,  ///< throw a parse_error exception in case of a tag
-  ignore, ///< ignore tags
-  store   ///< store tags as binary type
-};
-
-/*!
-@brief determine system byte order
-
-@return true if and only if system's byte order is little endian
-
-@note from https://stackoverflow.com/a/1001328/266378
-*/
-static inline bool little_endianness(int num = 1) noexcept { return *reinterpret_cast<char *>(&num) == 1; }
-
-///////////////////
-// binary reader //
-///////////////////
-
-/*!
-@brief deserialization of CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON values
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename InputAdapterType, typename SAX = json_sax_dom_parser<BasicJsonType>>
-class binary_reader {
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-  using json_sax_t = SAX;
-  using char_type = typename InputAdapterType::char_type;
-  using char_int_type = typename std::char_traits<char_type>::int_type;
-
-public:
-  /*!
-  @brief create a binary reader
-
-  @param[in] adapter  input adapter to read from
-  */
-  explicit binary_reader(InputAdapterType &&adapter, const input_format_t format = input_format_t::json) noexcept
-      : ia(std::move(adapter)), input_format(format) {
-    (void)detail::is_sax_static_asserts<SAX, BasicJsonType>{};
-  }
-
-  // make class move-only
-  binary_reader(const binary_reader &) = delete;
-  binary_reader(binary_reader &&) = default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  binary_reader &operator=(const binary_reader &) = delete;
-  binary_reader &
-  operator=(binary_reader &&) = default; // NOLINT(hicpp-noexcept-move,performance-noexcept-move-constructor)
-  ~binary_reader() = default;
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] format  the binary format to parse
-  @param[in] sax_    a SAX event processor
-  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the input to be consumed completed
-  @param[in] tag_handler  how to treat CBOR tags
-
-  @return whether parsing was successful
-  */
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  bool sax_parse(const input_format_t format,
-                 json_sax_t *sax_,
-                 const bool strict = true,
-                 const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error) {
-    sax = sax_;
-    bool result = false;
-
-    switch (format) {
-    case input_format_t::bson:
-      result = parse_bson_internal();
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::cbor:
-      result = parse_cbor_internal(true, tag_handler);
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::msgpack:
-      result = parse_msgpack_internal();
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::ubjson:
-    case input_format_t::bjdata:
-      result = parse_ubjson_internal();
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::json: // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    default:                   // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      JSON_ASSERT(false);      // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-    // strict mode: next byte must be EOF
-    if (result && strict) {
-      if (input_format == input_format_t::ubjson || input_format == input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        get_ignore_noop();
-      } else {
-        get();
-      }
-
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current != std::char_traits<char_type>::eof())) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(110,
-                                chars_read,
-                                exception_message(input_format,
-                                                  concat("expected end of input; last byte: 0x", get_token_string()),
-                                                  "value"),
-                                nullptr));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-private:
-  //////////
-  // BSON //
-  //////////
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Reads in a BSON-object and passes it to the SAX-parser.
-  @return whether a valid BSON-value was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_bson_internal() {
-    std::int32_t document_size{};
-    get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, document_size);
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_bson_element_list(/*is_array*/ false))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_object();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Parses a C-style string from the BSON input.
-  @param[in,out] result  A reference to the string variable where the read
-                          string is to be stored.
-  @return `true` if the \x00-byte indicating the end of the string was
-           encountered before the EOF; false` indicates an unexpected EOF.
-  */
-  bool get_bson_cstr(string_t &result) {
-    auto out = std::back_inserter(result);
-    while (true) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::bson, "cstring"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (current == 0x00) {
-        return true;
-      }
-      *out++ = static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(current);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Parses a zero-terminated string of length @a len from the BSON
-         input.
-  @param[in] len  The length (including the zero-byte at the end) of the
-                  string to be read.
-  @param[in,out] result  A reference to the string variable where the read
-                          string is to be stored.
-  @tparam NumberType The type of the length @a len
-  @pre len >= 1
-  @return `true` if the string was successfully parsed
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType> bool get_bson_string(const NumberType len, string_t &result) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len < 1)) {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(112,
-                              chars_read,
-                              exception_message(input_format_t::bson,
-                                                concat("string length must be at least 1, is ", std::to_string(len)),
-                                                "string"),
-                              nullptr));
-    }
-
-    return get_string(input_format_t::bson, len - static_cast<NumberType>(1), result) &&
-           get() != std::char_traits<char_type>::eof();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Parses a byte array input of length @a len from the BSON input.
-  @param[in] len  The length of the byte array to be read.
-  @param[in,out] result  A reference to the binary variable where the read
-                          array is to be stored.
-  @tparam NumberType The type of the length @a len
-  @pre len >= 0
-  @return `true` if the byte array was successfully parsed
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType> bool get_bson_binary(const NumberType len, binary_t &result) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len < 0)) {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(chars_read,
-                              last_token,
-                              parse_error::create(112,
-                                                  chars_read,
-                                                  exception_message(input_format_t::bson,
-                                                                    concat("byte array length cannot be negative, is ",
-                                                                           std::to_string(len)),
-                                                                    "binary"),
-                                                  nullptr));
-    }
-
-    // All BSON binary values have a subtype
-    std::uint8_t subtype{};
-    get_number<std::uint8_t>(input_format_t::bson, subtype);
-    result.set_subtype(subtype);
-
-    return get_binary(input_format_t::bson, len, result);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Read a BSON document element of the given @a element_type.
-  @param[in] element_type The BSON element type, c.f. http://bsonspec.org/spec.html
-  @param[in] element_type_parse_position The position in the input stream,
-             where the `element_type` was read.
-  @warning Not all BSON element types are supported yet. An unsupported
-           @a element_type will give rise to a parse_error.114:
-           Unsupported BSON record type 0x...
-  @return whether a valid BSON-object/array was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_bson_element_internal(const char_int_type element_type, const std::size_t element_type_parse_position) {
-    switch (element_type) {
-    case 0x01: // double
-    {
-      double number{};
-      return get_number<double, true>(input_format_t::bson, number) &&
-             sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    case 0x02: // string
-    {
-      std::int32_t len{};
-      string_t value;
-      return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, len) && get_bson_string(len, value) &&
-             sax->string(value);
-    }
-
-    case 0x03: // object
-    {
-      return parse_bson_internal();
-    }
-
-    case 0x04: // array
-    {
-      return parse_bson_array();
-    }
-
-    case 0x05: // binary
-    {
-      std::int32_t len{};
-      binary_t value;
-      return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, len) && get_bson_binary(len, value) &&
-             sax->binary(value);
-    }
-
-    case 0x08: // boolean
-    {
-      return sax->boolean(get() != 0);
-    }
-
-    case 0x0A: // null
-    {
-      return sax->null();
-    }
-
-    case 0x10: // int32
-    {
-      std::int32_t value{};
-      return get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, value) && sax->number_integer(value);
-    }
-
-    case 0x12: // int64
-    {
-      std::int64_t value{};
-      return get_number<std::int64_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, value) && sax->number_integer(value);
-    }
-
-    default: // anything else not supported (yet)
-    {
-      std::array<char, 3> cr{{}};
-      static_cast<void>((std::snprintf)(
-          cr.data(),
-          cr.size(),
-          "%.2hhX",
-          static_cast<unsigned char>(element_type))); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-      const std::string cr_str{cr.data()};
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          element_type_parse_position,
-          cr_str,
-          parse_error::create(
-              114, element_type_parse_position, concat("Unsupported BSON record type 0x", cr_str), nullptr));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Read a BSON element list (as specified in the BSON-spec)
-
-  The same binary layout is used for objects and arrays, hence it must be
-  indicated with the argument @a is_array which one is expected
-  (true --> array, false --> object).
-
-  @param[in] is_array Determines if the element list being read is to be
-                      treated as an object (@a is_array == false), or as an
-                      array (@a is_array == true).
-  @return whether a valid BSON-object/array was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_bson_element_list(const bool is_array) {
-    string_t key;
-
-    while (auto element_type = get()) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::bson, "element list"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      const std::size_t element_type_parse_position = chars_read;
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_bson_cstr(key))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (!is_array && !sax->key(key)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_bson_element_internal(element_type, element_type_parse_position))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      // get_bson_cstr only appends
-      key.clear();
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Reads an array from the BSON input and passes it to the SAX-parser.
-  @return whether a valid BSON-array was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_bson_array() {
-    std::int32_t document_size{};
-    get_number<std::int32_t, true>(input_format_t::bson, document_size);
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_bson_element_list(/*is_array*/ true))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_array();
-  }
-
-  //////////
-  // CBOR //
-  //////////
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
-                       input (true) or whether the last read character should
-                       be considered instead (false)
-  @param[in] tag_handler how CBOR tags should be treated
-
-  @return whether a valid CBOR value was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_cbor_internal(const bool get_char, const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler) {
-    switch (get_char ? get() : current) {
-    // EOF
-    case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof():
-      return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "value");
-
-    // Integer 0x00..0x17 (0..23)
-    case 0x00:
-    case 0x01:
-    case 0x02:
-    case 0x03:
-    case 0x04:
-    case 0x05:
-    case 0x06:
-    case 0x07:
-    case 0x08:
-    case 0x09:
-    case 0x0A:
-    case 0x0B:
-    case 0x0C:
-    case 0x0D:
-    case 0x0E:
-    case 0x0F:
-    case 0x10:
-    case 0x11:
-    case 0x12:
-    case 0x13:
-    case 0x14:
-    case 0x15:
-    case 0x16:
-    case 0x17:
-      return sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(current));
-
-    case 0x18: // Unsigned integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint8_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0x19: // Unsigned integer (two-byte uint16_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint16_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0x1A: // Unsigned integer (four-byte uint32_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint32_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0x1B: // Unsigned integer (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint64_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    // Negative integer -1-0x00..-1-0x17 (-1..-24)
-    case 0x20:
-    case 0x21:
-    case 0x22:
-    case 0x23:
-    case 0x24:
-    case 0x25:
-    case 0x26:
-    case 0x27:
-    case 0x28:
-    case 0x29:
-    case 0x2A:
-    case 0x2B:
-    case 0x2C:
-    case 0x2D:
-    case 0x2E:
-    case 0x2F:
-    case 0x30:
-    case 0x31:
-    case 0x32:
-    case 0x33:
-    case 0x34:
-    case 0x35:
-    case 0x36:
-    case 0x37:
-      return sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - current));
-
-    case 0x38: // Negative integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint8_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) &&
-             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
-    }
-
-    case 0x39: // Negative integer -1-n (two-byte uint16_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint16_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) &&
-             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
-    }
-
-    case 0x3A: // Negative integer -1-n (four-byte uint32_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint32_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) &&
-             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - number);
-    }
-
-    case 0x3B: // Negative integer -1-n (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
-    {
-      std::uint64_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) &&
-             sax->number_integer(static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - static_cast<number_integer_t>(number));
-    }
-
-    // Binary data (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
-    case 0x40:
-    case 0x41:
-    case 0x42:
-    case 0x43:
-    case 0x44:
-    case 0x45:
-    case 0x46:
-    case 0x47:
-    case 0x48:
-    case 0x49:
-    case 0x4A:
-    case 0x4B:
-    case 0x4C:
-    case 0x4D:
-    case 0x4E:
-    case 0x4F:
-    case 0x50:
-    case 0x51:
-    case 0x52:
-    case 0x53:
-    case 0x54:
-    case 0x55:
-    case 0x56:
-    case 0x57:
-    case 0x58: // Binary data (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-    case 0x59: // Binary data (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-    case 0x5A: // Binary data (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-    case 0x5B: // Binary data (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-    case 0x5F: // Binary data (indefinite length)
-    {
-      binary_t b;
-      return get_cbor_binary(b) && sax->binary(b);
-    }
-
-    // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
-    case 0x60:
-    case 0x61:
-    case 0x62:
-    case 0x63:
-    case 0x64:
-    case 0x65:
-    case 0x66:
-    case 0x67:
-    case 0x68:
-    case 0x69:
-    case 0x6A:
-    case 0x6B:
-    case 0x6C:
-    case 0x6D:
-    case 0x6E:
-    case 0x6F:
-    case 0x70:
-    case 0x71:
-    case 0x72:
-    case 0x73:
-    case 0x74:
-    case 0x75:
-    case 0x76:
-    case 0x77:
-    case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-    case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-    case 0x7A: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-    case 0x7B: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-    case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
-    {
-      string_t s;
-      return get_cbor_string(s) && sax->string(s);
-    }
-
-    // array (0x00..0x17 data items follow)
-    case 0x80:
-    case 0x81:
-    case 0x82:
-    case 0x83:
-    case 0x84:
-    case 0x85:
-    case 0x86:
-    case 0x87:
-    case 0x88:
-    case 0x89:
-    case 0x8A:
-    case 0x8B:
-    case 0x8C:
-    case 0x8D:
-    case 0x8E:
-    case 0x8F:
-    case 0x90:
-    case 0x91:
-    case 0x92:
-    case 0x93:
-    case 0x94:
-    case 0x95:
-    case 0x96:
-    case 0x97:
-      return get_cbor_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu),
-                            tag_handler);
-
-    case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0x9A: // array (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) &&
-             get_cbor_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0x9B: // array (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint64_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) &&
-             get_cbor_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0x9F: // array (indefinite length)
-      return get_cbor_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1), tag_handler);
-
-    // map (0x00..0x17 pairs of data items follow)
-    case 0xA0:
-    case 0xA1:
-    case 0xA2:
-    case 0xA3:
-    case 0xA4:
-    case 0xA5:
-    case 0xA6:
-    case 0xA7:
-    case 0xA8:
-    case 0xA9:
-    case 0xAA:
-    case 0xAB:
-    case 0xAC:
-    case 0xAD:
-    case 0xAE:
-    case 0xAF:
-    case 0xB0:
-    case 0xB1:
-    case 0xB2:
-    case 0xB3:
-    case 0xB4:
-    case 0xB5:
-    case 0xB6:
-    case 0xB7:
-      return get_cbor_object(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu),
-                             tag_handler);
-
-    case 0xB8: // map (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0xB9: // map (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0xBA: // map (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) &&
-             get_cbor_object(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0xBB: // map (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint64_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) &&
-             get_cbor_object(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(len), tag_handler);
-    }
-
-    case 0xBF: // map (indefinite length)
-      return get_cbor_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1), tag_handler);
-
-    case 0xC6: // tagged item
-    case 0xC7:
-    case 0xC8:
-    case 0xC9:
-    case 0xCA:
-    case 0xCB:
-    case 0xCC:
-    case 0xCD:
-    case 0xCE:
-    case 0xCF:
-    case 0xD0:
-    case 0xD1:
-    case 0xD2:
-    case 0xD3:
-    case 0xD4:
-    case 0xD8: // tagged item (1 bytes follow)
-    case 0xD9: // tagged item (2 bytes follow)
-    case 0xDA: // tagged item (4 bytes follow)
-    case 0xDB: // tagged item (8 bytes follow)
-    {
-      switch (tag_handler) {
-      case cbor_tag_handler_t::error: {
-        auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            last_token,
-            parse_error::create(
-                112,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(input_format_t::cbor, concat("invalid byte: 0x", last_token), "value"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-
-      case cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore: {
-        // ignore binary subtype
-        switch (current) {
-        case 0xD8: {
-          std::uint8_t subtype_to_ignore{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype_to_ignore);
-          break;
-        }
-        case 0xD9: {
-          std::uint16_t subtype_to_ignore{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype_to_ignore);
-          break;
-        }
-        case 0xDA: {
-          std::uint32_t subtype_to_ignore{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype_to_ignore);
-          break;
-        }
-        case 0xDB: {
-          std::uint64_t subtype_to_ignore{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype_to_ignore);
-          break;
-        }
-        default:
-          break;
-        }
-        return parse_cbor_internal(true, tag_handler);
-      }
-
-      case cbor_tag_handler_t::store: {
-        binary_t b;
-        // use binary subtype and store in binary container
-        switch (current) {
-        case 0xD8: {
-          std::uint8_t subtype{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype);
-          b.set_subtype(detail::conditional_static_cast<typename binary_t::subtype_type>(subtype));
-          break;
-        }
-        case 0xD9: {
-          std::uint16_t subtype{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype);
-          b.set_subtype(detail::conditional_static_cast<typename binary_t::subtype_type>(subtype));
-          break;
-        }
-        case 0xDA: {
-          std::uint32_t subtype{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype);
-          b.set_subtype(detail::conditional_static_cast<typename binary_t::subtype_type>(subtype));
-          break;
-        }
-        case 0xDB: {
-          std::uint64_t subtype{};
-          get_number(input_format_t::cbor, subtype);
-          b.set_subtype(detail::conditional_static_cast<typename binary_t::subtype_type>(subtype));
-          break;
-        }
-        default:
-          return parse_cbor_internal(true, tag_handler);
-        }
-        get();
-        return get_cbor_binary(b) && sax->binary(b);
-      }
-
-      default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        return false;       // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      }
-    }
-
-    case 0xF4: // false
-      return sax->boolean(false);
-
-    case 0xF5: // true
-      return sax->boolean(true);
-
-    case 0xF6: // null
-      return sax->null();
-
-    case 0xF9: // Half-Precision Float (two-byte IEEE 754)
-    {
-      const auto byte1_raw = get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "number"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      const auto byte2_raw = get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "number"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      const auto byte1 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte1_raw);
-      const auto byte2 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte2_raw);
-
-      // code from RFC 7049, Appendix D, Figure 3:
-      // As half-precision floating-point numbers were only added
-      // to IEEE 754 in 2008, today's programming platforms often
-      // still only have limited support for them. It is very
-      // easy to include at least decoding support for them even
-      // without such support. An example of a small decoder for
-      // half-precision floating-point numbers in the C language
-      // is shown in Fig. 3.
-      const auto half = static_cast<unsigned int>((byte1 << 8u) + byte2);
-      const double val = [&half] {
-        const int exp = (half >> 10u) & 0x1Fu;
-        const unsigned int mant = half & 0x3FFu;
-        JSON_ASSERT(0 <= exp && exp <= 32);
-        JSON_ASSERT(mant <= 1024);
-        switch (exp) {
-        case 0:
-          return std::ldexp(mant, -24);
-        case 31:
-          return (mant == 0) ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
-        default:
-          return std::ldexp(mant + 1024, exp - 25);
-        }
-      }();
-      return sax->number_float(
-          (half & 0x8000u) != 0 ? static_cast<number_float_t>(-val) : static_cast<number_float_t>(val), "");
-    }
-
-    case 0xFA: // Single-Precision Float (four-byte IEEE 754)
-    {
-      float number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) && sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    case 0xFB: // Double-Precision Float (eight-byte IEEE 754)
-    {
-      double number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, number) && sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    default: // anything else (0xFF is handled inside the other types)
-    {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(112,
-                              chars_read,
-                              exception_message(input_format_t::cbor, concat("invalid byte: 0x", last_token), "value"),
-                              nullptr));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief reads a CBOR string
-
-  This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-  string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
-  Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
-
-  @param[out] result  created string
-
-  @return whether string creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_cbor_string(string_t &result) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string"))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    switch (current) {
-    // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
-    case 0x60:
-    case 0x61:
-    case 0x62:
-    case 0x63:
-    case 0x64:
-    case 0x65:
-    case 0x66:
-    case 0x67:
-    case 0x68:
-    case 0x69:
-    case 0x6A:
-    case 0x6B:
-    case 0x6C:
-    case 0x6D:
-    case 0x6E:
-    case 0x6F:
-    case 0x70:
-    case 0x71:
-    case 0x72:
-    case 0x73:
-    case 0x74:
-    case 0x75:
-    case 0x76:
-    case 0x77: {
-      return get_string(input_format_t::cbor, static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x7A: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x7B: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint64_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
-    {
-      while (get() != 0xFF) {
-        string_t chunk;
-        if (!get_cbor_string(chunk)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        result.append(chunk);
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(
-              113,
-              chars_read,
-              exception_message(
-                  input_format_t::cbor,
-                  concat("expected length specification (0x60-0x7B) or indefinite string type (0x7F); last byte: 0x",
-                         last_token),
-                  "string"),
-              nullptr));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief reads a CBOR byte array
-
-  This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-  byte array length and then copies this number of bytes into the byte array.
-  Additionally, CBOR's byte arrays with indefinite lengths are supported.
-
-  @param[out] result  created byte array
-
-  @return whether byte array creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_cbor_binary(binary_t &result) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "binary"))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    switch (current) {
-    // Binary data (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
-    case 0x40:
-    case 0x41:
-    case 0x42:
-    case 0x43:
-    case 0x44:
-    case 0x45:
-    case 0x46:
-    case 0x47:
-    case 0x48:
-    case 0x49:
-    case 0x4A:
-    case 0x4B:
-    case 0x4C:
-    case 0x4D:
-    case 0x4E:
-    case 0x4F:
-    case 0x50:
-    case 0x51:
-    case 0x52:
-    case 0x53:
-    case 0x54:
-    case 0x55:
-    case 0x56:
-    case 0x57: {
-      return get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x58: // Binary data (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x59: // Binary data (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x5A: // Binary data (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x5B: // Binary data (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
-    {
-      std::uint64_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0x5F: // Binary data (indefinite length)
-    {
-      while (get() != 0xFF) {
-        binary_t chunk;
-        if (!get_cbor_binary(chunk)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        result.insert(result.end(), chunk.begin(), chunk.end());
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(
-              113,
-              chars_read,
-              exception_message(
-                  input_format_t::cbor,
-                  concat(
-                      "expected length specification (0x40-0x5B) or indefinite binary array type (0x5F); last byte: 0x",
-                      last_token),
-                  "binary"),
-              nullptr));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] len  the length of the array or static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) for an
-                  array of indefinite size
-  @param[in] tag_handler how CBOR tags should be treated
-  @return whether array creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_cbor_array(const std::size_t len, const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(len))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (len != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
-      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_cbor_internal(true, tag_handler))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      while (get() != 0xFF) {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_cbor_internal(false, tag_handler))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_array();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] len  the length of the object or static_cast<std::size_t>(-1) for an
-                  object of indefinite size
-  @param[in] tag_handler how CBOR tags should be treated
-  @return whether object creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_cbor_object(const std::size_t len, const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(len))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (len != 0) {
-      string_t key;
-      if (len != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-          get();
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_cbor_string(key) || !sax->key(key))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_cbor_internal(true, tag_handler))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          key.clear();
-        }
-      } else {
-        while (get() != 0xFF) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_cbor_string(key) || !sax->key(key))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_cbor_internal(true, tag_handler))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          key.clear();
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_object();
-  }
-
-  /////////////
-  // MsgPack //
-  /////////////
-
-  /*!
-  @return whether a valid MessagePack value was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_msgpack_internal() {
-    switch (get()) {
-    // EOF
-    case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof():
-      return unexpect_eof(input_format_t::msgpack, "value");
-
-    // positive fixint
-    case 0x00:
-    case 0x01:
-    case 0x02:
-    case 0x03:
-    case 0x04:
-    case 0x05:
-    case 0x06:
-    case 0x07:
-    case 0x08:
-    case 0x09:
-    case 0x0A:
-    case 0x0B:
-    case 0x0C:
-    case 0x0D:
-    case 0x0E:
-    case 0x0F:
-    case 0x10:
-    case 0x11:
-    case 0x12:
-    case 0x13:
-    case 0x14:
-    case 0x15:
-    case 0x16:
-    case 0x17:
-    case 0x18:
-    case 0x19:
-    case 0x1A:
-    case 0x1B:
-    case 0x1C:
-    case 0x1D:
-    case 0x1E:
-    case 0x1F:
-    case 0x20:
-    case 0x21:
-    case 0x22:
-    case 0x23:
-    case 0x24:
-    case 0x25:
-    case 0x26:
-    case 0x27:
-    case 0x28:
-    case 0x29:
-    case 0x2A:
-    case 0x2B:
-    case 0x2C:
-    case 0x2D:
-    case 0x2E:
-    case 0x2F:
-    case 0x30:
-    case 0x31:
-    case 0x32:
-    case 0x33:
-    case 0x34:
-    case 0x35:
-    case 0x36:
-    case 0x37:
-    case 0x38:
-    case 0x39:
-    case 0x3A:
-    case 0x3B:
-    case 0x3C:
-    case 0x3D:
-    case 0x3E:
-    case 0x3F:
-    case 0x40:
-    case 0x41:
-    case 0x42:
-    case 0x43:
-    case 0x44:
-    case 0x45:
-    case 0x46:
-    case 0x47:
-    case 0x48:
-    case 0x49:
-    case 0x4A:
-    case 0x4B:
-    case 0x4C:
-    case 0x4D:
-    case 0x4E:
-    case 0x4F:
-    case 0x50:
-    case 0x51:
-    case 0x52:
-    case 0x53:
-    case 0x54:
-    case 0x55:
-    case 0x56:
-    case 0x57:
-    case 0x58:
-    case 0x59:
-    case 0x5A:
-    case 0x5B:
-    case 0x5C:
-    case 0x5D:
-    case 0x5E:
-    case 0x5F:
-    case 0x60:
-    case 0x61:
-    case 0x62:
-    case 0x63:
-    case 0x64:
-    case 0x65:
-    case 0x66:
-    case 0x67:
-    case 0x68:
-    case 0x69:
-    case 0x6A:
-    case 0x6B:
-    case 0x6C:
-    case 0x6D:
-    case 0x6E:
-    case 0x6F:
-    case 0x70:
-    case 0x71:
-    case 0x72:
-    case 0x73:
-    case 0x74:
-    case 0x75:
-    case 0x76:
-    case 0x77:
-    case 0x78:
-    case 0x79:
-    case 0x7A:
-    case 0x7B:
-    case 0x7C:
-    case 0x7D:
-    case 0x7E:
-    case 0x7F:
-      return sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(current));
-
-    // fixmap
-    case 0x80:
-    case 0x81:
-    case 0x82:
-    case 0x83:
-    case 0x84:
-    case 0x85:
-    case 0x86:
-    case 0x87:
-    case 0x88:
-    case 0x89:
-    case 0x8A:
-    case 0x8B:
-    case 0x8C:
-    case 0x8D:
-    case 0x8E:
-    case 0x8F:
-      return get_msgpack_object(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x0Fu));
-
-    // fixarray
-    case 0x90:
-    case 0x91:
-    case 0x92:
-    case 0x93:
-    case 0x94:
-    case 0x95:
-    case 0x96:
-    case 0x97:
-    case 0x98:
-    case 0x99:
-    case 0x9A:
-    case 0x9B:
-    case 0x9C:
-    case 0x9D:
-    case 0x9E:
-    case 0x9F:
-      return get_msgpack_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x0Fu));
-
-    // fixstr
-    case 0xA0:
-    case 0xA1:
-    case 0xA2:
-    case 0xA3:
-    case 0xA4:
-    case 0xA5:
-    case 0xA6:
-    case 0xA7:
-    case 0xA8:
-    case 0xA9:
-    case 0xAA:
-    case 0xAB:
-    case 0xAC:
-    case 0xAD:
-    case 0xAE:
-    case 0xAF:
-    case 0xB0:
-    case 0xB1:
-    case 0xB2:
-    case 0xB3:
-    case 0xB4:
-    case 0xB5:
-    case 0xB6:
-    case 0xB7:
-    case 0xB8:
-    case 0xB9:
-    case 0xBA:
-    case 0xBB:
-    case 0xBC:
-    case 0xBD:
-    case 0xBE:
-    case 0xBF:
-    case 0xD9: // str 8
-    case 0xDA: // str 16
-    case 0xDB: // str 32
-    {
-      string_t s;
-      return get_msgpack_string(s) && sax->string(s);
-    }
-
-    case 0xC0: // nil
-      return sax->null();
-
-    case 0xC2: // false
-      return sax->boolean(false);
-
-    case 0xC3: // true
-      return sax->boolean(true);
-
-    case 0xC4: // bin 8
-    case 0xC5: // bin 16
-    case 0xC6: // bin 32
-    case 0xC7: // ext 8
-    case 0xC8: // ext 16
-    case 0xC9: // ext 32
-    case 0xD4: // fixext 1
-    case 0xD5: // fixext 2
-    case 0xD6: // fixext 4
-    case 0xD7: // fixext 8
-    case 0xD8: // fixext 16
-    {
-      binary_t b;
-      return get_msgpack_binary(b) && sax->binary(b);
-    }
-
-    case 0xCA: // float 32
-    {
-      float number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    case 0xCB: // float 64
-    {
-      double number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    case 0xCC: // uint 8
-    {
-      std::uint8_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xCD: // uint 16
-    {
-      std::uint16_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xCE: // uint 32
-    {
-      std::uint32_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xCF: // uint 64
-    {
-      std::uint64_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD0: // int 8
-    {
-      std::int8_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD1: // int 16
-    {
-      std::int16_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD2: // int 32
-    {
-      std::int32_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD3: // int 64
-    {
-      std::int64_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 0xDC: // array 16
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_msgpack_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-    }
-
-    case 0xDD: // array 32
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_msgpack_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-    }
-
-    case 0xDE: // map 16
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_msgpack_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-    }
-
-    case 0xDF: // map 32
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_msgpack_object(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-    }
-
-    // negative fixint
-    case 0xE0:
-    case 0xE1:
-    case 0xE2:
-    case 0xE3:
-    case 0xE4:
-    case 0xE5:
-    case 0xE6:
-    case 0xE7:
-    case 0xE8:
-    case 0xE9:
-    case 0xEA:
-    case 0xEB:
-    case 0xEC:
-    case 0xED:
-    case 0xEE:
-    case 0xEF:
-    case 0xF0:
-    case 0xF1:
-    case 0xF2:
-    case 0xF3:
-    case 0xF4:
-    case 0xF5:
-    case 0xF6:
-    case 0xF7:
-    case 0xF8:
-    case 0xF9:
-    case 0xFA:
-    case 0xFB:
-    case 0xFC:
-    case 0xFD:
-    case 0xFE:
-    case 0xFF:
-      return sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(current));
-
-    default: // anything else
-    {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(
-              112,
-              chars_read,
-              exception_message(input_format_t::msgpack, concat("invalid byte: 0x", last_token), "value"),
-              nullptr));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief reads a MessagePack string
-
-  This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-  string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
-
-  @param[out] result  created string
-
-  @return whether string creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_msgpack_string(string_t &result) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::msgpack, "string"))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    switch (current) {
-    // fixstr
-    case 0xA0:
-    case 0xA1:
-    case 0xA2:
-    case 0xA3:
-    case 0xA4:
-    case 0xA5:
-    case 0xA6:
-    case 0xA7:
-    case 0xA8:
-    case 0xA9:
-    case 0xAA:
-    case 0xAB:
-    case 0xAC:
-    case 0xAD:
-    case 0xAE:
-    case 0xAF:
-    case 0xB0:
-    case 0xB1:
-    case 0xB2:
-    case 0xB3:
-    case 0xB4:
-    case 0xB5:
-    case 0xB6:
-    case 0xB7:
-    case 0xB8:
-    case 0xB9:
-    case 0xBA:
-    case 0xBB:
-    case 0xBC:
-    case 0xBD:
-    case 0xBE:
-    case 0xBF: {
-      return get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD9: // str 8
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0xDA: // str 16
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0xDB: // str 32
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_string(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-    }
-
-    default: {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(
-              113,
-              chars_read,
-              exception_message(
-                  input_format_t::msgpack,
-                  concat("expected length specification (0xA0-0xBF, 0xD9-0xDB); last byte: 0x", last_token),
-                  "string"),
-              nullptr));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief reads a MessagePack byte array
-
-  This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-  byte array length and then copies this number of bytes into a byte array.
-
-  @param[out] result  created byte array
-
-  @return whether byte array creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_msgpack_binary(binary_t &result) {
-    // helper function to set the subtype
-    auto assign_and_return_true = [&result](std::int8_t subtype) {
-      result.set_subtype(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(subtype));
-      return true;
-    };
-
-    switch (current) {
-    case 0xC4: // bin 8
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0xC5: // bin 16
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0xC6: // bin 32
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 0xC7: // ext 8
-    {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) &&
-             get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result) && assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xC8: // ext 16
-    {
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) &&
-             get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result) && assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xC9: // ext 32
-    {
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, len) && get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) &&
-             get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, len, result) && assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD4: // fixext 1
-    {
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, 1, result) &&
-             assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD5: // fixext 2
-    {
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, 2, result) &&
-             assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD6: // fixext 4
-    {
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, 4, result) &&
-             assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD7: // fixext 8
-    {
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, 8, result) &&
-             assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    case 0xD8: // fixext 16
-    {
-      std::int8_t subtype{};
-      return get_number(input_format_t::msgpack, subtype) && get_binary(input_format_t::msgpack, 16, result) &&
-             assign_and_return_true(subtype);
-    }
-
-    default:        // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      return false; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] len  the length of the array
-  @return whether array creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_msgpack_array(const std::size_t len) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(len))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_msgpack_internal())) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_array();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] len  the length of the object
-  @return whether object creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_msgpack_object(const std::size_t len) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(len))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    string_t key;
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_msgpack_string(key) || !sax->key(key))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_msgpack_internal())) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      key.clear();
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_object();
-  }
-
-  ////////////
-  // UBJSON //
-  ////////////
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
-                       input (true, default) or whether the last read
-                       character should be considered instead
-
-  @return whether a valid UBJSON value was passed to the SAX parser
-  */
-  bool parse_ubjson_internal(const bool get_char = true) {
-    return get_ubjson_value(get_char ? get_ignore_noop() : current);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief reads a UBJSON string
-
-  This function is either called after reading the 'S' byte explicitly
-  indicating a string, or in case of an object key where the 'S' byte can be
-  left out.
-
-  @param[out] result   created string
-  @param[in] get_char  whether a new character should be retrieved from the
-                       input (true, default) or whether the last read
-                       character should be considered instead
-
-  @return whether string creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_string(string_t &result, const bool get_char = true) {
-    if (get_char) {
-      get(); // TODO(niels): may we ignore N here?
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "value"))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    switch (current) {
-    case 'U': {
-      std::uint8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'i': {
-      std::int8_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'I': {
-      std::int16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'l': {
-      std::int32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'L': {
-      std::int64_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'u': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint16_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'm': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint32_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    case 'M': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint64_t len{};
-      return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
-    }
-
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-    auto last_token = get_token_string();
-    std::string message;
-
-    if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-      message = "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-    } else {
-      message = "expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-    }
-    return sax->parse_error(
-        chars_read,
-        last_token,
-        parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, message, "string"), nullptr));
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[out] dim  an integer vector storing the ND array dimensions
-  @return whether reading ND array size vector is successful
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_ndarray_size(std::vector<size_t> &dim) {
-    std::pair<std::size_t, char_int_type> size_and_type;
-    size_t dimlen = 0;
-    bool no_ndarray = true;
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type, no_ndarray))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (size_and_type.first != npos) {
-      if (size_and_type.second != 0) {
-        if (size_and_type.second != 'N') {
-          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_size_value(dimlen, no_ndarray, size_and_type.second))) {
-              return false;
-            }
-            dim.push_back(dimlen);
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_size_value(dimlen, no_ndarray))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          dim.push_back(dimlen);
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      while (current != ']') {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_size_value(dimlen, no_ndarray, current))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        dim.push_back(dimlen);
-        get_ignore_noop();
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[out] result  determined size
-  @param[in,out] is_ndarray  for input, `true` means already inside an ndarray vector
-                             or ndarray dimension is not allowed; `false` means ndarray
-                             is allowed; for output, `true` means an ndarray is found;
-                             is_ndarray can only return `true` when its initial value
-                             is `false`
-  @param[in] prefix  type marker if already read, otherwise set to 0
-
-  @return whether size determination completed
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_size_value(std::size_t &result, bool &is_ndarray, char_int_type prefix = 0) {
-    if (prefix == 0) {
-      prefix = get_ignore_noop();
-    }
-
-    switch (prefix) {
-    case 'U': {
-      std::uint8_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'i': {
-      std::int8_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (number < 0) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                113,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(input_format, "count in an optimized container must be positive", "size"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-      result =
-          static_cast<std::size_t>(number); // NOLINT(bugprone-signed-char-misuse,cert-str34-c): number is not a char
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'I': {
-      std::int16_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (number < 0) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                113,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(input_format, "count in an optimized container must be positive", "size"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'l': {
-      std::int32_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (number < 0) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                113,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(input_format, "count in an optimized container must be positive", "size"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'L': {
-      std::int64_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (number < 0) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                113,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(input_format, "count in an optimized container must be positive", "size"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-      if (!value_in_range_of<std::size_t>(number)) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            out_of_range::create(408, exception_message(input_format, "integer value overflow", "size"), nullptr));
-      }
-      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'u': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint16_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      result = static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'm': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint32_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      result = conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'M': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint64_t number{};
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(input_format, number))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (!value_in_range_of<std::size_t>(number)) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            out_of_range::create(408, exception_message(input_format, "integer value overflow", "size"), nullptr));
-      }
-      result = detail::conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(number);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case '[': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      if (is_ndarray) // ndarray dimensional vector can only contain integers, and can not embed another array
-      {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(113,
-                                chars_read,
-                                exception_message(input_format, "ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", "size"),
-                                nullptr));
-      }
-      std::vector<size_t> dim;
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_ndarray_size(dim))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (dim.size() == 1 || (dim.size() == 2 && dim.at(0) == 1)) // return normal array size if 1D row vector
-      {
-        result = dim.at(dim.size() - 1);
-        return true;
-      }
-      if (!dim.empty()) // if ndarray, convert to an object in JData annotated array format
-      {
-        for (auto i : dim) // test if any dimension in an ndarray is 0, if so, return a 1D empty container
-        {
-          if (i == 0) {
-            result = 0;
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-
-        string_t key = "_ArraySize_";
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(3) || !sax->key(key) || !sax->start_array(dim.size()))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        result = 1;
-        for (auto i : dim) {
-          result *= i;
-          if (result == 0 ||
-              result == npos) // because dim elements shall not have zeros, result = 0 means overflow happened; it also
-                              // can't be npos as it is used to initialize size in get_ubjson_size_type()
-          {
-            return sax->parse_error(
-                chars_read,
-                get_token_string(),
-                out_of_range::create(
-                    408, exception_message(input_format, "excessive ndarray size caused overflow", "size"), nullptr));
-          }
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(i)))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-        is_ndarray = true;
-        return sax->end_array();
-      }
-      result = 0;
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-    auto last_token = get_token_string();
-    std::string message;
-
-    if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-      message = "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-    } else {
-      message = "expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-    }
-    return sax->parse_error(
-        chars_read,
-        last_token,
-        parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, message, "size"), nullptr));
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief determine the type and size for a container
-
-  In the optimized UBJSON format, a type and a size can be provided to allow
-  for a more compact representation.
-
-  @param[out] result  pair of the size and the type
-  @param[in] inside_ndarray  whether the parser is parsing an ND array dimensional vector
-
-  @return whether pair creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_size_type(std::pair<std::size_t, char_int_type> &result, bool inside_ndarray = false) {
-    result.first = npos; // size
-    result.second = 0;   // type
-    bool is_ndarray = false;
-
-    get_ignore_noop();
-
-    if (current == '$') {
-      result.second = get(); // must not ignore 'N', because 'N' maybe the type
-      if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata &&
-          JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(std::binary_search(
-              bjd_optimized_type_markers.begin(), bjd_optimized_type_markers.end(), result.second))) {
-        auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            last_token,
-            parse_error::create(
-                112,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(
-                    input_format, concat("marker 0x", last_token, " is not a permitted optimized array type"), "type"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "type"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      get_ignore_noop();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current != '#')) {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "value"))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            last_token,
-            parse_error::create(
-                112,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(
-                    input_format, concat("expected '#' after type information; last byte: 0x", last_token), "size"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-
-      const bool is_error = get_ubjson_size_value(result.first, is_ndarray);
-      if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray) {
-        if (inside_ndarray) {
-          return sax->parse_error(
-              chars_read,
-              get_token_string(),
-              parse_error::create(
-                  112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, "ndarray can not be recursive", "size"), nullptr));
-        }
-        result.second |=
-            (1 << 8); // use bit 8 to indicate ndarray, all UBJSON and BJData markers should be ASCII letters
-      }
-      return is_error;
-    }
-
-    if (current == '#') {
-      const bool is_error = get_ubjson_size_value(result.first, is_ndarray);
-      if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray) {
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(112,
-                                chars_read,
-                                exception_message(input_format, "ndarray requires both type and size", "size"),
-                                nullptr));
-      }
-      return is_error;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param prefix  the previously read or set type prefix
-  @return whether value creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_value(const char_int_type prefix) {
-    switch (prefix) {
-    case std::char_traits<char_type>::eof(): // EOF
-      return unexpect_eof(input_format, "value");
-
-    case 'T': // true
-      return sax->boolean(true);
-    case 'F': // false
-      return sax->boolean(false);
-
-    case 'Z': // null
-      return sax->null();
-
-    case 'U': {
-      std::uint8_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'i': {
-      std::int8_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'I': {
-      std::int16_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'l': {
-      std::int32_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'L': {
-      std::int64_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_integer(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'u': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint16_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'm': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint32_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'M': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      std::uint64_t number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_unsigned(number);
-    }
-
-    case 'h': {
-      if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata) {
-        break;
-      }
-      const auto byte1_raw = get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "number"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      const auto byte2_raw = get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "number"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      const auto byte1 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte1_raw);
-      const auto byte2 = static_cast<unsigned char>(byte2_raw);
-
-      // code from RFC 7049, Appendix D, Figure 3:
-      // As half-precision floating-point numbers were only added
-      // to IEEE 754 in 2008, today's programming platforms often
-      // still only have limited support for them. It is very
-      // easy to include at least decoding support for them even
-      // without such support. An example of a small decoder for
-      // half-precision floating-point numbers in the C language
-      // is shown in Fig. 3.
-      const auto half = static_cast<unsigned int>((byte2 << 8u) + byte1);
-      const double val = [&half] {
-        const int exp = (half >> 10u) & 0x1Fu;
-        const unsigned int mant = half & 0x3FFu;
-        JSON_ASSERT(0 <= exp && exp <= 32);
-        JSON_ASSERT(mant <= 1024);
-        switch (exp) {
-        case 0:
-          return std::ldexp(mant, -24);
-        case 31:
-          return (mant == 0) ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
-        default:
-          return std::ldexp(mant + 1024, exp - 25);
-        }
-      }();
-      return sax->number_float(
-          (half & 0x8000u) != 0 ? static_cast<number_float_t>(-val) : static_cast<number_float_t>(val), "");
-    }
-
-    case 'd': {
-      float number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    case 'D': {
-      double number{};
-      return get_number(input_format, number) && sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(number), "");
-    }
-
-    case 'H': {
-      return get_ubjson_high_precision_number();
-    }
-
-    case 'C': // char
-    {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "char"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current > 127)) {
-        auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            last_token,
-            parse_error::create(
-                113,
-                chars_read,
-                exception_message(input_format,
-                                  concat("byte after 'C' must be in range 0x00..0x7F; last byte: 0x", last_token),
-                                  "char"),
-                nullptr));
-      }
-      string_t s(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(current));
-      return sax->string(s);
-    }
-
-    case 'S': // string
-    {
-      string_t s;
-      return get_ubjson_string(s) && sax->string(s);
-    }
-
-    case '[': // array
-      return get_ubjson_array();
-
-    case '{': // object
-      return get_ubjson_object();
-
-    default: // anything else
-      break;
-    }
-    auto last_token = get_token_string();
-    return sax->parse_error(
-        chars_read,
-        last_token,
-        parse_error::create(
-            112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token, "value"), nullptr));
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return whether array creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_array() {
-    std::pair<std::size_t, char_int_type> size_and_type;
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // if bit-8 of size_and_type.second is set to 1, encode bjdata ndarray as an object in JData annotated array format
-    // (https://github.com/NeuroJSON/jdata):
-    // {"_ArrayType_" : "typeid", "_ArraySize_" : [n1, n2, ...], "_ArrayData_" : [v1, v2, ...]}
-
-    if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && size_and_type.first != npos &&
-        (size_and_type.second & (1 << 8)) != 0) {
-      size_and_type.second &=
-          ~(static_cast<char_int_type>(1)
-            << 8); // use bit 8 to indicate ndarray, here we remove the bit to restore the type marker
-      auto it = std::lower_bound(bjd_types_map.begin(),
-                                 bjd_types_map.end(),
-                                 size_and_type.second,
-                                 [](const bjd_type &p, char_int_type t) { return p.first < t; });
-      string_t key = "_ArrayType_";
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it == bjd_types_map.end() || it->first != size_and_type.second)) {
-        auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            chars_read,
-            last_token,
-            parse_error::create(
-                112, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, "invalid byte: 0x" + last_token, "type"), nullptr));
-      }
-
-      string_t type = it->second; // sax->string() takes a reference
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->key(key) || !sax->string(type))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (size_and_type.second == 'C') {
-        size_and_type.second = 'U';
-      }
-
-      key = "_ArrayData_";
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->key(key) || !sax->start_array(size_and_type.first))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-
-      return (sax->end_array() && sax->end_object());
-    }
-
-    if (size_and_type.first != npos) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(size_and_type.first))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (size_and_type.second != 0) {
-        if (size_and_type.second != 'N') {
-          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second))) {
-              return false;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_ubjson_internal())) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      while (current != ']') {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_ubjson_internal(false))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        get_ignore_noop();
-      }
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_array();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return whether object creation completed
-  */
-  bool get_ubjson_object() {
-    std::pair<std::size_t, char_int_type> size_and_type;
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_size_type(size_and_type))) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // do not accept ND-array size in objects in BJData
-    if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && size_and_type.first != npos &&
-        (size_and_type.second & (1 << 8)) != 0) {
-      auto last_token = get_token_string();
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          last_token,
-          parse_error::create(112,
-                              chars_read,
-                              exception_message(input_format,
-                                                "BJData object does not support ND-array size in optimized format",
-                                                "object"),
-                              nullptr));
-    }
-
-    string_t key;
-    if (size_and_type.first != npos) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(size_and_type.first))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (size_and_type.second != 0) {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_string(key) || !sax->key(key))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_value(size_and_type.second))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          key.clear();
-        }
-      } else {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size_and_type.first; ++i) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_string(key) || !sax->key(key))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_ubjson_internal())) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          key.clear();
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      while (current != '}') {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_ubjson_string(key, false) || !sax->key(key))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!parse_ubjson_internal())) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        get_ignore_noop();
-        key.clear();
-      }
-    }
-
-    return sax->end_object();
-  }
-
-  // Note, no reader for UBJSON binary types is implemented because they do
-  // not exist
-
-  bool get_ubjson_high_precision_number() {
-    // get size of following number string
-    std::size_t size{};
-    bool no_ndarray = true;
-    auto res = get_ubjson_size_value(size, no_ndarray);
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!res)) {
-      return res;
-    }
-
-    // get number string
-    std::vector<char> number_vector;
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format, "number"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      number_vector.push_back(static_cast<char>(current));
-    }
-
-    // parse number string
-    using ia_type = decltype(detail::input_adapter(number_vector));
-    auto number_lexer = detail::lexer<BasicJsonType, ia_type>(detail::input_adapter(number_vector), false);
-    const auto result_number = number_lexer.scan();
-    const auto number_string = number_lexer.get_token_string();
-    const auto result_remainder = number_lexer.scan();
-
-    using token_type = typename detail::lexer_base<BasicJsonType>::token_type;
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(result_remainder != token_type::end_of_input)) {
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          number_string,
-          parse_error::create(115,
-                              chars_read,
-                              exception_message(input_format,
-                                                concat("invalid number text: ", number_lexer.get_token_string()),
-                                                "high-precision number"),
-                              nullptr));
-    }
-
-    switch (result_number) {
-    case token_type::value_integer:
-      return sax->number_integer(number_lexer.get_number_integer());
-    case token_type::value_unsigned:
-      return sax->number_unsigned(number_lexer.get_number_unsigned());
-    case token_type::value_float:
-      return sax->number_float(number_lexer.get_number_float(), std::move(number_string));
-    case token_type::uninitialized:
-    case token_type::literal_true:
-    case token_type::literal_false:
-    case token_type::literal_null:
-    case token_type::value_string:
-    case token_type::begin_array:
-    case token_type::begin_object:
-    case token_type::end_array:
-    case token_type::end_object:
-    case token_type::name_separator:
-    case token_type::value_separator:
-    case token_type::parse_error:
-    case token_type::end_of_input:
-    case token_type::literal_or_value:
-    default:
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          number_string,
-          parse_error::create(115,
-                              chars_read,
-                              exception_message(input_format,
-                                                concat("invalid number text: ", number_lexer.get_token_string()),
-                                                "high-precision number"),
-                              nullptr));
-    }
-  }
-
-  ///////////////////////
-  // Utility functions //
-  ///////////////////////
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get next character from the input
-
-  This function provides the interface to the used input adapter. It does
-  not throw in case the input reached EOF, but returns a -'ve valued
-  `std::char_traits<char_type>::eof()` in that case.
-
-  @return character read from the input
-  */
-  char_int_type get() {
-    ++chars_read;
-    return current = ia.get_character();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return character read from the input after ignoring all 'N' entries
-  */
-  char_int_type get_ignore_noop() {
-    do {
-      get();
-    } while (current == 'N');
-
-    return current;
-  }
-
-  /*
-  @brief read a number from the input
-
-  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-  @param[in] format   the current format (for diagnostics)
-  @param[out] result  number of type @a NumberType
-
-  @return whether conversion completed
-
-  @note This function needs to respect the system's endianness, because
-        bytes in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order
-        (big endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
-        On the other hand, BSON and BJData use little endian and should reorder
-        on big endian systems.
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType, bool InputIsLittleEndian = false>
-  bool get_number(const input_format_t format, NumberType &result) {
-    // step 1: read input into array with system's byte order
-    std::array<std::uint8_t, sizeof(NumberType)> vec{};
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(NumberType); ++i) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(format, "number"))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      // reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
-      if (is_little_endian != (InputIsLittleEndian || format == input_format_t::bjdata)) {
-        vec[sizeof(NumberType) - i - 1] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current);
-      } else {
-        vec[i] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      }
-    }
-
-    // step 2: convert array into number of type T and return
-    std::memcpy(&result, vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief create a string by reading characters from the input
-
-  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-  @param[in] format the current format (for diagnostics)
-  @param[in] len number of characters to read
-  @param[out] result string created by reading @a len bytes
-
-  @return whether string creation completed
-
-  @note We can not reserve @a len bytes for the result, because @a len
-        may be too large. Usually, @ref unexpect_eof() detects the end of
-        the input before we run out of string memory.
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType> bool get_string(const input_format_t format, const NumberType len, string_t &result) {
-    bool success = true;
-    for (NumberType i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(format, "string"))) {
-        success = false;
-        break;
-      }
-      result.push_back(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(current));
-    }
-    return success;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief create a byte array by reading bytes from the input
-
-  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-  @param[in] format the current format (for diagnostics)
-  @param[in] len number of bytes to read
-  @param[out] result byte array created by reading @a len bytes
-
-  @return whether byte array creation completed
-
-  @note We can not reserve @a len bytes for the result, because @a len
-        may be too large. Usually, @ref unexpect_eof() detects the end of
-        the input before we run out of memory.
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType> bool get_binary(const input_format_t format, const NumberType len, binary_t &result) {
-    bool success = true;
-    for (NumberType i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      get();
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(format, "binary"))) {
-        success = false;
-        break;
-      }
-      result.push_back(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(current));
-    }
-    return success;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] format   the current format (for diagnostics)
-  @param[in] context  further context information (for diagnostics)
-  @return whether the last read character is not EOF
-  */
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  bool unexpect_eof(const input_format_t format, const char *context) const {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(current == std::char_traits<char_type>::eof())) {
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          chars_read,
-          "<end of file>",
-          parse_error::create(110, chars_read, exception_message(format, "unexpected end of input", context), nullptr));
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return a string representation of the last read byte
-  */
-  std::string get_token_string() const {
-    std::array<char, 3> cr{{}};
-    static_cast<void>(
-        (std::snprintf)(cr.data(),
-                        cr.size(),
-                        "%.2hhX",
-                        static_cast<unsigned char>(current))); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-    return std::string{cr.data()};
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] format   the current format
-  @param[in] detail   a detailed error message
-  @param[in] context  further context information
-  @return a message string to use in the parse_error exceptions
-  */
-  std::string
-  exception_message(const input_format_t format, const std::string &detail, const std::string &context) const {
-    std::string error_msg = "syntax error while parsing ";
-
-    switch (format) {
-    case input_format_t::cbor:
-      error_msg += "CBOR";
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::msgpack:
-      error_msg += "MessagePack";
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::ubjson:
-      error_msg += "UBJSON";
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::bson:
-      error_msg += "BSON";
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::bjdata:
-      error_msg += "BJData";
-      break;
-
-    case input_format_t::json: // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    default:                   // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      JSON_ASSERT(false);      // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-    return concat(error_msg, ' ', context, ": ", detail);
-  }
-
-private:
-  static JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr std::size_t npos = static_cast<std::size_t>(-1);
-
-  /// input adapter
-  InputAdapterType ia;
-
-  /// the current character
-  char_int_type current = std::char_traits<char_type>::eof();
-
-  /// the number of characters read
-  std::size_t chars_read = 0;
-
-  /// whether we can assume little endianness
-  const bool is_little_endian = little_endianness();
-
-  /// input format
-  const input_format_t input_format = input_format_t::json;
-
-  /// the SAX parser
-  json_sax_t *sax = nullptr;
-
-  // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
-#define JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_OPTIMIZED_TYPE_MARKERS_                                                            \
-  make_array<char_int_type>('F', 'H', 'N', 'S', 'T', 'Z', '[', '{')
-
-#define JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_TYPES_MAP_                                                                         \
-  make_array<bjd_type>(bjd_type{'C', "char"},                                                                          \
-                       bjd_type{'D', "double"},                                                                        \
-                       bjd_type{'I', "int16"},                                                                         \
-                       bjd_type{'L', "int64"},                                                                         \
-                       bjd_type{'M', "uint64"},                                                                        \
-                       bjd_type{'U', "uint8"},                                                                         \
-                       bjd_type{'d', "single"},                                                                        \
-                       bjd_type{'i', "int8"},                                                                          \
-                       bjd_type{'l', "int32"},                                                                         \
-                       bjd_type{'m', "uint32"},                                                                        \
-                       bjd_type{'u', "uint16"})
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      // lookup tables
-      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
-      const decltype(JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_OPTIMIZED_TYPE_MARKERS_) bjd_optimized_type_markers =
-          JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_OPTIMIZED_TYPE_MARKERS_;
-
-  using bjd_type = std::pair<char_int_type, string_t>;
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
-  const decltype(JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_TYPES_MAP_) bjd_types_map = JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_TYPES_MAP_;
-
-#undef JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_OPTIMIZED_TYPE_MARKERS_
-#undef JSON_BINARY_READER_MAKE_BJD_TYPES_MAP_
-};
-
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename InputAdapterType, typename SAX>
-constexpr std::size_t binary_reader<BasicJsonType, InputAdapterType, SAX>::npos;
-#endif
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/parser.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cmath>      // isfinite
-#include <cstdint>    // uint8_t
-#include <functional> // function
-#include <string>     // string
-#include <utility>    // move
-#include <vector>     // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/is_sax.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-////////////
-// parser //
-////////////
-
-enum class parse_event_t : std::uint8_t {
-  /// the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
-  object_start,
-  /// the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
-  object_end,
-  /// the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
-  array_start,
-  /// the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
-  array_end,
-  /// the parser read a key of a value in an object
-  key,
-  /// the parser finished reading a JSON value
-  value
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-using parser_callback_t = std::function<bool(int /*depth*/, parse_event_t /*event*/, BasicJsonType & /*parsed*/)>;
-
-/*!
-@brief syntax analysis
-
-This class implements a recursive descent parser.
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename InputAdapterType> class parser {
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using lexer_t = lexer<BasicJsonType, InputAdapterType>;
-  using token_type = typename lexer_t::token_type;
-
-public:
-  /// a parser reading from an input adapter
-  explicit parser(InputAdapterType &&adapter,
-                  const parser_callback_t<BasicJsonType> cb = nullptr,
-                  const bool allow_exceptions_ = true,
-                  const bool skip_comments = false)
-      : callback(cb), m_lexer(std::move(adapter), skip_comments), allow_exceptions(allow_exceptions_) {
-    // read first token
-    get_token();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief public parser interface
-
-  @param[in] strict      whether to expect the last token to be EOF
-  @param[in,out] result  parsed JSON value
-
-  @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
-  @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
-  @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
-  */
-  void parse(const bool strict, BasicJsonType &result) {
-    if (callback) {
-      json_sax_dom_callback_parser<BasicJsonType> sdp(result, callback, allow_exceptions);
-      sax_parse_internal(&sdp);
-
-      // in strict mode, input must be completely read
-      if (strict && (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input)) {
-        sdp.parse_error(
-            m_lexer.get_position(),
-            m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value"), nullptr));
-      }
-
-      // in case of an error, return discarded value
-      if (sdp.is_errored()) {
-        result = value_t::discarded;
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // set top-level value to null if it was discarded by the callback
-      // function
-      if (result.is_discarded()) {
-        result = nullptr;
-      }
-    } else {
-      json_sax_dom_parser<BasicJsonType> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-      sax_parse_internal(&sdp);
-
-      // in strict mode, input must be completely read
-      if (strict && (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input)) {
-        sdp.parse_error(
-            m_lexer.get_position(),
-            m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value"), nullptr));
-      }
-
-      // in case of an error, return discarded value
-      if (sdp.is_errored()) {
-        result = value_t::discarded;
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    result.assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief public accept interface
-
-  @param[in] strict  whether to expect the last token to be EOF
-  @return whether the input is a proper JSON text
-  */
-  bool accept(const bool strict = true) {
-    json_sax_acceptor<BasicJsonType> sax_acceptor;
-    return sax_parse(&sax_acceptor, strict);
-  }
-
-  template <typename SAX> JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2) bool sax_parse(SAX *sax, const bool strict = true) {
-    (void)detail::is_sax_static_asserts<SAX, BasicJsonType>{};
-    const bool result = sax_parse_internal(sax);
-
-    // strict mode: next byte must be EOF
-    if (result && strict && (get_token() != token_type::end_of_input)) {
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          m_lexer.get_position(),
-          m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-          parse_error::create(
-              101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::end_of_input, "value"), nullptr));
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-private:
-  template <typename SAX> JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2) bool sax_parse_internal(SAX *sax) {
-    // stack to remember the hierarchy of structured values we are parsing
-    // true = array; false = object
-    std::vector<bool> states;
-    // value to avoid a goto (see comment where set to true)
-    bool skip_to_state_evaluation = false;
-
-    while (true) {
-      if (!skip_to_state_evaluation) {
-        // invariant: get_token() was called before each iteration
-        switch (last_token) {
-        case token_type::begin_object: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_object(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          // closing } -> we are done
-          if (get_token() == token_type::end_object) {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->end_object())) {
-              return false;
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-
-          // parse key
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(last_token != token_type::value_string)) {
-            return sax->parse_error(
-                m_lexer.get_position(),
-                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                parse_error::create(
-                    101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::value_string, "object key"), nullptr));
-          }
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->key(m_lexer.get_string()))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          // parse separator (:)
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::name_separator)) {
-            return sax->parse_error(
-                m_lexer.get_position(),
-                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                parse_error::create(101,
-                                    m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                    exception_message(token_type::name_separator, "object separator"),
-                                    nullptr));
-          }
-
-          // remember we are now inside an object
-          states.push_back(false);
-
-          // parse values
-          get_token();
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::begin_array: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          // closing ] -> we are done
-          if (get_token() == token_type::end_array) {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->end_array())) {
-              return false;
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-
-          // remember we are now inside an array
-          states.push_back(true);
-
-          // parse values (no need to call get_token)
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::value_float: {
-          const auto res = m_lexer.get_number_float();
-
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!std::isfinite(res))) {
-            return sax->parse_error(
-                m_lexer.get_position(),
-                m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                out_of_range::create(
-                    406, concat("number overflow parsing '", m_lexer.get_token_string(), '\''), nullptr));
-          }
-
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->number_float(res, m_lexer.get_string()))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::literal_false: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->boolean(false))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::literal_null: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->null())) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::literal_true: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->boolean(true))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::value_integer: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->number_integer(m_lexer.get_number_integer()))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::value_string: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->string(m_lexer.get_string()))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::value_unsigned: {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->number_unsigned(m_lexer.get_number_unsigned()))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case token_type::parse_error: {
-          // using "uninitialized" to avoid "expected" message
-          return sax->parse_error(
-              m_lexer.get_position(),
-              m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-              parse_error::create(
-                  101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::uninitialized, "value"), nullptr));
-        }
-
-        case token_type::uninitialized:
-        case token_type::end_array:
-        case token_type::end_object:
-        case token_type::name_separator:
-        case token_type::value_separator:
-        case token_type::end_of_input:
-        case token_type::literal_or_value:
-        default: // the last token was unexpected
-        {
-          return sax->parse_error(
-              m_lexer.get_position(),
-              m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-              parse_error::create(
-                  101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::literal_or_value, "value"), nullptr));
-        }
-        }
-      } else {
-        skip_to_state_evaluation = false;
-      }
-
-      // we reached this line after we successfully parsed a value
-      if (states.empty()) {
-        // empty stack: we reached the end of the hierarchy: done
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      if (states.back()) // array
-      {
-        // comma -> next value
-        if (get_token() == token_type::value_separator) {
-          // parse a new value
-          get_token();
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        // closing ]
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(last_token == token_type::end_array)) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->end_array())) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          // We are done with this array. Before we can parse a
-          // new value, we need to evaluate the new state first.
-          // By setting skip_to_state_evaluation to false, we
-          // are effectively jumping to the beginning of this if.
-          JSON_ASSERT(!states.empty());
-          states.pop_back();
-          skip_to_state_evaluation = true;
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        return sax->parse_error(
-            m_lexer.get_position(),
-            m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-            parse_error::create(
-                101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::end_array, "array"), nullptr));
-      }
-
-      // states.back() is false -> object
-
-      // comma -> next value
-      if (get_token() == token_type::value_separator) {
-        // parse key
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::value_string)) {
-          return sax->parse_error(
-              m_lexer.get_position(),
-              m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-              parse_error::create(
-                  101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::value_string, "object key"), nullptr));
-        }
-
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->key(m_lexer.get_string()))) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        // parse separator (:)
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(get_token() != token_type::name_separator)) {
-          return sax->parse_error(m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                  m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-                                  parse_error::create(101,
-                                                      m_lexer.get_position(),
-                                                      exception_message(token_type::name_separator, "object separator"),
-                                                      nullptr));
-        }
-
-        // parse values
-        get_token();
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // closing }
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(last_token == token_type::end_object)) {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->end_object())) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        // We are done with this object. Before we can parse a
-        // new value, we need to evaluate the new state first.
-        // By setting skip_to_state_evaluation to false, we
-        // are effectively jumping to the beginning of this if.
-        JSON_ASSERT(!states.empty());
-        states.pop_back();
-        skip_to_state_evaluation = true;
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      return sax->parse_error(
-          m_lexer.get_position(),
-          m_lexer.get_token_string(),
-          parse_error::create(
-              101, m_lexer.get_position(), exception_message(token_type::end_object, "object"), nullptr));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// get next token from lexer
-  token_type get_token() { return last_token = m_lexer.scan(); }
-
-  std::string exception_message(const token_type expected, const std::string &context) {
-    std::string error_msg = "syntax error ";
-
-    if (!context.empty()) {
-      error_msg += concat("while parsing ", context, ' ');
-    }
-
-    error_msg += "- ";
-
-    if (last_token == token_type::parse_error) {
-      error_msg += concat(m_lexer.get_error_message(), "; last read: '", m_lexer.get_token_string(), '\'');
-    } else {
-      error_msg += concat("unexpected ", lexer_t::token_type_name(last_token));
-    }
-
-    if (expected != token_type::uninitialized) {
-      error_msg += concat("; expected ", lexer_t::token_type_name(expected));
-    }
-
-    return error_msg;
-  }
-
-private:
-  /// callback function
-  const parser_callback_t<BasicJsonType> callback = nullptr;
-  /// the type of the last read token
-  token_type last_token = token_type::uninitialized;
-  /// the lexer
-  lexer_t m_lexer;
-  /// whether to throw exceptions in case of errors
-  const bool allow_exceptions = true;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/internal_iterator.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef> // ptrdiff_t
-#include <limits>  // numeric_limits
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/*
-@brief an iterator for primitive JSON types
-
-This class models an iterator for primitive JSON types (boolean, number,
-string). It's only purpose is to allow the iterator/const_iterator classes
-to "iterate" over primitive values. Internally, the iterator is modeled by
-a `difference_type` variable. Value begin_value (`0`) models the begin,
-end_value (`1`) models past the end.
-*/
-class primitive_iterator_t {
-private:
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-  static constexpr difference_type begin_value = 0;
-  static constexpr difference_type end_value = begin_value + 1;
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      /// iterator as signed integer type
-      difference_type m_it = (std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::min)();
-
-public:
-  constexpr difference_type get_value() const noexcept { return m_it; }
-
-  /// set iterator to a defined beginning
-  void set_begin() noexcept { m_it = begin_value; }
-
-  /// set iterator to a defined past the end
-  void set_end() noexcept { m_it = end_value; }
-
-  /// return whether the iterator can be dereferenced
-  constexpr bool is_begin() const noexcept { return m_it == begin_value; }
-
-  /// return whether the iterator is at end
-  constexpr bool is_end() const noexcept { return m_it == end_value; }
-
-  friend constexpr bool operator==(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs.m_it == rhs.m_it;
-  }
-
-  friend constexpr bool operator<(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs.m_it < rhs.m_it;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t operator+(difference_type n) noexcept {
-    auto result = *this;
-    result += n;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  friend constexpr difference_type operator-(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs.m_it - rhs.m_it;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t &operator++() noexcept {
-    ++m_it;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t operator++(int) & noexcept // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    auto result = *this;
-    ++m_it;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t &operator--() noexcept {
-    --m_it;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t operator--(int) & noexcept // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    auto result = *this;
-    --m_it;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t &operator+=(difference_type n) noexcept {
-    m_it += n;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  primitive_iterator_t &operator-=(difference_type n) noexcept {
-    m_it -= n;
-    return *this;
-  }
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/*!
-@brief an iterator value
-
-@note This structure could easily be a union, but MSVC currently does not allow
-unions members with complex constructors, see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/105.
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType> struct internal_iterator {
-  /// iterator for JSON objects
-  typename BasicJsonType::object_t::iterator object_iterator{};
-  /// iterator for JSON arrays
-  typename BasicJsonType::array_t::iterator array_iterator{};
-  /// generic iterator for all other types
-  primitive_iterator_t primitive_iterator{};
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iter_impl.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <iterator>    // iterator, random_access_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag, advance, next
-#include <type_traits> // conditional, is_const, remove_const
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/internal_iterator.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-// forward declare, to be able to friend it later on
-template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy;
-template <typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy_value;
-
-/*!
-@brief a template for a bidirectional iterator for the @ref basic_json class
-This class implements a both iterators (iterator and const_iterator) for the
-@ref basic_json class.
-@note An iterator is called *initialized* when a pointer to a JSON value has
-      been set (e.g., by a constructor or a copy assignment). If the iterator is
-      default-constructed, it is *uninitialized* and most methods are undefined.
-      **The library uses assertions to detect calls on uninitialized iterators.**
-@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
--
-[BidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator):
-  The iterator that can be moved can be moved in both directions (i.e.
-  incremented and decremented).
-@since version 1.0.0, simplified in version 2.0.9, change to bidirectional
-       iterators in version 3.0.0 (see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/593)
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType>
-class iter_impl // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-special-member-functions)
-{
-  /// the iterator with BasicJsonType of different const-ness
-  using other_iter_impl = iter_impl<typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
-                                                              typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type,
-                                                              const BasicJsonType>::type>;
-  /// allow basic_json to access private members
-  friend other_iter_impl;
-  friend BasicJsonType;
-  friend iteration_proxy<iter_impl>;
-  friend iteration_proxy_value<iter_impl>;
-
-  using object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-  using array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
-  // make sure BasicJsonType is basic_json or const basic_json
-  static_assert(is_basic_json<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type>::value,
-                "iter_impl only accepts (const) basic_json");
-  // superficial check for the LegacyBidirectionalIterator named requirement
-  static_assert(
-      std::is_base_of<std::bidirectional_iterator_tag, std::bidirectional_iterator_tag>::value &&
-          std::is_base_of<std::bidirectional_iterator_tag,
-                          typename std::iterator_traits<typename array_t::iterator>::iterator_category>::value,
-      "basic_json iterator assumes array and object type iterators satisfy the LegacyBidirectionalIterator named "
-      "requirement.");
-
-public:
-  /// The std::iterator class template (used as a base class to provide typedefs) is deprecated in C++17.
-  /// The C++ Standard has never required user-defined iterators to derive from std::iterator.
-  /// A user-defined iterator should provide publicly accessible typedefs named
-  /// iterator_category, value_type, difference_type, pointer, and reference.
-  /// Note that value_type is required to be non-const, even for constant iterators.
-  using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
-
-  /// the type of the values when the iterator is dereferenced
-  using value_type = typename BasicJsonType::value_type;
-  /// a type to represent differences between iterators
-  using difference_type = typename BasicJsonType::difference_type;
-  /// defines a pointer to the type iterated over (value_type)
-  using pointer = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
-                                            typename BasicJsonType::const_pointer,
-                                            typename BasicJsonType::pointer>::type;
-  /// defines a reference to the type iterated over (value_type)
-  using reference = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<BasicJsonType>::value,
-                                              typename BasicJsonType::const_reference,
-                                              typename BasicJsonType::reference>::type;
-
-  iter_impl() = default;
-  ~iter_impl() = default;
-  iter_impl(iter_impl &&) noexcept = default;
-  iter_impl &operator=(iter_impl &&) noexcept = default;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief constructor for a given JSON instance
-  @param[in] object  pointer to a JSON object for this iterator
-  @pre object != nullptr
-  @post The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  explicit iter_impl(pointer object) noexcept : m_object(object) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      m_it.object_iterator = typename object_t::iterator();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      m_it.array_iterator = typename array_t::iterator();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      m_it.primitive_iterator = primitive_iterator_t();
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @note The conventional copy constructor and copy assignment are implicitly
-        defined. Combined with the following converting constructor and
-        assignment, they support: (1) copy from iterator to iterator, (2)
-        copy from const iterator to const iterator, and (3) conversion from
-        iterator to const iterator. However conversion from const iterator
-        to iterator is not defined.
-  */
-
-  /*!
-  @brief const copy constructor
-  @param[in] other const iterator to copy from
-  @note This copy constructor had to be defined explicitly to circumvent a bug
-        occurring on msvc v19.0 compiler (VS 2015) debug build. For more
-        information refer to: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1608
-  */
-  iter_impl(const iter_impl<const BasicJsonType> &other) noexcept : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it) {}
-
-  /*!
-  @brief converting assignment
-  @param[in] other const iterator to copy from
-  @return const/non-const iterator
-  @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
-  */
-  iter_impl &operator=(const iter_impl<const BasicJsonType> &other) noexcept {
-    if (&other != this) {
-      m_object = other.m_object;
-      m_it = other.m_it;
-    }
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief converting constructor
-  @param[in] other  non-const iterator to copy from
-  @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
-  */
-  iter_impl(const iter_impl<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type> &other) noexcept
-      : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it) {}
-
-  /*!
-  @brief converting assignment
-  @param[in] other  non-const iterator to copy from
-  @return const/non-const iterator
-  @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
-  */
-  iter_impl &
-  operator=(const iter_impl<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type> &other) noexcept // NOLINT(cert-oop54-cpp)
-  {
-    m_object = other.m_object;
-    m_it = other.m_it;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      /*!
-      @brief set the iterator to the first value
-      @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-      */
-      void
-      set_begin() noexcept {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->begin();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->begin();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null: {
-      // set to end so begin()==end() is true: null is empty
-      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_begin();
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief set the iterator past the last value
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  void set_end() noexcept {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->end();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->end();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-public:
-  /*!
-  @brief return a reference to the value pointed to by the iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  reference operator*() const {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      JSON_ASSERT(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
-      return m_it.object_iterator->second;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      JSON_ASSERT(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
-      return *m_it.array_iterator;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value", m_object));
-
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())) {
-        return *m_object;
-      }
-
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value", m_object));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief dereference the iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  pointer operator->() const {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      JSON_ASSERT(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
-      return &(m_it.object_iterator->second);
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      JSON_ASSERT(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
-      return &*m_it.array_iterator;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())) {
-        return m_object;
-      }
-
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value", m_object));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief post-increment (it++)
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl operator++(int) & // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    auto result = *this;
-    ++(*this);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief pre-increment (++it)
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl &operator++() {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, 1);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, 1);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      ++m_it.primitive_iterator;
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief post-decrement (it--)
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl operator--(int) & // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    auto result = *this;
-    --(*this);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief pre-decrement (--it)
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl &operator--() {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, -1);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, -1);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      --m_it.primitive_iterator;
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief comparison: equal
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  template <
-      typename IterImpl,
-      detail::enable_if_t<(std::is_same<IterImpl, iter_impl>::value || std::is_same<IterImpl, other_iter_impl>::value),
-                          std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>
-  bool operator==(const IterImpl &other) const {
-    // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_object != other.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers", m_object));
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      return (m_it.object_iterator == other.m_it.object_iterator);
-
-    case value_t::array:
-      return (m_it.array_iterator == other.m_it.array_iterator);
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      return (m_it.primitive_iterator == other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief comparison: not equal
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  template <
-      typename IterImpl,
-      detail::enable_if_t<(std::is_same<IterImpl, iter_impl>::value || std::is_same<IterImpl, other_iter_impl>::value),
-                          std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>
-  bool operator!=(const IterImpl &other) const {
-    return !operator==(other);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief comparison: smaller
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  bool operator<(const iter_impl &other) const {
-    // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_object != other.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers", m_object));
-    }
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(213, "cannot compare order of object iterators", m_object));
-
-    case value_t::array:
-      return (m_it.array_iterator < other.m_it.array_iterator);
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      return (m_it.primitive_iterator < other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief comparison: less than or equal
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  bool operator<=(const iter_impl &other) const { return !other.operator<(*this); }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief comparison: greater than
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  bool operator>(const iter_impl &other) const { return !operator<=(other); }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  bool operator>=(const iter_impl &other) const { return !operator<(other); }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief add to iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl &operator+=(difference_type i) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators", m_object));
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, i);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      m_it.primitive_iterator += i;
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief subtract from iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl &operator-=(difference_type i) { return operator+=(-i); }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief add to iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl operator+(difference_type i) const {
-    auto result = *this;
-    result += i;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief addition of distance and iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  friend iter_impl operator+(difference_type i, const iter_impl &it) {
-    auto result = it;
-    result += i;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief subtract from iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  iter_impl operator-(difference_type i) const {
-    auto result = *this;
-    result -= i;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief return difference
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  difference_type operator-(const iter_impl &other) const {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators", m_object));
-
-    case value_t::array:
-      return m_it.array_iterator - other.m_it.array_iterator;
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      return m_it.primitive_iterator - other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief access to successor
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    switch (m_object->m_type) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(208, "cannot use operator[] for object iterators", m_object));
-
-    case value_t::array:
-      return *std::next(m_it.array_iterator, n);
-
-    case value_t::null:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value", m_object));
-
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_it.primitive_iterator.get_value() == -n)) {
-        return *m_object;
-      }
-
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(214, "cannot get value", m_object));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief return the key of an object iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  const typename object_t::key_type &key() const {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_object != nullptr);
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(m_object->is_object())) {
-      return m_it.object_iterator->first;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(207, "cannot use key() for non-object iterators", m_object));
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief return the value of an iterator
-  @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
-  */
-  reference value() const { return operator*(); }
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      /// associated JSON instance
-      pointer m_object = nullptr;
-  /// the actual iterator of the associated instance
-  internal_iterator<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type> m_it{};
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/json_reverse_iterator.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <cstddef>  // ptrdiff_t
-#include <iterator> // reverse_iterator
-#include <utility>  // declval
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-//////////////////////
-// reverse_iterator //
-//////////////////////
-
-/*!
-@brief a template for a reverse iterator class
-
-@tparam Base the base iterator type to reverse. Valid types are @ref
-iterator (to create @ref reverse_iterator) and @ref const_iterator (to
-create @ref const_reverse_iterator).
-
-@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
--
-[BidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator):
-  The iterator that can be moved can be moved in both directions (i.e.
-  incremented and decremented).
-- [OutputIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/OutputIterator):
-  It is possible to write to the pointed-to element (only if @a Base is
-  @ref iterator).
-
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-template <typename Base> class json_reverse_iterator : public std::reverse_iterator<Base> {
-public:
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-  /// shortcut to the reverse iterator adapter
-  using base_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<Base>;
-  /// the reference type for the pointed-to element
-  using reference = typename Base::reference;
-
-  /// create reverse iterator from iterator
-  explicit json_reverse_iterator(const typename base_iterator::iterator_type &it) noexcept : base_iterator(it) {}
-
-  /// create reverse iterator from base class
-  explicit json_reverse_iterator(const base_iterator &it) noexcept : base_iterator(it) {}
-
-  /// post-increment (it++)
-  json_reverse_iterator operator++(int) & // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator++(1));
-  }
-
-  /// pre-increment (++it)
-  json_reverse_iterator &operator++() { return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator &>(base_iterator::operator++()); }
-
-  /// post-decrement (it--)
-  json_reverse_iterator operator--(int) & // NOLINT(cert-dcl21-cpp)
-  {
-    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator--(1));
-  }
-
-  /// pre-decrement (--it)
-  json_reverse_iterator &operator--() { return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator &>(base_iterator::operator--()); }
-
-  /// add to iterator
-  json_reverse_iterator &operator+=(difference_type i) {
-    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator &>(base_iterator::operator+=(i));
-  }
-
-  /// add to iterator
-  json_reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const {
-    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator+(i));
-  }
-
-  /// subtract from iterator
-  json_reverse_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const {
-    return static_cast<json_reverse_iterator>(base_iterator::operator-(i));
-  }
-
-  /// return difference
-  difference_type operator-(const json_reverse_iterator &other) const {
-    return base_iterator(*this) - base_iterator(other);
-  }
-
-  /// access to successor
-  reference operator[](difference_type n) const { return *(this->operator+(n)); }
-
-  /// return the key of an object iterator
-  auto key() const -> decltype(std::declval<Base>().key()) {
-    auto it = --this->base();
-    return it.key();
-  }
-
-  /// return the value of an iterator
-  reference value() const {
-    auto it = --this->base();
-    return it.operator*();
-  }
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/primitive_iterator.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_custom_base_class.hpp>
-
-#include <type_traits> // conditional, is_same
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/*!
-@brief Default base class of the @ref basic_json class.
-
-So that the correct implementations of the copy / move ctors / assign operators
-of @ref basic_json do not require complex case distinctions
-(no base class / custom base class used as customization point),
-@ref basic_json always has a base class.
-By default, this class is used because it is empty and thus has no effect
-on the behavior of @ref basic_json.
-*/
-struct json_default_base {};
-
-template <class T>
-using json_base_class = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, void>::value, json_default_base, T>::type;
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_pointer.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm> // all_of
-#include <cctype>    // isdigit
-#include <cerrno>    // errno, ERANGE
-#include <cstdlib>   // strtoull
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-#include <iosfwd>  // ostream
-#endif             // JSON_NO_IO
-#include <limits>  // max
-#include <numeric> // accumulate
-#include <string>  // string
-#include <utility> // move
-#include <vector>  // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_escape.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/// @brief JSON Pointer defines a string syntax for identifying a specific value within a JSON document
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/
-template <typename RefStringType> class json_pointer {
-  // allow basic_json to access private members
-  NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-  friend class basic_json;
-
-  template <typename> friend class json_pointer;
-
-  template <typename T> struct string_t_helper {
-    using type = T;
-  };
-
-  NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-  struct string_t_helper<NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL> {
-    using type = StringType;
-  };
-
-public:
-  // for backwards compatibility accept BasicJsonType
-  using string_t = typename string_t_helper<RefStringType>::type;
-
-  /// @brief create JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/json_pointer/
-  explicit json_pointer(const string_t &s = "") : reference_tokens(split(s)) {}
-
-  /// @brief return a string representation of the JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/to_string/
-  string_t to_string() const {
-    return std::accumulate(
-        reference_tokens.begin(), reference_tokens.end(), string_t{}, [](const string_t &a, const string_t &b) {
-          return detail::concat(a, '/', detail::escape(b));
-        });
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return a string representation of the JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_string/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0, to_string())
-  operator string_t() const { return to_string(); }
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-  /// @brief write string representation of the JSON pointer to stream
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ltlt/
-  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const json_pointer &ptr) {
-    o << ptr.to_string();
-    return o;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  /// @brief append another JSON pointer at the end of this JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_slasheq/
-  json_pointer &operator/=(const json_pointer &ptr) {
-    reference_tokens.insert(reference_tokens.end(), ptr.reference_tokens.begin(), ptr.reference_tokens.end());
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief append an unescaped reference token at the end of this JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_slasheq/
-  json_pointer &operator/=(string_t token) {
-    push_back(std::move(token));
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief append an array index at the end of this JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_slasheq/
-  json_pointer &operator/=(std::size_t array_idx) { return *this /= std::to_string(array_idx); }
-
-  /// @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the right JSON pointer at the end of the left JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_slash/
-  friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer &lhs, const json_pointer &rhs) { return json_pointer(lhs) /= rhs; }
-
-  /// @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the unescaped token at the end of the JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_slash/
-  friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer &lhs, string_t token) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-  {
-    return json_pointer(lhs) /= std::move(token);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a new JSON pointer by appending the array-index-token at the end of the JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_slash/
-  friend json_pointer operator/(const json_pointer &lhs, std::size_t array_idx) {
-    return json_pointer(lhs) /= array_idx;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns the parent of this JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/parent_pointer/
-  json_pointer parent_pointer() const {
-    if (empty()) {
-      return *this;
-    }
-
-    json_pointer res = *this;
-    res.pop_back();
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief remove last reference token
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/pop_back/
-  void pop_back() {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty())) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent", nullptr));
-    }
-
-    reference_tokens.pop_back();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return last reference token
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/back/
-  const string_t &back() const {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty())) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent", nullptr));
-    }
-
-    return reference_tokens.back();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief append an unescaped token at the end of the reference pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/push_back/
-  void push_back(const string_t &token) { reference_tokens.push_back(token); }
-
-  /// @brief append an unescaped token at the end of the reference pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/push_back/
-  void push_back(string_t &&token) { reference_tokens.push_back(std::move(token)); }
-
-  /// @brief return whether pointer points to the root document
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/empty/
-  bool empty() const noexcept { return reference_tokens.empty(); }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @param[in] s  reference token to be converted into an array index
-
-  @return integer representation of @a s
-
-  @throw parse_error.106  if an array index begins with '0'
-  @throw parse_error.109  if an array index begins not with a digit
-  @throw out_of_range.404 if string @a s could not be converted to an integer
-  @throw out_of_range.410 if an array index exceeds size_type
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static typename BasicJsonType::size_type array_index(const string_t &s) {
-    using size_type = typename BasicJsonType::size_type;
-
-    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(s.size() > 1 && s[0] == '0')) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
-          106, 0, detail::concat("array index '", s, "' must not begin with '0'"), nullptr));
-    }
-
-    // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(s.size() > 1 && !(s[0] >= '1' && s[0] <= '9'))) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(109, 0, detail::concat("array index '", s, "' is not a number"), nullptr));
-    }
-
-    const char *p = s.c_str();
-    char *p_end = nullptr;
-    errno = 0;                                                                    // strtoull doesn't reset errno
-    const unsigned long long res = std::strtoull(p, &p_end, 10);                  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
-    if (p == p_end                                                                // invalid input or empty string
-        || errno == ERANGE                                                        // out of range
-        || JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(static_cast<std::size_t>(p_end - p) != s.size())) // incomplete read
-    {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(404, detail::concat("unresolved reference token '", s, "'"), nullptr));
-    }
-
-    // only triggered on special platforms (like 32bit), see also
-    // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/2203
-    if (res >= static_cast<unsigned long long>((std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max)())) // NOLINT(runtime/int)
-    {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-          410, detail::concat("array index ", s, " exceeds size_type"), nullptr)); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-    return static_cast<size_type>(res);
-  }
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED : json_pointer top() const {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(empty())) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(405, "JSON pointer has no parent", nullptr));
-    }
-
-    json_pointer result = *this;
-    result.reference_tokens = {reference_tokens[0]};
-    return result;
-  }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @brief create and return a reference to the pointed to value
-
-  @complexity Linear in the number of reference tokens.
-
-  @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
-  @throw type_error.313 if value cannot be unflattened
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> BasicJsonType &get_and_create(BasicJsonType &j) const {
-    auto *result = &j;
-
-    // in case no reference tokens exist, return a reference to the JSON value
-    // j which will be overwritten by a primitive value
-    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
-      switch (result->type()) {
-      case detail::value_t::null: {
-        if (reference_token == "0") {
-          // start a new array if reference token is 0
-          result = &result->operator[](0);
-        } else {
-          // start a new object otherwise
-          result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::object: {
-        // create an entry in the object
-        result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::array: {
-        // create an entry in the array
-        result = &result->operator[](array_index<BasicJsonType>(reference_token));
-        break;
-      }
-
-      /*
-      The following code is only reached if there exists a reference
-      token _and_ the current value is primitive. In this case, we have
-      an error situation, because primitive values may only occur as
-      single value; that is, with an empty list of reference tokens.
-      */
-      case detail::value_t::string:
-      case detail::value_t::boolean:
-      case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-      case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case detail::value_t::number_float:
-      case detail::value_t::binary:
-      case detail::value_t::discarded:
-      default:
-        JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(313, "invalid value to unflatten", &j));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return *result;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief return a reference to the pointed to value
-
-  @note This version does not throw if a value is not present, but tries to
-        create nested values instead. For instance, calling this function
-        with pointer `"/this/that"` on a null value is equivalent to calling
-        `operator[]("this").operator[]("that")` on that value, effectively
-        changing the null value to an object.
-
-  @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
-
-  @return reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON pointer
-
-  @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer.
-
-  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> BasicJsonType &get_unchecked(BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
-    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
-      // convert null values to arrays or objects before continuing
-      if (ptr->is_null()) {
-        // check if reference token is a number
-        const bool nums = std::all_of(
-            reference_token.begin(), reference_token.end(), [](const unsigned char x) { return std::isdigit(x); });
-
-        // change value to array for numbers or "-" or to object otherwise
-        *ptr = (nums || reference_token == "-") ? detail::value_t::array : detail::value_t::object;
-      }
-
-      switch (ptr->type()) {
-      case detail::value_t::object: {
-        // use unchecked object access
-        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::array: {
-        if (reference_token == "-") {
-          // explicitly treat "-" as index beyond the end
-          ptr = &ptr->operator[](ptr->m_value.array->size());
-        } else {
-          // convert array index to number; unchecked access
-          ptr = &ptr->operator[](array_index<BasicJsonType>(reference_token));
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::null:
-      case detail::value_t::string:
-      case detail::value_t::boolean:
-      case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-      case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case detail::value_t::number_float:
-      case detail::value_t::binary:
-      case detail::value_t::discarded:
-      default:
-        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-            404, detail::concat("unresolved reference token '", reference_token, "'"), ptr));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return *ptr;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> BasicJsonType &get_checked(BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
-    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
-      switch (ptr->type()) {
-      case detail::value_t::object: {
-        // note: at performs range check
-        ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::array: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
-          // "-" always fails the range check
-          JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-              402,
-              detail::concat("array index '-' (", std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()), ") is out of range"),
-              ptr));
-        }
-
-        // note: at performs range check
-        ptr = &ptr->at(array_index<BasicJsonType>(reference_token));
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::null:
-      case detail::value_t::string:
-      case detail::value_t::boolean:
-      case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-      case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case detail::value_t::number_float:
-      case detail::value_t::binary:
-      case detail::value_t::discarded:
-      default:
-        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-            404, detail::concat("unresolved reference token '", reference_token, "'"), ptr));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return *ptr;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief return a const reference to the pointed to value
-
-  @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
-
-  @return const reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON
-  pointer
-
-  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> const BasicJsonType &get_unchecked(const BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
-    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
-      switch (ptr->type()) {
-      case detail::value_t::object: {
-        // use unchecked object access
-        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::array: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
-          // "-" cannot be used for const access
-          JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-              402,
-              detail::concat("array index '-' (", std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()), ") is out of range"),
-              ptr));
-        }
-
-        // use unchecked array access
-        ptr = &ptr->operator[](array_index<BasicJsonType>(reference_token));
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::null:
-      case detail::value_t::string:
-      case detail::value_t::boolean:
-      case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-      case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case detail::value_t::number_float:
-      case detail::value_t::binary:
-      case detail::value_t::discarded:
-      default:
-        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-            404, detail::concat("unresolved reference token '", reference_token, "'"), ptr));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return *ptr;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-  @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
-  @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> const BasicJsonType &get_checked(const BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
-    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
-      switch (ptr->type()) {
-      case detail::value_t::object: {
-        // note: at performs range check
-        ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::array: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
-          // "-" always fails the range check
-          JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-              402,
-              detail::concat("array index '-' (", std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()), ") is out of range"),
-              ptr));
-        }
-
-        // note: at performs range check
-        ptr = &ptr->at(array_index<BasicJsonType>(reference_token));
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::null:
-      case detail::value_t::string:
-      case detail::value_t::boolean:
-      case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-      case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case detail::value_t::number_float:
-      case detail::value_t::binary:
-      case detail::value_t::discarded:
-      default:
-        JSON_THROW(detail::out_of_range::create(
-            404, detail::concat("unresolved reference token '", reference_token, "'"), ptr));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return *ptr;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
-  @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> bool contains(const BasicJsonType *ptr) const {
-    for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
-      switch (ptr->type()) {
-      case detail::value_t::object: {
-        if (!ptr->contains(reference_token)) {
-          // we did not find the key in the object
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::array: {
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token == "-")) {
-          // "-" always fails the range check
-          return false;
-        }
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() == 1 && !("0" <= reference_token && reference_token <= "9"))) {
-          // invalid char
-          return false;
-        }
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_token.size() > 1)) {
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!('1' <= reference_token[0] && reference_token[0] <= '9'))) {
-            // first char should be between '1' and '9'
-            return false;
-          }
-          for (std::size_t i = 1; i < reference_token.size(); i++) {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!('0' <= reference_token[i] && reference_token[i] <= '9'))) {
-              // other char should be between '0' and '9'
-              return false;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        const auto idx = array_index<BasicJsonType>(reference_token);
-        if (idx >= ptr->size()) {
-          // index out of range
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        ptr = &ptr->operator[](idx);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case detail::value_t::null:
-      case detail::value_t::string:
-      case detail::value_t::boolean:
-      case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-      case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case detail::value_t::number_float:
-      case detail::value_t::binary:
-      case detail::value_t::discarded:
-      default: {
-        // we do not expect primitive values if there is still a
-        // reference token to process
-        return false;
-      }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // no reference token left means we found a primitive value
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief split the string input to reference tokens
-
-  @note This function is only called by the json_pointer constructor.
-        All exceptions below are documented there.
-
-  @throw parse_error.107  if the pointer is not empty or begins with '/'
-  @throw parse_error.108  if character '~' is not followed by '0' or '1'
-  */
-  static std::vector<string_t> split(const string_t &reference_string) {
-    std::vector<string_t> result;
-
-    // special case: empty reference string -> no reference tokens
-    if (reference_string.empty()) {
-      return result;
-    }
-
-    // check if nonempty reference string begins with slash
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(reference_string[0] != '/')) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::parse_error::create(
-          107,
-          1,
-          detail::concat("JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: '", reference_string, "'"),
-          nullptr));
-    }
-
-    // extract the reference tokens:
-    // - slash: position of the last read slash (or end of string)
-    // - start: position after the previous slash
-    for (
-        // search for the first slash after the first character
-        std::size_t slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', 1),
-                    // set the beginning of the first reference token
-        start = 1;
-        // we can stop if start == 0 (if slash == string_t::npos)
-        start != 0;
-        // set the beginning of the next reference token
-        // (will eventually be 0 if slash == string_t::npos)
-        start = (slash == string_t::npos) ? 0 : slash + 1,
-                    // find next slash
-        slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', start)) {
-      // use the text between the beginning of the reference token
-      // (start) and the last slash (slash).
-      auto reference_token = reference_string.substr(start, slash - start);
-
-      // check reference tokens are properly escaped
-      for (std::size_t pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~'); pos != string_t::npos;
-           pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~', pos + 1)) {
-        JSON_ASSERT(reference_token[pos] == '~');
-
-        // ~ must be followed by 0 or 1
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos == reference_token.size() - 1 ||
-                                 (reference_token[pos + 1] != '0' && reference_token[pos + 1] != '1'))) {
-          JSON_THROW(
-              detail::parse_error::create(108, 0, "escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1'", nullptr));
-        }
-      }
-
-      // finally, store the reference token
-      detail::unescape(reference_token);
-      result.push_back(reference_token);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @param[in] reference_string  the reference string to the current value
-  @param[in] value             the value to consider
-  @param[in,out] result        the result object to insert values to
-
-  @note Empty objects or arrays are flattened to `null`.
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType>
-  static void flatten(const string_t &reference_string, const BasicJsonType &value, BasicJsonType &result) {
-    switch (value.type()) {
-    case detail::value_t::array: {
-      if (value.m_value.array->empty()) {
-        // flatten empty array as null
-        result[reference_string] = nullptr;
-      } else {
-        // iterate array and use index as reference string
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < value.m_value.array->size(); ++i) {
-          flatten(detail::concat(reference_string, '/', std::to_string(i)), value.m_value.array->operator[](i), result);
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case detail::value_t::object: {
-      if (value.m_value.object->empty()) {
-        // flatten empty object as null
-        result[reference_string] = nullptr;
-      } else {
-        // iterate object and use keys as reference string
-        for (const auto &element : *value.m_value.object) {
-          flatten(detail::concat(reference_string, '/', detail::escape(element.first)), element.second, result);
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case detail::value_t::null:
-    case detail::value_t::string:
-    case detail::value_t::boolean:
-    case detail::value_t::number_integer:
-    case detail::value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case detail::value_t::number_float:
-    case detail::value_t::binary:
-    case detail::value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      // add primitive value with its reference string
-      result[reference_string] = value;
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] value  flattened JSON
-
-  @return unflattened JSON
-
-  @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
-  @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
-  @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitive
-  @throw type_error.313  if value cannot be unflattened
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> static BasicJsonType unflatten(const BasicJsonType &value) {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!value.is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(314, "only objects can be unflattened", &value));
-    }
-
-    BasicJsonType result;
-
-    // iterate the JSON object values
-    for (const auto &element : *value.m_value.object) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!element.second.is_primitive())) {
-        JSON_THROW(detail::type_error::create(315, "values in object must be primitive", &element.second));
-      }
-
-      // assign value to reference pointed to by JSON pointer; Note that if
-      // the JSON pointer is "" (i.e., points to the whole value), function
-      // get_and_create returns a reference to result itself. An assignment
-      // will then create a primitive value.
-      json_pointer(element.first).get_and_create(result) = element.second;
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // can't use conversion operator because of ambiguity
-  json_pointer<string_t> convert() const & {
-    json_pointer<string_t> result;
-    result.reference_tokens = reference_tokens;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  json_pointer<string_t> convert() && {
-    json_pointer<string_t> result;
-    result.reference_tokens = std::move(reference_tokens);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-public:
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-  /// @brief compares two JSON pointers for equality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_eq/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeRhs> bool operator==(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) const noexcept {
-    return reference_tokens == rhs.reference_tokens;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief compares JSON pointer and string for equality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_eq/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.2, operator==(json_pointer))
-  bool operator==(const string_t &rhs) const { return *this == json_pointer(rhs); }
-
-  /// @brief 3-way compares two JSON pointers
-  template <typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-  std::strong_ordering operator<=>(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) const noexcept // *NOPAD*
-  {
-    return reference_tokens <=> rhs.reference_tokens; // *NOPAD*
-  }
-#else
-  /// @brief compares two JSON pointers for equality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_eq/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator==(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) noexcept;
-
-  /// @brief compares JSON pointer and string for equality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_eq/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename StringType>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator==(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const StringType &rhs);
-
-  /// @brief compares string and JSON pointer for equality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_eq/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeRhs, typename StringType>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator==(const StringType &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs);
-
-  /// @brief compares two JSON pointers for inequality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_ne/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator!=(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) noexcept;
-
-  /// @brief compares JSON pointer and string for inequality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_ne/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename StringType>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator!=(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const StringType &rhs);
-
-  /// @brief compares string and JSON pointer for inequality
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_pointer/operator_ne/
-  template <typename RefStringTypeRhs, typename StringType>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator!=(const StringType &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs);
-
-  /// @brief compares two JSON pointer for less-than
-  template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-declaration)
-  friend bool operator<(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) noexcept;
-#endif
-
-private:
-  /// the reference tokens
-  std::vector<string_t> reference_tokens;
-};
-
-#if !JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-// functions cannot be defined inside class due to ODR violations
-template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-inline bool operator==(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) noexcept {
-  return lhs.reference_tokens == rhs.reference_tokens;
-}
-
-template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename StringType = typename json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs>::string_t>
-JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.2, operator==(json_pointer, json_pointer))
-inline bool operator==(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const StringType &rhs) {
-  return lhs == json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs>(rhs);
-}
-
-template <typename RefStringTypeRhs, typename StringType = typename json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs>::string_t>
-JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.2, operator==(json_pointer, json_pointer))
-inline bool operator==(const StringType &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) {
-  return json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs>(lhs) == rhs;
-}
-
-template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-inline bool operator!=(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) noexcept {
-  return !(lhs == rhs);
-}
-
-template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename StringType = typename json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs>::string_t>
-JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.2, operator!=(json_pointer, json_pointer))
-inline bool operator!=(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const StringType &rhs) {
-  return !(lhs == rhs);
-}
-
-template <typename RefStringTypeRhs, typename StringType = typename json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs>::string_t>
-JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.2, operator!=(json_pointer, json_pointer))
-inline bool operator!=(const StringType &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) {
-  return !(lhs == rhs);
-}
-
-template <typename RefStringTypeLhs, typename RefStringTypeRhs>
-inline bool operator<(const json_pointer<RefStringTypeLhs> &lhs, const json_pointer<RefStringTypeRhs> &rhs) noexcept {
-  return lhs.reference_tokens < rhs.reference_tokens;
-}
-#endif
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/json_ref.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <initializer_list>
-#include <utility>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> class json_ref {
-public:
-  using value_type = BasicJsonType;
-
-  json_ref(value_type &&value) : owned_value(std::move(value)) {}
-
-  json_ref(const value_type &value) : value_ref(&value) {}
-
-  json_ref(std::initializer_list<json_ref> init) : owned_value(init) {}
-
-  template <class... Args, enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<value_type, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
-  json_ref(Args &&...args) : owned_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
-
-  // class should be movable only
-  json_ref(json_ref &&) noexcept = default;
-  json_ref(const json_ref &) = delete;
-  json_ref &operator=(const json_ref &) = delete;
-  json_ref &operator=(json_ref &&) = delete;
-  ~json_ref() = default;
-
-  value_type moved_or_copied() const {
-    if (value_ref == nullptr) {
-      return std::move(owned_value);
-    }
-    return *value_ref;
-  }
-
-  value_type const &operator*() const { return value_ref ? *value_ref : owned_value; }
-
-  value_type const *operator->() const { return &**this; }
-
-private:
-  mutable value_type owned_value = nullptr;
-  value_type const *value_ref = nullptr;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_escape.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm> // reverse
-#include <array>     // array
-#include <cmath>     // isnan, isinf
-#include <cstdint>   // uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t
-#include <cstring>   // memcpy
-#include <limits>    // numeric_limits
-#include <map>       // map
-#include <string>    // string
-#include <utility>   // move
-#include <vector>    // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm> // copy
-#include <cstddef>   // size_t
-#include <iterator>  // back_inserter
-#include <memory>    // shared_ptr, make_shared
-#include <string>    // basic_string
-#include <vector>    // vector
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-#include <ios>     // streamsize
-#include <ostream> // basic_ostream
-#endif             // JSON_NO_IO
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/// abstract output adapter interface
-template <typename CharType> struct output_adapter_protocol {
-  virtual void write_character(CharType c) = 0;
-  virtual void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) = 0;
-  virtual ~output_adapter_protocol() = default;
-
-  output_adapter_protocol() = default;
-  output_adapter_protocol(const output_adapter_protocol &) = default;
-  output_adapter_protocol(output_adapter_protocol &&) noexcept = default;
-  output_adapter_protocol &operator=(const output_adapter_protocol &) = default;
-  output_adapter_protocol &operator=(output_adapter_protocol &&) noexcept = default;
-};
-
-/// a type to simplify interfaces
-template <typename CharType> using output_adapter_t = std::shared_ptr<output_adapter_protocol<CharType>>;
-
-/// output adapter for byte vectors
-template <typename CharType, typename AllocatorType = std::allocator<CharType>>
-class output_vector_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType> {
-public:
-  explicit output_vector_adapter(std::vector<CharType, AllocatorType> &vec) noexcept : v(vec) {}
-
-  void write_character(CharType c) override { v.push_back(c); }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) override { v.insert(v.end(), s, s + length); }
-
-private:
-  std::vector<CharType, AllocatorType> &v;
-};
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-/// output adapter for output streams
-template <typename CharType> class output_stream_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType> {
-public:
-  explicit output_stream_adapter(std::basic_ostream<CharType> &s) noexcept : stream(s) {}
-
-  void write_character(CharType c) override { stream.put(c); }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) override {
-    stream.write(s, static_cast<std::streamsize>(length));
-  }
-
-private:
-  std::basic_ostream<CharType> &stream;
-};
-#endif // JSON_NO_IO
-
-/// output adapter for basic_string
-template <typename CharType, typename StringType = std::basic_string<CharType>>
-class output_string_adapter : public output_adapter_protocol<CharType> {
-public:
-  explicit output_string_adapter(StringType &s) noexcept : str(s) {}
-
-  void write_character(CharType c) override { str.push_back(c); }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  void write_characters(const CharType *s, std::size_t length) override { str.append(s, length); }
-
-private:
-  StringType &str;
-};
-
-template <typename CharType, typename StringType = std::basic_string<CharType>> class output_adapter {
-public:
-  template <typename AllocatorType = std::allocator<CharType>>
-  output_adapter(std::vector<CharType, AllocatorType> &vec)
-      : oa(std::make_shared<output_vector_adapter<CharType, AllocatorType>>(vec)) {}
-
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-  output_adapter(std::basic_ostream<CharType> &s) : oa(std::make_shared<output_stream_adapter<CharType>>(s)) {}
-#endif // JSON_NO_IO
-
-  output_adapter(StringType &s) : oa(std::make_shared<output_string_adapter<CharType, StringType>>(s)) {}
-
-  operator output_adapter_t<CharType>() { return oa; }
-
-private:
-  output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-///////////////////
-// binary writer //
-///////////////////
-
-/*!
-@brief serialization to CBOR and MessagePack values
-*/
-template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType> class binary_writer {
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-
-public:
-  /*!
-  @brief create a binary writer
-
-  @param[in] adapter  output adapter to write to
-  */
-  explicit binary_writer(output_adapter_t<CharType> adapter) : oa(std::move(adapter)) { JSON_ASSERT(oa); }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-  @pre       j.type() == value_t::object
-  */
-  void write_bson(const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      write_bson_object(*j.m_value.object);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::array:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-          317, concat("to serialize to BSON, top-level type must be object, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-  */
-  void write_cbor(const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::null: {
-      oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xF6));
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: {
-      oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean ? to_char_type(0xF5) : to_char_type(0xF4));
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0) {
-        // CBOR does not differentiate between positive signed
-        // integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used the
-        // code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
-        if (j.m_value.number_integer <= 0x17) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        }
-      } else {
-        // The conversions below encode the sign in the first
-        // byte, and the value is converted to a positive number.
-        const auto positive_number = -1 - j.m_value.number_integer;
-        if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -24) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x20 + positive_number));
-        } else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x38));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(positive_number));
-        } else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x39));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(positive_number));
-        } else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3A));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(positive_number));
-        } else {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x3B));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(positive_number));
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0x17) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x18));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x19));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1A));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-      } else {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x1B));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      if (std::isnan(j.m_value.number_float)) {
-        // NaN is 0xf97e00 in CBOR
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xF9));
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7E));
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
-      } else if (std::isinf(j.m_value.number_float)) {
-        // Infinity is 0xf97c00, -Infinity is 0xf9fc00
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xf9));
-        oa->write_character(j.m_value.number_float > 0 ? to_char_type(0x7C) : to_char_type(0xFC));
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
-      } else {
-        write_compact_float(j.m_value.number_float, detail::input_format_t::cbor);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      // step 1: write control byte and the string length
-      const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
-      if (N <= 0x17) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x60 + N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x78));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x79));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7A));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_START
-      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x7B));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-      // step 2: write the string
-      oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.string->c_str()), j.m_value.string->size());
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      // step 1: write control byte and the array size
-      const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
-      if (N <= 0x17) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 + N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x98));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x99));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9A));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_START
-      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x9B));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-      // step 2: write each element
-      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
-        write_cbor(el);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      if (j.m_value.binary->has_subtype()) {
-        if (j.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xd8));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.binary->subtype()));
-        } else if (j.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xd9));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.binary->subtype()));
-        } else if (j.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xda));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.binary->subtype()));
-        } else if (j.m_value.binary->subtype() <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xdb));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.binary->subtype()));
-        }
-      }
-
-      // step 1: write control byte and the binary array size
-      const auto N = j.m_value.binary->size();
-      if (N <= 0x17) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x40 + N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x58));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x59));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x5A));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_START
-      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x5B));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-      // step 2: write each element
-      oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.binary->data()), N);
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      // step 1: write control byte and the object size
-      const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
-      if (N <= 0x17) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 + N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB8));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xB9));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBA));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_START
-      else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xBB));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(N));
-      }
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-
-      // step 2: write each element
-      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
-        write_cbor(el.first);
-        write_cbor(el.second);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-  */
-  void write_msgpack(const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::null: // nil
-    {
-      oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xC0));
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: // true and false
-    {
-      oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean ? to_char_type(0xC3) : to_char_type(0xC2));
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0) {
-        // MessagePack does not differentiate between positive
-        // signed integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used
-        // the code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
-        if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128) {
-          // positive fixnum
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-          // uint 8
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-          // uint 16
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-          // uint 32
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-          // uint 64
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -32) {
-          // negative fixnum
-          write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() &&
-                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()) {
-          // int 8
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD0));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() &&
-                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()) {
-          // int 16
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD1));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() &&
-                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
-          // int 32
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD2));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() &&
-                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()) {
-          // int 64
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD3));
-          write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128) {
-        // positive fixnum
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        // uint 8
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCC));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        // uint 16
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCD));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        // uint 32
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCE));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-      } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-        // uint 64
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xCF));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(j.m_value.number_integer));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      write_compact_float(j.m_value.number_float, detail::input_format_t::msgpack);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      // step 1: write control byte and the string length
-      const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
-      if (N <= 31) {
-        // fixstr
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0xA0 | N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        // str 8
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xD9));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        // str 16
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDA));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        // str 32
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDB));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-
-      // step 2: write the string
-      oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.string->c_str()), j.m_value.string->size());
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      // step 1: write control byte and the array size
-      const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
-      if (N <= 15) {
-        // fixarray
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x90 | N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        // array 16
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDC));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        // array 32
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDD));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-
-      // step 2: write each element
-      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
-        write_msgpack(el);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      // step 0: determine if the binary type has a set subtype to
-      // determine whether or not to use the ext or fixext types
-      const bool use_ext = j.m_value.binary->has_subtype();
-
-      // step 1: write control byte and the byte string length
-      const auto N = j.m_value.binary->size();
-      if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        std::uint8_t output_type{};
-        bool fixed = true;
-        if (use_ext) {
-          switch (N) {
-          case 1:
-            output_type = 0xD4; // fixext 1
-            break;
-          case 2:
-            output_type = 0xD5; // fixext 2
-            break;
-          case 4:
-            output_type = 0xD6; // fixext 4
-            break;
-          case 8:
-            output_type = 0xD7; // fixext 8
-            break;
-          case 16:
-            output_type = 0xD8; // fixext 16
-            break;
-          default:
-            output_type = 0xC7; // ext 8
-            fixed = false;
-            break;
-          }
-
-        } else {
-          output_type = 0xC4; // bin 8
-          fixed = false;
-        }
-
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(output_type));
-        if (!fixed) {
-          write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(N));
-        }
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        const std::uint8_t output_type = use_ext ? 0xC8  // ext 16
-                                                 : 0xC5; // bin 16
-
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(output_type));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        const std::uint8_t output_type = use_ext ? 0xC9  // ext 32
-                                                 : 0xC6; // bin 32
-
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(output_type));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-
-      // step 1.5: if this is an ext type, write the subtype
-      if (use_ext) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_value.binary->subtype()));
-      }
-
-      // step 2: write the byte string
-      oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.binary->data()), N);
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      // step 1: write control byte and the object size
-      const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
-      if (N <= 15) {
-        // fixmap
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x80 | (N & 0xF)));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()) {
-        // map 16
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDE));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(N));
-      } else if (N <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()) {
-        // map 32
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(0xDF));
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(N));
-      }
-
-      // step 2: write each element
-      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
-        write_msgpack(el.first);
-        write_msgpack(el.second);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
-  @param[in] use_count   whether to use '#' prefixes (optimized format)
-  @param[in] use_type    whether to use '$' prefixes (optimized format)
-  @param[in] add_prefix  whether prefixes need to be used for this value
-  @param[in] use_bjdata  whether write in BJData format, default is false
-  */
-  void write_ubjson(const BasicJsonType &j,
-                    const bool use_count,
-                    const bool use_type,
-                    const bool add_prefix = true,
-                    const bool use_bjdata = false) {
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::null: {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('Z'));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(j.m_value.boolean ? to_char_type('T') : to_char_type('F'));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_integer, add_prefix, use_bjdata);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_unsigned, add_prefix, use_bjdata);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.number_float, add_prefix, use_bjdata);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('S'));
-      }
-      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.string->size(), true, use_bjdata);
-      oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.string->c_str()), j.m_value.string->size());
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('['));
-      }
-
-      bool prefix_required = true;
-      if (use_type && !j.m_value.array->empty()) {
-        JSON_ASSERT(use_count);
-        const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front(), use_bjdata);
-        const bool same_prefix =
-            std::all_of(j.begin() + 1, j.end(), [this, first_prefix, use_bjdata](const BasicJsonType &v) {
-              return ubjson_prefix(v, use_bjdata) == first_prefix;
-            });
-
-        std::vector<CharType> bjdx = {
-            '[', '{', 'S', 'H', 'T', 'F', 'N', 'Z'}; // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
-
-        if (same_prefix && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end())) {
-          prefix_required = false;
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
-          oa->write_character(first_prefix);
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (use_count) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
-        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.array->size(), true, use_bjdata);
-      }
-
-      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
-        write_ubjson(el, use_count, use_type, prefix_required, use_bjdata);
-      }
-
-      if (!use_count) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(']'));
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('['));
-      }
-
-      if (use_type && !j.m_value.binary->empty()) {
-        JSON_ASSERT(use_count);
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
-        oa->write_character('U');
-      }
-
-      if (use_count) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
-        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.binary->size(), true, use_bjdata);
-      }
-
-      if (use_type) {
-        oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(j.m_value.binary->data()), j.m_value.binary->size());
-      } else {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < j.m_value.binary->size(); ++i) {
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type('U'));
-          oa->write_character(j.m_value.binary->data()[i]);
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (!use_count) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(']'));
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      if (use_bjdata && j.m_value.object->size() == 3 &&
-          j.m_value.object->find("_ArrayType_") != j.m_value.object->end() &&
-          j.m_value.object->find("_ArraySize_") != j.m_value.object->end() &&
-          j.m_value.object->find("_ArrayData_") != j.m_value.object->end()) {
-        if (!write_bjdata_ndarray(
-                *j.m_value.object,
-                use_count,
-                use_type)) // decode bjdata ndarray in the JData format (https://github.com/NeuroJSON/jdata)
-        {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('{'));
-      }
-
-      bool prefix_required = true;
-      if (use_type && !j.m_value.object->empty()) {
-        JSON_ASSERT(use_count);
-        const CharType first_prefix = ubjson_prefix(j.front(), use_bjdata);
-        const bool same_prefix =
-            std::all_of(j.begin(), j.end(), [this, first_prefix, use_bjdata](const BasicJsonType &v) {
-              return ubjson_prefix(v, use_bjdata) == first_prefix;
-            });
-
-        std::vector<CharType> bjdx = {
-            '[', '{', 'S', 'H', 'T', 'F', 'N', 'Z'}; // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
-
-        if (same_prefix && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end())) {
-          prefix_required = false;
-          oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
-          oa->write_character(first_prefix);
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (use_count) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('#'));
-        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(j.m_value.object->size(), true, use_bjdata);
-      }
-
-      for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
-        write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(el.first.size(), true, use_bjdata);
-        oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(el.first.c_str()), el.first.size());
-        write_ubjson(el.second, use_count, use_type, prefix_required, use_bjdata);
-      }
-
-      if (!use_count) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('}'));
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-private:
-  //////////
-  // BSON //
-  //////////
-
-  /*!
-  @return The size of a BSON document entry header, including the id marker
-          and the entry name size (and its null-terminator).
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_entry_header_size(const string_t &name, const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    const auto it = name.find(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0));
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it != BasicJsonType::string_t::npos)) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
-          409, concat("BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte ", std::to_string(it), ")"), &j));
-      static_cast<void>(j);
-    }
-
-    return /*id*/ 1ul + name.size() + /*zero-terminator*/ 1u;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes the given @a element_type and @a name to the output adapter
-  */
-  void write_bson_entry_header(const string_t &name, const std::uint8_t element_type) {
-    oa->write_character(to_char_type(element_type)); // boolean
-    oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(name.c_str()), name.size() + 1u);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and boolean value @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_boolean(const string_t &name, const bool value) {
-    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x08);
-    oa->write_character(value ? to_char_type(0x01) : to_char_type(0x00));
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and double value @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_double(const string_t &name, const double value) {
-    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x01);
-    write_number<double>(value, true);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return The size of the BSON-encoded string in @a value
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_string_size(const string_t &value) { return sizeof(std::int32_t) + value.size() + 1ul; }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and string value @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_string(const string_t &name, const string_t &value) {
-    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x02);
-
-    write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value.size() + 1ul), true);
-    oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(value.c_str()), value.size() + 1);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and null value
-  */
-  void write_bson_null(const string_t &name) { write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x0A); }
-
-  /*!
-  @return The size of the BSON-encoded integer @a value
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_integer_size(const std::int64_t value) {
-    return (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value && value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()
-               ? sizeof(std::int32_t)
-               : sizeof(std::int64_t);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and integer @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_integer(const string_t &name, const std::int64_t value) {
-    if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= value && value <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
-      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10); // int32
-      write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value), true);
-    } else {
-      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12); // int64
-      write_number<std::int64_t>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(value), true);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return The size of the BSON-encoded unsigned integer in @a j
-  */
-  static constexpr std::size_t calc_bson_unsigned_size(const std::uint64_t value) noexcept {
-    return (value <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) ? sizeof(std::int32_t)
-                                                                                             : sizeof(std::int64_t);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and unsigned @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_unsigned(const string_t &name, const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) {
-      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x10 /* int32 */);
-      write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
-    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())) {
-      write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x12 /* int64 */);
-      write_number<std::int64_t>(static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(407,
-                                      concat("integer number ",
-                                             std::to_string(j.m_value.number_unsigned),
-                                             " cannot be represented by BSON as it does not fit int64"),
-                                      &j));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and object @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_object_entry(const string_t &name, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value) {
-    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x03); // object
-    write_bson_object(value);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return The size of the BSON-encoded array @a value
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_array_size(const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &value) {
-    std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
-
-    const std::size_t embedded_document_size =
-        std::accumulate(std::begin(value),
-                        std::end(value),
-                        static_cast<std::size_t>(0),
-                        [&array_index](std::size_t result, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t::value_type &el) {
-                          return result + calc_bson_element_size(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
-                        });
-
-    return sizeof(std::int32_t) + embedded_document_size + 1ul;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return The size of the BSON-encoded binary array @a value
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_binary_size(const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t &value) {
-    return sizeof(std::int32_t) + value.size() + 1ul;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and array @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_array(const string_t &name, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &value) {
-    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x04); // array
-    write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_array_size(value)), true);
-
-    std::size_t array_index = 0ul;
-
-    for (const auto &el : value) {
-      write_bson_element(std::to_string(array_index++), el);
-    }
-
-    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Writes a BSON element with key @a name and binary value @a value
-  */
-  void write_bson_binary(const string_t &name, const binary_t &value) {
-    write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x05);
-
-    write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(value.size()), true);
-    write_number(value.has_subtype() ? static_cast<std::uint8_t>(value.subtype()) : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x00));
-
-    oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType *>(value.data()), value.size());
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Calculates the size necessary to serialize the JSON value @a j with its @a name
-  @return The calculated size for the BSON document entry for @a j with the given @a name.
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_element_size(const string_t &name, const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    const auto header_size = calc_bson_entry_header_size(name, j);
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      return header_size + calc_bson_object_size(*j.m_value.object);
-
-    case value_t::array:
-      return header_size + calc_bson_array_size(*j.m_value.array);
-
-    case value_t::binary:
-      return header_size + calc_bson_binary_size(*j.m_value.binary);
-
-    case value_t::boolean:
-      return header_size + 1ul;
-
-    case value_t::number_float:
-      return header_size + 8ul;
-
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-      return header_size + calc_bson_integer_size(j.m_value.number_integer);
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-      return header_size + calc_bson_unsigned_size(j.m_value.number_unsigned);
-
-    case value_t::string:
-      return header_size + calc_bson_string_size(*j.m_value.string);
-
-    case value_t::null:
-      return header_size + 0ul;
-
-    // LCOV_EXCL_START
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert)
-      return 0ul;
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Serializes the JSON value @a j to BSON and associates it with the
-         key @a name.
-  @param name The name to associate with the JSON entity @a j within the
-              current BSON document
-  */
-  void write_bson_element(const string_t &name, const BasicJsonType &j) {
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::object:
-      return write_bson_object_entry(name, *j.m_value.object);
-
-    case value_t::array:
-      return write_bson_array(name, *j.m_value.array);
-
-    case value_t::binary:
-      return write_bson_binary(name, *j.m_value.binary);
-
-    case value_t::boolean:
-      return write_bson_boolean(name, j.m_value.boolean);
-
-    case value_t::number_float:
-      return write_bson_double(name, j.m_value.number_float);
-
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-      return write_bson_integer(name, j.m_value.number_integer);
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-      return write_bson_unsigned(name, j);
-
-    case value_t::string:
-      return write_bson_string(name, *j.m_value.string);
-
-    case value_t::null:
-      return write_bson_null(name);
-
-    // LCOV_EXCL_START
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert)
-      return;
-      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief Calculates the size of the BSON serialization of the given
-         JSON-object @a j.
-  @param[in] value  JSON value to serialize
-  @pre       value.type() == value_t::object
-  */
-  static std::size_t calc_bson_object_size(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value) {
-    const std::size_t document_size =
-        std::accumulate(value.begin(),
-                        value.end(),
-                        static_cast<std::size_t>(0),
-                        [](size_t result, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t::value_type &el) {
-                          return result += calc_bson_element_size(el.first, el.second);
-                        });
-
-    return sizeof(std::int32_t) + document_size + 1ul;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @param[in] value  JSON value to serialize
-  @pre       value.type() == value_t::object
-  */
-  void write_bson_object(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value) {
-    write_number<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(calc_bson_object_size(value)), true);
-
-    for (const auto &el : value) {
-      write_bson_element(el.first, el.second);
-    }
-
-    oa->write_character(to_char_type(0x00));
-  }
-
-  //////////
-  // CBOR //
-  //////////
-
-  static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(float /*unused*/) {
-    return to_char_type(0xFA); // Single-Precision Float
-  }
-
-  static constexpr CharType get_cbor_float_prefix(double /*unused*/) {
-    return to_char_type(0xFB); // Double-Precision Float
-  }
-
-  /////////////
-  // MsgPack //
-  /////////////
-
-  static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(float /*unused*/) {
-    return to_char_type(0xCA); // float 32
-  }
-
-  static constexpr CharType get_msgpack_float_prefix(double /*unused*/) {
-    return to_char_type(0xCB); // float 64
-  }
-
-  ////////////
-  // UBJSON //
-  ////////////
-
-  // UBJSON: write number (floating point)
-  template <typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n, const bool add_prefix, const bool use_bjdata) {
-    if (add_prefix) {
-      oa->write_character(get_ubjson_float_prefix(n));
-    }
-    write_number(n, use_bjdata);
-  }
-
-  // UBJSON: write number (unsigned integer)
-  template <typename NumberType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<NumberType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n, const bool add_prefix, const bool use_bjdata) {
-    if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('i')); // int8
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('U')); // uint8
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('I')); // int16
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (use_bjdata && n <= static_cast<uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('u')); // uint16 - bjdata only
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('l')); // int32
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (use_bjdata && n <= static_cast<uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('m')); // uint32 - bjdata only
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (n <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('L')); // int64
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (use_bjdata && n <= (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)()) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('M')); // uint64 - bjdata only
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('H')); // high-precision number
-      }
-
-      const auto number = BasicJsonType(n).dump();
-      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(number.size(), true, use_bjdata);
-      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(number[i])));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // UBJSON: write number (signed integer)
-  template <typename NumberType,
-            typename std::enable_if<std::is_signed<NumberType>::value && !std::is_floating_point<NumberType>::value,
-                                    int>::type = 0>
-  void write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(const NumberType n, const bool add_prefix, const bool use_bjdata) {
-    if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('i')); // int8
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)()) <= n &&
-               n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('U')); // uint8
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('I')); // int16
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (use_bjdata && (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::min)()) <= n &&
-                              n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)()))) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('u')); // uint16 - bjdata only
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<uint16_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('l')); // int32
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if (use_bjdata && (static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::min)()) <= n &&
-                              n <= static_cast<std::int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)()))) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('m')); // uint32 - bjdata only
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<uint32_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    } else if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() <= n && n <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()) {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('L')); // int64
-      }
-      write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(n), use_bjdata);
-    }
-    // LCOV_EXCL_START
-    else {
-      if (add_prefix) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type('H')); // high-precision number
-      }
-
-      const auto number = BasicJsonType(n).dump();
-      write_number_with_ubjson_prefix(number.size(), true, use_bjdata);
-      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i) {
-        oa->write_character(to_char_type(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(number[i])));
-      }
-    }
-    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief determine the type prefix of container values
-  */
-  CharType ubjson_prefix(const BasicJsonType &j, const bool use_bjdata) const noexcept {
-    switch (j.type()) {
-    case value_t::null:
-      return 'Z';
-
-    case value_t::boolean:
-      return j.m_value.boolean ? 'T' : 'F';
-
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-          j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)()) {
-        return 'i';
-      }
-      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-          j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()) {
-        return 'U';
-      }
-      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-          j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)()) {
-        return 'I';
-      }
-      if (use_bjdata && ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-                         j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'u';
-      }
-      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-          j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)()) {
-        return 'l';
-      }
-      if (use_bjdata && ((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-                         j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'm';
-      }
-      if ((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)() <= j.m_value.number_integer &&
-          j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)()) {
-        return 'L';
-      }
-      // anything else is treated as high-precision number
-      return 'H'; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int8_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'i';
-      }
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'U';
-      }
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'I';
-      }
-      if (use_bjdata &&
-          j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'u';
-      }
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'l';
-      }
-      if (use_bjdata &&
-          j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'm';
-      }
-      if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= static_cast<std::uint64_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max)())) {
-        return 'L';
-      }
-      if (use_bjdata && j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)()) {
-        return 'M';
-      }
-      // anything else is treated as high-precision number
-      return 'H'; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float:
-      return get_ubjson_float_prefix(j.m_value.number_float);
-
-    case value_t::string:
-      return 'S';
-
-    case value_t::array: // fallthrough
-    case value_t::binary:
-      return '[';
-
-    case value_t::object:
-      return '{';
-
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: // discarded values
-      return 'N';
-    }
-  }
-
-  static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(float /*unused*/) {
-    return 'd'; // float 32
-  }
-
-  static constexpr CharType get_ubjson_float_prefix(double /*unused*/) {
-    return 'D'; // float 64
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @return false if the object is successfully converted to a bjdata ndarray, true if the type or size is invalid
-  */
-  bool write_bjdata_ndarray(const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &value, const bool use_count, const bool use_type) {
-    std::map<string_t, CharType> bjdtype = {{"uint8", 'U'},
-                                            {"int8", 'i'},
-                                            {"uint16", 'u'},
-                                            {"int16", 'I'},
-                                            {"uint32", 'm'},
-                                            {"int32", 'l'},
-                                            {"uint64", 'M'},
-                                            {"int64", 'L'},
-                                            {"single", 'd'},
-                                            {"double", 'D'},
-                                            {"char", 'C'}};
-
-    string_t key = "_ArrayType_";
-    auto it = bjdtype.find(static_cast<string_t>(value.at(key)));
-    if (it == bjdtype.end()) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    CharType dtype = it->second;
-
-    key = "_ArraySize_";
-    std::size_t len = (value.at(key).empty() ? 0 : 1);
-    for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-      len *= static_cast<std::size_t>(el.m_value.number_unsigned);
-    }
-
-    key = "_ArrayData_";
-    if (value.at(key).size() != len) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    oa->write_character('[');
-    oa->write_character('$');
-    oa->write_character(dtype);
-    oa->write_character('#');
-
-    key = "_ArraySize_";
-    write_ubjson(value.at(key), use_count, use_type, true, true);
-
-    key = "_ArrayData_";
-    if (dtype == 'U' || dtype == 'C') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(el.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'i') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(el.m_value.number_integer), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'u') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(el.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'I') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::int16_t>(el.m_value.number_integer), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'm') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(el.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'l') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::int32_t>(el.m_value.number_integer), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'M') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(el.m_value.number_unsigned), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'L') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<std::int64_t>(el.m_value.number_integer), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'd') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<float>(el.m_value.number_float), true);
-      }
-    } else if (dtype == 'D') {
-      for (const auto &el : value.at(key)) {
-        write_number(static_cast<double>(el.m_value.number_float), true);
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  ///////////////////////
-  // Utility functions //
-  ///////////////////////
-
-  /*
-  @brief write a number to output input
-  @param[in] n number of type @a NumberType
-  @param[in] OutputIsLittleEndian Set to true if output data is
-                               required to be little endian
-  @tparam NumberType the type of the number
-
-  @note This function needs to respect the system's endianness, because bytes
-        in CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON are stored in network order (big
-        endian) and therefore need reordering on little endian systems.
-        On the other hand, BSON and BJData use little endian and should reorder
-        on big endian systems.
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType> void write_number(const NumberType n, const bool OutputIsLittleEndian = false) {
-    // step 1: write number to array of length NumberType
-    std::array<CharType, sizeof(NumberType)> vec{};
-    std::memcpy(vec.data(), &n, sizeof(NumberType));
-
-    // step 2: write array to output (with possible reordering)
-    if (is_little_endian != OutputIsLittleEndian) {
-      // reverse byte order prior to conversion if necessary
-      std::reverse(vec.begin(), vec.end());
-    }
-
-    oa->write_characters(vec.data(), sizeof(NumberType));
-  }
-
-  void write_compact_float(const number_float_t n, detail::input_format_t format) {
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
-#endif
-    if (static_cast<double>(n) >= static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest()) &&
-        static_cast<double>(n) <= static_cast<double>((std::numeric_limits<float>::max)()) &&
-        static_cast<double>(static_cast<float>(n)) == static_cast<double>(n)) {
-      oa->write_character(format == detail::input_format_t::cbor ? get_cbor_float_prefix(static_cast<float>(n))
-                                                                 : get_msgpack_float_prefix(static_cast<float>(n)));
-      write_number(static_cast<float>(n));
-    } else {
-      oa->write_character(format == detail::input_format_t::cbor ? get_cbor_float_prefix(n)
-                                                                 : get_msgpack_float_prefix(n));
-      write_number(n);
-    }
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif
-  }
-
-public:
-  // The following to_char_type functions are implement the conversion
-  // between uint8_t and CharType. In case CharType is not unsigned,
-  // such a conversion is required to allow values greater than 128.
-  // See <https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1286> for a discussion.
-  template <typename C = CharType, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<C>::value && std::is_signed<char>::value> * = nullptr>
-  static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept {
-    return *reinterpret_cast<char *>(&x);
-  }
-
-  template <typename C = CharType, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<C>::value && std::is_unsigned<char>::value> * = nullptr>
-  static CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept {
-    static_assert(sizeof(std::uint8_t) == sizeof(CharType), "size of CharType must be equal to std::uint8_t");
-    static_assert(std::is_trivial<CharType>::value, "CharType must be trivial");
-    CharType result;
-    std::memcpy(&result, &x, sizeof(x));
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  template <typename C = CharType, enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<C>::value> * = nullptr>
-  static constexpr CharType to_char_type(std::uint8_t x) noexcept {
-    return x;
-  }
-
-  template <typename InputCharType,
-            typename C = CharType,
-            enable_if_t<std::is_signed<C>::value && std::is_signed<char>::value &&
-                        std::is_same<char, typename std::remove_cv<InputCharType>::type>::value> * = nullptr>
-  static constexpr CharType to_char_type(InputCharType x) noexcept {
-    return x;
-  }
-
-private:
-  /// whether we can assume little endianness
-  const bool is_little_endian = little_endianness();
-
-  /// the output
-  output_adapter_t<CharType> oa = nullptr;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/serializer.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2008-2009 Björn Hoehrmann <bjoern@hoehrmann.de>
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <algorithm>   // reverse, remove, fill, find, none_of
-#include <array>       // array
-#include <clocale>     // localeconv, lconv
-#include <cmath>       // labs, isfinite, isnan, signbit
-#include <cstddef>     // size_t, ptrdiff_t
-#include <cstdint>     // uint8_t
-#include <cstdio>      // snprintf
-#include <iomanip>     // setfill, setw
-#include <limits>      // numeric_limits
-#include <string>      // string, char_traits
-#include <type_traits> // is_same
-#include <utility>     // move
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_chars.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2009 Florian Loitsch <https://florian.loitsch.com/>
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <array>       // array
-#include <cmath>       // signbit, isfinite
-#include <cstdint>     // intN_t, uintN_t
-#include <cstring>     // memcpy, memmove
-#include <limits>      // numeric_limits
-#include <type_traits> // conditional
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-/*!
-@brief implements the Grisu2 algorithm for binary to decimal floating-point
-conversion.
-
-This implementation is a slightly modified version of the reference
-implementation which may be obtained from
-http://florian.loitsch.com/publications (bench.tar.gz).
-
-The code is distributed under the MIT license, Copyright (c) 2009 Florian Loitsch.
-
-For a detailed description of the algorithm see:
-
-[1] Loitsch, "Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately with
-    Integers", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2010 Conference on Programming
-    Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2010
-[2] Burger, Dybvig, "Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately",
-    Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1996 Conference on Programming Language
-    Design and Implementation, PLDI 1996
-*/
-namespace dtoa_impl {
-
-template <typename Target, typename Source> Target reinterpret_bits(const Source source) {
-  static_assert(sizeof(Target) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
-
-  Target target;
-  std::memcpy(&target, &source, sizeof(Source));
-  return target;
-}
-
-struct diyfp // f * 2^e
-{
-  static constexpr int kPrecision = 64; // = q
-
-  std::uint64_t f = 0;
-  int e = 0;
-
-  constexpr diyfp(std::uint64_t f_, int e_) noexcept : f(f_), e(e_) {}
-
-  /*!
-  @brief returns x - y
-  @pre x.e == y.e and x.f >= y.f
-  */
-  static diyfp sub(const diyfp &x, const diyfp &y) noexcept {
-    JSON_ASSERT(x.e == y.e);
-    JSON_ASSERT(x.f >= y.f);
-
-    return {x.f - y.f, x.e};
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief returns x * y
-  @note The result is rounded. (Only the upper q bits are returned.)
-  */
-  static diyfp mul(const diyfp &x, const diyfp &y) noexcept {
-    static_assert(kPrecision == 64, "internal error");
-
-    // Computes:
-    //  f = round((x.f * y.f) / 2^q)
-    //  e = x.e + y.e + q
-
-    // Emulate the 64-bit * 64-bit multiplication:
-    //
-    // p = u * v
-    //   = (u_lo + 2^32 u_hi) (v_lo + 2^32 v_hi)
-    //   = (u_lo v_lo         ) + 2^32 ((u_lo v_hi         ) + (u_hi v_lo         )) + 2^64 (u_hi v_hi         )
-    //   = (p0                ) + 2^32 ((p1                ) + (p2                )) + 2^64 (p3                )
-    //   = (p0_lo + 2^32 p0_hi) + 2^32 ((p1_lo + 2^32 p1_hi) + (p2_lo + 2^32 p2_hi)) + 2^64 (p3                )
-    //   = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (p0_hi + p1_lo + p2_lo                      ) + 2^64 (p1_hi + p2_hi + p3)
-    //   = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (Q                                          ) + 2^64 (H                 )
-    //   = (p0_lo             ) + 2^32 (Q_lo + 2^32 Q_hi                           ) + 2^64 (H                 )
-    //
-    // (Since Q might be larger than 2^32 - 1)
-    //
-    //   = (p0_lo + 2^32 Q_lo) + 2^64 (Q_hi + H)
-    //
-    // (Q_hi + H does not overflow a 64-bit int)
-    //
-    //   = p_lo + 2^64 p_hi
-
-    const std::uint64_t u_lo = x.f & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-    const std::uint64_t u_hi = x.f >> 32u;
-    const std::uint64_t v_lo = y.f & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-    const std::uint64_t v_hi = y.f >> 32u;
-
-    const std::uint64_t p0 = u_lo * v_lo;
-    const std::uint64_t p1 = u_lo * v_hi;
-    const std::uint64_t p2 = u_hi * v_lo;
-    const std::uint64_t p3 = u_hi * v_hi;
-
-    const std::uint64_t p0_hi = p0 >> 32u;
-    const std::uint64_t p1_lo = p1 & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-    const std::uint64_t p1_hi = p1 >> 32u;
-    const std::uint64_t p2_lo = p2 & 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-    const std::uint64_t p2_hi = p2 >> 32u;
-
-    std::uint64_t Q = p0_hi + p1_lo + p2_lo;
-
-    // The full product might now be computed as
-    //
-    // p_hi = p3 + p2_hi + p1_hi + (Q >> 32)
-    // p_lo = p0_lo + (Q << 32)
-    //
-    // But in this particular case here, the full p_lo is not required.
-    // Effectively we only need to add the highest bit in p_lo to p_hi (and
-    // Q_hi + 1 does not overflow).
-
-    Q += std::uint64_t{1} << (64u - 32u - 1u); // round, ties up
-
-    const std::uint64_t h = p3 + p2_hi + p1_hi + (Q >> 32u);
-
-    return {h, x.e + y.e + 64};
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief normalize x such that the significand is >= 2^(q-1)
-  @pre x.f != 0
-  */
-  static diyfp normalize(diyfp x) noexcept {
-    JSON_ASSERT(x.f != 0);
-
-    while ((x.f >> 63u) == 0) {
-      x.f <<= 1u;
-      x.e--;
-    }
-
-    return x;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief normalize x such that the result has the exponent E
-  @pre e >= x.e and the upper e - x.e bits of x.f must be zero.
-  */
-  static diyfp normalize_to(const diyfp &x, const int target_exponent) noexcept {
-    const int delta = x.e - target_exponent;
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(delta >= 0);
-    JSON_ASSERT(((x.f << delta) >> delta) == x.f);
-
-    return {x.f << delta, target_exponent};
-  }
-};
-
-struct boundaries {
-  diyfp w;
-  diyfp minus;
-  diyfp plus;
-};
-
-/*!
-Compute the (normalized) diyfp representing the input number 'value' and its
-boundaries.
-
-@pre value must be finite and positive
-*/
-template <typename FloatType> boundaries compute_boundaries(FloatType value) {
-  JSON_ASSERT(std::isfinite(value));
-  JSON_ASSERT(value > 0);
-
-  // Convert the IEEE representation into a diyfp.
-  //
-  // If v is denormal:
-  //      value = 0.F * 2^(1 - bias) = (          F) * 2^(1 - bias - (p-1))
-  // If v is normalized:
-  //      value = 1.F * 2^(E - bias) = (2^(p-1) + F) * 2^(E - bias - (p-1))
-
-  static_assert(std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::is_iec559,
-                "internal error: dtoa_short requires an IEEE-754 floating-point implementation");
-
-  constexpr int kPrecision = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits; // = p (includes the hidden bit)
-  constexpr int kBias = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_exponent - 1 + (kPrecision - 1);
-  constexpr int kMinExp = 1 - kBias;
-  constexpr std::uint64_t kHiddenBit = std::uint64_t{1} << (kPrecision - 1); // = 2^(p-1)
-
-  using bits_type = typename std::conditional<kPrecision == 24, std::uint32_t, std::uint64_t>::type;
-
-  const auto bits = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(reinterpret_bits<bits_type>(value));
-  const std::uint64_t E = bits >> (kPrecision - 1);
-  const std::uint64_t F = bits & (kHiddenBit - 1);
-
-  const bool is_denormal = E == 0;
-  const diyfp v = is_denormal ? diyfp(F, kMinExp) : diyfp(F + kHiddenBit, static_cast<int>(E) - kBias);
-
-  // Compute the boundaries m- and m+ of the floating-point value
-  // v = f * 2^e.
-  //
-  // Determine v- and v+, the floating-point predecessor and successor if v,
-  // respectively.
-  //
-  //      v- = v - 2^e        if f != 2^(p-1) or e == e_min                (A)
-  //         = v - 2^(e-1)    if f == 2^(p-1) and e > e_min                (B)
-  //
-  //      v+ = v + 2^e
-  //
-  // Let m- = (v- + v) / 2 and m+ = (v + v+) / 2. All real numbers _strictly_
-  // between m- and m+ round to v, regardless of how the input rounding
-  // algorithm breaks ties.
-  //
-  //      ---+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---  (A)
-  //         v-            m-            v             m+            v+
-  //
-  //      -----------------+------+------+-------------+-------------+---  (B)
-  //                       v-     m-     v             m+            v+
-
-  const bool lower_boundary_is_closer = F == 0 && E > 1;
-  const diyfp m_plus = diyfp(2 * v.f + 1, v.e - 1);
-  const diyfp m_minus = lower_boundary_is_closer ? diyfp(4 * v.f - 1, v.e - 2)  // (B)
-                                                 : diyfp(2 * v.f - 1, v.e - 1); // (A)
-
-  // Determine the normalized w+ = m+.
-  const diyfp w_plus = diyfp::normalize(m_plus);
-
-  // Determine w- = m- such that e_(w-) = e_(w+).
-  const diyfp w_minus = diyfp::normalize_to(m_minus, w_plus.e);
-
-  return {diyfp::normalize(v), w_minus, w_plus};
-}
-
-// Given normalized diyfp w, Grisu needs to find a (normalized) cached
-// power-of-ten c, such that the exponent of the product c * w = f * 2^e lies
-// within a certain range [alpha, gamma] (Definition 3.2 from [1])
-//
-//      alpha <= e = e_c + e_w + q <= gamma
-//
-// or
-//
-//      f_c * f_w * 2^alpha <= f_c 2^(e_c) * f_w 2^(e_w) * 2^q
-//                          <= f_c * f_w * 2^gamma
-//
-// Since c and w are normalized, i.e. 2^(q-1) <= f < 2^q, this implies
-//
-//      2^(q-1) * 2^(q-1) * 2^alpha <= c * w * 2^q < 2^q * 2^q * 2^gamma
-//
-// or
-//
-//      2^(q - 2 + alpha) <= c * w < 2^(q + gamma)
-//
-// The choice of (alpha,gamma) determines the size of the table and the form of
-// the digit generation procedure. Using (alpha,gamma)=(-60,-32) works out well
-// in practice:
-//
-// The idea is to cut the number c * w = f * 2^e into two parts, which can be
-// processed independently: An integral part p1, and a fractional part p2:
-//
-//      f * 2^e = ( (f div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (f mod 2^-e) ) * 2^e
-//              = (f div 2^-e) + (f mod 2^-e) * 2^e
-//              = p1 + p2 * 2^e
-//
-// The conversion of p1 into decimal form requires a series of divisions and
-// modulos by (a power of) 10. These operations are faster for 32-bit than for
-// 64-bit integers, so p1 should ideally fit into a 32-bit integer. This can be
-// achieved by choosing
-//
-//      -e >= 32   or   e <= -32 := gamma
-//
-// In order to convert the fractional part
-//
-//      p2 * 2^e = p2 / 2^-e = d[-1] / 10^1 + d[-2] / 10^2 + ...
-//
-// into decimal form, the fraction is repeatedly multiplied by 10 and the digits
-// d[-i] are extracted in order:
-//
-//      (10 * p2) div 2^-e = d[-1]
-//      (10 * p2) mod 2^-e = d[-2] / 10^1 + ...
-//
-// The multiplication by 10 must not overflow. It is sufficient to choose
-//
-//      10 * p2 < 16 * p2 = 2^4 * p2 <= 2^64.
-//
-// Since p2 = f mod 2^-e < 2^-e,
-//
-//      -e <= 60   or   e >= -60 := alpha
-
-constexpr int kAlpha = -60;
-constexpr int kGamma = -32;
-
-struct cached_power // c = f * 2^e ~= 10^k
-{
-  std::uint64_t f;
-  int e;
-  int k;
-};
-
-/*!
-For a normalized diyfp w = f * 2^e, this function returns a (normalized) cached
-power-of-ten c = f_c * 2^e_c, such that the exponent of the product w * c
-satisfies (Definition 3.2 from [1])
-
-     alpha <= e_c + e + q <= gamma.
-*/
-inline cached_power get_cached_power_for_binary_exponent(int e) {
-  // Now
-  //
-  //      alpha <= e_c + e + q <= gamma                                    (1)
-  //      ==> f_c * 2^alpha <= c * 2^e * 2^q
-  //
-  // and since the c's are normalized, 2^(q-1) <= f_c,
-  //
-  //      ==> 2^(q - 1 + alpha) <= c * 2^(e + q)
-  //      ==> 2^(alpha - e - 1) <= c
-  //
-  // If c were an exact power of ten, i.e. c = 10^k, one may determine k as
-  //
-  //      k = ceil( log_10( 2^(alpha - e - 1) ) )
-  //        = ceil( (alpha - e - 1) * log_10(2) )
-  //
-  // From the paper:
-  // "In theory the result of the procedure could be wrong since c is rounded,
-  //  and the computation itself is approximated [...]. In practice, however,
-  //  this simple function is sufficient."
-  //
-  // For IEEE double precision floating-point numbers converted into
-  // normalized diyfp's w = f * 2^e, with q = 64,
-  //
-  //      e >= -1022      (min IEEE exponent)
-  //           -52        (p - 1)
-  //           -52        (p - 1, possibly normalize denormal IEEE numbers)
-  //           -11        (normalize the diyfp)
-  //         = -1137
-  //
-  // and
-  //
-  //      e <= +1023      (max IEEE exponent)
-  //           -52        (p - 1)
-  //           -11        (normalize the diyfp)
-  //         = 960
-  //
-  // This binary exponent range [-1137,960] results in a decimal exponent
-  // range [-307,324]. One does not need to store a cached power for each
-  // k in this range. For each such k it suffices to find a cached power
-  // such that the exponent of the product lies in [alpha,gamma].
-  // This implies that the difference of the decimal exponents of adjacent
-  // table entries must be less than or equal to
-  //
-  //      floor( (gamma - alpha) * log_10(2) ) = 8.
-  //
-  // (A smaller distance gamma-alpha would require a larger table.)
-
-  // NB:
-  // Actually this function returns c, such that -60 <= e_c + e + 64 <= -34.
-
-  constexpr int kCachedPowersMinDecExp = -300;
-  constexpr int kCachedPowersDecStep = 8;
-
-  static constexpr std::array<cached_power, 79> kCachedPowers = {{
-      {0xAB70FE17C79AC6CA, -1060, -300}, {0xFF77B1FCBEBCDC4F, -1034, -292}, {0xBE5691EF416BD60C, -1007, -284},
-      {0x8DD01FAD907FFC3C, -980, -276},  {0xD3515C2831559A83, -954, -268},  {0x9D71AC8FADA6C9B5, -927, -260},
-      {0xEA9C227723EE8BCB, -901, -252},  {0xAECC49914078536D, -874, -244},  {0x823C12795DB6CE57, -847, -236},
-      {0xC21094364DFB5637, -821, -228},  {0x9096EA6F3848984F, -794, -220},  {0xD77485CB25823AC7, -768, -212},
-      {0xA086CFCD97BF97F4, -741, -204},  {0xEF340A98172AACE5, -715, -196},  {0xB23867FB2A35B28E, -688, -188},
-      {0x84C8D4DFD2C63F3B, -661, -180},  {0xC5DD44271AD3CDBA, -635, -172},  {0x936B9FCEBB25C996, -608, -164},
-      {0xDBAC6C247D62A584, -582, -156},  {0xA3AB66580D5FDAF6, -555, -148},  {0xF3E2F893DEC3F126, -529, -140},
-      {0xB5B5ADA8AAFF80B8, -502, -132},  {0x87625F056C7C4A8B, -475, -124},  {0xC9BCFF6034C13053, -449, -116},
-      {0x964E858C91BA2655, -422, -108},  {0xDFF9772470297EBD, -396, -100},  {0xA6DFBD9FB8E5B88F, -369, -92},
-      {0xF8A95FCF88747D94, -343, -84},   {0xB94470938FA89BCF, -316, -76},   {0x8A08F0F8BF0F156B, -289, -68},
-      {0xCDB02555653131B6, -263, -60},   {0x993FE2C6D07B7FAC, -236, -52},   {0xE45C10C42A2B3B06, -210, -44},
-      {0xAA242499697392D3, -183, -36},   {0xFD87B5F28300CA0E, -157, -28},   {0xBCE5086492111AEB, -130, -20},
-      {0x8CBCCC096F5088CC, -103, -12},   {0xD1B71758E219652C, -77, -4},     {0x9C40000000000000, -50, 4},
-      {0xE8D4A51000000000, -24, 12},     {0xAD78EBC5AC620000, 3, 20},       {0x813F3978F8940984, 30, 28},
-      {0xC097CE7BC90715B3, 56, 36},      {0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70, 83, 44},      {0xD5D238A4ABE98068, 109, 52},
-      {0x9F4F2726179A2245, 136, 60},     {0xED63A231D4C4FB27, 162, 68},     {0xB0DE65388CC8ADA8, 189, 76},
-      {0x83C7088E1AAB65DB, 216, 84},     {0xC45D1DF942711D9A, 242, 92},     {0x924D692CA61BE758, 269, 100},
-      {0xDA01EE641A708DEA, 295, 108},    {0xA26DA3999AEF774A, 322, 116},    {0xF209787BB47D6B85, 348, 124},
-      {0xB454E4A179DD1877, 375, 132},    {0x865B86925B9BC5C2, 402, 140},    {0xC83553C5C8965D3D, 428, 148},
-      {0x952AB45CFA97A0B3, 455, 156},    {0xDE469FBD99A05FE3, 481, 164},    {0xA59BC234DB398C25, 508, 172},
-      {0xF6C69A72A3989F5C, 534, 180},    {0xB7DCBF5354E9BECE, 561, 188},    {0x88FCF317F22241E2, 588, 196},
-      {0xCC20CE9BD35C78A5, 614, 204},    {0x98165AF37B2153DF, 641, 212},    {0xE2A0B5DC971F303A, 667, 220},
-      {0xA8D9D1535CE3B396, 694, 228},    {0xFB9B7CD9A4A7443C, 720, 236},    {0xBB764C4CA7A44410, 747, 244},
-      {0x8BAB8EEFB6409C1A, 774, 252},    {0xD01FEF10A657842C, 800, 260},    {0x9B10A4E5E9913129, 827, 268},
-      {0xE7109BFBA19C0C9D, 853, 276},    {0xAC2820D9623BF429, 880, 284},    {0x80444B5E7AA7CF85, 907, 292},
-      {0xBF21E44003ACDD2D, 933, 300},    {0x8E679C2F5E44FF8F, 960, 308},    {0xD433179D9C8CB841, 986, 316},
-      {0x9E19DB92B4E31BA9, 1013, 324},
-  }};
-
-  // This computation gives exactly the same results for k as
-  //      k = ceil((kAlpha - e - 1) * 0.30102999566398114)
-  // for |e| <= 1500, but doesn't require floating-point operations.
-  // NB: log_10(2) ~= 78913 / 2^18
-  JSON_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
-  JSON_ASSERT(e <= 1500);
-  const int f = kAlpha - e - 1;
-  const int k = (f * 78913) / (1 << 18) + static_cast<int>(f > 0);
-
-  const int index = (-kCachedPowersMinDecExp + k + (kCachedPowersDecStep - 1)) / kCachedPowersDecStep;
-  JSON_ASSERT(index >= 0);
-  JSON_ASSERT(static_cast<std::size_t>(index) < kCachedPowers.size());
-
-  const cached_power cached = kCachedPowers[static_cast<std::size_t>(index)];
-  JSON_ASSERT(kAlpha <= cached.e + e + 64);
-  JSON_ASSERT(kGamma >= cached.e + e + 64);
-
-  return cached;
-}
-
-/*!
-For n != 0, returns k, such that pow10 := 10^(k-1) <= n < 10^k.
-For n == 0, returns 1 and sets pow10 := 1.
-*/
-inline int find_largest_pow10(const std::uint32_t n, std::uint32_t &pow10) {
-  // LCOV_EXCL_START
-  if (n >= 1000000000) {
-    pow10 = 1000000000;
-    return 10;
-  }
-  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-  if (n >= 100000000) {
-    pow10 = 100000000;
-    return 9;
-  }
-  if (n >= 10000000) {
-    pow10 = 10000000;
-    return 8;
-  }
-  if (n >= 1000000) {
-    pow10 = 1000000;
-    return 7;
-  }
-  if (n >= 100000) {
-    pow10 = 100000;
-    return 6;
-  }
-  if (n >= 10000) {
-    pow10 = 10000;
-    return 5;
-  }
-  if (n >= 1000) {
-    pow10 = 1000;
-    return 4;
-  }
-  if (n >= 100) {
-    pow10 = 100;
-    return 3;
-  }
-  if (n >= 10) {
-    pow10 = 10;
-    return 2;
-  }
-
-  pow10 = 1;
-  return 1;
-}
-
-inline void
-grisu2_round(char *buf, int len, std::uint64_t dist, std::uint64_t delta, std::uint64_t rest, std::uint64_t ten_k) {
-  JSON_ASSERT(len >= 1);
-  JSON_ASSERT(dist <= delta);
-  JSON_ASSERT(rest <= delta);
-  JSON_ASSERT(ten_k > 0);
-
-  //               <--------------------------- delta ---->
-  //                                  <---- dist --------->
-  // --------------[------------------+-------------------]--------------
-  //               M-                 w                   M+
-  //
-  //                                  ten_k
-  //                                <------>
-  //                                       <---- rest ---->
-  // --------------[------------------+----+--------------]--------------
-  //                                  w    V
-  //                                       = buf * 10^k
-  //
-  // ten_k represents a unit-in-the-last-place in the decimal representation
-  // stored in buf.
-  // Decrement buf by ten_k while this takes buf closer to w.
-
-  // The tests are written in this order to avoid overflow in unsigned
-  // integer arithmetic.
-
-  while (rest < dist && delta - rest >= ten_k && (rest + ten_k < dist || dist - rest > rest + ten_k - dist)) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(buf[len - 1] != '0');
-    buf[len - 1]--;
-    rest += ten_k;
-  }
-}
-
-/*!
-Generates V = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent, such that M- <= V <= M+.
-M- and M+ must be normalized and share the same exponent -60 <= e <= -32.
-*/
-inline void grisu2_digit_gen(char *buffer, int &length, int &decimal_exponent, diyfp M_minus, diyfp w, diyfp M_plus) {
-  static_assert(kAlpha >= -60, "internal error");
-  static_assert(kGamma <= -32, "internal error");
-
-  // Generates the digits (and the exponent) of a decimal floating-point
-  // number V = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent in the range [M-, M+]. The diyfp's
-  // w, M- and M+ share the same exponent e, which satisfies alpha <= e <= gamma.
-  //
-  //               <--------------------------- delta ---->
-  //                                  <---- dist --------->
-  // --------------[------------------+-------------------]--------------
-  //               M-                 w                   M+
-  //
-  // Grisu2 generates the digits of M+ from left to right and stops as soon as
-  // V is in [M-,M+].
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(M_plus.e >= kAlpha);
-  JSON_ASSERT(M_plus.e <= kGamma);
-
-  std::uint64_t delta = diyfp::sub(M_plus, M_minus).f; // (significand of (M+ - M-), implicit exponent is e)
-  std::uint64_t dist = diyfp::sub(M_plus, w).f;        // (significand of (M+ - w ), implicit exponent is e)
-
-  // Split M+ = f * 2^e into two parts p1 and p2 (note: e < 0):
-  //
-  //      M+ = f * 2^e
-  //         = ((f div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (f mod 2^-e)) * 2^e
-  //         = ((p1        ) * 2^-e + (p2        )) * 2^e
-  //         = p1 + p2 * 2^e
-
-  const diyfp one(std::uint64_t{1} << -M_plus.e, M_plus.e);
-
-  auto p1 =
-      static_cast<std::uint32_t>(M_plus.f >> -one.e); // p1 = f div 2^-e (Since -e >= 32, p1 fits into a 32-bit int.)
-  std::uint64_t p2 = M_plus.f & (one.f - 1);          // p2 = f mod 2^-e
-
-  // 1)
-  //
-  // Generate the digits of the integral part p1 = d[n-1]...d[1]d[0]
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(p1 > 0);
-
-  std::uint32_t pow10{};
-  const int k = find_largest_pow10(p1, pow10);
-
-  //      10^(k-1) <= p1 < 10^k, pow10 = 10^(k-1)
-  //
-  //      p1 = (p1 div 10^(k-1)) * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))
-  //         = (d[k-1]         ) * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))
-  //
-  //      M+ = p1                                             + p2 * 2^e
-  //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + (p1 mod 10^(k-1))          + p2 * 2^e
-  //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + ((p1 mod 10^(k-1)) * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e
-  //         = d[k-1] * 10^(k-1) + (                         rest) * 2^e
-  //
-  // Now generate the digits d[n] of p1 from left to right (n = k-1,...,0)
-  //
-  //      p1 = d[k-1]...d[n] * 10^n + d[n-1]...d[0]
-  //
-  // but stop as soon as
-  //
-  //      rest * 2^e = (d[n-1]...d[0] * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
-
-  int n = k;
-  while (n > 0) {
-    // Invariants:
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (p1 + p2 * 2^e)    (buffer = 0 for n = k)
-    //      pow10 = 10^(n-1) <= p1 < 10^n
-    //
-    const std::uint32_t d = p1 / pow10; // d = p1 div 10^(n-1)
-    const std::uint32_t r = p1 % pow10; // r = p1 mod 10^(n-1)
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (d * 10^(n-1) + r) + p2 * 2^e
-    //         = (buffer * 10 + d) * 10^(n-1) + (r + p2 * 2^e)
-    //
-    JSON_ASSERT(d <= 9);
-    buffer[length++] = static_cast<char>('0' + d); // buffer := buffer * 10 + d
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^(n-1) + (r + p2 * 2^e)
-    //
-    p1 = r;
-    n--;
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^n + (p1 + p2 * 2^e)
-    //      pow10 = 10^n
-    //
-
-    // Now check if enough digits have been generated.
-    // Compute
-    //
-    //      p1 + p2 * 2^e = (p1 * 2^-e + p2) * 2^e = rest * 2^e
-    //
-    // Note:
-    // Since rest and delta share the same exponent e, it suffices to
-    // compare the significands.
-    const std::uint64_t rest = (std::uint64_t{p1} << -one.e) + p2;
-    if (rest <= delta) {
-      // V = buffer * 10^n, with M- <= V <= M+.
-
-      decimal_exponent += n;
-
-      // We may now just stop. But instead look if the buffer could be
-      // decremented to bring V closer to w.
-      //
-      // pow10 = 10^n is now 1 ulp in the decimal representation V.
-      // The rounding procedure works with diyfp's with an implicit
-      // exponent of e.
-      //
-      //      10^n = (10^n * 2^-e) * 2^e = ulp * 2^e
-      //
-      const std::uint64_t ten_n = std::uint64_t{pow10} << -one.e;
-      grisu2_round(buffer, length, dist, delta, rest, ten_n);
-
-      return;
-    }
-
-    pow10 /= 10;
-    //
-    //      pow10 = 10^(n-1) <= p1 < 10^n
-    // Invariants restored.
-  }
-
-  // 2)
-  //
-  // The digits of the integral part have been generated:
-  //
-  //      M+ = d[k-1]...d[1]d[0] + p2 * 2^e
-  //         = buffer            + p2 * 2^e
-  //
-  // Now generate the digits of the fractional part p2 * 2^e.
-  //
-  // Note:
-  // No decimal point is generated: the exponent is adjusted instead.
-  //
-  // p2 actually represents the fraction
-  //
-  //      p2 * 2^e
-  //          = p2 / 2^-e
-  //          = d[-1] / 10^1 + d[-2] / 10^2 + ...
-  //
-  // Now generate the digits d[-m] of p1 from left to right (m = 1,2,...)
-  //
-  //      p2 * 2^e = d[-1]d[-2]...d[-m] * 10^-m
-  //                      + 10^-m * (d[-m-1] / 10^1 + d[-m-2] / 10^2 + ...)
-  //
-  // using
-  //
-  //      10^m * p2 = ((10^m * p2) div 2^-e) * 2^-e + ((10^m * p2) mod 2^-e)
-  //                = (                   d) * 2^-e + (                   r)
-  //
-  // or
-  //      10^m * p2 * 2^e = d + r * 2^e
-  //
-  // i.e.
-  //
-  //      M+ = buffer + p2 * 2^e
-  //         = buffer + 10^-m * (d + r * 2^e)
-  //         = (buffer * 10^m + d) * 10^-m + 10^-m * r * 2^e
-  //
-  // and stop as soon as 10^-m * r * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(p2 > delta);
-
-  int m = 0;
-  for (;;) {
-    // Invariant:
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (d[-m-1] / 10 + d[-m-2] / 10^2 + ...) * 2^e
-    //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (p2                                 ) * 2^e
-    //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (10 * p2)                   ) * 2^e
-    //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * ((10*p2 div 2^-e) * 2^-e + (10*p2 mod 2^-e)) * 2^e
-    //
-    JSON_ASSERT(p2 <= (std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max)() / 10);
-    p2 *= 10;
-    const std::uint64_t d = p2 >> -one.e;     // d = (10 * p2) div 2^-e
-    const std::uint64_t r = p2 & (one.f - 1); // r = (10 * p2) mod 2^-e
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (d * 2^-e + r) * 2^e
-    //         = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * (1/10 * (d + r * 2^e))
-    //         = (buffer * 10 + d) * 10^(-m-1) + 10^(-m-1) * r * 2^e
-    //
-    JSON_ASSERT(d <= 9);
-    buffer[length++] = static_cast<char>('0' + d); // buffer := buffer * 10 + d
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^(-m-1) + 10^(-m-1) * r * 2^e
-    //
-    p2 = r;
-    m++;
-    //
-    //      M+ = buffer * 10^-m + 10^-m * p2 * 2^e
-    // Invariant restored.
-
-    // Check if enough digits have been generated.
-    //
-    //      10^-m * p2 * 2^e <= delta * 2^e
-    //              p2 * 2^e <= 10^m * delta * 2^e
-    //                    p2 <= 10^m * delta
-    delta *= 10;
-    dist *= 10;
-    if (p2 <= delta) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // V = buffer * 10^-m, with M- <= V <= M+.
-
-  decimal_exponent -= m;
-
-  // 1 ulp in the decimal representation is now 10^-m.
-  // Since delta and dist are now scaled by 10^m, we need to do the
-  // same with ulp in order to keep the units in sync.
-  //
-  //      10^m * 10^-m = 1 = 2^-e * 2^e = ten_m * 2^e
-  //
-  const std::uint64_t ten_m = one.f;
-  grisu2_round(buffer, length, dist, delta, p2, ten_m);
-
-  // By construction this algorithm generates the shortest possible decimal
-  // number (Loitsch, Theorem 6.2) which rounds back to w.
-  // For an input number of precision p, at least
-  //
-  //      N = 1 + ceil(p * log_10(2))
-  //
-  // decimal digits are sufficient to identify all binary floating-point
-  // numbers (Matula, "In-and-Out conversions").
-  // This implies that the algorithm does not produce more than N decimal
-  // digits.
-  //
-  //      N = 17 for p = 53 (IEEE double precision)
-  //      N = 9  for p = 24 (IEEE single precision)
-}
-
-/*!
-v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
-len is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
-The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= max_digits10.
-*/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-inline void grisu2(char *buf, int &len, int &decimal_exponent, diyfp m_minus, diyfp v, diyfp m_plus) {
-  JSON_ASSERT(m_plus.e == m_minus.e);
-  JSON_ASSERT(m_plus.e == v.e);
-
-  //  --------(-----------------------+-----------------------)--------    (A)
-  //          m-                      v                       m+
-  //
-  //  --------------------(-----------+-----------------------)--------    (B)
-  //                      m-          v                       m+
-  //
-  // First scale v (and m- and m+) such that the exponent is in the range
-  // [alpha, gamma].
-
-  const cached_power cached = get_cached_power_for_binary_exponent(m_plus.e);
-
-  const diyfp c_minus_k(cached.f, cached.e); // = c ~= 10^-k
-
-  // The exponent of the products is = v.e + c_minus_k.e + q and is in the range [alpha,gamma]
-  const diyfp w = diyfp::mul(v, c_minus_k);
-  const diyfp w_minus = diyfp::mul(m_minus, c_minus_k);
-  const diyfp w_plus = diyfp::mul(m_plus, c_minus_k);
-
-  //  ----(---+---)---------------(---+---)---------------(---+---)----
-  //          w-                      w                       w+
-  //          = c*m-                  = c*v                   = c*m+
-  //
-  // diyfp::mul rounds its result and c_minus_k is approximated too. w, w- and
-  // w+ are now off by a small amount.
-  // In fact:
-  //
-  //      w - v * 10^k < 1 ulp
-  //
-  // To account for this inaccuracy, add resp. subtract 1 ulp.
-  //
-  //  --------+---[---------------(---+---)---------------]---+--------
-  //          w-  M-                  w                   M+  w+
-  //
-  // Now any number in [M-, M+] (bounds included) will round to w when input,
-  // regardless of how the input rounding algorithm breaks ties.
-  //
-  // And digit_gen generates the shortest possible such number in [M-, M+].
-  // Note that this does not mean that Grisu2 always generates the shortest
-  // possible number in the interval (m-, m+).
-  const diyfp M_minus(w_minus.f + 1, w_minus.e);
-  const diyfp M_plus(w_plus.f - 1, w_plus.e);
-
-  decimal_exponent = -cached.k; // = -(-k) = k
-
-  grisu2_digit_gen(buf, len, decimal_exponent, M_minus, w, M_plus);
-}
-
-/*!
-v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
-len is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
-The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= max_digits10.
-*/
-template <typename FloatType>
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-void grisu2(char *buf, int &len, int &decimal_exponent, FloatType value) {
-  static_assert(diyfp::kPrecision >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits + 3,
-                "internal error: not enough precision");
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(std::isfinite(value));
-  JSON_ASSERT(value > 0);
-
-  // If the neighbors (and boundaries) of 'value' are always computed for double-precision
-  // numbers, all float's can be recovered using strtod (and strtof). However, the resulting
-  // decimal representations are not exactly "short".
-  //
-  // The documentation for 'std::to_chars' (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/to_chars)
-  // says "value is converted to a string as if by std::sprintf in the default ("C") locale"
-  // and since sprintf promotes floats to doubles, I think this is exactly what 'std::to_chars'
-  // does.
-  // On the other hand, the documentation for 'std::to_chars' requires that "parsing the
-  // representation using the corresponding std::from_chars function recovers value exactly". That
-  // indicates that single precision floating-point numbers should be recovered using
-  // 'std::strtof'.
-  //
-  // NB: If the neighbors are computed for single-precision numbers, there is a single float
-  //     (7.0385307e-26f) which can't be recovered using strtod. The resulting double precision
-  //     value is off by 1 ulp.
-#if 0
-    const boundaries w = compute_boundaries(static_cast<double>(value));
-#else
-  const boundaries w = compute_boundaries(value);
-#endif
-
-  grisu2(buf, len, decimal_exponent, w.minus, w.w, w.plus);
-}
-
-/*!
-@brief appends a decimal representation of e to buf
-@return a pointer to the element following the exponent.
-@pre -1000 < e < 1000
-*/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-inline char *append_exponent(char *buf, int e) {
-  JSON_ASSERT(e > -1000);
-  JSON_ASSERT(e < 1000);
-
-  if (e < 0) {
-    e = -e;
-    *buf++ = '-';
-  } else {
-    *buf++ = '+';
-  }
-
-  auto k = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(e);
-  if (k < 10) {
-    // Always print at least two digits in the exponent.
-    // This is for compatibility with printf("%g").
-    *buf++ = '0';
-    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-  } else if (k < 100) {
-    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 10);
-    k %= 10;
-    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-  } else {
-    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 100);
-    k %= 100;
-    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k / 10);
-    k %= 10;
-    *buf++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-  }
-
-  return buf;
-}
-
-/*!
-@brief prettify v = buf * 10^decimal_exponent
-
-If v is in the range [10^min_exp, 10^max_exp) it will be printed in fixed-point
-notation. Otherwise it will be printed in exponential notation.
-
-@pre min_exp < 0
-@pre max_exp > 0
-*/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-inline char *format_buffer(char *buf, int len, int decimal_exponent, int min_exp, int max_exp) {
-  JSON_ASSERT(min_exp < 0);
-  JSON_ASSERT(max_exp > 0);
-
-  const int k = len;
-  const int n = len + decimal_exponent;
-
-  // v = buf * 10^(n-k)
-  // k is the length of the buffer (number of decimal digits)
-  // n is the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the buffer.
-
-  if (k <= n && n <= max_exp) {
-    // digits[000]
-    // len <= max_exp + 2
-
-    std::memset(buf + k, '0', static_cast<size_t>(n) - static_cast<size_t>(k));
-    // Make it look like a floating-point number (#362, #378)
-    buf[n + 0] = '.';
-    buf[n + 1] = '0';
-    return buf + (static_cast<size_t>(n) + 2);
-  }
-
-  if (0 < n && n <= max_exp) {
-    // dig.its
-    // len <= max_digits10 + 1
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(k > n);
-
-    std::memmove(buf + (static_cast<size_t>(n) + 1), buf + n, static_cast<size_t>(k) - static_cast<size_t>(n));
-    buf[n] = '.';
-    return buf + (static_cast<size_t>(k) + 1U);
-  }
-
-  if (min_exp < n && n <= 0) {
-    // 0.[000]digits
-    // len <= 2 + (-min_exp - 1) + max_digits10
-
-    std::memmove(buf + (2 + static_cast<size_t>(-n)), buf, static_cast<size_t>(k));
-    buf[0] = '0';
-    buf[1] = '.';
-    std::memset(buf + 2, '0', static_cast<size_t>(-n));
-    return buf + (2U + static_cast<size_t>(-n) + static_cast<size_t>(k));
-  }
-
-  if (k == 1) {
-    // dE+123
-    // len <= 1 + 5
-
-    buf += 1;
-  } else {
-    // d.igitsE+123
-    // len <= max_digits10 + 1 + 5
-
-    std::memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, static_cast<size_t>(k) - 1);
-    buf[1] = '.';
-    buf += 1 + static_cast<size_t>(k);
-  }
-
-  *buf++ = 'e';
-  return append_exponent(buf, n - 1);
-}
-
-} // namespace dtoa_impl
-
-/*!
-@brief generates a decimal representation of the floating-point number value in [first, last).
-
-The format of the resulting decimal representation is similar to printf's %g
-format. Returns an iterator pointing past-the-end of the decimal representation.
-
-@note The input number must be finite, i.e. NaN's and Inf's are not supported.
-@note The buffer must be large enough.
-@note The result is NOT null-terminated.
-*/
-template <typename FloatType>
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1, 2)
-JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL char *to_chars(char *first, const char *last, FloatType value) {
-  static_cast<void>(last); // maybe unused - fix warning
-  JSON_ASSERT(std::isfinite(value));
-
-  // Use signbit(value) instead of (value < 0) since signbit works for -0.
-  if (std::signbit(value)) {
-    value = -value;
-    *first++ = '-';
-  }
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
-#endif
-  if (value == 0) // +-0
-  {
-    *first++ = '0';
-    // Make it look like a floating-point number (#362, #378)
-    *first++ = '.';
-    *first++ = '0';
-    return first;
-  }
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(last - first >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
-
-  // Compute v = buffer * 10^decimal_exponent.
-  // The decimal digits are stored in the buffer, which needs to be interpreted
-  // as an unsigned decimal integer.
-  // len is the length of the buffer, i.e. the number of decimal digits.
-  int len = 0;
-  int decimal_exponent = 0;
-  dtoa_impl::grisu2(first, len, decimal_exponent, value);
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(len <= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
-
-  // Format the buffer like printf("%.*g", prec, value)
-  constexpr int kMinExp = -4;
-  // Use digits10 here to increase compatibility with version 2.
-  constexpr int kMaxExp = std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits10;
-
-  JSON_ASSERT(last - first >= kMaxExp + 2);
-  JSON_ASSERT(last - first >= 2 + (-kMinExp - 1) + std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10);
-  JSON_ASSERT(last - first >= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max_digits10 + 6);
-
-  return dtoa_impl::format_buffer(first, len, decimal_exponent, kMinExp, kMaxExp);
-}
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/output/output_adapters.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/string_concat.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace detail {
-
-///////////////////
-// serialization //
-///////////////////
-
-/// how to treat decoding errors
-enum class error_handler_t {
-  strict,  ///< throw a type_error exception in case of invalid UTF-8
-  replace, ///< replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD
-  ignore   ///< ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences
-};
-
-template <typename BasicJsonType> class serializer {
-  using string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-  using number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-  using number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-  using number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-  using binary_char_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t::value_type;
-  static constexpr std::uint8_t UTF8_ACCEPT = 0;
-  static constexpr std::uint8_t UTF8_REJECT = 1;
-
-public:
-  /*!
-  @param[in] s  output stream to serialize to
-  @param[in] ichar  indentation character to use
-  @param[in] error_handler_  how to react on decoding errors
-  */
-  serializer(output_adapter_t<char> s, const char ichar, error_handler_t error_handler_ = error_handler_t::strict)
-      : o(std::move(s)),
-        loc(std::localeconv()),
-        thousands_sep(loc->thousands_sep == nullptr ? '\0'
-                                                    : std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(*(loc->thousands_sep))),
-        decimal_point(loc->decimal_point == nullptr ? '\0'
-                                                    : std::char_traits<char>::to_char_type(*(loc->decimal_point))),
-        indent_char(ichar),
-        indent_string(512, indent_char),
-        error_handler(error_handler_) {}
-
-  // delete because of pointer members
-  serializer(const serializer &) = delete;
-  serializer &operator=(const serializer &) = delete;
-  serializer(serializer &&) = delete;
-  serializer &operator=(serializer &&) = delete;
-  ~serializer() = default;
-
-  /*!
-  @brief internal implementation of the serialization function
-
-  This function is called by the public member function dump and organizes
-  the serialization internally. The indentation level is propagated as
-  additional parameter. In case of arrays and objects, the function is
-  called recursively.
-
-  - strings and object keys are escaped using `escape_string()`
-  - integer numbers are converted implicitly via `operator<<`
-  - floating-point numbers are converted to a string using `"%g"` format
-  - binary values are serialized as objects containing the subtype and the
-    byte array
-
-  @param[in] val               value to serialize
-  @param[in] pretty_print      whether the output shall be pretty-printed
-  @param[in] ensure_ascii If @a ensure_ascii is true, all non-ASCII characters
-  in the output are escaped with `\uXXXX` sequences, and the result consists
-  of ASCII characters only.
-  @param[in] indent_step       the indent level
-  @param[in] current_indent    the current indent level (only used internally)
-  */
-  void dump(const BasicJsonType &val,
-            const bool pretty_print,
-            const bool ensure_ascii,
-            const unsigned int indent_step,
-            const unsigned int current_indent = 0) {
-    switch (val.m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      if (val.m_value.object->empty()) {
-        o->write_characters("{}", 2);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (pretty_print) {
-        o->write_characters("{\n", 2);
-
-        // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
-        const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent)) {
-          indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
-        }
-
-        // first n-1 elements
-        auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
-        for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i) {
-          o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-          o->write_character('\"');
-          dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-          o->write_characters("\": ", 3);
-          dump(i->second, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-          o->write_characters(",\n", 2);
-        }
-
-        // last element
-        JSON_ASSERT(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
-        JSON_ASSERT(std::next(i) == val.m_value.object->cend());
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-        o->write_character('\"');
-        dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-        o->write_characters("\": ", 3);
-        dump(i->second, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-
-        o->write_character('\n');
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
-        o->write_character('}');
-      } else {
-        o->write_character('{');
-
-        // first n-1 elements
-        auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
-        for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i) {
-          o->write_character('\"');
-          dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-          o->write_characters("\":", 2);
-          dump(i->second, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-          o->write_character(',');
-        }
-
-        // last element
-        JSON_ASSERT(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
-        JSON_ASSERT(std::next(i) == val.m_value.object->cend());
-        o->write_character('\"');
-        dump_escaped(i->first, ensure_ascii);
-        o->write_characters("\":", 2);
-        dump(i->second, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-
-        o->write_character('}');
-      }
-
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      if (val.m_value.array->empty()) {
-        o->write_characters("[]", 2);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (pretty_print) {
-        o->write_characters("[\n", 2);
-
-        // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
-        const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent)) {
-          indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
-        }
-
-        // first n-1 elements
-        for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin(); i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i) {
-          o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-          dump(*i, true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-          o->write_characters(",\n", 2);
-        }
-
-        // last element
-        JSON_ASSERT(!val.m_value.array->empty());
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-        dump(val.m_value.array->back(), true, ensure_ascii, indent_step, new_indent);
-
-        o->write_character('\n');
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
-        o->write_character(']');
-      } else {
-        o->write_character('[');
-
-        // first n-1 elements
-        for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin(); i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i) {
-          dump(*i, false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-          o->write_character(',');
-        }
-
-        // last element
-        JSON_ASSERT(!val.m_value.array->empty());
-        dump(val.m_value.array->back(), false, ensure_ascii, indent_step, current_indent);
-
-        o->write_character(']');
-      }
-
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      o->write_character('\"');
-      dump_escaped(*val.m_value.string, ensure_ascii);
-      o->write_character('\"');
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      if (pretty_print) {
-        o->write_characters("{\n", 2);
-
-        // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
-        const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(indent_string.size() < new_indent)) {
-          indent_string.resize(indent_string.size() * 2, ' ');
-        }
-
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-
-        o->write_characters("\"bytes\": [", 10);
-
-        if (!val.m_value.binary->empty()) {
-          for (auto i = val.m_value.binary->cbegin(); i != val.m_value.binary->cend() - 1; ++i) {
-            dump_integer(*i);
-            o->write_characters(", ", 2);
-          }
-          dump_integer(val.m_value.binary->back());
-        }
-
-        o->write_characters("],\n", 3);
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), new_indent);
-
-        o->write_characters("\"subtype\": ", 11);
-        if (val.m_value.binary->has_subtype()) {
-          dump_integer(val.m_value.binary->subtype());
-        } else {
-          o->write_characters("null", 4);
-        }
-        o->write_character('\n');
-        o->write_characters(indent_string.c_str(), current_indent);
-        o->write_character('}');
-      } else {
-        o->write_characters("{\"bytes\":[", 10);
-
-        if (!val.m_value.binary->empty()) {
-          for (auto i = val.m_value.binary->cbegin(); i != val.m_value.binary->cend() - 1; ++i) {
-            dump_integer(*i);
-            o->write_character(',');
-          }
-          dump_integer(val.m_value.binary->back());
-        }
-
-        o->write_characters("],\"subtype\":", 12);
-        if (val.m_value.binary->has_subtype()) {
-          dump_integer(val.m_value.binary->subtype());
-          o->write_character('}');
-        } else {
-          o->write_characters("null}", 5);
-        }
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: {
-      if (val.m_value.boolean) {
-        o->write_characters("true", 4);
-      } else {
-        o->write_characters("false", 5);
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      dump_integer(val.m_value.number_integer);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      dump_integer(val.m_value.number_unsigned);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      dump_float(val.m_value.number_float);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::discarded: {
-      o->write_characters("<discarded>", 11);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null: {
-      o->write_characters("null", 4);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-  }
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      /*!
-      @brief dump escaped string
-
-      Escape a string by replacing certain special characters by a sequence of an
-      escape character (backslash) and another character and other control
-      characters by a sequence of "\u" followed by a four-digit hex
-      representation. The escaped string is written to output stream @a o.
-
-      @param[in] s  the string to escape
-      @param[in] ensure_ascii  whether to escape non-ASCII characters with
-                               \uXXXX sequences
-
-      @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
-      */
-      void
-      dump_escaped(const string_t &s, const bool ensure_ascii) {
-    std::uint32_t codepoint{};
-    std::uint8_t state = UTF8_ACCEPT;
-    std::size_t bytes = 0; // number of bytes written to string_buffer
-
-    // number of bytes written at the point of the last valid byte
-    std::size_t bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
-    std::size_t undumped_chars = 0;
-
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) {
-      const auto byte = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(s[i]);
-
-      switch (decode(state, codepoint, byte)) {
-      case UTF8_ACCEPT: // decode found a new code point
-      {
-        switch (codepoint) {
-        case 0x08: // backspace
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'b';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case 0x09: // horizontal tab
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = 't';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case 0x0A: // newline
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'n';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case 0x0C: // formfeed
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case 0x0D: // carriage return
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = 'r';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case 0x22: // quotation mark
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\"';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case 0x5C: // reverse solidus
-        {
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        default: {
-          // escape control characters (0x00..0x1F) or, if
-          // ensure_ascii parameter is used, non-ASCII characters
-          if ((codepoint <= 0x1F) || (ensure_ascii && (codepoint >= 0x7F))) {
-            if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
-              // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-              static_cast<void>(
-                  (std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 7, "\\u%04x", static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint)));
-              bytes += 6;
-            } else {
-              // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-              static_cast<void>((std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes,
-                                                13,
-                                                "\\u%04x\\u%04x",
-                                                static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)),
-                                                static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu))));
-              bytes += 12;
-            }
-          } else {
-            // copy byte to buffer (all previous bytes
-            // been copied have in default case above)
-            string_buffer[bytes++] = s[i];
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-        }
-
-        // write buffer and reset index; there must be 13 bytes
-        // left, as this is the maximal number of bytes to be
-        // written ("\uxxxx\uxxxx\0") for one code point
-        if (string_buffer.size() - bytes < 13) {
-          o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
-          bytes = 0;
-        }
-
-        // remember the byte position of this accept
-        bytes_after_last_accept = bytes;
-        undumped_chars = 0;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case UTF8_REJECT: // decode found invalid UTF-8 byte
-      {
-        switch (error_handler) {
-        case error_handler_t::strict: {
-          JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-              316, concat("invalid UTF-8 byte at index ", std::to_string(i), ": 0x", hex_bytes(byte | 0)), nullptr));
-        }
-
-        case error_handler_t::ignore:
-        case error_handler_t::replace: {
-          // in case we saw this character the first time, we
-          // would like to read it again, because the byte
-          // may be OK for itself, but just not OK for the
-          // previous sequence
-          if (undumped_chars > 0) {
-            --i;
-          }
-
-          // reset length buffer to the last accepted index;
-          // thus removing/ignoring the invalid characters
-          bytes = bytes_after_last_accept;
-
-          if (error_handler == error_handler_t::replace) {
-            // add a replacement character
-            if (ensure_ascii) {
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = '\\';
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'u';
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'f';
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = 'd';
-            } else {
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type('\xEF');
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type('\xBF');
-              string_buffer[bytes++] = detail::binary_writer<BasicJsonType, char>::to_char_type('\xBD');
-            }
-
-            // write buffer and reset index; there must be 13 bytes
-            // left, as this is the maximal number of bytes to be
-            // written ("\uxxxx\uxxxx\0") for one code point
-            if (string_buffer.size() - bytes < 13) {
-              o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
-              bytes = 0;
-            }
-
-            bytes_after_last_accept = bytes;
-          }
-
-          undumped_chars = 0;
-
-          // continue processing the string
-          state = UTF8_ACCEPT;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-          JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      default: // decode found yet incomplete multi-byte code point
-      {
-        if (!ensure_ascii) {
-          // code point will not be escaped - copy byte to buffer
-          string_buffer[bytes++] = s[i];
-        }
-        ++undumped_chars;
-        break;
-      }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // we finished processing the string
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(state == UTF8_ACCEPT)) {
-      // write buffer
-      if (bytes > 0) {
-        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes);
-      }
-    } else {
-      // we finish reading, but do not accept: string was incomplete
-      switch (error_handler) {
-      case error_handler_t::strict: {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-            316,
-            concat("incomplete UTF-8 string; last byte: 0x", hex_bytes(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(s.back() | 0))),
-            nullptr));
-      }
-
-      case error_handler_t::ignore: {
-        // write all accepted bytes
-        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes_after_last_accept);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case error_handler_t::replace: {
-        // write all accepted bytes
-        o->write_characters(string_buffer.data(), bytes_after_last_accept);
-        // add a replacement character
-        if (ensure_ascii) {
-          o->write_characters("\\ufffd", 6);
-        } else {
-          o->write_characters("\xEF\xBF\xBD", 3);
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @brief count digits
-
-  Count the number of decimal (base 10) digits for an input unsigned integer.
-
-  @param[in] x  unsigned integer number to count its digits
-  @return    number of decimal digits
-  */
-  inline unsigned int count_digits(number_unsigned_t x) noexcept {
-    unsigned int n_digits = 1;
-    for (;;) {
-      if (x < 10) {
-        return n_digits;
-      }
-      if (x < 100) {
-        return n_digits + 1;
-      }
-      if (x < 1000) {
-        return n_digits + 2;
-      }
-      if (x < 10000) {
-        return n_digits + 3;
-      }
-      x = x / 10000u;
-      n_digits += 4;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-   * @brief convert a byte to a uppercase hex representation
-   * @param[in] byte byte to represent
-   * @return representation ("00".."FF")
-   */
-  static std::string hex_bytes(std::uint8_t byte) {
-    std::string result = "FF";
-    constexpr const char *nibble_to_hex = "0123456789ABCDEF";
-    result[0] = nibble_to_hex[byte / 16];
-    result[1] = nibble_to_hex[byte % 16];
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // templates to avoid warnings about useless casts
-  template <typename NumberType, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<NumberType>::value, int> = 0>
-  bool is_negative_number(NumberType x) {
-    return x < 0;
-  }
-
-  template <typename NumberType, enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<NumberType>::value, int> = 0>
-  bool is_negative_number(NumberType /*unused*/) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief dump an integer
-
-  Dump a given integer to output stream @a o. Works internally with
-  @a number_buffer.
-
-  @param[in] x  integer number (signed or unsigned) to dump
-  @tparam NumberType either @a number_integer_t or @a number_unsigned_t
-  */
-  template <typename NumberType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<
-                std::is_integral<NumberType>::value || std::is_same<NumberType, number_unsigned_t>::value ||
-                    std::is_same<NumberType, number_integer_t>::value || std::is_same<NumberType, binary_char_t>::value,
-                int> = 0>
-  void dump_integer(NumberType x) {
-    static constexpr std::array<std::array<char, 2>, 100> digits_to_99{{
-        {{'0', '0'}}, {{'0', '1'}}, {{'0', '2'}}, {{'0', '3'}}, {{'0', '4'}}, {{'0', '5'}}, {{'0', '6'}}, {{'0', '7'}},
-        {{'0', '8'}}, {{'0', '9'}}, {{'1', '0'}}, {{'1', '1'}}, {{'1', '2'}}, {{'1', '3'}}, {{'1', '4'}}, {{'1', '5'}},
-        {{'1', '6'}}, {{'1', '7'}}, {{'1', '8'}}, {{'1', '9'}}, {{'2', '0'}}, {{'2', '1'}}, {{'2', '2'}}, {{'2', '3'}},
-        {{'2', '4'}}, {{'2', '5'}}, {{'2', '6'}}, {{'2', '7'}}, {{'2', '8'}}, {{'2', '9'}}, {{'3', '0'}}, {{'3', '1'}},
-        {{'3', '2'}}, {{'3', '3'}}, {{'3', '4'}}, {{'3', '5'}}, {{'3', '6'}}, {{'3', '7'}}, {{'3', '8'}}, {{'3', '9'}},
-        {{'4', '0'}}, {{'4', '1'}}, {{'4', '2'}}, {{'4', '3'}}, {{'4', '4'}}, {{'4', '5'}}, {{'4', '6'}}, {{'4', '7'}},
-        {{'4', '8'}}, {{'4', '9'}}, {{'5', '0'}}, {{'5', '1'}}, {{'5', '2'}}, {{'5', '3'}}, {{'5', '4'}}, {{'5', '5'}},
-        {{'5', '6'}}, {{'5', '7'}}, {{'5', '8'}}, {{'5', '9'}}, {{'6', '0'}}, {{'6', '1'}}, {{'6', '2'}}, {{'6', '3'}},
-        {{'6', '4'}}, {{'6', '5'}}, {{'6', '6'}}, {{'6', '7'}}, {{'6', '8'}}, {{'6', '9'}}, {{'7', '0'}}, {{'7', '1'}},
-        {{'7', '2'}}, {{'7', '3'}}, {{'7', '4'}}, {{'7', '5'}}, {{'7', '6'}}, {{'7', '7'}}, {{'7', '8'}}, {{'7', '9'}},
-        {{'8', '0'}}, {{'8', '1'}}, {{'8', '2'}}, {{'8', '3'}}, {{'8', '4'}}, {{'8', '5'}}, {{'8', '6'}}, {{'8', '7'}},
-        {{'8', '8'}}, {{'8', '9'}}, {{'9', '0'}}, {{'9', '1'}}, {{'9', '2'}}, {{'9', '3'}}, {{'9', '4'}}, {{'9', '5'}},
-        {{'9', '6'}}, {{'9', '7'}}, {{'9', '8'}}, {{'9', '9'}},
-    }};
-
-    // special case for "0"
-    if (x == 0) {
-      o->write_character('0');
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // use a pointer to fill the buffer
-    auto buffer_ptr =
-        number_buffer
-            .begin(); // NOLINT(llvm-qualified-auto,readability-qualified-auto,cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-
-    number_unsigned_t abs_value;
-
-    unsigned int n_chars{};
-
-    if (is_negative_number(x)) {
-      *buffer_ptr = '-';
-      abs_value = remove_sign(static_cast<number_integer_t>(x));
-
-      // account one more byte for the minus sign
-      n_chars = 1 + count_digits(abs_value);
-    } else {
-      abs_value = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(x);
-      n_chars = count_digits(abs_value);
-    }
-
-    // spare 1 byte for '\0'
-    JSON_ASSERT(n_chars < number_buffer.size() - 1);
-
-    // jump to the end to generate the string from backward,
-    // so we later avoid reversing the result
-    buffer_ptr += n_chars;
-
-    // Fast int2ascii implementation inspired by "Fastware" talk by Andrei Alexandrescu
-    // See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4-CwDo2zpg
-    while (abs_value >= 100) {
-      const auto digits_index = static_cast<unsigned>((abs_value % 100));
-      abs_value /= 100;
-      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][1];
-      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][0];
-    }
-
-    if (abs_value >= 10) {
-      const auto digits_index = static_cast<unsigned>(abs_value);
-      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][1];
-      *(--buffer_ptr) = digits_to_99[digits_index][0];
-    } else {
-      *(--buffer_ptr) = static_cast<char>('0' + abs_value);
-    }
-
-    o->write_characters(number_buffer.data(), n_chars);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief dump a floating-point number
-
-  Dump a given floating-point number to output stream @a o. Works internally
-  with @a number_buffer.
-
-  @param[in] x  floating-point number to dump
-  */
-  void dump_float(number_float_t x) {
-    // NaN / inf
-    if (!std::isfinite(x)) {
-      o->write_characters("null", 4);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // If number_float_t is an IEEE-754 single or double precision number,
-    // use the Grisu2 algorithm to produce short numbers which are
-    // guaranteed to round-trip, using strtof and strtod, resp.
-    //
-    // NB: The test below works if <long double> == <double>.
-    static constexpr bool is_ieee_single_or_double =
-        (std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::is_iec559 && std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits == 24 &&
-         std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_exponent == 128) ||
-        (std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::is_iec559 && std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits == 53 &&
-         std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_exponent == 1024);
-
-    dump_float(x, std::integral_constant<bool, is_ieee_single_or_double>());
-  }
-
-  void dump_float(number_float_t x, std::true_type /*is_ieee_single_or_double*/) {
-    auto *begin = number_buffer.data();
-    auto *end = ::nlohmann::detail::to_chars(begin, begin + number_buffer.size(), x);
-
-    o->write_characters(begin, static_cast<size_t>(end - begin));
-  }
-
-  void dump_float(number_float_t x, std::false_type /*is_ieee_single_or_double*/) {
-    // get number of digits for a float -> text -> float round-trip
-    static constexpr auto d = std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::max_digits10;
-
-    // the actual conversion
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-    std::ptrdiff_t len = (std::snprintf)(number_buffer.data(), number_buffer.size(), "%.*g", d, x);
-
-    // negative value indicates an error
-    JSON_ASSERT(len > 0);
-    // check if buffer was large enough
-    JSON_ASSERT(static_cast<std::size_t>(len) < number_buffer.size());
-
-    // erase thousands separator
-    if (thousands_sep != '\0') {
-      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-qualified-auto,llvm-qualified-auto): std::remove returns an iterator, see
-      // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3081
-      const auto end = std::remove(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.begin() + len, thousands_sep);
-      std::fill(end, number_buffer.end(), '\0');
-      JSON_ASSERT((end - number_buffer.begin()) <= len);
-      len = (end - number_buffer.begin());
-    }
-
-    // convert decimal point to '.'
-    if (decimal_point != '\0' && decimal_point != '.') {
-      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-qualified-auto,llvm-qualified-auto): std::find returns an iterator, see
-      // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3081
-      const auto dec_pos = std::find(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.end(), decimal_point);
-      if (dec_pos != number_buffer.end()) {
-        *dec_pos = '.';
-      }
-    }
-
-    o->write_characters(number_buffer.data(), static_cast<std::size_t>(len));
-
-    // determine if we need to append ".0"
-    const bool value_is_int_like = std::none_of(
-        number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.begin() + len + 1, [](char c) { return c == '.' || c == 'e'; });
-
-    if (value_is_int_like) {
-      o->write_characters(".0", 2);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief check whether a string is UTF-8 encoded
-
-  The function checks each byte of a string whether it is UTF-8 encoded. The
-  result of the check is stored in the @a state parameter. The function must
-  be called initially with state 0 (accept). State 1 means the string must
-  be rejected, because the current byte is not allowed. If the string is
-  completely processed, but the state is non-zero, the string ended
-  prematurely; that is, the last byte indicated more bytes should have
-  followed.
-
-  @param[in,out] state  the state of the decoding
-  @param[in,out] codep  codepoint (valid only if resulting state is UTF8_ACCEPT)
-  @param[in] byte       next byte to decode
-  @return               new state
-
-  @note The function has been edited: a std::array is used.
-
-  @copyright Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Bjoern Hoehrmann <bjoern@hoehrmann.de>
-  @sa http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/
-  */
-  static std::uint8_t decode(std::uint8_t &state, std::uint32_t &codep, const std::uint8_t byte) noexcept {
-    static const std::array<std::uint8_t, 400> utf8d = {{
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 00..1F
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 20..3F
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 40..5F
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 60..7F
-        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
-        9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9,   9, // 80..9F
-        7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,
-        7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7,   7, // A0..BF
-        8,   8,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,
-        2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   2,   // C0..DF
-        0xA, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x3, 0x4, 0x3, 0x3, // E0..EF
-        0xB, 0x6, 0x6, 0x6, 0x5, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, 0x8, // F0..FF
-        0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x5, 0x8, 0x7, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x4, 0x6, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, // s0..s0
-        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
-        1,   0,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   0,   1,   0,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1, // s1..s2
-        1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   2,   1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
-        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1, // s3..s4
-        1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   2,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
-        1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   3,   1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1, // s5..s6
-        1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   3,   1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,
-        1,   3,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1,   1 // s7..s8
-    }};
-
-    JSON_ASSERT(byte < utf8d.size());
-    const std::uint8_t type = utf8d[byte];
-
-    codep = (state != UTF8_ACCEPT) ? (byte & 0x3fu) | (codep << 6u) : (0xFFu >> type) & (byte);
-
-    const std::size_t index = 256u + static_cast<size_t>(state) * 16u + static_cast<size_t>(type);
-    JSON_ASSERT(index < 400);
-    state = utf8d[index];
-    return state;
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Overload to make the compiler happy while it is instantiating
-   * dump_integer for number_unsigned_t.
-   * Must never be called.
-   */
-  number_unsigned_t remove_sign(number_unsigned_t x) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    return x;           // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Helper function for dump_integer
-   *
-   * This function takes a negative signed integer and returns its absolute
-   * value as unsigned integer. The plus/minus shuffling is necessary as we can
-   * not directly remove the sign of an arbitrary signed integer as the
-   * absolute values of INT_MIN and INT_MAX are usually not the same. See
-   * #1708 for details.
-   */
-  inline number_unsigned_t remove_sign(number_integer_t x) noexcept {
-    JSON_ASSERT(x < 0 && x < (std::numeric_limits<number_integer_t>::max)()); // NOLINT(misc-redundant-expression)
-    return static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(-(x + 1)) + 1;
-  }
-
-private:
-  /// the output of the serializer
-  output_adapter_t<char> o = nullptr;
-
-  /// a (hopefully) large enough character buffer
-  std::array<char, 64> number_buffer{{}};
-
-  /// the locale
-  const std::lconv *loc = nullptr;
-  /// the locale's thousand separator character
-  const char thousands_sep = '\0';
-  /// the locale's decimal point character
-  const char decimal_point = '\0';
-
-  /// string buffer
-  std::array<char, 512> string_buffer{{}};
-
-  /// the indentation character
-  const char indent_char;
-  /// the indentation string
-  string_t indent_string;
-
-  /// error_handler how to react on decoding errors
-  const error_handler_t error_handler;
-};
-
-} // namespace detail
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/ordered_map.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include <functional>       // equal_to, less
-#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
-#include <iterator>         // input_iterator_tag, iterator_traits
-#include <memory>           // allocator
-#include <stdexcept>        // for out_of_range
-#include <type_traits>      // enable_if, is_convertible
-#include <utility>          // pair
-#include <vector>           // vector
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/// ordered_map: a minimal map-like container that preserves insertion order
-/// for use within nlohmann::basic_json<ordered_map>
-template <class Key,
-          class T,
-          class IgnoredLess = std::less<Key>,
-          class Allocator = std::allocator<std::pair<const Key, T>>>
-struct ordered_map : std::vector<std::pair<const Key, T>, Allocator> {
-  using key_type = Key;
-  using mapped_type = T;
-  using Container = std::vector<std::pair<const Key, T>, Allocator>;
-  using iterator = typename Container::iterator;
-  using const_iterator = typename Container::const_iterator;
-  using size_type = typename Container::size_type;
-  using value_type = typename Container::value_type;
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-  using key_compare = std::equal_to<>;
-#else
-  using key_compare = std::equal_to<Key>;
-#endif
-
-  // Explicit constructors instead of `using Container::Container`
-  // otherwise older compilers choke on it (GCC <= 5.5, xcode <= 9.4)
-  ordered_map() noexcept(noexcept(Container())) : Container{} {}
-  explicit ordered_map(const Allocator &alloc) noexcept(noexcept(Container(alloc))) : Container{alloc} {}
-  template <class It>
-  ordered_map(It first, It last, const Allocator &alloc = Allocator()) : Container{first, last, alloc} {}
-  ordered_map(std::initializer_list<value_type> init, const Allocator &alloc = Allocator()) : Container{init, alloc} {}
-
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(const key_type &key, T &&t) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return {it, false};
-      }
-    }
-    Container::emplace_back(key, std::forward<T>(t));
-    return {std::prev(this->end()), true};
-  }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(KeyType &&key, T &&t) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return {it, false};
-      }
-    }
-    Container::emplace_back(std::forward<KeyType>(key), std::forward<T>(t));
-    return {std::prev(this->end()), true};
-  }
-
-  T &operator[](const key_type &key) { return emplace(key, T{}).first->second; }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  T &operator[](KeyType &&key) {
-    return emplace(std::forward<KeyType>(key), T{}).first->second;
-  }
-
-  const T &operator[](const key_type &key) const { return at(key); }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  const T &operator[](KeyType &&key) const {
-    return at(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-  }
-
-  T &at(const key_type &key) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it->second;
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key not found"));
-  }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  T &at(KeyType &&key) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it->second;
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key not found"));
-  }
-
-  const T &at(const key_type &key) const {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it->second;
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key not found"));
-  }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  const T &at(KeyType &&key) const {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it->second;
-      }
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key not found"));
-  }
-
-  size_type erase(const key_type &key) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        // Since we cannot move const Keys, re-construct them in place
-        for (auto next = it; ++next != this->end(); ++it) {
-          it->~value_type(); // Destroy but keep allocation
-          new (&*it) value_type{std::move(*next)};
-        }
-        Container::pop_back();
-        return 1;
-      }
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  size_type erase(KeyType &&key) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        // Since we cannot move const Keys, re-construct them in place
-        for (auto next = it; ++next != this->end(); ++it) {
-          it->~value_type(); // Destroy but keep allocation
-          new (&*it) value_type{std::move(*next)};
-        }
-        Container::pop_back();
-        return 1;
-      }
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  iterator erase(iterator pos) { return erase(pos, std::next(pos)); }
-
-  iterator erase(iterator first, iterator last) {
-    if (first == last) {
-      return first;
-    }
-
-    const auto elements_affected = std::distance(first, last);
-    const auto offset = std::distance(Container::begin(), first);
-
-    // This is the start situation. We need to delete elements_affected
-    // elements (3 in this example: e, f, g), and need to return an
-    // iterator past the last deleted element (h in this example).
-    // Note that offset is the distance from the start of the vector
-    // to first. We will need this later.
-
-    // [ a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j ]
-    //               ^        ^
-    //             first    last
-
-    // Since we cannot move const Keys, we re-construct them in place.
-    // We start at first and re-construct (viz. copy) the elements from
-    // the back of the vector. Example for first iteration:
-
-    //               ,--------.
-    //               v        |   destroy e and re-construct with h
-    // [ a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j ]
-    //               ^        ^
-    //               it       it + elements_affected
-
-    for (auto it = first; std::next(it, elements_affected) != Container::end(); ++it) {
-      it->~value_type();                                                   // destroy but keep allocation
-      new (&*it) value_type{std::move(*std::next(it, elements_affected))}; // "move" next element to it
-    }
-
-    // [ a, b, c, d, h, i, j, h, i, j ]
-    //               ^        ^
-    //             first    last
-
-    // remove the unneeded elements at the end of the vector
-    Container::resize(this->size() - static_cast<size_type>(elements_affected));
-
-    // [ a, b, c, d, h, i, j ]
-    //               ^        ^
-    //             first    last
-
-    // first is now pointing past the last deleted element, but we cannot
-    // use this iterator, because it may have been invalidated by the
-    // resize call. Instead, we can return begin() + offset.
-    return Container::begin() + offset;
-  }
-
-  size_type count(const key_type &key) const {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return 1;
-      }
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  size_type count(KeyType &&key) const {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return 1;
-      }
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  iterator find(const key_type &key) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it;
-      }
-    }
-    return Container::end();
-  }
-
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_key_type<key_compare, key_type, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  iterator find(KeyType &&key) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it;
-      }
-    }
-    return Container::end();
-  }
-
-  const_iterator find(const key_type &key) const {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, key)) {
-        return it;
-      }
-    }
-    return Container::end();
-  }
-
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&value) { return emplace(value.first, std::move(value.second)); }
-
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &value) {
-    for (auto it = this->begin(); it != this->end(); ++it) {
-      if (m_compare(it->first, value.first)) {
-        return {it, false};
-      }
-    }
-    Container::push_back(value);
-    return {--this->end(), true};
-  }
-
-  template <typename InputIt>
-  using require_input_iter =
-      typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::iterator_category,
-                                                  std::input_iterator_tag>::value>::type;
-
-  template <typename InputIt, typename = require_input_iter<InputIt>> void insert(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
-    for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
-      insert(*it);
-    }
-  }
-
-private:
-  JSON_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS key_compare m_compare = key_compare();
-};
-
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17)
-#include <any>
-#include <string_view>
-#endif
-
-/*!
-@brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
-@see https://github.com/nlohmann
-@since version 1.0.0
-*/
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-/*!
-@brief a class to store JSON values
-
-@internal
-@invariant The member variables @a m_value and @a m_type have the following
-relationship:
-- If `m_type == value_t::object`, then `m_value.object != nullptr`.
-- If `m_type == value_t::array`, then `m_value.array != nullptr`.
-- If `m_type == value_t::string`, then `m_value.string != nullptr`.
-The invariants are checked by member function assert_invariant().
-
-@note ObjectType trick from https://stackoverflow.com/a/9860911
-@endinternal
-
-@since version 1.0.0
-
-@nosubgrouping
-*/
-NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-special-member-functions)
-    : public ::nlohmann::detail::json_base_class<CustomBaseClass> {
-private:
-  template <detail::value_t> friend struct detail::external_constructor;
-
-  template <typename> friend class ::nlohmann::json_pointer;
-  // can be restored when json_pointer backwards compatibility is removed
-  // friend ::nlohmann::json_pointer<StringType>;
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename InputType> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::parser;
-  friend ::nlohmann::detail::serializer<basic_json>;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::iter_impl;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename CharType> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::binary_writer;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, typename InputType, typename SAX> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::binary_reader;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_parser;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> friend class ::nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser;
-  friend class ::nlohmann::detail::exception;
-
-  /// workaround type for MSVC
-  using basic_json_t = NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL;
-  using json_base_class_t = ::nlohmann::detail::json_base_class<CustomBaseClass>;
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      // convenience aliases for types residing in namespace detail;
-      using lexer = ::nlohmann::detail::lexer_base<basic_json>;
-
-  template <typename InputAdapterType>
-  static ::nlohmann::detail::parser<basic_json, InputAdapterType>
-  parser(InputAdapterType adapter,
-         detail::parser_callback_t<basic_json> cb = nullptr,
-         const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-         const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    return ::nlohmann::detail::parser<basic_json, InputAdapterType>(
-        std::move(adapter), std::move(cb), allow_exceptions, ignore_comments);
-  }
-
-private:
-  using primitive_iterator_t = ::nlohmann::detail::primitive_iterator_t;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> using internal_iterator = ::nlohmann::detail::internal_iterator<BasicJsonType>;
-  template <typename BasicJsonType> using iter_impl = ::nlohmann::detail::iter_impl<BasicJsonType>;
-  template <typename Iterator> using iteration_proxy = ::nlohmann::detail::iteration_proxy<Iterator>;
-  template <typename Base> using json_reverse_iterator = ::nlohmann::detail::json_reverse_iterator<Base>;
-
-  template <typename CharType> using output_adapter_t = ::nlohmann::detail::output_adapter_t<CharType>;
-
-  template <typename InputType> using binary_reader = ::nlohmann::detail::binary_reader<basic_json, InputType>;
-  template <typename CharType> using binary_writer = ::nlohmann::detail::binary_writer<basic_json, CharType>;
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED : using serializer = ::nlohmann::detail::serializer<basic_json>;
-
-public:
-  using value_t = detail::value_t;
-  /// JSON Pointer, see @ref nlohmann::json_pointer
-  using json_pointer = ::nlohmann::json_pointer<StringType>;
-  template <typename T, typename SFINAE> using json_serializer = JSONSerializer<T, SFINAE>;
-  /// how to treat decoding errors
-  using error_handler_t = detail::error_handler_t;
-  /// how to treat CBOR tags
-  using cbor_tag_handler_t = detail::cbor_tag_handler_t;
-  /// helper type for initializer lists of basic_json values
-  using initializer_list_t = std::initializer_list<detail::json_ref<basic_json>>;
-
-  using input_format_t = detail::input_format_t;
-  /// SAX interface type, see @ref nlohmann::json_sax
-  using json_sax_t = json_sax<basic_json>;
-
-  ////////////////
-  // exceptions //
-  ////////////////
-
-  /// @name exceptions
-  /// Classes to implement user-defined exceptions.
-  /// @{
-
-  using exception = detail::exception;
-  using parse_error = detail::parse_error;
-  using invalid_iterator = detail::invalid_iterator;
-  using type_error = detail::type_error;
-  using out_of_range = detail::out_of_range;
-  using other_error = detail::other_error;
-
-  /// @}
-
-  /////////////////////
-  // container types //
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /// @name container types
-  /// The canonic container types to use @ref basic_json like any other STL
-  /// container.
-  /// @{
-
-  /// the type of elements in a basic_json container
-  using value_type = basic_json;
-
-  /// the type of an element reference
-  using reference = value_type &;
-  /// the type of an element const reference
-  using const_reference = const value_type &;
-
-  /// a type to represent differences between iterators
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-  /// a type to represent container sizes
-  using size_type = std::size_t;
-
-  /// the allocator type
-  using allocator_type = AllocatorType<basic_json>;
-
-  /// the type of an element pointer
-  using pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer;
-  /// the type of an element const pointer
-  using const_pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer;
-
-  /// an iterator for a basic_json container
-  using iterator = iter_impl<basic_json>;
-  /// a const iterator for a basic_json container
-  using const_iterator = iter_impl<const basic_json>;
-  /// a reverse iterator for a basic_json container
-  using reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::iterator>;
-  /// a const reverse iterator for a basic_json container
-  using const_reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::const_iterator>;
-
-  /// @}
-
-  /// @brief returns the allocator associated with the container
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_allocator/
-  static allocator_type get_allocator() { return allocator_type(); }
-
-  /// @brief returns version information on the library
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/meta/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json meta() {
-    basic_json result;
-
-    result["copyright"] = "(C) 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann";
-    result["name"] = "JSON for Modern C++";
-    result["url"] = "https://github.com/nlohmann/json";
-    result["version"]["string"] = detail::concat(std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR),
-                                                 '.',
-                                                 std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR),
-                                                 '.',
-                                                 std::to_string(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH));
-    result["version"]["major"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR;
-    result["version"]["minor"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR;
-    result["version"]["patch"] = NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH;
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    result["platform"] = "win32";
-#elif defined __linux__
-    result["platform"] = "linux";
-#elif defined __APPLE__
-    result["platform"] = "apple";
-#elif defined __unix__
-    result["platform"] = "unix";
-#else
-    result["platform"] = "unknown";
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "icc"}, { "version", __INTEL_COMPILER }};
-#elif defined(__clang__)
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "clang"}, { "version", __clang_version__ }};
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
-    result["compiler"] = {
-        {"family", "gcc"},
-        { "version",
-          detail::concat(
-              std::to_string(__GNUC__), '.', std::to_string(__GNUC_MINOR__), '.', std::to_string(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__))
-        }};
-#elif defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
-    result["compiler"] = "hp"
-#elif defined(__IBMCPP__)
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "ilecpp"}, { "version", __IBMCPP__ }};
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "msvc"}, { "version", _MSC_VER }};
-#elif defined(__PGI)
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "pgcpp"}, { "version", __PGI }};
-#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "sunpro"}, { "version", __SUNPRO_CC }};
-#else
-    result["compiler"] = {{"family", "unknown"}, {"version", "unknown"}};
-#endif
-
-#if defined(_MSVC_LANG)
-    result["compiler"]["c++"] = std::to_string(_MSVC_LANG);
-#elif defined(__cplusplus)
-    result["compiler"]["c++"] = std::to_string(__cplusplus);
-#else
-    result["compiler"]["c++"] = "unknown";
-#endif
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  ///////////////////////////
-  // JSON value data types //
-  ///////////////////////////
-
-  /// @name JSON value data types
-  /// The data types to store a JSON value. These types are derived from
-  /// the template arguments passed to class @ref basic_json.
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief default object key comparator type
-  /// The actual object key comparator type (@ref object_comparator_t) may be
-  /// different.
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/default_object_comparator_t/
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_14)
-  // use of transparent comparator avoids unnecessary repeated construction of temporaries
-  // in functions involving lookup by key with types other than object_t::key_type (aka. StringType)
-  using default_object_comparator_t = std::less<>;
-#else
-  using default_object_comparator_t = std::less<StringType>;
-#endif
-
-  /// @brief a type for an object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/object_t/
-  using object_t = ObjectType<StringType,
-                              basic_json,
-                              default_object_comparator_t,
-                              AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType, basic_json>>>;
-
-  /// @brief a type for an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/array_t/
-  using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;
-
-  /// @brief a type for a string
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/string_t/
-  using string_t = StringType;
-
-  /// @brief a type for a boolean
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/boolean_t/
-  using boolean_t = BooleanType;
-
-  /// @brief a type for a number (integer)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/
-  using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;
-
-  /// @brief a type for a number (unsigned)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/
-  using number_unsigned_t = NumberUnsignedType;
-
-  /// @brief a type for a number (floating-point)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_float_t/
-  using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;
-
-  /// @brief a type for a packed binary type
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/binary_t/
-  using binary_t = nlohmann::byte_container_with_subtype<BinaryType>;
-
-  /// @brief object key comparator type
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/object_comparator_t/
-  using object_comparator_t = detail::actual_object_comparator_t<basic_json>;
-
-  /// @}
-
-private:
-  /// helper for exception-safe object creation
-  template <typename T, typename... Args> JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL static T *create(Args &&...args) {
-    AllocatorType<T> alloc;
-    using AllocatorTraits = std::allocator_traits<AllocatorType<T>>;
-
-    auto deleter = [&](T *obj) { AllocatorTraits::deallocate(alloc, obj, 1); };
-    std::unique_ptr<T, decltype(deleter)> obj(AllocatorTraits::allocate(alloc, 1), deleter);
-    AllocatorTraits::construct(alloc, obj.get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    JSON_ASSERT(obj != nullptr);
-    return obj.release();
-  }
-
-  ////////////////////////
-  // JSON value storage //
-  ////////////////////////
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      /*!
-      @brief a JSON value
-
-      The actual storage for a JSON value of the @ref basic_json class. This
-      union combines the different storage types for the JSON value types
-      defined in @ref value_t.
-
-      JSON type | value_t type    | used type
-      --------- | --------------- | ------------------------
-      object    | object          | pointer to @ref object_t
-      array     | array           | pointer to @ref array_t
-      string    | string          | pointer to @ref string_t
-      boolean   | boolean         | @ref boolean_t
-      number    | number_integer  | @ref number_integer_t
-      number    | number_unsigned | @ref number_unsigned_t
-      number    | number_float    | @ref number_float_t
-      binary    | binary          | pointer to @ref binary_t
-      null      | null            | *no value is stored*
-
-      @note Variable-length types (objects, arrays, and strings) are stored as
-      pointers. The size of the union should not exceed 64 bits if the default
-      value types are used.
-
-      @since version 1.0.0
-      */
-      union json_value {
-    /// object (stored with pointer to save storage)
-    object_t *object;
-    /// array (stored with pointer to save storage)
-    array_t *array;
-    /// string (stored with pointer to save storage)
-    string_t *string;
-    /// binary (stored with pointer to save storage)
-    binary_t *binary;
-    /// boolean
-    boolean_t boolean;
-    /// number (integer)
-    number_integer_t number_integer;
-    /// number (unsigned integer)
-    number_unsigned_t number_unsigned;
-    /// number (floating-point)
-    number_float_t number_float;
-
-    /// default constructor (for null values)
-    json_value() = default;
-    /// constructor for booleans
-    json_value(boolean_t v) noexcept : boolean(v) {}
-    /// constructor for numbers (integer)
-    json_value(number_integer_t v) noexcept : number_integer(v) {}
-    /// constructor for numbers (unsigned)
-    json_value(number_unsigned_t v) noexcept : number_unsigned(v) {}
-    /// constructor for numbers (floating-point)
-    json_value(number_float_t v) noexcept : number_float(v) {}
-    /// constructor for empty values of a given type
-    json_value(value_t t) {
-      switch (t) {
-      case value_t::object: {
-        object = create<object_t>();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::array: {
-        array = create<array_t>();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::string: {
-        string = create<string_t>("");
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::binary: {
-        binary = create<binary_t>();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::boolean: {
-        boolean = static_cast<boolean_t>(false);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::number_integer: {
-        number_integer = static_cast<number_integer_t>(0);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-        number_unsigned = static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(0);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::number_float: {
-        number_float = static_cast<number_float_t>(0.0);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::null: {
-        object = nullptr; // silence warning, see #821
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::discarded:
-      default: {
-        object = nullptr; // silence warning, see #821
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(t == value_t::null)) {
-          JSON_THROW(
-              other_error::create(500, "961c151d2e87f2686a955a9be24d316f1362bf21 3.11.2", nullptr)); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-      }
-    }
-
-    /// constructor for strings
-    json_value(const string_t &value) : string(create<string_t>(value)) {}
-
-    /// constructor for rvalue strings
-    json_value(string_t &&value) : string(create<string_t>(std::move(value))) {}
-
-    /// constructor for objects
-    json_value(const object_t &value) : object(create<object_t>(value)) {}
-
-    /// constructor for rvalue objects
-    json_value(object_t &&value) : object(create<object_t>(std::move(value))) {}
-
-    /// constructor for arrays
-    json_value(const array_t &value) : array(create<array_t>(value)) {}
-
-    /// constructor for rvalue arrays
-    json_value(array_t &&value) : array(create<array_t>(std::move(value))) {}
-
-    /// constructor for binary arrays
-    json_value(const typename binary_t::container_type &value) : binary(create<binary_t>(value)) {}
-
-    /// constructor for rvalue binary arrays
-    json_value(typename binary_t::container_type &&value) : binary(create<binary_t>(std::move(value))) {}
-
-    /// constructor for binary arrays (internal type)
-    json_value(const binary_t &value) : binary(create<binary_t>(value)) {}
-
-    /// constructor for rvalue binary arrays (internal type)
-    json_value(binary_t &&value) : binary(create<binary_t>(std::move(value))) {}
-
-    void destroy(value_t t) {
-      if (t == value_t::array || t == value_t::object) {
-        // flatten the current json_value to a heap-allocated stack
-        std::vector<basic_json> stack;
-
-        // move the top-level items to stack
-        if (t == value_t::array) {
-          stack.reserve(array->size());
-          std::move(array->begin(), array->end(), std::back_inserter(stack));
-        } else {
-          stack.reserve(object->size());
-          for (auto &&it : *object) {
-            stack.push_back(std::move(it.second));
-          }
-        }
-
-        while (!stack.empty()) {
-          // move the last item to local variable to be processed
-          basic_json current_item(std::move(stack.back()));
-          stack.pop_back();
-
-          // if current_item is array/object, move
-          // its children to the stack to be processed later
-          if (current_item.is_array()) {
-            std::move(
-                current_item.m_value.array->begin(), current_item.m_value.array->end(), std::back_inserter(stack));
-
-            current_item.m_value.array->clear();
-          } else if (current_item.is_object()) {
-            for (auto &&it : *current_item.m_value.object) {
-              stack.push_back(std::move(it.second));
-            }
-
-            current_item.m_value.object->clear();
-          }
-
-          // it's now safe that current_item get destructed
-          // since it doesn't have any children
-        }
-      }
-
-      switch (t) {
-      case value_t::object: {
-        AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, object);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, object, 1);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::array: {
-        AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, array);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, array, 1);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::string: {
-        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, string);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, string, 1);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::binary: {
-        AllocatorType<binary_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, binary);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, binary, 1);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::null:
-      case value_t::boolean:
-      case value_t::number_integer:
-      case value_t::number_unsigned:
-      case value_t::number_float:
-      case value_t::discarded:
-      default: {
-        break;
-      }
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @brief checks the class invariants
-
-  This function asserts the class invariants. It needs to be called at the
-  end of every constructor to make sure that created objects respect the
-  invariant. Furthermore, it has to be called each time the type of a JSON
-  value is changed, because the invariant expresses a relationship between
-  @a m_type and @a m_value.
-
-  Furthermore, the parent relation is checked for arrays and objects: If
-  @a check_parents true and the value is an array or object, then the
-  container's elements must have the current value as parent.
-
-  @param[in] check_parents  whether the parent relation should be checked.
-             The value is true by default and should only be set to false
-             during destruction of objects when the invariant does not
-             need to hold.
-  */
-  void assert_invariant(bool check_parents = true) const noexcept {
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_type != value_t::object || m_value.object != nullptr);
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_type != value_t::array || m_value.array != nullptr);
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_type != value_t::string || m_value.string != nullptr);
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_type != value_t::binary || m_value.binary != nullptr);
-
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-    JSON_TRY {
-      // cppcheck-suppress assertWithSideEffect
-      JSON_ASSERT(!check_parents || !is_structured() ||
-                  std::all_of(begin(), end(), [this](const basic_json &j) { return j.m_parent == this; }));
-    }
-    JSON_CATCH(...) {} // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-#endif
-    static_cast<void>(check_parents);
-  }
-
-  void set_parents() {
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::array: {
-      for (auto &element : *m_value.array) {
-        element.m_parent = this;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      for (auto &element : *m_value.object) {
-        element.second.m_parent = this;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-#endif
-  }
-
-  iterator set_parents(iterator it, typename iterator::difference_type count_set_parents) {
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-    for (typename iterator::difference_type i = 0; i < count_set_parents; ++i) {
-      (it + i)->m_parent = this;
-    }
-#else
-    static_cast<void>(count_set_parents);
-#endif
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  reference set_parent(reference j, std::size_t old_capacity = static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-    if (old_capacity != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
-      // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2838
-      JSON_ASSERT(type() == value_t::array);
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_value.array->capacity() != old_capacity)) {
-        // capacity has changed: update all parents
-        set_parents();
-        return j;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // ordered_json uses a vector internally, so pointers could have
-    // been invalidated; see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2962
-#ifdef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4127) // ignore warning to replace if with if constexpr
-#endif
-    if (detail::is_ordered_map<object_t>::value) {
-      set_parents();
-      return j;
-    }
-#ifdef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#endif
-
-    j.m_parent = this;
-#else
-    static_cast<void>(j);
-    static_cast<void>(old_capacity);
-#endif
-    return j;
-  }
-
-public:
-  //////////////////////////
-  // JSON parser callback //
-  //////////////////////////
-
-  /// @brief parser event types
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse_event_t/
-  using parse_event_t = detail::parse_event_t;
-
-  /// @brief per-element parser callback type
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parser_callback_t/
-  using parser_callback_t = detail::parser_callback_t<basic_json>;
-
-  //////////////////
-  // constructors //
-  //////////////////
-
-  /// @name constructors and destructors
-  /// Constructors of class @ref basic_json, copy/move constructor, copy
-  /// assignment, static functions creating objects, and the destructor.
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief create an empty value with a given type
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  basic_json(const value_t v) : m_type(v), m_value(v) { assert_invariant(); }
-
-  /// @brief create a null object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  basic_json(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept // NOLINT(bugprone-exception-escape)
-      : basic_json(value_t::null) {
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from compatible types
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  template <typename CompatibleType,
-            typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
-            detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_basic_json<U>::value && detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  basic_json(CompatibleType &&val) noexcept(
-      noexcept( // NOLINT(bugprone-forwarding-reference-overload,bugprone-exception-escape)
-          JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(std::declval<basic_json_t &>(), std::forward<CompatibleType>(val)))) {
-    JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(*this, std::forward<CompatibleType>(val));
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an existing one
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  template <typename BasicJsonType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<basic_json, BasicJsonType>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  basic_json(const BasicJsonType &val) {
-    using other_boolean_t = typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t;
-    using other_number_float_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t;
-    using other_number_integer_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t;
-    using other_number_unsigned_t = typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t;
-    using other_string_t = typename BasicJsonType::string_t;
-    using other_object_t = typename BasicJsonType::object_t;
-    using other_array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
-    using other_binary_t = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t;
-
-    switch (val.type()) {
-    case value_t::boolean:
-      JSONSerializer<other_boolean_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_boolean_t>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::number_float:
-      JSONSerializer<other_number_float_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_number_float_t>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-      JSONSerializer<other_number_integer_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_number_integer_t>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-      JSONSerializer<other_number_unsigned_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get<other_number_unsigned_t>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::string:
-      JSONSerializer<other_string_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_string_t &>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::object:
-      JSONSerializer<other_object_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_object_t &>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::array:
-      JSONSerializer<other_array_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_array_t &>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::binary:
-      JSONSerializer<other_binary_t>::to_json(*this, val.template get_ref<const other_binary_t &>());
-      break;
-    case value_t::null:
-      *this = nullptr;
-      break;
-    case value_t::discarded:
-      m_type = value_t::discarded;
-      break;
-    default:              // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      JSON_ASSERT(false); // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-    }
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_type == val.type());
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a container (array or object) from an initializer list
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  basic_json(initializer_list_t init, bool type_deduction = true, value_t manual_type = value_t::array) {
-    // check if each element is an array with two elements whose first
-    // element is a string
-    bool is_an_object = std::all_of(init.begin(), init.end(), [](const detail::json_ref<basic_json> &element_ref) {
-      return element_ref->is_array() && element_ref->size() == 2 && (*element_ref)[0].is_string();
-    });
-
-    // adjust type if type deduction is not wanted
-    if (!type_deduction) {
-      // if array is wanted, do not create an object though possible
-      if (manual_type == value_t::array) {
-        is_an_object = false;
-      }
-
-      // if object is wanted but impossible, throw an exception
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(manual_type == value_t::object && !is_an_object)) {
-        JSON_THROW(type_error::create(301, "cannot create object from initializer list", nullptr));
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (is_an_object) {
-      // the initializer list is a list of pairs -> create object
-      m_type = value_t::object;
-      m_value = value_t::object;
-
-      for (auto &element_ref : init) {
-        auto element = element_ref.moved_or_copied();
-        m_value.object->emplace(std::move(*((*element.m_value.array)[0].m_value.string)),
-                                std::move((*element.m_value.array)[1]));
-      }
-    } else {
-      // the initializer list describes an array -> create array
-      m_type = value_t::array;
-      m_value.array = create<array_t>(init.begin(), init.end());
-    }
-
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief explicitly create a binary array (without subtype)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/binary/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json binary(const typename binary_t::container_type &init) {
-    auto res = basic_json();
-    res.m_type = value_t::binary;
-    res.m_value = init;
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief explicitly create a binary array (with subtype)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/binary/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json binary(const typename binary_t::container_type &init, typename binary_t::subtype_type subtype) {
-    auto res = basic_json();
-    res.m_type = value_t::binary;
-    res.m_value = binary_t(init, subtype);
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief explicitly create a binary array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/binary/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json binary(typename binary_t::container_type &&init) {
-    auto res = basic_json();
-    res.m_type = value_t::binary;
-    res.m_value = std::move(init);
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief explicitly create a binary array (with subtype)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/binary/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json binary(typename binary_t::container_type &&init, typename binary_t::subtype_type subtype) {
-    auto res = basic_json();
-    res.m_type = value_t::binary;
-    res.m_value = binary_t(std::move(init), subtype);
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief explicitly create an array from an initializer list
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/array/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json array(initializer_list_t init = {}) { return basic_json(init, false, value_t::array); }
-
-  /// @brief explicitly create an object from an initializer list
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/object/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json object(initializer_list_t init = {}) { return basic_json(init, false, value_t::object); }
-
-  /// @brief construct an array with count copies of given value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  basic_json(size_type cnt, const basic_json &val) : m_type(value_t::array) {
-    m_value.array = create<array_t>(cnt, val);
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief construct a JSON container given an iterator range
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  template <class InputIT,
-            typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value ||
-                                        std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value,
-                                    int>::type = 0>
-  basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) {
-    JSON_ASSERT(first.m_object != nullptr);
-    JSON_ASSERT(last.m_object != nullptr);
-
-    // make sure iterator fits the current value
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(201, "iterators are not compatible", nullptr));
-    }
-
-    // copy type from first iterator
-    m_type = first.m_object->m_type;
-
-    // check if iterator range is complete for primitive values
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::string: {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() || !last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())) {
-        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(204, "iterators out of range", first.m_object));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::object:
-    case value_t::array:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      m_value.number_integer = first.m_object->m_value.number_integer;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      m_value.number_unsigned = first.m_object->m_value.number_unsigned;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      m_value.number_float = first.m_object->m_value.number_float;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: {
-      m_value.boolean = first.m_object->m_value.boolean;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.string;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      m_value.object = create<object_t>(first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      m_value.array = create<array_t>(first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.binary;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(
-          206, detail::concat("cannot construct with iterators from ", first.m_object->type_name()), first.m_object));
-    }
-
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  ///////////////////////////////////////
-  // other constructors and destructor //
-  ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-  template <typename JsonRef,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::conjunction<detail::is_json_ref<JsonRef>,
-                                                    std::is_same<typename JsonRef::value_type, basic_json>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  basic_json(const JsonRef &ref) : basic_json(ref.moved_or_copied()) {}
-
-  /// @brief copy constructor
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  basic_json(const basic_json &other) : json_base_class_t(other), m_type(other.m_type) {
-    // check of passed value is valid
-    other.assert_invariant();
-
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::object: {
-      m_value = *other.m_value.object;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      m_value = *other.m_value.array;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      m_value = *other.m_value.string;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: {
-      m_value = other.m_value.boolean;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      m_value = other.m_value.number_integer;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      m_value = other.m_value.number_unsigned;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      m_value = other.m_value.number_float;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      m_value = *other.m_value.binary;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief move constructor
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/
-  basic_json(basic_json &&other) noexcept
-      : json_base_class_t(std::move(other)), m_type(std::move(other.m_type)), m_value(std::move(other.m_value)) {
-    // check that passed value is valid
-    other.assert_invariant(false); // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move,hicpp-invalid-access-moved)
-
-    // invalidate payload
-    other.m_type = value_t::null;
-    other.m_value = {};
-
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief copy assignment
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator=/
-  basic_json &operator=(basic_json other) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value
-          &&std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
-              &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_base_class_t>::value) {
-    // check that passed value is valid
-    other.assert_invariant();
-
-    using std::swap;
-    swap(m_type, other.m_type);
-    swap(m_value, other.m_value);
-    json_base_class_t::operator=(std::move(other));
-
-    set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief destructor
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/~basic_json/
-  ~basic_json() noexcept {
-    assert_invariant(false);
-    m_value.destroy(m_type);
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-
-public:
-  ///////////////////////
-  // object inspection //
-  ///////////////////////
-
-  /// @name object inspection
-  /// Functions to inspect the type of a JSON value.
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief serialization
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/dump/
-  string_t dump(const int indent = -1,
-                const char indent_char = ' ',
-                const bool ensure_ascii = false,
-                const error_handler_t error_handler = error_handler_t::strict) const {
-    string_t result;
-    serializer s(detail::output_adapter<char, string_t>(result), indent_char, error_handler);
-
-    if (indent >= 0) {
-      s.dump(*this, true, ensure_ascii, static_cast<unsigned int>(indent));
-    } else {
-      s.dump(*this, false, ensure_ascii, 0);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/type/
-  constexpr value_t type() const noexcept { return m_type; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether type is primitive
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_primitive/
-  constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept {
-    return is_null() || is_string() || is_boolean() || is_number() || is_binary();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return whether type is structured
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_structured/
-  constexpr bool is_structured() const noexcept { return is_array() || is_object(); }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is null
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_null/
-  constexpr bool is_null() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::null; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is a boolean
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_boolean/
-  constexpr bool is_boolean() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::boolean; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is a number
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_number/
-  constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept { return is_number_integer() || is_number_float(); }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is an integer number
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_number_integer/
-  constexpr bool is_number_integer() const noexcept {
-    return m_type == value_t::number_integer || m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is an unsigned integer number
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/
-  constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::number_unsigned; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is a floating-point number
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_number_float/
-  constexpr bool is_number_float() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::number_float; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is an object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_object/
-  constexpr bool is_object() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::object; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_array/
-  constexpr bool is_array() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::array; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is a string
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_string/
-  constexpr bool is_string() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::string; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is a binary array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_binary/
-  constexpr bool is_binary() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::binary; }
-
-  /// @brief return whether value is discarded
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_discarded/
-  constexpr bool is_discarded() const noexcept { return m_type == value_t::discarded; }
-
-  /// @brief return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_value_t/
-  constexpr operator value_t() const noexcept { return m_type; }
-
-  /// @}
-
-private:
-  //////////////////
-  // value access //
-  //////////////////
-
-  /// get a boolean (explicit)
-  boolean_t get_impl(boolean_t * /*unused*/) const {
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_boolean())) {
-      return m_value.boolean;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, detail::concat("type must be boolean, but is ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (object)
-  object_t *get_impl_ptr(object_t * /*unused*/) noexcept { return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr; }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (object)
-  constexpr const object_t *get_impl_ptr(const object_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (array)
-  array_t *get_impl_ptr(array_t * /*unused*/) noexcept { return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr; }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (array)
-  constexpr const array_t *get_impl_ptr(const array_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (string)
-  string_t *get_impl_ptr(string_t * /*unused*/) noexcept { return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr; }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (string)
-  constexpr const string_t *get_impl_ptr(const string_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
-  boolean_t *get_impl_ptr(boolean_t * /*unused*/) noexcept { return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr; }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
-  constexpr const boolean_t *get_impl_ptr(const boolean_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
-  number_integer_t *get_impl_ptr(number_integer_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
-    return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
-  constexpr const number_integer_t *get_impl_ptr(const number_integer_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
-  number_unsigned_t *get_impl_ptr(number_unsigned_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
-    return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
-  constexpr const number_unsigned_t *get_impl_ptr(const number_unsigned_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
-  number_float_t *get_impl_ptr(number_float_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
-    return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
-  constexpr const number_float_t *get_impl_ptr(const number_float_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (binary)
-  binary_t *get_impl_ptr(binary_t * /*unused*/) noexcept { return is_binary() ? m_value.binary : nullptr; }
-
-  /// get a pointer to the value (binary)
-  constexpr const binary_t *get_impl_ptr(const binary_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
-    return is_binary() ? m_value.binary : nullptr;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief helper function to implement get_ref()
-
-  This function helps to implement get_ref() without code duplication for
-  const and non-const overloads
-
-  @tparam ThisType will be deduced as `basic_json` or `const basic_json`
-
-  @throw type_error.303 if ReferenceType does not match underlying value
-  type of the current JSON
-  */
-  template <typename ReferenceType, typename ThisType> static ReferenceType get_ref_impl(ThisType &obj) {
-    // delegate the call to get_ptr<>()
-    auto *ptr = obj.template get_ptr<typename std::add_pointer<ReferenceType>::type>();
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(ptr != nullptr)) {
-      return *ptr;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        303, detail::concat("incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is ", obj.type_name()), &obj));
-  }
-
-public:
-  /// @name value access
-  /// Direct access to the stored value of a JSON value.
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_ptr/
-  template <typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  auto get_ptr() noexcept -> decltype(std::declval<basic_json_t &>().get_impl_ptr(std::declval<PointerType>())) {
-    // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>()
-    return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_ptr/
-  template <typename PointerType,
-            typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value &&
-                                        std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<PointerType>::type>::value,
-                                    int>::type = 0>
-  constexpr auto get_ptr() const noexcept
-      -> decltype(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>().get_impl_ptr(std::declval<PointerType>())) {
-    // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>() const
-    return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
-  }
-
-private:
-  /*!
-  @brief get a value (explicit)
-
-  Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
-  which is [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible)
-  and [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible).
-  The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
-  `from_json()` method.
-
-  The function is equivalent to executing
-  @code {.cpp}
-  ValueType ret;
-  JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
-  return ret;
-  @endcode
-
-  This overloads is chosen if:
-  - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json,
-  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
-    `void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
-  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> does not have a `from_json()` method of
-    the form `ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
-
-  @tparam ValueType the returned value type
-
-  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
-
-  @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
-
-  @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
-  to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
-  be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
-  `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
-  associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
-  json>`.,get__ValueType_const}
-
-  @since version 2.1.0
-  */
-  template <typename ValueType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_default_constructible<ValueType>::value &&
-                                    detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  ValueType get_impl(detail::priority_tag<0> /*unused*/) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(),
-                                                             std::declval<ValueType &>()))) {
-    auto ret = ValueType();
-    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
-    return ret;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get a value (explicit); special case
-
-  Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
-  which is **not** [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible)
-  and **not** [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible).
-  The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
-  `from_json()` method.
-
-  The function is equivalent to executing
-  @code {.cpp}
-  return JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this);
-  @endcode
-
-  This overloads is chosen if:
-  - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json and
-  - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
-    `ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
-
-  @note If @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has both overloads of
-  `from_json()`, this one is chosen.
-
-  @tparam ValueType the returned value type
-
-  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
-
-  @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
-
-  @since version 2.1.0
-  */
-  template <typename ValueType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int> = 0>
-  ValueType get_impl(detail::priority_tag<1> /*unused*/) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>()))) {
-    return JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get special-case overload
-
-  This overloads converts the current @ref basic_json in a different
-  @ref basic_json type
-
-  @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
-
-  @return a copy of *this, converted into @a BasicJsonType
-
-  @complexity Depending on the implementation of the called `from_json()`
-              method.
-
-  @since version 3.2.0
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  BasicJsonType get_impl(detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const {
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get special-case overload
-
-  This overloads avoids a lot of template boilerplate, it can be seen as the
-  identity method
-
-  @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
-
-  @return a copy of *this
-
-  @complexity Constant.
-
-  @since version 2.1.0
-  */
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_same<BasicJsonType, basic_json_t>::value, int> = 0>
-  basic_json get_impl(detail::priority_tag<3> /*unused*/) const {
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
-  @copydoc get()
-  */
-  template <typename PointerType, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int> = 0>
-  constexpr auto get_impl(detail::priority_tag<4> /*unused*/) const noexcept
-      -> decltype(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>().template get_ptr<PointerType>()) {
-    // delegate the call to get_ptr
-    return get_ptr<PointerType>();
-  }
-
-public:
-  /*!
-  @brief get a (pointer) value (explicit)
-
-  Performs explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value if required.
-
-  - If the requested type is a pointer to the internally stored JSON value that pointer is returned.
-  No copies are made.
-
-  - If the requested type is the current @ref basic_json, or a different @ref basic_json convertible
-  from the current @ref basic_json.
-
-  - Otherwise the value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()`
-  method.
-
-  @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
-  @tparam ValueType the returned value type
-
-  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @tparam ValueType if necessary
-
-  @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws if conversion is required
-
-  @since version 2.1.0
-  */
-  template <typename ValueTypeCV, typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>>
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_14)
-  constexpr
-#endif
-      auto
-      get() const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>().template get_impl<ValueType>(detail::priority_tag<4>{})))
-          -> decltype(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>().template get_impl<ValueType>(detail::priority_tag<4>{})) {
-    // we cannot static_assert on ValueTypeCV being non-const, because
-    // there is support for get<const basic_json_t>(), which is why we
-    // still need the uncvref
-    static_assert(!std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
-                  "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
-    return get_impl<ValueType>(detail::priority_tag<4>{});
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
-
-  Explicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
-  made.
-
-  @warning The pointer becomes invalid if the underlying JSON object
-  changes.
-
-  @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
-  object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
-  @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t.
-
-  @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
-  pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
-
-  @complexity Constant.
-
-  @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
-  JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
-  `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
-  match.,get__PointerType}
-
-  @sa see @ref get_ptr() for explicit pointer-member access
-
-  @since version 1.0.0
-  */
-  template <typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  auto get() noexcept -> decltype(std::declval<basic_json_t &>().template get_ptr<PointerType>()) {
-    // delegate the call to get_ptr
-    return get_ptr<PointerType>();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief get a value (explicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_to/
-  template <typename ValueType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value &&
-                                    detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  ValueType &get_to(ValueType &v) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(), v))) {
-    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, v);
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  // specialization to allow calling get_to with a basic_json value
-  // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2175
-  template <typename ValueType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>::value, int> = 0>
-  ValueType &get_to(ValueType &v) const {
-    v = *this;
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  template <typename T,
-            std::size_t N,
-            typename Array =
-                T (&)[N], // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, Array>::value, int> = 0>
-  Array
-  get_to(T (&v)[N]) const // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-      noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<Array>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(), v))) {
-    JSONSerializer<Array>::from_json(*this, v);
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief get a reference value (implicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_ref/
-  template <typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  ReferenceType get_ref() {
-    // delegate call to get_ref_impl
-    return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief get a reference value (implicit)
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_ref/
-  template <typename ReferenceType,
-            typename std::enable_if<std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value &&
-                                        std::is_const<typename std::remove_reference<ReferenceType>::type>::value,
-                                    int>::type = 0>
-  ReferenceType get_ref() const {
-    // delegate call to get_ref_impl
-    return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
-  }
-
-  /*!
-  @brief get a value (implicit)
-
-  Implicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
-  The call is realized by calling @ref get() const.
-
-  @tparam ValueType non-pointer type compatible to the JSON value, for
-  instance `int` for JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or
-  `std::vector` types for JSON arrays. The character type of @ref string_t
-  as well as an initializer list of this type is excluded to avoid
-  ambiguities as these types implicitly convert to `std::string`.
-
-  @return copy of the JSON value, converted to type @a ValueType
-
-  @throw type_error.302 in case passed type @a ValueType is incompatible
-  to the JSON value type (e.g., the JSON value is of type boolean, but a
-  string is requested); see example below
-
-  @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
-
-  @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
-  to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
-  be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
-  `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
-  associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
-  json>`.,operator__ValueType}
-
-  @since version 1.0.0
-  */
-  template <typename ValueType,
-            typename std::enable_if<
-                detail::conjunction<
-                    detail::negation<std::is_pointer<ValueType>>,
-                    detail::negation<std::is_same<ValueType, std::nullptr_t>>,
-                    detail::negation<std::is_same<ValueType, detail::json_ref<basic_json>>>,
-                    detail::negation<std::is_same<ValueType, typename string_t::value_type>>,
-                    detail::negation<detail::is_basic_json<ValueType>>,
-                    detail::negation<std::is_same<ValueType, std::initializer_list<typename string_t::value_type>>>,
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17) && (defined(__GNUC__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1910 && _MSC_VER <= 1914))
-                    detail::negation<std::is_same<ValueType, std::string_view>>,
-#endif
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17)
-                    detail::negation<std::is_same<ValueType, std::any>>,
-#endif
-                    detail::is_detected_lazy<detail::get_template_function, const basic_json_t &, ValueType>>::value,
-                int>::type = 0>
-  JSON_EXPLICIT operator ValueType() const {
-    // delegate the call to get<>() const
-    return get<ValueType>();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief get a binary value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_binary/
-  binary_t &get_binary() {
-    if (!is_binary()) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, detail::concat("type must be binary, but is ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    return *get_ptr<binary_t *>();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief get a binary value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_binary/
-  const binary_t &get_binary() const {
-    if (!is_binary()) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, detail::concat("type must be binary, but is ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    return *get_ptr<const binary_t *>();
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  ////////////////////
-  // element access //
-  ////////////////////
-
-  /// @name element access
-  /// Access to the JSON value.
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  reference at(size_type idx) {
-    // at only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      JSON_TRY { return set_parent(m_value.array->at(idx)); }
-      JSON_CATCH(std::out_of_range &) {
-        // create better exception explanation
-        JSON_THROW(
-            out_of_range::create(401, detail::concat("array index ", std::to_string(idx), " is out of range"), this));
-      }
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, detail::concat("cannot use at() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  const_reference at(size_type idx) const {
-    // at only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      JSON_TRY { return m_value.array->at(idx); }
-      JSON_CATCH(std::out_of_range &) {
-        // create better exception explanation
-        JSON_THROW(
-            out_of_range::create(401, detail::concat("array index ", std::to_string(idx), " is out of range"), this));
-      }
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, detail::concat("cannot use at() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  reference at(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
-    // at only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, detail::concat("cannot use at() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    auto it = m_value.object->find(key);
-    if (it == m_value.object->end()) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, detail::concat("key '", key, "' not found"), this));
-    }
-    return set_parent(it->second);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  reference at(KeyType &&key) {
-    // at only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, detail::concat("cannot use at() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    auto it = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-    if (it == m_value.object->end()) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
-          403, detail::concat("key '", string_t(std::forward<KeyType>(key)), "' not found"), this));
-    }
-    return set_parent(it->second);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
-    // at only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, detail::concat("cannot use at() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    auto it = m_value.object->find(key);
-    if (it == m_value.object->end()) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, detail::concat("key '", key, "' not found"), this));
-    }
-    return it->second;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  const_reference at(KeyType &&key) const {
-    // at only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(304, detail::concat("cannot use at() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    auto it = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-    if (it == m_value.object->end()) {
-      JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
-          403, detail::concat("key '", string_t(std::forward<KeyType>(key)), "' not found"), this));
-    }
-    return it->second;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified array element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  reference operator[](size_type idx) {
-    // implicitly convert null value to an empty array
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::array;
-      m_value.array = create<array_t>();
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // operator[] only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      // fill up array with null values if given idx is outside range
-      if (idx >= m_value.array->size()) {
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-        // remember array size & capacity before resizing
-        const auto old_size = m_value.array->size();
-        const auto old_capacity = m_value.array->capacity();
-#endif
-        m_value.array->resize(idx + 1);
-
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(m_value.array->capacity() != old_capacity)) {
-          // capacity has changed: update all parents
-          set_parents();
-        } else {
-          // set parent for values added above
-          set_parents(begin() + static_cast<typename iterator::difference_type>(old_size),
-                      static_cast<typename iterator::difference_type>(idx + 1 - old_size));
-        }
-#endif
-        assert_invariant();
-      }
-
-      return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        305, detail::concat("cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified array element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const {
-    // const operator[] only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        305, detail::concat("cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  reference operator[](typename object_t::key_type key) {
-    // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::object;
-      m_value.object = create<object_t>();
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // operator[] only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      auto result = m_value.object->emplace(std::move(key), nullptr);
-      return set_parent(result.first->second);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        305, detail::concat("cannot use operator[] with a string argument with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
-    // const operator[] only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      auto it = m_value.object->find(key);
-      JSON_ASSERT(it != m_value.object->end());
-      return it->second;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        305, detail::concat("cannot use operator[] with a string argument with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  // these two functions resolve a (const) char * ambiguity affecting Clang and MSVC
-  // (they seemingly cannot be constrained to resolve the ambiguity)
-  template <typename T> reference operator[](T *key) { return operator[](typename object_t::key_type(key)); }
-
-  template <typename T> const_reference operator[](T *key) const {
-    return operator[](typename object_t::key_type(key));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  reference operator[](KeyType &&key) {
-    // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::object;
-      m_value.object = create<object_t>();
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // operator[] only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      auto result = m_value.object->emplace(std::forward<KeyType>(key), nullptr);
-      return set_parent(result.first->second);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        305, detail::concat("cannot use operator[] with a string argument with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  const_reference operator[](KeyType &&key) const {
-    // const operator[] only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      auto it = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-      JSON_ASSERT(it != m_value.object->end());
-      return it->second;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-        305, detail::concat("cannot use operator[] with a string argument with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-private:
-  template <typename KeyType>
-  using is_comparable_with_object_key =
-      detail::is_comparable<object_comparator_t, const typename object_t::key_type &, KeyType>;
-
-  template <typename ValueType>
-  using value_return_type =
-      std::conditional<detail::is_c_string_uncvref<ValueType>::value, string_t, typename std::decay<ValueType>::type>;
-
-public:
-  /// @brief access specified object element with default value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/value/
-  template <class ValueType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_transparent<object_comparator_t>::value &&
-                                    detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  ValueType value(const typename object_t::key_type &key, const ValueType &default_value) const {
-    // value only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
-      const auto it = find(key);
-      if (it != end()) {
-        return it->template get<ValueType>();
-      }
-
-      return default_value;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, detail::concat("cannot use value() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element with default value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/value/
-  template <class ValueType,
-            class ReturnType = typename value_return_type<ValueType>::type,
-            detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_transparent<object_comparator_t>::value &&
-                                    detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ReturnType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  ReturnType value(const typename object_t::key_type &key, ValueType &&default_value) const {
-    // value only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
-      const auto it = find(key);
-      if (it != end()) {
-        return it->template get<ReturnType>();
-      }
-
-      return std::forward<ValueType>(default_value);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, detail::concat("cannot use value() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element with default value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/value/
-  template <
-      class ValueType,
-      class KeyType,
-      detail::enable_if_t<
-          detail::is_transparent<object_comparator_t>::value && !detail::is_json_pointer<KeyType>::value &&
-              is_comparable_with_object_key<KeyType>::value && detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value &&
-              !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-          int> = 0>
-  ValueType value(KeyType &&key, const ValueType &default_value) const {
-    // value only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
-      const auto it = find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-      if (it != end()) {
-        return it->template get<ValueType>();
-      }
-
-      return default_value;
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, detail::concat("cannot use value() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element via JSON Pointer with default value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/value/
-  template <
-      class ValueType,
-      class KeyType,
-      class ReturnType = typename value_return_type<ValueType>::type,
-      detail::enable_if_t<
-          detail::is_transparent<object_comparator_t>::value && !detail::is_json_pointer<KeyType>::value &&
-              is_comparable_with_object_key<KeyType>::value && detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ReturnType>::value &&
-              !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-          int> = 0>
-  ReturnType value(KeyType &&key, ValueType &&default_value) const {
-    // value only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
-      const auto it = find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-      if (it != end()) {
-        return it->template get<ReturnType>();
-      }
-
-      return std::forward<ValueType>(default_value);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, detail::concat("cannot use value() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element via JSON Pointer with default value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/value/
-  template <class ValueType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  ValueType value(const json_pointer &ptr, const ValueType &default_value) const {
-    // value only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      // if pointer resolves a value, return it or use default value
-      JSON_TRY { return ptr.get_checked(this).template get<ValueType>(); }
-      JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(out_of_range &) { return default_value; }
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, detail::concat("cannot use value() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified object element via JSON Pointer with default value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/value/
-  template <class ValueType,
-            class ReturnType = typename value_return_type<ValueType>::type,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ReturnType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  ReturnType value(const json_pointer &ptr, ValueType &&default_value) const {
-    // value only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      // if pointer resolves a value, return it or use default value
-      JSON_TRY { return ptr.get_checked(this).template get<ReturnType>(); }
-      JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(out_of_range &) { return std::forward<ValueType>(default_value); }
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(306, detail::concat("cannot use value() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  template <class ValueType,
-            class BasicJsonType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value &&
-                                    detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  ValueType value(const ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr, const ValueType &default_value) const {
-    return value(ptr.convert(), default_value);
-  }
-
-  template <class ValueType,
-            class BasicJsonType,
-            class ReturnType = typename value_return_type<ValueType>::type,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value &&
-                                    detail::is_getable<basic_json_t, ReturnType>::value &&
-                                    !std::is_same<value_t, detail::uncvref_t<ValueType>>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  ReturnType value(const ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr, ValueType &&default_value) const {
-    return value(ptr.convert(), std::forward<ValueType>(default_value));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access the first element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/front/
-  reference front() { return *begin(); }
-
-  /// @brief access the first element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/front/
-  const_reference front() const { return *cbegin(); }
-
-  /// @brief access the last element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/back/
-  reference back() {
-    auto tmp = end();
-    --tmp;
-    return *tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access the last element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/back/
-  const_reference back() const {
-    auto tmp = cend();
-    --tmp;
-    return *tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief remove element given an iterator
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/erase/
-  template <class IteratorType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value ||
-                                    std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  IteratorType erase(IteratorType pos) {
-    // make sure iterator fits the current value
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(this != pos.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value", this));
-    }
-
-    IteratorType result = end();
-
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!pos.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())) {
-        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(205, "iterator out of range", this));
-      }
-
-      if (is_string()) {
-        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.string);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, m_value.string, 1);
-        m_value.string = nullptr;
-      } else if (is_binary()) {
-        AllocatorType<binary_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.binary);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, m_value.binary, 1);
-        m_value.binary = nullptr;
-      }
-
-      m_type = value_t::null;
-      assert_invariant();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(pos.m_it.object_iterator);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(pos.m_it.array_iterator);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, detail::concat("cannot use erase() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief remove elements given an iterator range
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/erase/
-  template <class IteratorType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value ||
-                                    std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value,
-                                int> = 0>
-  IteratorType erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
-    // make sure iterator fits the current value
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(this != first.m_object || this != last.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(203, "iterators do not fit current value", this));
-    }
-
-    IteratorType result = end();
-
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(!first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() || !last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())) {
-        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(204, "iterators out of range", this));
-      }
-
-      if (is_string()) {
-        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.string);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, m_value.string, 1);
-        m_value.string = nullptr;
-      } else if (is_binary()) {
-        AllocatorType<binary_t> alloc;
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::destroy(alloc, m_value.binary);
-        std::allocator_traits<decltype(alloc)>::deallocate(alloc, m_value.binary, 1);
-        m_value.binary = nullptr;
-      }
-
-      m_type = value_t::null;
-      assert_invariant();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, detail::concat("cannot use erase() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-private:
-  template <typename KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::has_erase_with_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  size_type erase_internal(KeyType &&key) {
-    // this erase only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, detail::concat("cannot use erase() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    return m_value.object->erase(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-  }
-
-  template <typename KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<!detail::has_erase_with_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  size_type erase_internal(KeyType &&key) {
-    // this erase only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, detail::concat("cannot use erase() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    const auto it = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-    if (it != m_value.object->end()) {
-      m_value.object->erase(it);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-public:
-  /// @brief remove element from a JSON object given a key
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/erase/
-  size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
-    // the indirection via erase_internal() is added to avoid making this
-    // function a template and thus de-rank it during overload resolution
-    return erase_internal(key);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief remove element from a JSON object given a key
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/erase/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  size_type erase(KeyType &&key) {
-    return erase_internal(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief remove element from a JSON array given an index
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/erase/
-  void erase(const size_type idx) {
-    // this erase only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(idx >= size())) {
-        JSON_THROW(
-            out_of_range::create(401, detail::concat("array index ", std::to_string(idx), " is out of range"), this));
-      }
-
-      m_value.array->erase(m_value.array->begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx));
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(307, detail::concat("cannot use erase() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  ////////////
-  // lookup //
-  ////////////
-
-  /// @name lookup
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief find an element in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/find/
-  iterator find(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
-    auto result = end();
-
-    if (is_object()) {
-      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief find an element in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/find/
-  const_iterator find(const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
-    auto result = cend();
-
-    if (is_object()) {
-      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief find an element in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/find/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  iterator find(KeyType &&key) {
-    auto result = end();
-
-    if (is_object()) {
-      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief find an element in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/find/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  const_iterator find(KeyType &&key) const {
-    auto result = cend();
-
-    if (is_object()) {
-      result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key));
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/count/
-  size_type count(const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
-    // return 0 for all nonobject types
-    return is_object() ? m_value.object->count(key) : 0;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/count/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  size_type count(KeyType &&key) const {
-    // return 0 for all nonobject types
-    return is_object() ? m_value.object->count(std::forward<KeyType>(key)) : 0;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/contains/
-  bool contains(const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
-    return is_object() && m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/contains/
-  template <class KeyType,
-            detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_usable_as_basic_json_key_type<basic_json_t, KeyType>::value, int> = 0>
-  bool contains(KeyType &&key) const {
-    return is_object() && m_value.object->find(std::forward<KeyType>(key)) != m_value.object->end();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief check the existence of an element in a JSON object given a JSON pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/contains/
-  bool contains(const json_pointer &ptr) const { return ptr.contains(this); }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  bool contains(const typename ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr) const {
-    return ptr.contains(this);
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  ///////////////
-  // iterators //
-  ///////////////
-
-  /// @name iterators
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to the first element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/begin/
-  iterator begin() noexcept {
-    iterator result(this);
-    result.set_begin();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to the first element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/begin/
-  const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return cbegin(); }
-
-  /// @brief returns a const iterator to the first element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/cbegin/
-  const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept {
-    const_iterator result(this);
-    result.set_begin();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/end/
-  iterator end() noexcept {
-    iterator result(this);
-    result.set_end();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/end/
-  const_iterator end() const noexcept { return cend(); }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/cend/
-  const_iterator cend() const noexcept {
-    const_iterator result(this);
-    result.set_end();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/rbegin/
-  reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/rbegin/
-  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept { return crbegin(); }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-end
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/rend/
-  reverse_iterator rend() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
-
-  /// @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-end
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/rend/
-  const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept { return crend(); }
-
-  /// @brief returns a const reverse iterator to the last element
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/crbegin/
-  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(cend()); }
-
-  /// @brief returns a const reverse iterator to one before the first
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/crend/
-  const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin()); }
-
-public:
-  /// @brief wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/items/
-  /// @deprecated This function is deprecated since 3.1.0 and will be removed in
-  ///             version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use @ref items() instead;
-  ///             that is, replace `json::iterator_wrapper(j)` with `j.items()`.
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.1.0, items())
-  static iteration_proxy<iterator> iterator_wrapper(reference ref) noexcept { return ref.items(); }
-
-  /// @brief wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/items/
-  /// @deprecated This function is deprecated since 3.1.0 and will be removed in
-  ///         version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use @ref items() instead;
-  ///         that is, replace `json::iterator_wrapper(j)` with `j.items()`.
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.1.0, items())
-  static iteration_proxy<const_iterator> iterator_wrapper(const_reference ref) noexcept { return ref.items(); }
-
-  /// @brief helper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/items/
-  iteration_proxy<iterator> items() noexcept { return iteration_proxy<iterator>(*this); }
-
-  /// @brief helper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/items/
-  iteration_proxy<const_iterator> items() const noexcept { return iteration_proxy<const_iterator>(*this); }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  //////////////
-  // capacity //
-  //////////////
-
-  /// @name capacity
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief checks whether the container is empty.
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/empty/
-  bool empty() const noexcept {
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::null: {
-      // null values are empty
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      // delegate call to array_t::empty()
-      return m_value.array->empty();
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      // delegate call to object_t::empty()
-      return m_value.object->empty();
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      // all other types are nonempty
-      return false;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns the number of elements
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/size/
-  size_type size() const noexcept {
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::null: {
-      // null values are empty
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      // delegate call to array_t::size()
-      return m_value.array->size();
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      // delegate call to object_t::size()
-      return m_value.object->size();
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      // all other types have size 1
-      return 1;
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief returns the maximum possible number of elements
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/max_size/
-  size_type max_size() const noexcept {
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::array: {
-      // delegate call to array_t::max_size()
-      return m_value.array->max_size();
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      // delegate call to object_t::max_size()
-      return m_value.object->max_size();
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      // all other types have max_size() == size()
-      return size();
-    }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  ///////////////
-  // modifiers //
-  ///////////////
-
-  /// @name modifiers
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief clears the contents
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/clear/
-  void clear() noexcept {
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::number_integer: {
-      m_value.number_integer = 0;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
-      m_value.number_unsigned = 0;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::number_float: {
-      m_value.number_float = 0.0;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::boolean: {
-      m_value.boolean = false;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::string: {
-      m_value.string->clear();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::binary: {
-      m_value.binary->clear();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::array: {
-      m_value.array->clear();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      m_value.object->clear();
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/push_back/
-  void push_back(basic_json &&val) {
-    // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(is_null() || is_array()))) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, detail::concat("cannot use push_back() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // transform null object into an array
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::array;
-      m_value = value_t::array;
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // add element to array (move semantics)
-    const auto old_capacity = m_value.array->capacity();
-    m_value.array->push_back(std::move(val));
-    set_parent(m_value.array->back(), old_capacity);
-    // if val is moved from, basic_json move constructor marks it null, so we do not call the destructor
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator+=/
-  reference operator+=(basic_json &&val) {
-    push_back(std::move(val));
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/push_back/
-  void push_back(const basic_json &val) {
-    // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(is_null() || is_array()))) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, detail::concat("cannot use push_back() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // transform null object into an array
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::array;
-      m_value = value_t::array;
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // add element to array
-    const auto old_capacity = m_value.array->capacity();
-    m_value.array->push_back(val);
-    set_parent(m_value.array->back(), old_capacity);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator+=/
-  reference operator+=(const basic_json &val) {
-    push_back(val);
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/push_back/
-  void push_back(const typename object_t::value_type &val) {
-    // push_back only works for null objects or objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(is_null() || is_object()))) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(308, detail::concat("cannot use push_back() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // transform null object into an object
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::object;
-      m_value = value_t::object;
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // add element to object
-    auto res = m_value.object->insert(val);
-    set_parent(res.first->second);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator+=/
-  reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type &val) {
-    push_back(val);
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/push_back/
-  void push_back(initializer_list_t init) {
-    if (is_object() && init.size() == 2 && (*init.begin())->is_string()) {
-      basic_json &&key = init.begin()->moved_or_copied();
-      push_back(
-          typename object_t::value_type(std::move(key.get_ref<string_t &>()), (init.begin() + 1)->moved_or_copied()));
-    } else {
-      push_back(basic_json(init));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator+=/
-  reference operator+=(initializer_list_t init) {
-    push_back(init);
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/emplace_back/
-  template <class... Args> reference emplace_back(Args &&...args) {
-    // emplace_back only works for null objects or arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(is_null() || is_array()))) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(311, detail::concat("cannot use emplace_back() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // transform null object into an array
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::array;
-      m_value = value_t::array;
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
-    const auto old_capacity = m_value.array->capacity();
-    m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    return set_parent(m_value.array->back(), old_capacity);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief add an object to an object if key does not exist
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/emplace/
-  template <class... Args> std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&...args) {
-    // emplace only works for null objects or arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!(is_null() || is_object()))) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(311, detail::concat("cannot use emplace() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // transform null object into an object
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::object;
-      m_value = value_t::object;
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
-    auto res = m_value.object->emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    set_parent(res.first->second);
-
-    // create result iterator and set iterator to the result of emplace
-    auto it = begin();
-    it.m_it.object_iterator = res.first;
-
-    // return pair of iterator and boolean
-    return {it, res.second};
-  }
-
-  /// Helper for insertion of an iterator
-  /// @note: This uses std::distance to support GCC 4.8,
-  ///        see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1257
-  template <typename... Args> iterator insert_iterator(const_iterator pos, Args &&...args) {
-    iterator result(this);
-    JSON_ASSERT(m_value.array != nullptr);
-
-    auto insert_pos = std::distance(m_value.array->begin(), pos.m_it.array_iterator);
-    m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->begin() + insert_pos;
-
-    // This could have been written as:
-    // result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, cnt, val);
-    // but the return value of insert is missing in GCC 4.8, so it is written this way instead.
-
-    set_parents();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief inserts element into array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json &val) {
-    // insert only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
-        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value", this));
-      }
-
-      // insert to array and return iterator
-      return insert_iterator(pos, val);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, detail::concat("cannot use insert() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief inserts element into array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json &&val) { return insert(pos, val); }
-
-  /// @brief inserts copies of element into array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json &val) {
-    // insert only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
-        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value", this));
-      }
-
-      // insert to array and return iterator
-      return insert_iterator(pos, cnt, val);
-    }
-
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, detail::concat("cannot use insert() with ", type_name()), this));
-  }
-
-  /// @brief inserts range of elements into array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
-    // insert only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, detail::concat("cannot use insert() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value", this));
-    }
-
-    // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit", this));
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object == this)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(211, "passed iterators may not belong to container", this));
-    }
-
-    // insert to array and return iterator
-    return insert_iterator(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief inserts elements from initializer list into array
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, initializer_list_t ilist) {
-    // insert only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, detail::concat("cannot use insert() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterator does not fit current value", this));
-    }
-
-    // insert to array and return iterator
-    return insert_iterator(pos, ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
-  }
-
-  /// @brief inserts range of elements into object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-  void insert(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
-    // insert only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(309, detail::concat("cannot use insert() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit", this));
-    }
-
-    // passed iterators must belong to objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!first.m_object->is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterators first and last must point to objects", this));
-    }
-
-    m_value.object->insert(first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/update/
-  void update(const_reference j, bool merge_objects = false) { update(j.begin(), j.end(), merge_objects); }
-
-  /// @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/update/
-  void update(const_iterator first, const_iterator last, bool merge_objects = false) {
-    // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
-    if (is_null()) {
-      m_type = value_t::object;
-      m_value.object = create<object_t>();
-      assert_invariant();
-    }
-
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(312, detail::concat("cannot use update() with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-
-    // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(first.m_object != last.m_object)) {
-      JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(210, "iterators do not fit", this));
-    }
-
-    // passed iterators must belong to objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!first.m_object->is_object())) {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-          312, detail::concat("cannot use update() with ", first.m_object->type_name()), first.m_object));
-    }
-
-    for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
-      if (merge_objects && it.value().is_object()) {
-        auto it2 = m_value.object->find(it.key());
-        if (it2 != m_value.object->end()) {
-          it2->second.update(it.value(), true);
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-      m_value.object->operator[](it.key()) = it.value();
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-      m_value.object->operator[](it.key()).m_parent = this;
-#endif
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  void swap(reference other) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value &&
-          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value) {
-    std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
-    std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
-
-    set_parents();
-    other.set_parents();
-    assert_invariant();
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  friend void swap(reference left, reference right) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value &&
-          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value &&std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value) {
-    left.swap(right);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  void swap(array_t &other) // NOLINT(bugprone-exception-escape)
-  {
-    // swap only works for arrays
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_array())) {
-      using std::swap;
-      swap(*(m_value.array), other);
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, detail::concat("cannot use swap(array_t&) with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  void swap(object_t &other) // NOLINT(bugprone-exception-escape)
-  {
-    // swap only works for objects
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_object())) {
-      using std::swap;
-      swap(*(m_value.object), other);
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, detail::concat("cannot use swap(object_t&) with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  void swap(string_t &other) // NOLINT(bugprone-exception-escape)
-  {
-    // swap only works for strings
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_string())) {
-      using std::swap;
-      swap(*(m_value.string), other);
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, detail::concat("cannot use swap(string_t&) with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  void swap(binary_t &other) // NOLINT(bugprone-exception-escape)
-  {
-    // swap only works for strings
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_binary())) {
-      using std::swap;
-      swap(*(m_value.binary), other);
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(310, detail::concat("cannot use swap(binary_t&) with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief exchanges the values
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/swap/
-  void swap(typename binary_t::container_type &other) // NOLINT(bugprone-exception-escape)
-  {
-    // swap only works for strings
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(is_binary())) {
-      using std::swap;
-      swap(*(m_value.binary), other);
-    } else {
-      JSON_THROW(type_error::create(
-          310, detail::concat("cannot use swap(binary_t::container_type&) with ", type_name()), this));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  //////////////////////////////////////////
-  // lexicographical comparison operators //
-  //////////////////////////////////////////
-
-  /// @name lexicographical comparison operators
-  /// @{
-
-  // note parentheses around operands are necessary; see
-  // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1530
-#define JSON_IMPLEMENT_OPERATOR(op, null_result, unordered_result, default_result)                                     \
-  const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();                                                                                    \
-  const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();                                                                                    \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  if (lhs_type == rhs_type) /* NOLINT(readability/braces) */                                                           \
-  {                                                                                                                    \
-    switch (lhs_type) {                                                                                                \
-    case value_t::array:                                                                                               \
-      return (*lhs.m_value.array)op(*rhs.m_value.array);                                                               \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::object:                                                                                              \
-      return (*lhs.m_value.object)op(*rhs.m_value.object);                                                             \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::null:                                                                                                \
-      return (null_result);                                                                                            \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::string:                                                                                              \
-      return (*lhs.m_value.string)op(*rhs.m_value.string);                                                             \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::boolean:                                                                                             \
-      return (lhs.m_value.boolean)op(rhs.m_value.boolean);                                                             \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::number_integer:                                                                                      \
-      return (lhs.m_value.number_integer)op(rhs.m_value.number_integer);                                               \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:                                                                                     \
-      return (lhs.m_value.number_unsigned)op(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);                                             \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::number_float:                                                                                        \
-      return (lhs.m_value.number_float)op(rhs.m_value.number_float);                                                   \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::binary:                                                                                              \
-      return (*lhs.m_value.binary)op(*rhs.m_value.binary);                                                             \
-                                                                                                                       \
-    case value_t::discarded:                                                                                           \
-    default:                                                                                                           \
-      return (unordered_result);                                                                                       \
-    }                                                                                                                  \
-  } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer && rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {                               \
-    return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) op rhs.m_value.number_float;                        \
-  } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float && rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {                               \
-    return lhs.m_value.number_float op static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);                        \
-  } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned && rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {                              \
-    return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) op rhs.m_value.number_float;                       \
-  } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float && rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {                              \
-    return lhs.m_value.number_float op static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);                       \
-  } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned && rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {                            \
-    return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) op rhs.m_value.number_integer;                   \
-  } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer && rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {                            \
-    return lhs.m_value.number_integer op static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);                   \
-  } else if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs)) {                                                                           \
-    return (unordered_result);                                                                                         \
-  }                                                                                                                    \
-                                                                                                                       \
-  return (default_result);
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      // returns true if:
-      // - any operand is NaN and the other operand is of number type
-      // - any operand is discarded
-      // in legacy mode, discarded values are considered ordered if
-      // an operation is computed as an odd number of inverses of others
-      static bool
-      compares_unordered(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs, bool inverse = false) noexcept {
-    if ((lhs.is_number_float() && std::isnan(lhs.m_value.number_float) && rhs.is_number()) ||
-        (rhs.is_number_float() && std::isnan(rhs.m_value.number_float) && lhs.is_number())) {
-      return true;
-    }
-#if JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
-    return (lhs.is_discarded() || rhs.is_discarded()) && !inverse;
-#else
-    static_cast<void>(inverse);
-    return lhs.is_discarded() || rhs.is_discarded();
-#endif
-  }
-
-private:
-  bool compares_unordered(const_reference rhs, bool inverse = false) const noexcept {
-    return compares_unordered(*this, rhs, inverse);
-  }
-
-public:
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-  /// @brief comparison: equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/
-  bool operator==(const_reference rhs) const noexcept {
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
-#endif
-    const_reference lhs = *this;
-    JSON_IMPLEMENT_OPERATOR(==, true, false, false)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/
-  template <typename ScalarType>
-    requires std::is_scalar_v<ScalarType>
-  bool operator==(ScalarType rhs) const noexcept {
-    return *this == basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: not equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
-  bool operator!=(const_reference rhs) const noexcept {
-    if (compares_unordered(rhs, true)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !operator==(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: 3-way
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_spaceship/
-  std::partial_ordering operator<=>(const_reference rhs) const noexcept // *NOPAD*
-  {
-    const_reference lhs = *this;
-    // default_result is used if we cannot compare values. In that case,
-    // we compare types.
-    JSON_IMPLEMENT_OPERATOR(<=>, // *NOPAD*
-                            std::partial_ordering::equivalent,
-                            std::partial_ordering::unordered,
-                            lhs_type <=> rhs_type) // *NOPAD*
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: 3-way
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_spaceship/
-  template <typename ScalarType>
-    requires std::is_scalar_v<ScalarType>
-  std::partial_ordering operator<=>(ScalarType rhs) const noexcept // *NOPAD*
-  {
-    return *this <=> basic_json(rhs); // *NOPAD*
-  }
-
-#if JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
-  // all operators that are computed as an odd number of inverses of others
-  // need to be overloaded to emulate the legacy comparison behavior
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_le/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0, undef JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON)
-  bool operator<=(const_reference rhs) const noexcept {
-    if (compares_unordered(rhs, true)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !(rhs < *this);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_le/
-  template <typename ScalarType>
-    requires std::is_scalar_v<ScalarType>
-  bool operator<=(ScalarType rhs) const noexcept {
-    return *this <= basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ge/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0, undef JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON)
-  bool operator>=(const_reference rhs) const noexcept {
-    if (compares_unordered(rhs, true)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !(*this < rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ge/
-  template <typename ScalarType>
-    requires std::is_scalar_v<ScalarType>
-  bool operator>=(ScalarType rhs) const noexcept {
-    return *this >= basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-#endif
-#else
-  /// @brief comparison: equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/
-  friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
-#endif
-    JSON_IMPLEMENT_OPERATOR(==, true, false, false)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs == basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator==(ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    return basic_json(lhs) == rhs;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: not equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
-  friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs, true)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !(lhs == rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: not equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs != basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: not equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator!=(ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    return basic_json(lhs) != rhs;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_lt/
-  friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    // default_result is used if we cannot compare values. In that case,
-    // we compare types. Note we have to call the operator explicitly,
-    // because MSVC has problems otherwise.
-    JSON_IMPLEMENT_OPERATOR(<, false, false, operator<(lhs_type, rhs_type))
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_lt/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs < basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_lt/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator<(ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    return basic_json(lhs) < rhs;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_le/
-  friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs, true)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !(rhs < lhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_le/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs <= basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: less than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_le/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator<=(ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    return basic_json(lhs) <= rhs;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_gt/
-  friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    // double inverse
-    if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !(lhs <= rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_gt/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs > basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_gt/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator>(ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    return basic_json(lhs) > rhs;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ge/
-  friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs, true)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return !(lhs < rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ge/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
-    return lhs >= basic_json(rhs);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief comparison: greater than or equal
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ge/
-  template <typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  friend bool operator>=(ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
-    return basic_json(lhs) >= rhs;
-  }
-#endif
-
-#undef JSON_IMPLEMENT_OPERATOR
-
-  /// @}
-
-  ///////////////////
-  // serialization //
-  ///////////////////
-
-  /// @name serialization
-  /// @{
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-  /// @brief serialize to stream
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ltlt/
-  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const basic_json &j) {
-    // read width member and use it as indentation parameter if nonzero
-    const bool pretty_print = o.width() > 0;
-    const auto indentation = pretty_print ? o.width() : 0;
-
-    // reset width to 0 for subsequent calls to this stream
-    o.width(0);
-
-    // do the actual serialization
-    serializer s(detail::output_adapter<char>(o), o.fill());
-    s.dump(j, pretty_print, false, static_cast<unsigned int>(indentation));
-    return o;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief serialize to stream
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ltlt/
-  /// @deprecated This function is deprecated since 3.0.0 and will be removed in
-  ///             version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
-  ///             operator<<(std::ostream&, const basic_json&) instead; that is,
-  ///             replace calls like `j >> o;` with `o << j;`.
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.0.0, operator<<(std::ostream &, const basic_json &))
-  friend std::ostream &operator>>(const basic_json &j, std::ostream &o) { return o << j; }
-#endif // JSON_NO_IO
-  /// @}
-
-  /////////////////////
-  // deserialization //
-  /////////////////////
-
-  /// @name deserialization
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief deserialize from a compatible input
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/
-  template <typename InputType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json parse(InputType &&i,
-                                                         const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
-                                                         const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-                                                         const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    basic_json result;
-    parser(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i)), cb, allow_exceptions, ignore_comments)
-        .parse(true, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief deserialize from a pair of character iterators
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json parse(IteratorType first,
-                                                         IteratorType last,
-                                                         const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
-                                                         const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-                                                         const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    basic_json result;
-    parser(detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last)), cb, allow_exceptions, ignore_comments)
-        .parse(true, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, parse(ptr, ptr + len))
-  static basic_json parse(detail::span_input_adapter &&i,
-                          const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
-                          const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-                          const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    basic_json result;
-    parser(i.get(), cb, allow_exceptions, ignore_comments).parse(true, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief check if the input is valid JSON
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/accept/
-  template <typename InputType> static bool accept(InputType &&i, const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    return parser(detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i)), nullptr, false, ignore_comments).accept(true);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief check if the input is valid JSON
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/accept/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  static bool accept(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    return parser(detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last)), nullptr, false, ignore_comments)
-        .accept(true);
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, accept(ptr, ptr + len))
-  static bool accept(detail::span_input_adapter &&i, const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    return parser(i.get(), nullptr, false, ignore_comments).accept(true);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief generate SAX events
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/sax_parse/
-  template <typename InputType, typename SAX>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2)
-  static bool sax_parse(InputType &&i,
-                        SAX *sax,
-                        input_format_t format = input_format_t::json,
-                        const bool strict = true,
-                        const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
-    return format == input_format_t::json ? parser(std::move(ia), nullptr, true, ignore_comments).sax_parse(sax, strict)
-                                          : detail::binary_reader<basic_json, decltype(ia), SAX>(std::move(ia), format)
-                                                .sax_parse(format, sax, strict);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief generate SAX events
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/sax_parse/
-  template <class IteratorType, class SAX>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
-  static bool sax_parse(IteratorType first,
-                        IteratorType last,
-                        SAX *sax,
-                        input_format_t format = input_format_t::json,
-                        const bool strict = true,
-                        const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-    return format == input_format_t::json ? parser(std::move(ia), nullptr, true, ignore_comments).sax_parse(sax, strict)
-                                          : detail::binary_reader<basic_json, decltype(ia), SAX>(std::move(ia), format)
-                                                .sax_parse(format, sax, strict);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief generate SAX events
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/sax_parse/
-  /// @deprecated This function is deprecated since 3.8.0 and will be removed in
-  ///             version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
-  ///             sax_parse(ptr, ptr + len) instead.
-  template <typename SAX>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, sax_parse(ptr, ptr + len, ...))
-  JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(2) static bool sax_parse(detail::span_input_adapter &&i,
-                                                SAX *sax,
-                                                input_format_t format = input_format_t::json,
-                                                const bool strict = true,
-                                                const bool ignore_comments = false) {
-    auto ia = i.get();
-    return format == input_format_t::json
-               // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-               ? parser(std::move(ia), nullptr, true, ignore_comments).sax_parse(sax, strict)
-               // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-               : detail::binary_reader<basic_json, decltype(ia), SAX>(std::move(ia), format)
-                     .sax_parse(format, sax, strict);
-  }
-#ifndef JSON_NO_IO
-  /// @brief deserialize from stream
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_gtgt/
-  /// @deprecated This stream operator is deprecated since 3.0.0 and will be removed in
-  ///             version 4.0.0 of the library. Please use
-  ///             operator>>(std::istream&, basic_json&) instead; that is,
-  ///             replace calls like `j << i;` with `i >> j;`.
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.0.0, operator>>(std::istream &, basic_json &))
-  friend std::istream &operator<<(basic_json &j, std::istream &i) { return operator>>(i, j); }
-
-  /// @brief deserialize from stream
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_gtgt/
-  friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &i, basic_json &j) {
-    parser(detail::input_adapter(i)).parse(false, j);
-    return i;
-  }
-#endif // JSON_NO_IO
-  /// @}
-
-  ///////////////////////////
-  // convenience functions //
-  ///////////////////////////
-
-  /// @brief return the type as string
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/type_name/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-  const char *type_name() const noexcept {
-    switch (m_type) {
-    case value_t::null:
-      return "null";
-    case value_t::object:
-      return "object";
-    case value_t::array:
-      return "array";
-    case value_t::string:
-      return "string";
-    case value_t::boolean:
-      return "boolean";
-    case value_t::binary:
-      return "binary";
-    case value_t::discarded:
-      return "discarded";
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    default:
-      return "number";
-    }
-  }
-
-  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED :
-      //////////////////////
-      // member variables //
-      //////////////////////
-
-      /// the type of the current element
-      value_t m_type = value_t::null;
-
-  /// the value of the current element
-  json_value m_value = {};
-
-#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
-  /// a pointer to a parent value (for debugging purposes)
-  basic_json *m_parent = nullptr;
-#endif
-
-  //////////////////////////////////////////
-  // binary serialization/deserialization //
-  //////////////////////////////////////////
-
-  /// @name binary serialization/deserialization support
-  /// @{
-
-public:
-  /// @brief create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_cbor/
-  static std::vector<std::uint8_t> to_cbor(const basic_json &j) {
-    std::vector<std::uint8_t> result;
-    to_cbor(j, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_cbor/
-  static void to_cbor(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<std::uint8_t> o) {
-    binary_writer<std::uint8_t>(o).write_cbor(j);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_cbor/
-  static void to_cbor(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o) { binary_writer<char>(o).write_cbor(j); }
-
-  /// @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_msgpack/
-  static std::vector<std::uint8_t> to_msgpack(const basic_json &j) {
-    std::vector<std::uint8_t> result;
-    to_msgpack(j, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_msgpack/
-  static void to_msgpack(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<std::uint8_t> o) {
-    binary_writer<std::uint8_t>(o).write_msgpack(j);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_msgpack/
-  static void to_msgpack(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o) {
-    binary_writer<char>(o).write_msgpack(j);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_ubjson/
-  static std::vector<std::uint8_t>
-  to_ubjson(const basic_json &j, const bool use_size = false, const bool use_type = false) {
-    std::vector<std::uint8_t> result;
-    to_ubjson(j, result, use_size, use_type);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_ubjson/
-  static void to_ubjson(const basic_json &j,
-                        detail::output_adapter<std::uint8_t> o,
-                        const bool use_size = false,
-                        const bool use_type = false) {
-    binary_writer<std::uint8_t>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_ubjson/
-  static void to_ubjson(const basic_json &j,
-                        detail::output_adapter<char> o,
-                        const bool use_size = false,
-                        const bool use_type = false) {
-    binary_writer<char>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a BJData serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bjdata/
-  static std::vector<std::uint8_t>
-  to_bjdata(const basic_json &j, const bool use_size = false, const bool use_type = false) {
-    std::vector<std::uint8_t> result;
-    to_bjdata(j, result, use_size, use_type);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a BJData serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bjdata/
-  static void to_bjdata(const basic_json &j,
-                        detail::output_adapter<std::uint8_t> o,
-                        const bool use_size = false,
-                        const bool use_type = false) {
-    binary_writer<std::uint8_t>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type, true, true);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a BJData serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bjdata/
-  static void to_bjdata(const basic_json &j,
-                        detail::output_adapter<char> o,
-                        const bool use_size = false,
-                        const bool use_type = false) {
-    binary_writer<char>(o).write_ubjson(j, use_size, use_type, true, true);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a BSON serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bson/
-  static std::vector<std::uint8_t> to_bson(const basic_json &j) {
-    std::vector<std::uint8_t> result;
-    to_bson(j, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a BSON serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bson/
-  static void to_bson(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<std::uint8_t> o) {
-    binary_writer<std::uint8_t>(o).write_bson(j);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a BSON serialization of a given JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bson/
-  static void to_bson(const basic_json &j, detail::output_adapter<char> o) { binary_writer<char>(o).write_bson(j); }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_cbor/
-  template <typename InputType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_cbor(InputType &&i,
-            const bool strict = true,
-            const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-            const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_cbor/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_cbor(IteratorType first,
-            IteratorType last,
-            const bool strict = true,
-            const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-            const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_cbor(ptr, ptr + len)) static basic_json
-      from_cbor(const T *ptr,
-                std::size_t len,
-                const bool strict = true,
-                const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-                const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error) {
-    return from_cbor(ptr, ptr + len, strict, allow_exceptions, tag_handler);
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_cbor(ptr, ptr + len))
-  static basic_json from_cbor(detail::span_input_adapter &&i,
-                              const bool strict = true,
-                              const bool allow_exceptions = true,
-                              const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = i.get();
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_msgpack/
-  template <typename InputType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_msgpack(InputType &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_msgpack/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_msgpack(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_msgpack(ptr, ptr + len)) static basic_json
-      from_msgpack(const T *ptr, std::size_t len, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    return from_msgpack(ptr, ptr + len, strict, allow_exceptions);
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_msgpack(ptr, ptr + len))
-  static basic_json
-  from_msgpack(detail::span_input_adapter &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = i.get();
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_ubjson/
-  template <typename InputType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_ubjson(InputType &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_ubjson/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_ubjson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_ubjson(ptr, ptr + len)) static basic_json
-      from_ubjson(const T *ptr, std::size_t len, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    return from_ubjson(ptr, ptr + len, strict, allow_exceptions);
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_ubjson(ptr, ptr + len))
-  static basic_json
-  from_ubjson(detail::span_input_adapter &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = i.get();
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bjdata/
-  template <typename InputType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_bjdata(InputType &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bjdata/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_bjdata(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-    const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata)
-                         .sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bson/
-  template <typename InputType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_bson(InputType &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
-    const bool res =
-        binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bson/
-  template <typename IteratorType>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT static basic_json
-  from_bson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
-    const bool res =
-        binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_bson(ptr, ptr + len)) static basic_json
-      from_bson(const T *ptr, std::size_t len, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    return from_bson(ptr, ptr + len, strict, allow_exceptions);
-  }
-
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.8.0, from_bson(ptr, ptr + len))
-  static basic_json
-  from_bson(detail::span_input_adapter &&i, const bool strict = true, const bool allow_exceptions = true) {
-    basic_json result;
-    detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-    auto ia = i.get();
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-    const bool res =
-        binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict);
-    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-  }
-  /// @}
-
-  //////////////////////////
-  // JSON Pointer support //
-  //////////////////////////
-
-  /// @name JSON Pointer functions
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  reference operator[](const json_pointer &ptr) { return ptr.get_unchecked(this); }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  reference
-  operator[](const ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr) {
-    return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/
-  const_reference operator[](const json_pointer &ptr) const { return ptr.get_unchecked(this); }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  const_reference
-  operator[](const ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr) const {
-    return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  reference at(const json_pointer &ptr) { return ptr.get_checked(this); }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  reference at(const ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr) {
-    return ptr.get_checked(this);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/at/
-  const_reference at(const json_pointer &ptr) const { return ptr.get_checked(this); }
-
-  template <typename BasicJsonType, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-  JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR(3.11.0,
-                             basic_json::json_pointer or
-                                 nlohmann::json_pointer<basic_json::string_t>) // NOLINT(readability/alt_tokens)
-  const_reference at(const ::nlohmann::json_pointer<BasicJsonType> &ptr) const {
-    return ptr.get_checked(this);
-  }
-
-  /// @brief return flattened JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/flatten/
-  basic_json flatten() const {
-    basic_json result(value_t::object);
-    json_pointer::flatten("", *this, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief unflatten a previously flattened JSON value
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/unflatten/
-  basic_json unflatten() const { return json_pointer::unflatten(*this); }
-
-  /// @}
-
-  //////////////////////////
-  // JSON Patch functions //
-  //////////////////////////
-
-  /// @name JSON Patch functions
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief applies a JSON patch in-place without copying the object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/patch/
-  void patch_inplace(const basic_json &json_patch) {
-    basic_json &result = *this;
-    // the valid JSON Patch operations
-    enum class patch_operations { add, remove, replace, move, copy, test, invalid };
-
-    const auto get_op = [](const std::string &op) {
-      if (op == "add") {
-        return patch_operations::add;
-      }
-      if (op == "remove") {
-        return patch_operations::remove;
-      }
-      if (op == "replace") {
-        return patch_operations::replace;
-      }
-      if (op == "move") {
-        return patch_operations::move;
-      }
-      if (op == "copy") {
-        return patch_operations::copy;
-      }
-      if (op == "test") {
-        return patch_operations::test;
-      }
-
-      return patch_operations::invalid;
-    };
-
-    // wrapper for "add" operation; add value at ptr
-    const auto operation_add = [&result](json_pointer &ptr, basic_json val) {
-      // adding to the root of the target document means replacing it
-      if (ptr.empty()) {
-        result = val;
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // make sure the top element of the pointer exists
-      json_pointer const top_pointer = ptr.top();
-      if (top_pointer != ptr) {
-        result.at(top_pointer);
-      }
-
-      // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
-      const auto last_path = ptr.back();
-      ptr.pop_back();
-      // parent must exist when performing patch add per RFC6902 specs
-      basic_json &parent = result.at(ptr);
-
-      switch (parent.m_type) {
-      case value_t::null:
-      case value_t::object: {
-        // use operator[] to add value
-        parent[last_path] = val;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case value_t::array: {
-        if (last_path == "-") {
-          // special case: append to back
-          parent.push_back(val);
-        } else {
-          const auto idx = json_pointer::template array_index<basic_json_t>(last_path);
-          if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(idx > parent.size())) {
-            // avoid undefined behavior
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(
-                401, detail::concat("array index ", std::to_string(idx), " is out of range"), &parent));
-          }
-
-          // default case: insert add offset
-          parent.insert(parent.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx), val);
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // if there exists a parent it cannot be primitive
-      case value_t::string:          // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::boolean:         // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::number_integer:  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::number_unsigned: // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::number_float:    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::binary:          // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      case value_t::discarded:       // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      default:                       // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        JSON_ASSERT(false);          // NOLINT(cert-dcl03-c,hicpp-static-assert,misc-static-assert) LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-      }
-    };
-
-    // wrapper for "remove" operation; remove value at ptr
-    const auto operation_remove = [this, &result](json_pointer &ptr) {
-      // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
-      const auto last_path = ptr.back();
-      ptr.pop_back();
-      basic_json &parent = result.at(ptr);
-
-      // remove child
-      if (parent.is_object()) {
-        // perform range check
-        auto it = parent.find(last_path);
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(it != parent.end())) {
-          parent.erase(it);
-        } else {
-          JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(403, detail::concat("key '", last_path, "' not found"), this));
-        }
-      } else if (parent.is_array()) {
-        // note erase performs range check
-        parent.erase(json_pointer::template array_index<basic_json_t>(last_path));
-      }
-    };
-
-    // type check: top level value must be an array
-    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!json_patch.is_array())) {
-      JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects", &json_patch));
-    }
-
-    // iterate and apply the operations
-    for (const auto &val : json_patch) {
-      // wrapper to get a value for an operation
-      const auto get_value =
-          [&val](const std::string &op, const std::string &member, bool string_type) -> basic_json & {
-        // find value
-        auto it = val.m_value.object->find(member);
-
-        // context-sensitive error message
-        const auto error_msg = (op == "op") ? "operation" : detail::concat("operation '", op, '\'');
-
-        // check if desired value is present
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(it == val.m_value.object->end())) {
-          // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-inefficient-string-concatenation)
-          JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(105, 0, detail::concat(error_msg, " must have member '", member, "'"), &val));
-        }
-
-        // check if result is of type string
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(string_type && !it->second.is_string())) {
-          // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-inefficient-string-concatenation)
-          JSON_THROW(
-              parse_error::create(105, 0, detail::concat(error_msg, " must have string member '", member, "'"), &val));
-        }
-
-        // no error: return value
-        return it->second;
-      };
-
-      // type check: every element of the array must be an object
-      if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!val.is_object())) {
-        JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects", &val));
-      }
-
-      // collect mandatory members
-      const auto op = get_value("op", "op", true).template get<std::string>();
-      const auto path = get_value(op, "path", true).template get<std::string>();
-      json_pointer ptr(path);
-
-      switch (get_op(op)) {
-      case patch_operations::add: {
-        operation_add(ptr, get_value("add", "value", false));
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case patch_operations::remove: {
-        operation_remove(ptr);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case patch_operations::replace: {
-        // the "path" location must exist - use at()
-        result.at(ptr) = get_value("replace", "value", false);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case patch_operations::move: {
-        const auto from_path = get_value("move", "from", true).template get<std::string>();
-        json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
-
-        // the "from" location must exist - use at()
-        basic_json const v = result.at(from_ptr);
-
-        // The move operation is functionally identical to a
-        // "remove" operation on the "from" location, followed
-        // immediately by an "add" operation at the target
-        // location with the value that was just removed.
-        operation_remove(from_ptr);
-        operation_add(ptr, v);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case patch_operations::copy: {
-        const auto from_path = get_value("copy", "from", true).template get<std::string>();
-        const json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
-
-        // the "from" location must exist - use at()
-        basic_json const v = result.at(from_ptr);
-
-        // The copy is functionally identical to an "add"
-        // operation at the target location using the value
-        // specified in the "from" member.
-        operation_add(ptr, v);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case patch_operations::test: {
-        bool success = false;
-        JSON_TRY {
-          // check if "value" matches the one at "path"
-          // the "path" location must exist - use at()
-          success = (result.at(ptr) == get_value("test", "value", false));
-        }
-        JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH(out_of_range &) {
-          // ignore out of range errors: success remains false
-        }
-
-        // throw an exception if test fails
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!success)) {
-          JSON_THROW(other_error::create(501, detail::concat("unsuccessful: ", val.dump()), &val));
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case patch_operations::invalid:
-      default: {
-        // op must be "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or
-        // "test"
-        JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(105, 0, detail::concat("operation value '", op, "' is invalid"), &val));
-      }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @brief applies a JSON patch to a copy of the current object
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/patch/
-  basic_json patch(const basic_json &json_patch) const {
-    basic_json result = *this;
-    result.patch_inplace(json_patch);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /// @brief creates a diff as a JSON patch
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/diff/
-  JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-  static basic_json diff(const basic_json &source, const basic_json &target, const std::string &path = "") {
-    // the patch
-    basic_json result(value_t::array);
-
-    // if the values are the same, return empty patch
-    if (source == target) {
-      return result;
-    }
-
-    if (source.type() != target.type()) {
-      // different types: replace value
-      result.push_back({{"op", "replace"}, {"path", path}, {"value", target}});
-      return result;
-    }
-
-    switch (source.type()) {
-    case value_t::array: {
-      // first pass: traverse common elements
-      std::size_t i = 0;
-      while (i < source.size() && i < target.size()) {
-        // recursive call to compare array values at index i
-        auto temp_diff = diff(source[i], target[i], detail::concat(path, '/', std::to_string(i)));
-        result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
-        ++i;
-      }
-
-      // We now reached the end of at least one array
-      // in a second pass, traverse the remaining elements
-
-      // remove my remaining elements
-      const auto end_index = static_cast<difference_type>(result.size());
-      while (i < source.size()) {
-        // add operations in reverse order to avoid invalid
-        // indices
-        result.insert(result.begin() + end_index,
-                      object({{"op", "remove"}, {"path", detail::concat(path, '/', std::to_string(i))}}));
-        ++i;
-      }
-
-      // add other remaining elements
-      while (i < target.size()) {
-        result.push_back({{"op", "add"}, {"path", detail::concat(path, "/-")}, {"value", target[i]}});
-        ++i;
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::object: {
-      // first pass: traverse this object's elements
-      for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it) {
-        // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
-        const auto path_key = detail::concat(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-
-        if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end()) {
-          // recursive call to compare object values at key it
-          auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path_key);
-          result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
-        } else {
-          // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
-          result.push_back(object({{"op", "remove"}, {"path", path_key}}));
-        }
-      }
-
-      // second pass: traverse other object's elements
-      for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it) {
-        if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end()) {
-          // found a key that is not in this -> add it
-          const auto path_key = detail::concat(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-          result.push_back({{"op", "add"}, {"path", path_key}, {"value", it.value()}});
-        }
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-
-    case value_t::null:
-    case value_t::string:
-    case value_t::boolean:
-    case value_t::number_integer:
-    case value_t::number_unsigned:
-    case value_t::number_float:
-    case value_t::binary:
-    case value_t::discarded:
-    default: {
-      // both primitive type: replace value
-      result.push_back({{"op", "replace"}, {"path", path}, {"value", target}});
-      break;
-    }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-  /// @}
-
-  ////////////////////////////////
-  // JSON Merge Patch functions //
-  ////////////////////////////////
-
-  /// @name JSON Merge Patch functions
-  /// @{
-
-  /// @brief applies a JSON Merge Patch
-  /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/merge_patch/
-  void merge_patch(const basic_json &apply_patch) {
-    if (apply_patch.is_object()) {
-      if (!is_object()) {
-        *this = object();
-      }
-      for (auto it = apply_patch.begin(); it != apply_patch.end(); ++it) {
-        if (it.value().is_null()) {
-          erase(it.key());
-        } else {
-          operator[](it.key()).merge_patch(it.value());
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      *this = apply_patch;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /// @}
-};
-
-/// @brief user-defined to_string function for JSON values
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_string/
-NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-std::string to_string(const NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL &j) { return j.dump(); }
-
-inline namespace literals {
-inline namespace json_literals {
-
-/// @brief user-defined string literal for JSON values
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_literal_json/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-inline nlohmann::json operator"" _json(const char *s, std::size_t n) { return nlohmann::json::parse(s, s + n); }
-
-/// @brief user-defined string literal for JSON pointer
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_literal_json_pointer/
-JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(1)
-inline nlohmann::json::json_pointer operator"" _json_pointer(const char *s, std::size_t n) {
-  return nlohmann::json::json_pointer(std::string(s, n));
-}
-
-} // namespace json_literals
-} // namespace literals
-NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-///////////////////////
-// nonmember support //
-///////////////////////
-
-namespace std // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-cpp)
-{
-
-/// @brief hash value for JSON objects
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/std_hash/
-NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-struct hash<nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL> // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-cpp)
-{
-  std::size_t operator()(const nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL &j) const { return nlohmann::detail::hash(j); }
-};
-
-// specialization for std::less<value_t>
-template <>
-struct less<::nlohmann::detail::value_t> // do not remove the space after '<', see
-                                         // https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/679
-{
-  /*!
-  @brief compare two value_t enum values
-  @since version 3.0.0
-  */
-  bool operator()(::nlohmann::detail::value_t lhs, ::nlohmann::detail::value_t rhs) const noexcept {
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-    return std::is_lt(lhs <=> rhs); // *NOPAD*
-#else
-    return ::nlohmann::detail::operator<(lhs, rhs);
-#endif
-  }
-};
-
-// C++20 prohibit function specialization in the std namespace.
-#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
-
-/// @brief exchanges the values of two JSON objects
-/// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/std_swap/
-NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-inline void swap(nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL &j1,
-                 nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL
-                     &j2) noexcept( // NOLINT(readability-inconsistent-declaration-parameter-name, cert-dcl58-cpp)
-    is_nothrow_move_constructible<nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL>::value && // NOLINT(misc-redundant-expression)
-        is_nothrow_move_assignable<nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL>::value) {
-  j1.swap(j2);
-}
-
-#endif
-
-} // namespace std
-
-#if JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
-using nlohmann::literals::json_literals::
-operator"" _json; // NOLINT(misc-unused-using-decls,google-global-names-in-headers)
-using nlohmann::literals::json_literals::
-operator"" _json_pointer; // NOLINT(misc-unused-using-decls,google-global-names-in-headers)
-#endif
-
-// #include <nlohmann/detail/macro_unscope.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// restore clang diagnostic settings
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop
-#endif
-
-// clean up
-#undef JSON_ASSERT
-#undef JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH
-#undef JSON_THROW
-#undef JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED
-#undef NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL_DECLARATION
-#undef NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL
-#undef JSON_EXPLICIT
-#undef NLOHMANN_CAN_CALL_STD_FUNC_IMPL
-#undef JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE
-#undef JSON_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
-#undef JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-#undef JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
-
-#ifndef JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS
-#undef JSON_CATCH
-#undef JSON_TRY
-#undef JSON_HAS_CPP_11
-#undef JSON_HAS_CPP_14
-#undef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-#undef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
-#undef JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-#undef JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-#undef JSON_HAS_RANGES
-#undef JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
-#endif
-
-// #include <nlohmann/thirdparty/hedley/hedley_undef.hpp>
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.11.2
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2022 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARM_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ARRAY_PARAM
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_ASSUME
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_BEGIN_C_DECLS
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_BUILTIN
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_DECLSPEC_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_EXTENSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_FEATURE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CLANG_HAS_WARNING
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_COMPCERT_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT3_EX
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONCAT_EX
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONSTEXPR
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CONST_CAST
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CPP_CAST
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_CRAY_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_C_DECL
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DEPRECATED_FOR
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CAST_QUAL
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_CPP98_COMPAT_WRAP_
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_CPP_ATTRIBUTES
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_DISABLE_UNUSED_FUNCTION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_DMC_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMPTY_BASES
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_END_C_DECLS
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FLAGS_CAST
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_BUILTIN
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_EXTENSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_FEATURE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_HAS_WARNING
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_NOT_CLANG_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GCC_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_BUILTIN
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_EXTENSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_FEATURE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_HAS_WARNING
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_GNUC_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_BUILTIN
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_NS
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_EXTENSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_FEATURE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_HAS_WARNING
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IAR_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IBM_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IMPORT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INLINE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_CL_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_INTEL_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTANT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_IS_CONSTEXPR_
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MALLOC
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MCST_LCC_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MESSAGE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_MSVC_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_ESCAPE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NO_THROW
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_NULL
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PELLES_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PGI_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PREDICT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRINTF_FORMAT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PRIVATE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PUBLIC
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_PURE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REINTERPRET_CAST
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_CONSTEXPR
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_REQUIRE_MSG
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_RESTRICT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_RETURNS_NON_NULL
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SENTINEL
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_ASSERT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STATIC_CAST
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_STRINGIFY_EX
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_SUNPRO_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TINYC_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_ARMCL_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL2000_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL430_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL6X_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CL7X_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_CLPRU_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_TI_VERSION_CHECK
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNAVAILABLE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_UNREACHABLE_RETURN
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MAJOR
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_MINOR
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_DECODE_REVISION
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_VERSION_ENCODE
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARNING
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT_MSG
-#undef JSON_HEDLEY_FALL_THROUGH
diff --git a/core/half.hpp b/core/half.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ebf9b9d7b..0000000000
--- a/core/half.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4866 +0,0 @@
-// half - IEEE 754-based half-precision floating-point library.
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2012-2021 Christian Rau <rauy@users.sourceforge.net>
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
-// documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
-// rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
-// Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
-// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
-// COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-// Version 2.2.0
-
-/// \file
-/// Main header file for half-precision functionality.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#define HALF_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
-
-#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
-#define HALF_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
-#elif defined(__ICC)
-#define HALF_ICC_VERSION __ICC
-#elif defined(__ICL)
-#define HALF_ICC_VERSION __ICL
-#else
-#define HALF_ICC_VERSION 0
-#endif
-
-// check C++11 language features
-#if defined(__clang__) // clang
-#if __has_feature(cxx_static_assert) && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT 1
-#endif
-#if __has_feature(cxx_constexpr) && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR 1
-#endif
-#if __has_feature(cxx_noexcept) && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT 1
-#endif
-#if __has_feature(cxx_user_literals) && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS 1
-#endif
-#if __has_feature(cxx_thread_local) && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL 1
-#endif
-#if (defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) || __cplusplus >= 201103L) && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG 1
-#endif
-#elif HALF_ICC_VERSION && defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__) // Intel C++
-#if HALF_ICC_VERSION >= 1500 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_ICC_VERSION >= 1500 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_ICC_VERSION >= 1400 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_ICC_VERSION >= 1400 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_ICC_VERSION >= 1110 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_ICC_VERSION >= 1110 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG 1
-#endif
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) // gcc
-#if defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) || __cplusplus >= 201103L
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 407 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 406 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 406 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT 1
-#endif
-#if !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG 1
-#endif
-#endif
-#define HALF_TWOS_COMPLEMENT_INT 1
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) // Visual C++
-#if _MSC_VER >= 1900 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL 1
-#endif
-#if _MSC_VER >= 1900 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS 1
-#endif
-#if _MSC_VER >= 1900 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR 1
-#endif
-#if _MSC_VER >= 1900 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT 1
-#endif
-#if _MSC_VER >= 1600 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT 1
-#endif
-#if _MSC_VER >= 1310 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG 1
-#endif
-#define HALF_TWOS_COMPLEMENT_INT 1
-#define HALF_POP_WARNINGS 1
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4099 4127 4146) // struct vs class, constant in if, negative unsigned
-#endif
-
-// check C++11 library features
-#include <utility>
-#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) // libc++
-#if defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) || __cplusplus >= 201103
-#ifndef HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS 1
-#endif
-#ifndef HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT 1
-#endif
-#ifndef HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH 1
-#endif
-#ifndef HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH 1
-#endif
-#ifndef HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV 1
-#endif
-#endif
-#elif defined(__GLIBCXX__) // libstdc++
-#if defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) || __cplusplus >= 201103
-#ifdef __clang__
-#if __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080606 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS 1
-#endif
-#if __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080606 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT 1
-#endif
-#if __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080606 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH 1
-#endif
-#if __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080606 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH 1
-#endif
-#if __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080606 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV 1
-#endif
-#else
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH 1
-#endif
-#if HALF_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV 1
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-#elif defined(_CPPLIB_VER) // Dinkumware/Visual C++
-#if _CPPLIB_VER >= 520 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS 1
-#endif
-#if _CPPLIB_VER >= 520 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT 1
-#endif
-#if _CPPLIB_VER >= 520 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH 1
-#endif
-#if _CPPLIB_VER >= 610 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH 1
-#endif
-#if _CPPLIB_VER >= 610 && !defined(HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV)
-#define HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV 1
-#endif
-#endif
-#undef HALF_GCC_VERSION
-#undef HALF_ICC_VERSION
-
-// any error throwing C++ exceptions?
-#if defined(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INVALID) || defined(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_DIVBYZERO) ||                            \
-    defined(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_OVERFLOW) || defined(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_UNDERFLOW) ||                           \
-    defined(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INEXACT)
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROWS 1
-#endif
-
-// any error handling enabled?
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING                                                                                               \
-  (HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS || HALF_ERRHANDLING_ERRNO || HALF_ERRHANDLING_FENV || HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROWS)
-
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-#define HALF_UNUSED_NOERR(name) name
-#else
-#define HALF_UNUSED_NOERR(name)
-#endif
-
-// support constexpr
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CONSTEXPR
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR constexpr
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST constexpr
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR
-#else
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR constexpr
-#endif
-#else
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST const
-#define HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR
-#endif
-
-// support noexcept
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
-#define HALF_NOEXCEPT noexcept
-#define HALF_NOTHROW noexcept
-#else
-#define HALF_NOEXCEPT
-#define HALF_NOTHROW throw()
-#endif
-
-// support thread storage
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_THREAD_LOCAL
-#define HALF_THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
-#else
-#define HALF_THREAD_LOCAL static
-#endif
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <climits>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <istream>
-#include <limits>
-#include <ostream>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <utility>
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS
-#include <type_traits>
-#endif
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT
-#include <cstdint>
-#endif
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_ERRNO
-#include <cerrno>
-#endif
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV
-#include <cfenv>
-#endif
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH
-#include <functional>
-#endif
-
-#ifndef HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS
-/// Enable F16C intruction set intrinsics.
-/// Defining this to 1 enables the use of [F16C compiler intrinsics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F16C) for converting
-/// between half-precision and single-precision values which may result in improved performance. This will not perform
-/// additional checks for support of the F16C instruction set, so an appropriate target platform is required when
-/// enabling this feature.
-///
-/// Unless predefined it will be enabled automatically when the `__F16C__` symbol is defined, which some compilers do on
-/// supporting platforms.
-#define HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS __F16C__
-#endif
-#if HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS
-#include <immintrin.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HALF_DOXYGEN_ONLY
-/// Type for internal floating-point computations.
-/// This can be predefined to a built-in floating-point type (`float`, `double` or `long double`) to override the
-/// internal half-precision implementation to use this type for computing arithmetic operations and mathematical
-/// function (if available). This can result in improved performance for arithmetic operators and mathematical functions
-/// but might cause results to deviate from the specified half-precision rounding mode and inhibits proper detection of
-/// half-precision exceptions.
-#define HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE (undefined)
-
-/// Enable internal exception flags.
-/// Defining this to 1 causes operations on half-precision values to raise internal floating-point exception flags
-/// according to the IEEE 754 standard. These can then be cleared and checked with clearexcept(), testexcept().
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS 0
-
-/// Enable exception propagation to `errno`.
-/// Defining this to 1 causes operations on half-precision values to propagate floating-point exceptions to
-/// [errno](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/errno) from `<cerrno>`. Specifically this will propagate domain
-/// errors as [EDOM](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/errno_macros) and pole, overflow and underflow errors as
-/// [ERANGE](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/errno_macros). Inexact errors won't be propagated.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_ERRNO 0
-
-/// Enable exception propagation to built-in floating-point platform.
-/// Defining this to 1 causes operations on half-precision values to propagate floating-point exceptions to the built-in
-/// single- and double-precision implementation's exception flags using the
-/// [C++11 floating-point environment control](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/fenv) from `<cfenv>`. However,
-/// this does not work in reverse and single- or double-precision exceptions will not raise the corresponding
-/// half-precision exception flags, nor will explicitly clearing flags clear the corresponding built-in flags.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_FENV 0
-
-/// Throw C++ exception on domain errors.
-/// Defining this to a string literal causes operations on half-precision values to throw a
-/// [std::domain_error](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/domain_error) with the specified message on domain
-/// errors.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INVALID (undefined)
-
-/// Throw C++ exception on pole errors.
-/// Defining this to a string literal causes operations on half-precision values to throw a
-/// [std::domain_error](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/domain_error) with the specified message on pole errors.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_DIVBYZERO (undefined)
-
-/// Throw C++ exception on overflow errors.
-/// Defining this to a string literal causes operations on half-precision values to throw a
-/// [std::overflow_error](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/overflow_error) with the specified message on
-/// overflows.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_OVERFLOW (undefined)
-
-/// Throw C++ exception on underflow errors.
-/// Defining this to a string literal causes operations on half-precision values to throw a
-/// [std::underflow_error](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/underflow_error) with the specified message on
-/// underflows.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_UNDERFLOW (undefined)
-
-/// Throw C++ exception on rounding errors.
-/// Defining this to 1 causes operations on half-precision values to throw a
-/// [std::range_error](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/range_error) with the specified message on general
-/// rounding errors.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INEXACT (undefined)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef HALF_ERRHANDLING_OVERFLOW_TO_INEXACT
-/// Raise INEXACT exception on overflow.
-/// Defining this to 1 (default) causes overflow errors to automatically raise inexact exceptions in addition.
-/// These will be raised after any possible handling of the underflow exception.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_OVERFLOW_TO_INEXACT 1
-#endif
-
-#ifndef HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT
-/// Raise INEXACT exception on underflow.
-/// Defining this to 1 (default) causes underflow errors to automatically raise inexact exceptions in addition.
-/// These will be raised after any possible handling of the underflow exception.
-///
-/// **Note:** This will actually cause underflow (and the accompanying inexact) exceptions to be raised *only* when the
-/// result is inexact, while if disabled bare underflow errors will be raised for *any* (possibly exact) subnormal
-/// result.
-#define HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT 1
-#endif
-
-/// Default rounding mode.
-/// This specifies the rounding mode used for all conversions between [half](\ref half_float::half)s and more precise
-/// types (unless using half_cast() and specifying the rounding mode directly) as well as in arithmetic operations and
-/// mathematical functions. It can be redefined (before including half.hpp) to one of the standard rounding modes using
-/// their respective constants or the equivalent values of
-/// [std::float_round_style](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/numeric_limits/float_round_style):
-///
-/// `std::float_round_style`         | value | rounding
-/// ---------------------------------|-------|-------------------------
-/// `std::round_indeterminate`       | -1    | fastest
-/// `std::round_toward_zero`         | 0     | toward zero
-/// `std::round_to_nearest`          | 1     | to nearest (default)
-/// `std::round_toward_infinity`     | 2     | toward positive infinity
-/// `std::round_toward_neg_infinity` | 3     | toward negative infinity
-///
-/// By default this is set to `1` (`std::round_to_nearest`), which rounds results to the nearest representable value. It
-/// can even be set to
-/// [std::numeric_limits<float>::round_style](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/numeric_limits/round_style) to
-/// synchronize the rounding mode with that of the built-in single-precision implementation (which is likely
-/// `std::round_to_nearest`, though).
-#ifndef HALF_ROUND_STYLE
-#define HALF_ROUND_STYLE 1 // = std::round_to_nearest
-#endif
-
-/// Value signaling overflow.
-/// In correspondence with `HUGE_VAL[F|L]` from `<cmath>` this symbol expands to a positive value signaling the overflow
-/// of an operation, in particular it just evaluates to positive infinity.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [HUGE_VAL](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/HUGE_VAL)
-#define HUGE_VALH std::numeric_limits<half_float::half>::infinity()
-
-/// Fast half-precision fma function.
-/// This symbol is defined if the fma() function generally executes as fast as, or faster than, a separate
-/// half-precision multiplication followed by an addition, which is always the case.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [FP_FAST_FMA](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fma)
-#define FP_FAST_FMAH 1
-
-///	Half rounding mode.
-/// In correspondence with `FLT_ROUNDS` from `<cfloat>` this symbol expands to the rounding mode used for
-/// half-precision operations. It is an alias for [HALF_ROUND_STYLE](\ref HALF_ROUND_STYLE).
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [FLT_ROUNDS](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/climits/FLT_ROUNDS)
-#define HLF_ROUNDS HALF_ROUND_STYLE
-
-#ifndef FP_ILOGB0
-#define FP_ILOGB0 INT_MIN
-#endif
-#ifndef FP_ILOGBNAN
-#define FP_ILOGBNAN INT_MAX
-#endif
-#ifndef FP_SUBNORMAL
-#define FP_SUBNORMAL 0
-#endif
-#ifndef FP_ZERO
-#define FP_ZERO 1
-#endif
-#ifndef FP_NAN
-#define FP_NAN 2
-#endif
-#ifndef FP_INFINITE
-#define FP_INFINITE 3
-#endif
-#ifndef FP_NORMAL
-#define FP_NORMAL 4
-#endif
-
-#if !HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV && !defined(FE_ALL_EXCEPT)
-#define FE_INVALID 0x10
-#define FE_DIVBYZERO 0x08
-#define FE_OVERFLOW 0x04
-#define FE_UNDERFLOW 0x02
-#define FE_INEXACT 0x01
-#define FE_ALL_EXCEPT (FE_INVALID | FE_DIVBYZERO | FE_OVERFLOW | FE_UNDERFLOW | FE_INEXACT)
-#endif
-
-/// Main namespace for half-precision functionality.
-/// This namespace contains all the functionality provided by the library.
-namespace half_float {
-class half;
-
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS
-/// Library-defined half-precision literals.
-/// Import this namespace to enable half-precision floating-point literals:
-/// ~~~~{.cpp}
-/// using namespace half_float::literal;
-/// half_float::half = 4.2_h;
-/// ~~~~
-namespace literal {
-half operator"" _h(long double);
-}
-#endif
-
-/// \internal
-/// \brief Implementation details.
-namespace detail {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS
-/// Conditional type.
-template <bool B, typename T, typename F> struct conditional : std::conditional<B, T, F> {};
-
-/// Helper for tag dispatching.
-template <bool B> struct bool_type : std::integral_constant<bool, B> {};
-using std::false_type;
-using std::true_type;
-
-/// Type traits for floating-point types.
-template <typename T> struct is_float : std::is_floating_point<T> {};
-#else
-/// Conditional type.
-template <bool, typename T, typename> struct conditional {
-  typedef T type;
-};
-template <typename T, typename F> struct conditional<false, T, F> {
-  typedef F type;
-};
-
-/// Helper for tag dispatching.
-template <bool> struct bool_type {};
-typedef bool_type<true> true_type;
-typedef bool_type<false> false_type;
-
-/// Type traits for floating-point types.
-template <typename> struct is_float : false_type {};
-template <typename T> struct is_float<const T> : is_float<T> {};
-template <typename T> struct is_float<volatile T> : is_float<T> {};
-template <typename T> struct is_float<const volatile T> : is_float<T> {};
-template <> struct is_float<float> : true_type {};
-template <> struct is_float<double> : true_type {};
-template <> struct is_float<long double> : true_type {};
-#endif
-
-/// Type traits for floating-point bits.
-template <typename T> struct bits {
-  typedef unsigned char type;
-};
-template <typename T> struct bits<const T> : bits<T> {};
-template <typename T> struct bits<volatile T> : bits<T> {};
-template <typename T> struct bits<const volatile T> : bits<T> {};
-
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CSTDINT
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 16 bits width.
-typedef std::uint_least16_t uint16;
-
-/// Fastest unsigned integer of (at least) 32 bits width.
-typedef std::uint_fast32_t uint32;
-
-/// Fastest signed integer of (at least) 32 bits width.
-typedef std::int_fast32_t int32;
-
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 32 bits width.
-template <> struct bits<float> {
-  typedef std::uint_least32_t type;
-};
-
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 64 bits width.
-template <> struct bits<double> {
-  typedef std::uint_least64_t type;
-};
-#else
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 16 bits width.
-typedef unsigned short uint16;
-
-/// Fastest unsigned integer of (at least) 32 bits width.
-typedef unsigned long uint32;
-
-/// Fastest unsigned integer of (at least) 32 bits width.
-typedef long int32;
-
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 32 bits width.
-template <>
-struct bits<float> : conditional<std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::digits >= 32, unsigned int, unsigned long> {};
-
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 64 bits width.
-template <>
-struct bits<double> : conditional<std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits >= 64, unsigned long, unsigned long long> {
-};
-#else
-/// Unsigned integer of (at least) 64 bits width.
-template <> struct bits<double> {
-  typedef unsigned long type;
-};
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-/// Type to use for arithmetic computations and mathematic functions internally.
-typedef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE internal_t;
-#endif
-
-/// Tag type for binary construction.
-struct binary_t {};
-
-/// Tag for binary construction.
-HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST binary_t binary = binary_t();
-
-/// \name Implementation defined classification and arithmetic
-/// \{
-
-/// Check for infinity.
-/// \tparam T argument type (builtin floating-point type)
-/// \param arg value to query
-/// \retval true if infinity
-/// \retval false else
-template <typename T> bool builtin_isinf(T arg) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return std::isinf(arg);
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-  return !::_finite(static_cast<double>(arg)) && !::_isnan(static_cast<double>(arg));
-#else
-  return arg == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity() || arg == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity();
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Check for NaN.
-/// \tparam T argument type (builtin floating-point type)
-/// \param arg value to query
-/// \retval true if not a number
-/// \retval false else
-template <typename T> bool builtin_isnan(T arg) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return std::isnan(arg);
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-  return ::_isnan(static_cast<double>(arg)) != 0;
-#else
-  return arg != arg;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Check sign.
-/// \tparam T argument type (builtin floating-point type)
-/// \param arg value to query
-/// \retval true if signbit set
-/// \retval false else
-template <typename T> bool builtin_signbit(T arg) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return std::signbit(arg);
-#else
-  return arg < T() || (arg == T() && T(1) / arg < T());
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Platform-independent sign mask.
-/// \param arg integer value in two's complement
-/// \retval -1 if \a arg negative
-/// \retval 0 if \a arg positive
-inline uint32 sign_mask(uint32 arg) {
-  static const int N = std::numeric_limits<uint32>::digits - 1;
-#if HALF_TWOS_COMPLEMENT_INT
-  return static_cast<int32>(arg) >> N;
-#else
-  return -((arg >> N) & 1);
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Platform-independent arithmetic right shift.
-/// \param arg integer value in two's complement
-/// \param i shift amount (at most 31)
-/// \return \a arg right shifted for \a i bits with possible sign extension
-inline uint32 arithmetic_shift(uint32 arg, int i) {
-#if HALF_TWOS_COMPLEMENT_INT
-  return static_cast<int32>(arg) >> i;
-#else
-  return static_cast<int32>(arg) / (static_cast<int32>(1) << i) -
-         ((arg >> (std::numeric_limits<uint32>::digits - 1)) & 1);
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \name Error handling
-/// \{
-
-/// Internal exception flags.
-/// \return reference to global exception flags
-inline int &errflags() {
-  HALF_THREAD_LOCAL int flags = 0;
-  return flags;
-}
-
-/// Raise floating-point exception.
-/// \param flags exceptions to raise
-/// \param cond condition to raise exceptions for
-inline void raise(int HALF_UNUSED_NOERR(flags), bool HALF_UNUSED_NOERR(cond) = true) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  if (!cond)
-    return;
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS
-  errflags() |= flags;
-#endif
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_ERRNO
-  if (flags & FE_INVALID)
-    errno = EDOM;
-  else if (flags & (FE_DIVBYZERO | FE_OVERFLOW | FE_UNDERFLOW))
-    errno = ERANGE;
-#endif
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_FENV && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CFENV
-  std::feraiseexcept(flags);
-#endif
-#ifdef HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INVALID
-  if (flags & FE_INVALID)
-    throw std::domain_error(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INVALID);
-#endif
-#ifdef HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_DIVBYZERO
-  if (flags & FE_DIVBYZERO)
-    throw std::domain_error(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_DIVBYZERO);
-#endif
-#ifdef HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_OVERFLOW
-  if (flags & FE_OVERFLOW)
-    throw std::overflow_error(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_OVERFLOW);
-#endif
-#ifdef HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_UNDERFLOW
-  if (flags & FE_UNDERFLOW)
-    throw std::underflow_error(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_UNDERFLOW);
-#endif
-#ifdef HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INEXACT
-  if (flags & FE_INEXACT)
-    throw std::range_error(HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INEXACT);
-#endif
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT
-  if ((flags & FE_UNDERFLOW) && !(flags & FE_INEXACT))
-    raise(FE_INEXACT);
-#endif
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_OVERFLOW_TO_INEXACT
-  if ((flags & FE_OVERFLOW) && !(flags & FE_INEXACT))
-    raise(FE_INEXACT);
-#endif
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Check and signal for any NaN.
-/// \param x first half-precision value to check
-/// \param y second half-precision value to check
-/// \retval true if either \a x or \a y is NaN
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool compsignal(unsigned int x, unsigned int y) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_INVALID, (x & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 || (y & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00);
-#endif
-  return (x & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 || (y & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00;
-}
-
-/// Signal and silence signaling NaN.
-/// \param nan half-precision NaN value
-/// \return quiet NaN
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a nan is signaling NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int signal(unsigned int nan) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_INVALID, !(nan & 0x200));
-#endif
-  return nan | 0x200;
-}
-
-/// Signal and silence signaling NaNs.
-/// \param x first half-precision value to check
-/// \param y second half-precision value to check
-/// \return quiet NaN
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int signal(unsigned int x, unsigned int y) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_INVALID, ((x & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 && !(x & 0x200)) || ((y & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 && !(y & 0x200)));
-#endif
-  return ((x & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00) ? (x | 0x200) : (y | 0x200);
-}
-
-/// Signal and silence signaling NaNs.
-/// \param x first half-precision value to check
-/// \param y second half-precision value to check
-/// \param z third half-precision value to check
-/// \return quiet NaN
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x, \a y or \a z is signaling NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int signal(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int z) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_INVALID,
-        ((x & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 && !(x & 0x200)) || ((y & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 && !(y & 0x200)) ||
-            ((z & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00 && !(z & 0x200)));
-#endif
-  return ((x & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00) ? (x | 0x200) : ((y & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00) ? (y | 0x200) : (z | 0x200);
-}
-
-/// Select value or signaling NaN.
-/// \param x preferred half-precision value
-/// \param y ignored half-precision value except for signaling NaN
-/// \return \a y if signaling NaN, \a x otherwise
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a y is signaling NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int select(unsigned int x, unsigned int HALF_UNUSED_NOERR(y)) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  return (((y & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00) && !(y & 0x200)) ? signal(y) : x;
-#else
-  return x;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Raise domain error and return NaN.
-/// return quiet NaN
-/// \exception FE_INVALID
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int invalid() {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_INVALID);
-#endif
-  return 0x7FFF;
-}
-
-/// Raise pole error and return infinity.
-/// \param sign half-precision value with sign bit only
-/// \return half-precision infinity with sign of \a sign
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int pole(unsigned int sign = 0) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_DIVBYZERO);
-#endif
-  return sign | 0x7C00;
-}
-
-/// Check value for underflow.
-/// \param arg non-zero half-precision value to check
-/// \return \a arg
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW if arg is subnormal
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int check_underflow(unsigned int arg) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING && !HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT
-  raise(FE_UNDERFLOW, !(arg & 0x7C00));
-#endif
-  return arg;
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \name Conversion and rounding
-/// \{
-
-/// Half-precision overflow.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param sign half-precision value with sign bit only
-/// \return rounded overflowing half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW
-template <std::float_round_style R> HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int overflow(unsigned int sign = 0) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_OVERFLOW);
-#endif
-  return (R == std::round_toward_infinity)       ? (sign + 0x7C00 - (sign >> 15))
-         : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (sign + 0x7BFF + (sign >> 15))
-         : (R == std::round_toward_zero)         ? (sign | 0x7BFF)
-                                                 : (sign | 0x7C00);
-}
-
-/// Half-precision underflow.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param sign half-precision value with sign bit only
-/// \return rounded underflowing half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW
-template <std::float_round_style R> HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int underflow(unsigned int sign = 0) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  raise(FE_UNDERFLOW);
-#endif
-  return (R == std::round_toward_infinity)       ? (sign + 1 - (sign >> 15))
-         : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (sign + (sign >> 15))
-                                                 : sign;
-}
-
-/// Round half-precision number.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam I `true` to always raise INEXACT exception, `false` to raise only for rounded results
-/// \param value finite half-precision number to round
-/// \param g guard bit (most significant discarded bit)
-/// \param s sticky bit (or of all but the most significant discarded bits)
-/// \return rounded half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded or \a I is `true`
-template <std::float_round_style R, bool I>
-HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR unsigned int rounded(unsigned int value, int g, int s) {
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING
-  value += (R == std::round_to_nearest)            ? (g & (s | value))
-           : (R == std::round_toward_infinity)     ? (~(value >> 15) & (g | s))
-           : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? ((value >> 15) & (g | s))
-                                                   : 0;
-  if ((value & 0x7C00) == 0x7C00)
-    raise(FE_OVERFLOW);
-  else if (value & 0x7C00)
-    raise(FE_INEXACT, I || (g | s) != 0);
-  else
-    raise(FE_UNDERFLOW, !(HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT) || I || (g | s) != 0);
-  return value;
-#else
-  return (R == std::round_to_nearest)            ? (value + (g & (s | value)))
-         : (R == std::round_toward_infinity)     ? (value + (~(value >> 15) & (g | s)))
-         : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (value + ((value >> 15) & (g | s)))
-                                                 : value;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Round half-precision number to nearest integer value.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam E `true` for round to even, `false` for round away from zero
-/// \tparam I `true` to raise INEXACT exception (if inexact), `false` to never raise it
-/// \param value half-precision value to round
-/// \return half-precision bits for nearest integral value
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded and \a I is `true`
-template <std::float_round_style R, bool E, bool I> unsigned int integral(unsigned int value) {
-  unsigned int abs = value & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs < 0x3C00) {
-    raise(FE_INEXACT, I);
-    return ((R == std::round_to_nearest)            ? (0x3C00 & -static_cast<unsigned>(abs >= (0x3800 + E)))
-            : (R == std::round_toward_infinity)     ? (0x3C00 & -(~(value >> 15) & (abs != 0)))
-            : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (0x3C00 & -static_cast<unsigned>(value > 0x8000))
-                                                    : 0) |
-           (value & 0x8000);
-  }
-  if (abs >= 0x6400)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? signal(value) : value;
-  unsigned int exp = 25 - (abs >> 10), mask = (1 << exp) - 1;
-  raise(FE_INEXACT, I && (value & mask));
-  return (((R == std::round_to_nearest)            ? ((1 << (exp - 1)) - (~(value >> exp) & E))
-           : (R == std::round_toward_infinity)     ? (mask & ((value >> 15) - 1))
-           : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (mask & -(value >> 15))
-                                                   : 0) +
-          value) &
-         ~mask;
-}
-
-/// Convert fixed point to half-precision floating-point.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam F number of fractional bits in [11,31]
-/// \tparam S `true` for signed, `false` for unsigned
-/// \tparam N `true` for additional normalization step, `false` if already normalized to 1.F
-/// \tparam I `true` to always raise INEXACT exception, `false` to raise only for rounded results
-/// \param m mantissa in Q1.F fixed point format
-/// \param exp biased exponent - 1
-/// \param sign half-precision value with sign bit only
-/// \param s sticky bit (or of all but the most significant already discarded bits)
-/// \return value converted to half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded or \a I is `true`
-template <std::float_round_style R, unsigned int F, bool S, bool N, bool I>
-unsigned int fixed2half(uint32 m, int exp = 14, unsigned int sign = 0, int s = 0) {
-  if (S) {
-    uint32 msign = sign_mask(m);
-    m = (m ^ msign) - msign;
-    sign = msign & 0x8000;
-  }
-  if (N)
-    for (; m < (static_cast<uint32>(1) << F) && exp; m <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-  else if (exp < 0)
-    return rounded<R, I>(sign + (m >> (F - 10 - exp)),
-                         (m >> (F - 11 - exp)) & 1,
-                         s | ((m & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << (F - 11 - exp)) - 1)) != 0));
-  return rounded<R, I>(sign + (exp << 10) + (m >> (F - 10)),
-                       (m >> (F - 11)) & 1,
-                       s | ((m & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << (F - 11)) - 1)) != 0));
-}
-
-/// Convert IEEE single-precision to half-precision.
-/// Credit for this goes to [Jeroen van der Zijp](ftp://ftp.fox-toolkit.org/pub/fasthalffloatconversion.pdf).
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param value single-precision value to convert
-/// \return rounded half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-template <std::float_round_style R> unsigned int float2half_impl(float value, true_type) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS
-  return _mm_cvtsi128_si32(_mm_cvtps_ph(_mm_set_ss(value),
-                                        (R == std::round_to_nearest)            ? _MM_FROUND_TO_NEAREST_INT
-                                        : (R == std::round_toward_zero)         ? _MM_FROUND_TO_ZERO
-                                        : (R == std::round_toward_infinity)     ? _MM_FROUND_TO_POS_INF
-                                        : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? _MM_FROUND_TO_NEG_INF
-                                                                                : _MM_FROUND_CUR_DIRECTION));
-#else
-  bits<float>::type fbits;
-  std::memcpy(&fbits, &value, sizeof(float));
-#if 1
-  unsigned int sign = (fbits >> 16) & 0x8000;
-  fbits &= 0x7FFFFFFF;
-  if (fbits >= 0x7F800000)
-    return sign | 0x7C00 | ((fbits > 0x7F800000) ? (0x200 | ((fbits >> 13) & 0x3FF)) : 0);
-  if (fbits >= 0x47800000)
-    return overflow<R>(sign);
-  if (fbits >= 0x38800000)
-    return rounded<R, false>(
-        sign | (((fbits >> 23) - 112) << 10) | ((fbits >> 13) & 0x3FF), (fbits >> 12) & 1, (fbits & 0xFFF) != 0);
-  if (fbits >= 0x33000000) {
-    int i = 125 - (fbits >> 23);
-    fbits = (fbits & 0x7FFFFF) | 0x800000;
-    return rounded<R, false>(
-        sign | (fbits >> (i + 1)), (fbits >> i) & 1, (fbits & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << i) - 1)) != 0);
-  }
-  if (fbits != 0)
-    return underflow<R>(sign);
-  return sign;
-#else
-  static const uint16 base_table[512] = {
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
-      0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0001, 0x0002, 0x0004, 0x0008, 0x0010, 0x0020, 0x0040, 0x0080, 0x0100,
-      0x0200, 0x0400, 0x0800, 0x0C00, 0x1000, 0x1400, 0x1800, 0x1C00, 0x2000, 0x2400, 0x2800, 0x2C00, 0x3000, 0x3400,
-      0x3800, 0x3C00, 0x4000, 0x4400, 0x4800, 0x4C00, 0x5000, 0x5400, 0x5800, 0x5C00, 0x6000, 0x6400, 0x6800, 0x6C00,
-      0x7000, 0x7400, 0x7800, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF,
-      0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7BFF, 0x7C00, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000,
-      0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8000, 0x8001, 0x8002, 0x8004, 0x8008, 0x8010,
-      0x8020, 0x8040, 0x8080, 0x8100, 0x8200, 0x8400, 0x8800, 0x8C00, 0x9000, 0x9400, 0x9800, 0x9C00, 0xA000, 0xA400,
-      0xA800, 0xAC00, 0xB000, 0xB400, 0xB800, 0xBC00, 0xC000, 0xC400, 0xC800, 0xCC00, 0xD000, 0xD400, 0xD800, 0xDC00,
-      0xE000, 0xE400, 0xE800, 0xEC00, 0xF000, 0xF400, 0xF800, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF,
-      0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFBFF, 0xFC00};
-  static const unsigned char shift_table[256] = {
-      24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25,
-      25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25,
-      25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25,
-      25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 24, 23,
-      22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24,
-      24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24,
-      24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24,
-      24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24,
-      24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 13};
-  int sexp = fbits >> 23, exp = sexp & 0xFF, i = shift_table[exp];
-  fbits &= 0x7FFFFF;
-  uint32 m = (fbits | ((exp != 0) << 23)) & -static_cast<uint32>(exp != 0xFF);
-  return rounded<R, false>(
-      base_table[sexp] + (fbits >> i), (m >> (i - 1)) & 1, (((static_cast<uint32>(1) << (i - 1)) - 1) & m) != 0);
-#endif
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Convert IEEE double-precision to half-precision.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param value double-precision value to convert
-/// \return rounded half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-template <std::float_round_style R> unsigned int float2half_impl(double value, true_type) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS
-  if (R == std::round_indeterminate)
-    return _mm_cvtsi128_si32(_mm_cvtps_ph(_mm_cvtpd_ps(_mm_set_sd(value)), _MM_FROUND_CUR_DIRECTION));
-#endif
-  bits<double>::type dbits;
-  std::memcpy(&dbits, &value, sizeof(double));
-  uint32 hi = dbits >> 32, lo = dbits & 0xFFFFFFFF;
-  unsigned int sign = (hi >> 16) & 0x8000;
-  hi &= 0x7FFFFFFF;
-  if (hi >= 0x7FF00000)
-    return sign | 0x7C00 | ((dbits & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF) ? (0x200 | ((hi >> 10) & 0x3FF)) : 0);
-  if (hi >= 0x40F00000)
-    return overflow<R>(sign);
-  if (hi >= 0x3F100000)
-    return rounded<R, false>(
-        sign | (((hi >> 20) - 1008) << 10) | ((hi >> 10) & 0x3FF), (hi >> 9) & 1, ((hi & 0x1FF) | lo) != 0);
-  if (hi >= 0x3E600000) {
-    int i = 1018 - (hi >> 20);
-    hi = (hi & 0xFFFFF) | 0x100000;
-    return rounded<R, false>(
-        sign | (hi >> (i + 1)), (hi >> i) & 1, ((hi & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << i) - 1)) | lo) != 0);
-  }
-  if ((hi | lo) != 0)
-    return underflow<R>(sign);
-  return sign;
-}
-
-/// Convert non-IEEE floating-point to half-precision.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam T source type (builtin floating-point type)
-/// \param value floating-point value to convert
-/// \return rounded half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-template <std::float_round_style R, typename T> unsigned int float2half_impl(T value, ...) {
-  unsigned int hbits = static_cast<unsigned>(builtin_signbit(value)) << 15;
-  if (value == T())
-    return hbits;
-  if (builtin_isnan(value))
-    return hbits | 0x7FFF;
-  if (builtin_isinf(value))
-    return hbits | 0x7C00;
-  int exp;
-  std::frexp(value, &exp);
-  if (exp > 16)
-    return overflow<R>(hbits);
-  if (exp < -13)
-    value = std::ldexp(value, 25);
-  else {
-    value = std::ldexp(value, 12 - exp);
-    hbits |= ((exp + 13) << 10);
-  }
-  T ival, frac = std::modf(value, &ival);
-  int m = std::abs(static_cast<int>(ival));
-  return rounded<R, false>(hbits + (m >> 1), m & 1, frac != T());
-}
-
-/// Convert floating-point to half-precision.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam T source type (builtin floating-point type)
-/// \param value floating-point value to convert
-/// \return rounded half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-template <std::float_round_style R, typename T> unsigned int float2half(T value) {
-  return float2half_impl<R>(
-      value, bool_type < std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 && sizeof(typename bits<T>::type) == sizeof(T) > ());
-}
-
-/// Convert integer to half-precision floating-point.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam T type to convert (builtin integer type)
-/// \param value integral value to convert
-/// \return rounded half-precision value
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-template <std::float_round_style R, typename T> unsigned int int2half(T value) {
-  unsigned int bits = static_cast<unsigned>(value < 0) << 15;
-  if (!value)
-    return bits;
-  if (bits)
-    value = -value;
-  if (value > 0xFFFF)
-    return overflow<R>(bits);
-  unsigned int m = static_cast<unsigned int>(value), exp = 24;
-  for (; m < 0x400; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; m > 0x7FF; m >>= 1, ++exp)
-    ;
-  bits |= (exp << 10) + m;
-  return (exp > 24) ? rounded<R, false>(bits, (value >> (exp - 25)) & 1, (((1 << (exp - 25)) - 1) & value) != 0) : bits;
-}
-
-/// Convert half-precision to IEEE single-precision.
-/// Credit for this goes to [Jeroen van der Zijp](ftp://ftp.fox-toolkit.org/pub/fasthalffloatconversion.pdf).
-/// \param value half-precision value to convert
-/// \return single-precision value
-inline float half2float_impl(unsigned int value, float, true_type) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS
-  return _mm_cvtss_f32(_mm_cvtph_ps(_mm_cvtsi32_si128(value)));
-#else
-#if 0
-			bits<float>::type fbits = static_cast<bits<float>::type>(value&0x8000) << 16;
-			int abs = value & 0x7FFF;
-			if(abs)
-			{
-				fbits |= 0x38000000 << static_cast<unsigned>(abs>=0x7C00);
-				for(; abs<0x400; abs<<=1,fbits-=0x800000) ;
-				fbits += static_cast<bits<float>::type>(abs) << 13;
-			}
-#else
-  static const bits<float>::type mantissa_table[2048] = {
-      0x00000000, 0x33800000, 0x34000000, 0x34400000, 0x34800000, 0x34A00000, 0x34C00000, 0x34E00000, 0x35000000,
-      0x35100000, 0x35200000, 0x35300000, 0x35400000, 0x35500000, 0x35600000, 0x35700000, 0x35800000, 0x35880000,
-      0x35900000, 0x35980000, 0x35A00000, 0x35A80000, 0x35B00000, 0x35B80000, 0x35C00000, 0x35C80000, 0x35D00000,
-      0x35D80000, 0x35E00000, 0x35E80000, 0x35F00000, 0x35F80000, 0x36000000, 0x36040000, 0x36080000, 0x360C0000,
-      0x36100000, 0x36140000, 0x36180000, 0x361C0000, 0x36200000, 0x36240000, 0x36280000, 0x362C0000, 0x36300000,
-      0x36340000, 0x36380000, 0x363C0000, 0x36400000, 0x36440000, 0x36480000, 0x364C0000, 0x36500000, 0x36540000,
-      0x36580000, 0x365C0000, 0x36600000, 0x36640000, 0x36680000, 0x366C0000, 0x36700000, 0x36740000, 0x36780000,
-      0x367C0000, 0x36800000, 0x36820000, 0x36840000, 0x36860000, 0x36880000, 0x368A0000, 0x368C0000, 0x368E0000,
-      0x36900000, 0x36920000, 0x36940000, 0x36960000, 0x36980000, 0x369A0000, 0x369C0000, 0x369E0000, 0x36A00000,
-      0x36A20000, 0x36A40000, 0x36A60000, 0x36A80000, 0x36AA0000, 0x36AC0000, 0x36AE0000, 0x36B00000, 0x36B20000,
-      0x36B40000, 0x36B60000, 0x36B80000, 0x36BA0000, 0x36BC0000, 0x36BE0000, 0x36C00000, 0x36C20000, 0x36C40000,
-      0x36C60000, 0x36C80000, 0x36CA0000, 0x36CC0000, 0x36CE0000, 0x36D00000, 0x36D20000, 0x36D40000, 0x36D60000,
-      0x36D80000, 0x36DA0000, 0x36DC0000, 0x36DE0000, 0x36E00000, 0x36E20000, 0x36E40000, 0x36E60000, 0x36E80000,
-      0x36EA0000, 0x36EC0000, 0x36EE0000, 0x36F00000, 0x36F20000, 0x36F40000, 0x36F60000, 0x36F80000, 0x36FA0000,
-      0x36FC0000, 0x36FE0000, 0x37000000, 0x37010000, 0x37020000, 0x37030000, 0x37040000, 0x37050000, 0x37060000,
-      0x37070000, 0x37080000, 0x37090000, 0x370A0000, 0x370B0000, 0x370C0000, 0x370D0000, 0x370E0000, 0x370F0000,
-      0x37100000, 0x37110000, 0x37120000, 0x37130000, 0x37140000, 0x37150000, 0x37160000, 0x37170000, 0x37180000,
-      0x37190000, 0x371A0000, 0x371B0000, 0x371C0000, 0x371D0000, 0x371E0000, 0x371F0000, 0x37200000, 0x37210000,
-      0x37220000, 0x37230000, 0x37240000, 0x37250000, 0x37260000, 0x37270000, 0x37280000, 0x37290000, 0x372A0000,
-      0x372B0000, 0x372C0000, 0x372D0000, 0x372E0000, 0x372F0000, 0x37300000, 0x37310000, 0x37320000, 0x37330000,
-      0x37340000, 0x37350000, 0x37360000, 0x37370000, 0x37380000, 0x37390000, 0x373A0000, 0x373B0000, 0x373C0000,
-      0x373D0000, 0x373E0000, 0x373F0000, 0x37400000, 0x37410000, 0x37420000, 0x37430000, 0x37440000, 0x37450000,
-      0x37460000, 0x37470000, 0x37480000, 0x37490000, 0x374A0000, 0x374B0000, 0x374C0000, 0x374D0000, 0x374E0000,
-      0x374F0000, 0x37500000, 0x37510000, 0x37520000, 0x37530000, 0x37540000, 0x37550000, 0x37560000, 0x37570000,
-      0x37580000, 0x37590000, 0x375A0000, 0x375B0000, 0x375C0000, 0x375D0000, 0x375E0000, 0x375F0000, 0x37600000,
-      0x37610000, 0x37620000, 0x37630000, 0x37640000, 0x37650000, 0x37660000, 0x37670000, 0x37680000, 0x37690000,
-      0x376A0000, 0x376B0000, 0x376C0000, 0x376D0000, 0x376E0000, 0x376F0000, 0x37700000, 0x37710000, 0x37720000,
-      0x37730000, 0x37740000, 0x37750000, 0x37760000, 0x37770000, 0x37780000, 0x37790000, 0x377A0000, 0x377B0000,
-      0x377C0000, 0x377D0000, 0x377E0000, 0x377F0000, 0x37800000, 0x37808000, 0x37810000, 0x37818000, 0x37820000,
-      0x37828000, 0x37830000, 0x37838000, 0x37840000, 0x37848000, 0x37850000, 0x37858000, 0x37860000, 0x37868000,
-      0x37870000, 0x37878000, 0x37880000, 0x37888000, 0x37890000, 0x37898000, 0x378A0000, 0x378A8000, 0x378B0000,
-      0x378B8000, 0x378C0000, 0x378C8000, 0x378D0000, 0x378D8000, 0x378E0000, 0x378E8000, 0x378F0000, 0x378F8000,
-      0x37900000, 0x37908000, 0x37910000, 0x37918000, 0x37920000, 0x37928000, 0x37930000, 0x37938000, 0x37940000,
-      0x37948000, 0x37950000, 0x37958000, 0x37960000, 0x37968000, 0x37970000, 0x37978000, 0x37980000, 0x37988000,
-      0x37990000, 0x37998000, 0x379A0000, 0x379A8000, 0x379B0000, 0x379B8000, 0x379C0000, 0x379C8000, 0x379D0000,
-      0x379D8000, 0x379E0000, 0x379E8000, 0x379F0000, 0x379F8000, 0x37A00000, 0x37A08000, 0x37A10000, 0x37A18000,
-      0x37A20000, 0x37A28000, 0x37A30000, 0x37A38000, 0x37A40000, 0x37A48000, 0x37A50000, 0x37A58000, 0x37A60000,
-      0x37A68000, 0x37A70000, 0x37A78000, 0x37A80000, 0x37A88000, 0x37A90000, 0x37A98000, 0x37AA0000, 0x37AA8000,
-      0x37AB0000, 0x37AB8000, 0x37AC0000, 0x37AC8000, 0x37AD0000, 0x37AD8000, 0x37AE0000, 0x37AE8000, 0x37AF0000,
-      0x37AF8000, 0x37B00000, 0x37B08000, 0x37B10000, 0x37B18000, 0x37B20000, 0x37B28000, 0x37B30000, 0x37B38000,
-      0x37B40000, 0x37B48000, 0x37B50000, 0x37B58000, 0x37B60000, 0x37B68000, 0x37B70000, 0x37B78000, 0x37B80000,
-      0x37B88000, 0x37B90000, 0x37B98000, 0x37BA0000, 0x37BA8000, 0x37BB0000, 0x37BB8000, 0x37BC0000, 0x37BC8000,
-      0x37BD0000, 0x37BD8000, 0x37BE0000, 0x37BE8000, 0x37BF0000, 0x37BF8000, 0x37C00000, 0x37C08000, 0x37C10000,
-      0x37C18000, 0x37C20000, 0x37C28000, 0x37C30000, 0x37C38000, 0x37C40000, 0x37C48000, 0x37C50000, 0x37C58000,
-      0x37C60000, 0x37C68000, 0x37C70000, 0x37C78000, 0x37C80000, 0x37C88000, 0x37C90000, 0x37C98000, 0x37CA0000,
-      0x37CA8000, 0x37CB0000, 0x37CB8000, 0x37CC0000, 0x37CC8000, 0x37CD0000, 0x37CD8000, 0x37CE0000, 0x37CE8000,
-      0x37CF0000, 0x37CF8000, 0x37D00000, 0x37D08000, 0x37D10000, 0x37D18000, 0x37D20000, 0x37D28000, 0x37D30000,
-      0x37D38000, 0x37D40000, 0x37D48000, 0x37D50000, 0x37D58000, 0x37D60000, 0x37D68000, 0x37D70000, 0x37D78000,
-      0x37D80000, 0x37D88000, 0x37D90000, 0x37D98000, 0x37DA0000, 0x37DA8000, 0x37DB0000, 0x37DB8000, 0x37DC0000,
-      0x37DC8000, 0x37DD0000, 0x37DD8000, 0x37DE0000, 0x37DE8000, 0x37DF0000, 0x37DF8000, 0x37E00000, 0x37E08000,
-      0x37E10000, 0x37E18000, 0x37E20000, 0x37E28000, 0x37E30000, 0x37E38000, 0x37E40000, 0x37E48000, 0x37E50000,
-      0x37E58000, 0x37E60000, 0x37E68000, 0x37E70000, 0x37E78000, 0x37E80000, 0x37E88000, 0x37E90000, 0x37E98000,
-      0x37EA0000, 0x37EA8000, 0x37EB0000, 0x37EB8000, 0x37EC0000, 0x37EC8000, 0x37ED0000, 0x37ED8000, 0x37EE0000,
-      0x37EE8000, 0x37EF0000, 0x37EF8000, 0x37F00000, 0x37F08000, 0x37F10000, 0x37F18000, 0x37F20000, 0x37F28000,
-      0x37F30000, 0x37F38000, 0x37F40000, 0x37F48000, 0x37F50000, 0x37F58000, 0x37F60000, 0x37F68000, 0x37F70000,
-      0x37F78000, 0x37F80000, 0x37F88000, 0x37F90000, 0x37F98000, 0x37FA0000, 0x37FA8000, 0x37FB0000, 0x37FB8000,
-      0x37FC0000, 0x37FC8000, 0x37FD0000, 0x37FD8000, 0x37FE0000, 0x37FE8000, 0x37FF0000, 0x37FF8000, 0x38000000,
-      0x38004000, 0x38008000, 0x3800C000, 0x38010000, 0x38014000, 0x38018000, 0x3801C000, 0x38020000, 0x38024000,
-      0x38028000, 0x3802C000, 0x38030000, 0x38034000, 0x38038000, 0x3803C000, 0x38040000, 0x38044000, 0x38048000,
-      0x3804C000, 0x38050000, 0x38054000, 0x38058000, 0x3805C000, 0x38060000, 0x38064000, 0x38068000, 0x3806C000,
-      0x38070000, 0x38074000, 0x38078000, 0x3807C000, 0x38080000, 0x38084000, 0x38088000, 0x3808C000, 0x38090000,
-      0x38094000, 0x38098000, 0x3809C000, 0x380A0000, 0x380A4000, 0x380A8000, 0x380AC000, 0x380B0000, 0x380B4000,
-      0x380B8000, 0x380BC000, 0x380C0000, 0x380C4000, 0x380C8000, 0x380CC000, 0x380D0000, 0x380D4000, 0x380D8000,
-      0x380DC000, 0x380E0000, 0x380E4000, 0x380E8000, 0x380EC000, 0x380F0000, 0x380F4000, 0x380F8000, 0x380FC000,
-      0x38100000, 0x38104000, 0x38108000, 0x3810C000, 0x38110000, 0x38114000, 0x38118000, 0x3811C000, 0x38120000,
-      0x38124000, 0x38128000, 0x3812C000, 0x38130000, 0x38134000, 0x38138000, 0x3813C000, 0x38140000, 0x38144000,
-      0x38148000, 0x3814C000, 0x38150000, 0x38154000, 0x38158000, 0x3815C000, 0x38160000, 0x38164000, 0x38168000,
-      0x3816C000, 0x38170000, 0x38174000, 0x38178000, 0x3817C000, 0x38180000, 0x38184000, 0x38188000, 0x3818C000,
-      0x38190000, 0x38194000, 0x38198000, 0x3819C000, 0x381A0000, 0x381A4000, 0x381A8000, 0x381AC000, 0x381B0000,
-      0x381B4000, 0x381B8000, 0x381BC000, 0x381C0000, 0x381C4000, 0x381C8000, 0x381CC000, 0x381D0000, 0x381D4000,
-      0x381D8000, 0x381DC000, 0x381E0000, 0x381E4000, 0x381E8000, 0x381EC000, 0x381F0000, 0x381F4000, 0x381F8000,
-      0x381FC000, 0x38200000, 0x38204000, 0x38208000, 0x3820C000, 0x38210000, 0x38214000, 0x38218000, 0x3821C000,
-      0x38220000, 0x38224000, 0x38228000, 0x3822C000, 0x38230000, 0x38234000, 0x38238000, 0x3823C000, 0x38240000,
-      0x38244000, 0x38248000, 0x3824C000, 0x38250000, 0x38254000, 0x38258000, 0x3825C000, 0x38260000, 0x38264000,
-      0x38268000, 0x3826C000, 0x38270000, 0x38274000, 0x38278000, 0x3827C000, 0x38280000, 0x38284000, 0x38288000,
-      0x3828C000, 0x38290000, 0x38294000, 0x38298000, 0x3829C000, 0x382A0000, 0x382A4000, 0x382A8000, 0x382AC000,
-      0x382B0000, 0x382B4000, 0x382B8000, 0x382BC000, 0x382C0000, 0x382C4000, 0x382C8000, 0x382CC000, 0x382D0000,
-      0x382D4000, 0x382D8000, 0x382DC000, 0x382E0000, 0x382E4000, 0x382E8000, 0x382EC000, 0x382F0000, 0x382F4000,
-      0x382F8000, 0x382FC000, 0x38300000, 0x38304000, 0x38308000, 0x3830C000, 0x38310000, 0x38314000, 0x38318000,
-      0x3831C000, 0x38320000, 0x38324000, 0x38328000, 0x3832C000, 0x38330000, 0x38334000, 0x38338000, 0x3833C000,
-      0x38340000, 0x38344000, 0x38348000, 0x3834C000, 0x38350000, 0x38354000, 0x38358000, 0x3835C000, 0x38360000,
-      0x38364000, 0x38368000, 0x3836C000, 0x38370000, 0x38374000, 0x38378000, 0x3837C000, 0x38380000, 0x38384000,
-      0x38388000, 0x3838C000, 0x38390000, 0x38394000, 0x38398000, 0x3839C000, 0x383A0000, 0x383A4000, 0x383A8000,
-      0x383AC000, 0x383B0000, 0x383B4000, 0x383B8000, 0x383BC000, 0x383C0000, 0x383C4000, 0x383C8000, 0x383CC000,
-      0x383D0000, 0x383D4000, 0x383D8000, 0x383DC000, 0x383E0000, 0x383E4000, 0x383E8000, 0x383EC000, 0x383F0000,
-      0x383F4000, 0x383F8000, 0x383FC000, 0x38400000, 0x38404000, 0x38408000, 0x3840C000, 0x38410000, 0x38414000,
-      0x38418000, 0x3841C000, 0x38420000, 0x38424000, 0x38428000, 0x3842C000, 0x38430000, 0x38434000, 0x38438000,
-      0x3843C000, 0x38440000, 0x38444000, 0x38448000, 0x3844C000, 0x38450000, 0x38454000, 0x38458000, 0x3845C000,
-      0x38460000, 0x38464000, 0x38468000, 0x3846C000, 0x38470000, 0x38474000, 0x38478000, 0x3847C000, 0x38480000,
-      0x38484000, 0x38488000, 0x3848C000, 0x38490000, 0x38494000, 0x38498000, 0x3849C000, 0x384A0000, 0x384A4000,
-      0x384A8000, 0x384AC000, 0x384B0000, 0x384B4000, 0x384B8000, 0x384BC000, 0x384C0000, 0x384C4000, 0x384C8000,
-      0x384CC000, 0x384D0000, 0x384D4000, 0x384D8000, 0x384DC000, 0x384E0000, 0x384E4000, 0x384E8000, 0x384EC000,
-      0x384F0000, 0x384F4000, 0x384F8000, 0x384FC000, 0x38500000, 0x38504000, 0x38508000, 0x3850C000, 0x38510000,
-      0x38514000, 0x38518000, 0x3851C000, 0x38520000, 0x38524000, 0x38528000, 0x3852C000, 0x38530000, 0x38534000,
-      0x38538000, 0x3853C000, 0x38540000, 0x38544000, 0x38548000, 0x3854C000, 0x38550000, 0x38554000, 0x38558000,
-      0x3855C000, 0x38560000, 0x38564000, 0x38568000, 0x3856C000, 0x38570000, 0x38574000, 0x38578000, 0x3857C000,
-      0x38580000, 0x38584000, 0x38588000, 0x3858C000, 0x38590000, 0x38594000, 0x38598000, 0x3859C000, 0x385A0000,
-      0x385A4000, 0x385A8000, 0x385AC000, 0x385B0000, 0x385B4000, 0x385B8000, 0x385BC000, 0x385C0000, 0x385C4000,
-      0x385C8000, 0x385CC000, 0x385D0000, 0x385D4000, 0x385D8000, 0x385DC000, 0x385E0000, 0x385E4000, 0x385E8000,
-      0x385EC000, 0x385F0000, 0x385F4000, 0x385F8000, 0x385FC000, 0x38600000, 0x38604000, 0x38608000, 0x3860C000,
-      0x38610000, 0x38614000, 0x38618000, 0x3861C000, 0x38620000, 0x38624000, 0x38628000, 0x3862C000, 0x38630000,
-      0x38634000, 0x38638000, 0x3863C000, 0x38640000, 0x38644000, 0x38648000, 0x3864C000, 0x38650000, 0x38654000,
-      0x38658000, 0x3865C000, 0x38660000, 0x38664000, 0x38668000, 0x3866C000, 0x38670000, 0x38674000, 0x38678000,
-      0x3867C000, 0x38680000, 0x38684000, 0x38688000, 0x3868C000, 0x38690000, 0x38694000, 0x38698000, 0x3869C000,
-      0x386A0000, 0x386A4000, 0x386A8000, 0x386AC000, 0x386B0000, 0x386B4000, 0x386B8000, 0x386BC000, 0x386C0000,
-      0x386C4000, 0x386C8000, 0x386CC000, 0x386D0000, 0x386D4000, 0x386D8000, 0x386DC000, 0x386E0000, 0x386E4000,
-      0x386E8000, 0x386EC000, 0x386F0000, 0x386F4000, 0x386F8000, 0x386FC000, 0x38700000, 0x38704000, 0x38708000,
-      0x3870C000, 0x38710000, 0x38714000, 0x38718000, 0x3871C000, 0x38720000, 0x38724000, 0x38728000, 0x3872C000,
-      0x38730000, 0x38734000, 0x38738000, 0x3873C000, 0x38740000, 0x38744000, 0x38748000, 0x3874C000, 0x38750000,
-      0x38754000, 0x38758000, 0x3875C000, 0x38760000, 0x38764000, 0x38768000, 0x3876C000, 0x38770000, 0x38774000,
-      0x38778000, 0x3877C000, 0x38780000, 0x38784000, 0x38788000, 0x3878C000, 0x38790000, 0x38794000, 0x38798000,
-      0x3879C000, 0x387A0000, 0x387A4000, 0x387A8000, 0x387AC000, 0x387B0000, 0x387B4000, 0x387B8000, 0x387BC000,
-      0x387C0000, 0x387C4000, 0x387C8000, 0x387CC000, 0x387D0000, 0x387D4000, 0x387D8000, 0x387DC000, 0x387E0000,
-      0x387E4000, 0x387E8000, 0x387EC000, 0x387F0000, 0x387F4000, 0x387F8000, 0x387FC000, 0x38000000, 0x38002000,
-      0x38004000, 0x38006000, 0x38008000, 0x3800A000, 0x3800C000, 0x3800E000, 0x38010000, 0x38012000, 0x38014000,
-      0x38016000, 0x38018000, 0x3801A000, 0x3801C000, 0x3801E000, 0x38020000, 0x38022000, 0x38024000, 0x38026000,
-      0x38028000, 0x3802A000, 0x3802C000, 0x3802E000, 0x38030000, 0x38032000, 0x38034000, 0x38036000, 0x38038000,
-      0x3803A000, 0x3803C000, 0x3803E000, 0x38040000, 0x38042000, 0x38044000, 0x38046000, 0x38048000, 0x3804A000,
-      0x3804C000, 0x3804E000, 0x38050000, 0x38052000, 0x38054000, 0x38056000, 0x38058000, 0x3805A000, 0x3805C000,
-      0x3805E000, 0x38060000, 0x38062000, 0x38064000, 0x38066000, 0x38068000, 0x3806A000, 0x3806C000, 0x3806E000,
-      0x38070000, 0x38072000, 0x38074000, 0x38076000, 0x38078000, 0x3807A000, 0x3807C000, 0x3807E000, 0x38080000,
-      0x38082000, 0x38084000, 0x38086000, 0x38088000, 0x3808A000, 0x3808C000, 0x3808E000, 0x38090000, 0x38092000,
-      0x38094000, 0x38096000, 0x38098000, 0x3809A000, 0x3809C000, 0x3809E000, 0x380A0000, 0x380A2000, 0x380A4000,
-      0x380A6000, 0x380A8000, 0x380AA000, 0x380AC000, 0x380AE000, 0x380B0000, 0x380B2000, 0x380B4000, 0x380B6000,
-      0x380B8000, 0x380BA000, 0x380BC000, 0x380BE000, 0x380C0000, 0x380C2000, 0x380C4000, 0x380C6000, 0x380C8000,
-      0x380CA000, 0x380CC000, 0x380CE000, 0x380D0000, 0x380D2000, 0x380D4000, 0x380D6000, 0x380D8000, 0x380DA000,
-      0x380DC000, 0x380DE000, 0x380E0000, 0x380E2000, 0x380E4000, 0x380E6000, 0x380E8000, 0x380EA000, 0x380EC000,
-      0x380EE000, 0x380F0000, 0x380F2000, 0x380F4000, 0x380F6000, 0x380F8000, 0x380FA000, 0x380FC000, 0x380FE000,
-      0x38100000, 0x38102000, 0x38104000, 0x38106000, 0x38108000, 0x3810A000, 0x3810C000, 0x3810E000, 0x38110000,
-      0x38112000, 0x38114000, 0x38116000, 0x38118000, 0x3811A000, 0x3811C000, 0x3811E000, 0x38120000, 0x38122000,
-      0x38124000, 0x38126000, 0x38128000, 0x3812A000, 0x3812C000, 0x3812E000, 0x38130000, 0x38132000, 0x38134000,
-      0x38136000, 0x38138000, 0x3813A000, 0x3813C000, 0x3813E000, 0x38140000, 0x38142000, 0x38144000, 0x38146000,
-      0x38148000, 0x3814A000, 0x3814C000, 0x3814E000, 0x38150000, 0x38152000, 0x38154000, 0x38156000, 0x38158000,
-      0x3815A000, 0x3815C000, 0x3815E000, 0x38160000, 0x38162000, 0x38164000, 0x38166000, 0x38168000, 0x3816A000,
-      0x3816C000, 0x3816E000, 0x38170000, 0x38172000, 0x38174000, 0x38176000, 0x38178000, 0x3817A000, 0x3817C000,
-      0x3817E000, 0x38180000, 0x38182000, 0x38184000, 0x38186000, 0x38188000, 0x3818A000, 0x3818C000, 0x3818E000,
-      0x38190000, 0x38192000, 0x38194000, 0x38196000, 0x38198000, 0x3819A000, 0x3819C000, 0x3819E000, 0x381A0000,
-      0x381A2000, 0x381A4000, 0x381A6000, 0x381A8000, 0x381AA000, 0x381AC000, 0x381AE000, 0x381B0000, 0x381B2000,
-      0x381B4000, 0x381B6000, 0x381B8000, 0x381BA000, 0x381BC000, 0x381BE000, 0x381C0000, 0x381C2000, 0x381C4000,
-      0x381C6000, 0x381C8000, 0x381CA000, 0x381CC000, 0x381CE000, 0x381D0000, 0x381D2000, 0x381D4000, 0x381D6000,
-      0x381D8000, 0x381DA000, 0x381DC000, 0x381DE000, 0x381E0000, 0x381E2000, 0x381E4000, 0x381E6000, 0x381E8000,
-      0x381EA000, 0x381EC000, 0x381EE000, 0x381F0000, 0x381F2000, 0x381F4000, 0x381F6000, 0x381F8000, 0x381FA000,
-      0x381FC000, 0x381FE000, 0x38200000, 0x38202000, 0x38204000, 0x38206000, 0x38208000, 0x3820A000, 0x3820C000,
-      0x3820E000, 0x38210000, 0x38212000, 0x38214000, 0x38216000, 0x38218000, 0x3821A000, 0x3821C000, 0x3821E000,
-      0x38220000, 0x38222000, 0x38224000, 0x38226000, 0x38228000, 0x3822A000, 0x3822C000, 0x3822E000, 0x38230000,
-      0x38232000, 0x38234000, 0x38236000, 0x38238000, 0x3823A000, 0x3823C000, 0x3823E000, 0x38240000, 0x38242000,
-      0x38244000, 0x38246000, 0x38248000, 0x3824A000, 0x3824C000, 0x3824E000, 0x38250000, 0x38252000, 0x38254000,
-      0x38256000, 0x38258000, 0x3825A000, 0x3825C000, 0x3825E000, 0x38260000, 0x38262000, 0x38264000, 0x38266000,
-      0x38268000, 0x3826A000, 0x3826C000, 0x3826E000, 0x38270000, 0x38272000, 0x38274000, 0x38276000, 0x38278000,
-      0x3827A000, 0x3827C000, 0x3827E000, 0x38280000, 0x38282000, 0x38284000, 0x38286000, 0x38288000, 0x3828A000,
-      0x3828C000, 0x3828E000, 0x38290000, 0x38292000, 0x38294000, 0x38296000, 0x38298000, 0x3829A000, 0x3829C000,
-      0x3829E000, 0x382A0000, 0x382A2000, 0x382A4000, 0x382A6000, 0x382A8000, 0x382AA000, 0x382AC000, 0x382AE000,
-      0x382B0000, 0x382B2000, 0x382B4000, 0x382B6000, 0x382B8000, 0x382BA000, 0x382BC000, 0x382BE000, 0x382C0000,
-      0x382C2000, 0x382C4000, 0x382C6000, 0x382C8000, 0x382CA000, 0x382CC000, 0x382CE000, 0x382D0000, 0x382D2000,
-      0x382D4000, 0x382D6000, 0x382D8000, 0x382DA000, 0x382DC000, 0x382DE000, 0x382E0000, 0x382E2000, 0x382E4000,
-      0x382E6000, 0x382E8000, 0x382EA000, 0x382EC000, 0x382EE000, 0x382F0000, 0x382F2000, 0x382F4000, 0x382F6000,
-      0x382F8000, 0x382FA000, 0x382FC000, 0x382FE000, 0x38300000, 0x38302000, 0x38304000, 0x38306000, 0x38308000,
-      0x3830A000, 0x3830C000, 0x3830E000, 0x38310000, 0x38312000, 0x38314000, 0x38316000, 0x38318000, 0x3831A000,
-      0x3831C000, 0x3831E000, 0x38320000, 0x38322000, 0x38324000, 0x38326000, 0x38328000, 0x3832A000, 0x3832C000,
-      0x3832E000, 0x38330000, 0x38332000, 0x38334000, 0x38336000, 0x38338000, 0x3833A000, 0x3833C000, 0x3833E000,
-      0x38340000, 0x38342000, 0x38344000, 0x38346000, 0x38348000, 0x3834A000, 0x3834C000, 0x3834E000, 0x38350000,
-      0x38352000, 0x38354000, 0x38356000, 0x38358000, 0x3835A000, 0x3835C000, 0x3835E000, 0x38360000, 0x38362000,
-      0x38364000, 0x38366000, 0x38368000, 0x3836A000, 0x3836C000, 0x3836E000, 0x38370000, 0x38372000, 0x38374000,
-      0x38376000, 0x38378000, 0x3837A000, 0x3837C000, 0x3837E000, 0x38380000, 0x38382000, 0x38384000, 0x38386000,
-      0x38388000, 0x3838A000, 0x3838C000, 0x3838E000, 0x38390000, 0x38392000, 0x38394000, 0x38396000, 0x38398000,
-      0x3839A000, 0x3839C000, 0x3839E000, 0x383A0000, 0x383A2000, 0x383A4000, 0x383A6000, 0x383A8000, 0x383AA000,
-      0x383AC000, 0x383AE000, 0x383B0000, 0x383B2000, 0x383B4000, 0x383B6000, 0x383B8000, 0x383BA000, 0x383BC000,
-      0x383BE000, 0x383C0000, 0x383C2000, 0x383C4000, 0x383C6000, 0x383C8000, 0x383CA000, 0x383CC000, 0x383CE000,
-      0x383D0000, 0x383D2000, 0x383D4000, 0x383D6000, 0x383D8000, 0x383DA000, 0x383DC000, 0x383DE000, 0x383E0000,
-      0x383E2000, 0x383E4000, 0x383E6000, 0x383E8000, 0x383EA000, 0x383EC000, 0x383EE000, 0x383F0000, 0x383F2000,
-      0x383F4000, 0x383F6000, 0x383F8000, 0x383FA000, 0x383FC000, 0x383FE000, 0x38400000, 0x38402000, 0x38404000,
-      0x38406000, 0x38408000, 0x3840A000, 0x3840C000, 0x3840E000, 0x38410000, 0x38412000, 0x38414000, 0x38416000,
-      0x38418000, 0x3841A000, 0x3841C000, 0x3841E000, 0x38420000, 0x38422000, 0x38424000, 0x38426000, 0x38428000,
-      0x3842A000, 0x3842C000, 0x3842E000, 0x38430000, 0x38432000, 0x38434000, 0x38436000, 0x38438000, 0x3843A000,
-      0x3843C000, 0x3843E000, 0x38440000, 0x38442000, 0x38444000, 0x38446000, 0x38448000, 0x3844A000, 0x3844C000,
-      0x3844E000, 0x38450000, 0x38452000, 0x38454000, 0x38456000, 0x38458000, 0x3845A000, 0x3845C000, 0x3845E000,
-      0x38460000, 0x38462000, 0x38464000, 0x38466000, 0x38468000, 0x3846A000, 0x3846C000, 0x3846E000, 0x38470000,
-      0x38472000, 0x38474000, 0x38476000, 0x38478000, 0x3847A000, 0x3847C000, 0x3847E000, 0x38480000, 0x38482000,
-      0x38484000, 0x38486000, 0x38488000, 0x3848A000, 0x3848C000, 0x3848E000, 0x38490000, 0x38492000, 0x38494000,
-      0x38496000, 0x38498000, 0x3849A000, 0x3849C000, 0x3849E000, 0x384A0000, 0x384A2000, 0x384A4000, 0x384A6000,
-      0x384A8000, 0x384AA000, 0x384AC000, 0x384AE000, 0x384B0000, 0x384B2000, 0x384B4000, 0x384B6000, 0x384B8000,
-      0x384BA000, 0x384BC000, 0x384BE000, 0x384C0000, 0x384C2000, 0x384C4000, 0x384C6000, 0x384C8000, 0x384CA000,
-      0x384CC000, 0x384CE000, 0x384D0000, 0x384D2000, 0x384D4000, 0x384D6000, 0x384D8000, 0x384DA000, 0x384DC000,
-      0x384DE000, 0x384E0000, 0x384E2000, 0x384E4000, 0x384E6000, 0x384E8000, 0x384EA000, 0x384EC000, 0x384EE000,
-      0x384F0000, 0x384F2000, 0x384F4000, 0x384F6000, 0x384F8000, 0x384FA000, 0x384FC000, 0x384FE000, 0x38500000,
-      0x38502000, 0x38504000, 0x38506000, 0x38508000, 0x3850A000, 0x3850C000, 0x3850E000, 0x38510000, 0x38512000,
-      0x38514000, 0x38516000, 0x38518000, 0x3851A000, 0x3851C000, 0x3851E000, 0x38520000, 0x38522000, 0x38524000,
-      0x38526000, 0x38528000, 0x3852A000, 0x3852C000, 0x3852E000, 0x38530000, 0x38532000, 0x38534000, 0x38536000,
-      0x38538000, 0x3853A000, 0x3853C000, 0x3853E000, 0x38540000, 0x38542000, 0x38544000, 0x38546000, 0x38548000,
-      0x3854A000, 0x3854C000, 0x3854E000, 0x38550000, 0x38552000, 0x38554000, 0x38556000, 0x38558000, 0x3855A000,
-      0x3855C000, 0x3855E000, 0x38560000, 0x38562000, 0x38564000, 0x38566000, 0x38568000, 0x3856A000, 0x3856C000,
-      0x3856E000, 0x38570000, 0x38572000, 0x38574000, 0x38576000, 0x38578000, 0x3857A000, 0x3857C000, 0x3857E000,
-      0x38580000, 0x38582000, 0x38584000, 0x38586000, 0x38588000, 0x3858A000, 0x3858C000, 0x3858E000, 0x38590000,
-      0x38592000, 0x38594000, 0x38596000, 0x38598000, 0x3859A000, 0x3859C000, 0x3859E000, 0x385A0000, 0x385A2000,
-      0x385A4000, 0x385A6000, 0x385A8000, 0x385AA000, 0x385AC000, 0x385AE000, 0x385B0000, 0x385B2000, 0x385B4000,
-      0x385B6000, 0x385B8000, 0x385BA000, 0x385BC000, 0x385BE000, 0x385C0000, 0x385C2000, 0x385C4000, 0x385C6000,
-      0x385C8000, 0x385CA000, 0x385CC000, 0x385CE000, 0x385D0000, 0x385D2000, 0x385D4000, 0x385D6000, 0x385D8000,
-      0x385DA000, 0x385DC000, 0x385DE000, 0x385E0000, 0x385E2000, 0x385E4000, 0x385E6000, 0x385E8000, 0x385EA000,
-      0x385EC000, 0x385EE000, 0x385F0000, 0x385F2000, 0x385F4000, 0x385F6000, 0x385F8000, 0x385FA000, 0x385FC000,
-      0x385FE000, 0x38600000, 0x38602000, 0x38604000, 0x38606000, 0x38608000, 0x3860A000, 0x3860C000, 0x3860E000,
-      0x38610000, 0x38612000, 0x38614000, 0x38616000, 0x38618000, 0x3861A000, 0x3861C000, 0x3861E000, 0x38620000,
-      0x38622000, 0x38624000, 0x38626000, 0x38628000, 0x3862A000, 0x3862C000, 0x3862E000, 0x38630000, 0x38632000,
-      0x38634000, 0x38636000, 0x38638000, 0x3863A000, 0x3863C000, 0x3863E000, 0x38640000, 0x38642000, 0x38644000,
-      0x38646000, 0x38648000, 0x3864A000, 0x3864C000, 0x3864E000, 0x38650000, 0x38652000, 0x38654000, 0x38656000,
-      0x38658000, 0x3865A000, 0x3865C000, 0x3865E000, 0x38660000, 0x38662000, 0x38664000, 0x38666000, 0x38668000,
-      0x3866A000, 0x3866C000, 0x3866E000, 0x38670000, 0x38672000, 0x38674000, 0x38676000, 0x38678000, 0x3867A000,
-      0x3867C000, 0x3867E000, 0x38680000, 0x38682000, 0x38684000, 0x38686000, 0x38688000, 0x3868A000, 0x3868C000,
-      0x3868E000, 0x38690000, 0x38692000, 0x38694000, 0x38696000, 0x38698000, 0x3869A000, 0x3869C000, 0x3869E000,
-      0x386A0000, 0x386A2000, 0x386A4000, 0x386A6000, 0x386A8000, 0x386AA000, 0x386AC000, 0x386AE000, 0x386B0000,
-      0x386B2000, 0x386B4000, 0x386B6000, 0x386B8000, 0x386BA000, 0x386BC000, 0x386BE000, 0x386C0000, 0x386C2000,
-      0x386C4000, 0x386C6000, 0x386C8000, 0x386CA000, 0x386CC000, 0x386CE000, 0x386D0000, 0x386D2000, 0x386D4000,
-      0x386D6000, 0x386D8000, 0x386DA000, 0x386DC000, 0x386DE000, 0x386E0000, 0x386E2000, 0x386E4000, 0x386E6000,
-      0x386E8000, 0x386EA000, 0x386EC000, 0x386EE000, 0x386F0000, 0x386F2000, 0x386F4000, 0x386F6000, 0x386F8000,
-      0x386FA000, 0x386FC000, 0x386FE000, 0x38700000, 0x38702000, 0x38704000, 0x38706000, 0x38708000, 0x3870A000,
-      0x3870C000, 0x3870E000, 0x38710000, 0x38712000, 0x38714000, 0x38716000, 0x38718000, 0x3871A000, 0x3871C000,
-      0x3871E000, 0x38720000, 0x38722000, 0x38724000, 0x38726000, 0x38728000, 0x3872A000, 0x3872C000, 0x3872E000,
-      0x38730000, 0x38732000, 0x38734000, 0x38736000, 0x38738000, 0x3873A000, 0x3873C000, 0x3873E000, 0x38740000,
-      0x38742000, 0x38744000, 0x38746000, 0x38748000, 0x3874A000, 0x3874C000, 0x3874E000, 0x38750000, 0x38752000,
-      0x38754000, 0x38756000, 0x38758000, 0x3875A000, 0x3875C000, 0x3875E000, 0x38760000, 0x38762000, 0x38764000,
-      0x38766000, 0x38768000, 0x3876A000, 0x3876C000, 0x3876E000, 0x38770000, 0x38772000, 0x38774000, 0x38776000,
-      0x38778000, 0x3877A000, 0x3877C000, 0x3877E000, 0x38780000, 0x38782000, 0x38784000, 0x38786000, 0x38788000,
-      0x3878A000, 0x3878C000, 0x3878E000, 0x38790000, 0x38792000, 0x38794000, 0x38796000, 0x38798000, 0x3879A000,
-      0x3879C000, 0x3879E000, 0x387A0000, 0x387A2000, 0x387A4000, 0x387A6000, 0x387A8000, 0x387AA000, 0x387AC000,
-      0x387AE000, 0x387B0000, 0x387B2000, 0x387B4000, 0x387B6000, 0x387B8000, 0x387BA000, 0x387BC000, 0x387BE000,
-      0x387C0000, 0x387C2000, 0x387C4000, 0x387C6000, 0x387C8000, 0x387CA000, 0x387CC000, 0x387CE000, 0x387D0000,
-      0x387D2000, 0x387D4000, 0x387D6000, 0x387D8000, 0x387DA000, 0x387DC000, 0x387DE000, 0x387E0000, 0x387E2000,
-      0x387E4000, 0x387E6000, 0x387E8000, 0x387EA000, 0x387EC000, 0x387EE000, 0x387F0000, 0x387F2000, 0x387F4000,
-      0x387F6000, 0x387F8000, 0x387FA000, 0x387FC000, 0x387FE000};
-  static const bits<float>::type exponent_table[64] = {
-      0x00000000, 0x00800000, 0x01000000, 0x01800000, 0x02000000, 0x02800000, 0x03000000, 0x03800000,
-      0x04000000, 0x04800000, 0x05000000, 0x05800000, 0x06000000, 0x06800000, 0x07000000, 0x07800000,
-      0x08000000, 0x08800000, 0x09000000, 0x09800000, 0x0A000000, 0x0A800000, 0x0B000000, 0x0B800000,
-      0x0C000000, 0x0C800000, 0x0D000000, 0x0D800000, 0x0E000000, 0x0E800000, 0x0F000000, 0x47800000,
-      0x80000000, 0x80800000, 0x81000000, 0x81800000, 0x82000000, 0x82800000, 0x83000000, 0x83800000,
-      0x84000000, 0x84800000, 0x85000000, 0x85800000, 0x86000000, 0x86800000, 0x87000000, 0x87800000,
-      0x88000000, 0x88800000, 0x89000000, 0x89800000, 0x8A000000, 0x8A800000, 0x8B000000, 0x8B800000,
-      0x8C000000, 0x8C800000, 0x8D000000, 0x8D800000, 0x8E000000, 0x8E800000, 0x8F000000, 0xC7800000};
-  static const unsigned short offset_table[64] = {
-      0,    1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024,
-      1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024,
-      0,    1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024,
-      1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024};
-  bits<float>::type fbits = mantissa_table[offset_table[value >> 10] + (value & 0x3FF)] + exponent_table[value >> 10];
-#endif
-  float out;
-  std::memcpy(&out, &fbits, sizeof(float));
-  return out;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Convert half-precision to IEEE double-precision.
-/// \param value half-precision value to convert
-/// \return double-precision value
-inline double half2float_impl(unsigned int value, double, true_type) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_F16C_INTRINSICS
-  return _mm_cvtsd_f64(_mm_cvtps_pd(_mm_cvtph_ps(_mm_cvtsi32_si128(value))));
-#else
-  uint32 hi = static_cast<uint32>(value & 0x8000) << 16;
-  unsigned int abs = value & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs) {
-    hi |= 0x3F000000 << static_cast<unsigned>(abs >= 0x7C00);
-    for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, hi -= 0x100000)
-      ;
-    hi += static_cast<uint32>(abs) << 10;
-  }
-  bits<double>::type dbits = static_cast<bits<double>::type>(hi) << 32;
-  double out;
-  std::memcpy(&out, &dbits, sizeof(double));
-  return out;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Convert half-precision to non-IEEE floating-point.
-/// \tparam T type to convert to (builtin integer type)
-/// \param value half-precision value to convert
-/// \return floating-point value
-template <typename T> T half2float_impl(unsigned int value, T, ...) {
-  T out;
-  unsigned int abs = value & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs > 0x7C00)
-    out = (std::numeric_limits<T>::has_signaling_NaN && !(abs & 0x200)) ? std::numeric_limits<T>::signaling_NaN()
-          : std::numeric_limits<T>::has_quiet_NaN                       ? std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN()
-                                                                        : T();
-  else if (abs == 0x7C00)
-    out = std::numeric_limits<T>::has_infinity ? std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity() : std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
-  else if (abs > 0x3FF)
-    out = std::ldexp(static_cast<T>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400), (abs >> 10) - 25);
-  else
-    out = std::ldexp(static_cast<T>(abs), -24);
-  return (value & 0x8000) ? -out : out;
-}
-
-/// Convert half-precision to floating-point.
-/// \tparam T type to convert to (builtin integer type)
-/// \param value half-precision value to convert
-/// \return floating-point value
-template <typename T> T half2float(unsigned int value) {
-  return half2float_impl(
-      value, T(), bool_type < std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 && sizeof(typename bits<T>::type) == sizeof(T) > ());
-}
-
-/// Convert half-precision floating-point to integer.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam E `true` for round to even, `false` for round away from zero
-/// \tparam I `true` to raise INEXACT exception (if inexact), `false` to never raise it
-/// \tparam T type to convert to (buitlin integer type with at least 16 bits precision, excluding any implicit sign
-/// bits) \param value half-precision value to convert \return rounded integer value \exception FE_INVALID if value is
-/// not representable in type \a T \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded and \a I is `true`
-template <std::float_round_style R, bool E, bool I, typename T> T half2int(unsigned int value) {
-  unsigned int abs = value & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00) {
-    raise(FE_INVALID);
-    return (value & 0x8000) ? std::numeric_limits<T>::min() : std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
-  }
-  if (abs < 0x3800) {
-    raise(FE_INEXACT, I);
-    return (R == std::round_toward_infinity)       ? T(~(value >> 15) & (abs != 0))
-           : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? -T(value > 0x8000)
-                                                   : T();
-  }
-  int exp = 25 - (abs >> 10);
-  unsigned int m = (value & 0x3FF) | 0x400;
-  int32 i = static_cast<int32>(
-      (exp <= 0) ? (m << -exp)
-                 : ((m + ((R == std::round_to_nearest)            ? ((1 << (exp - 1)) - (~(m >> exp) & E))
-                          : (R == std::round_toward_infinity)     ? (((1 << exp) - 1) & ((value >> 15) - 1))
-                          : (R == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (((1 << exp) - 1) & -(value >> 15))
-                                                                  : 0)) >>
-                    exp));
-  if ((!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed && (value & 0x8000)) ||
-      (std::numeric_limits<T>::digits < 16 &&
-       ((value & 0x8000) ? (-i < std::numeric_limits<T>::min()) : (i > std::numeric_limits<T>::max()))))
-    raise(FE_INVALID);
-  else if (I && exp > 0 && (m & ((1 << exp) - 1)))
-    raise(FE_INEXACT);
-  return static_cast<T>((value & 0x8000) ? -i : i);
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \name Mathematics
-/// \{
-
-/// upper part of 64-bit multiplication.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param x first factor
-/// \param y second factor
-/// \return upper 32 bit of \a x * \a y
-template <std::float_round_style R> uint32 mulhi(uint32 x, uint32 y) {
-  uint32 xy = (x >> 16) * (y & 0xFFFF), yx = (x & 0xFFFF) * (y >> 16),
-         c = (xy & 0xFFFF) + (yx & 0xFFFF) + (((x & 0xFFFF) * (y & 0xFFFF)) >> 16);
-  return (x >> 16) * (y >> 16) + (xy >> 16) + (yx >> 16) + (c >> 16) +
-         ((R == std::round_to_nearest)        ? ((c >> 15) & 1)
-          : (R == std::round_toward_infinity) ? ((c & 0xFFFF) != 0)
-                                              : 0);
-}
-
-/// 64-bit multiplication.
-/// \param x first factor
-/// \param y second factor
-/// \return upper 32 bit of \a x * \a y rounded to nearest
-inline uint32 multiply64(uint32 x, uint32 y) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG
-  return static_cast<uint32>((static_cast<unsigned long long>(x) * static_cast<unsigned long long>(y) + 0x80000000) >>
-                             32);
-#else
-  return mulhi<std::round_to_nearest>(x, y);
-#endif
-}
-
-/// 64-bit division.
-/// \param x upper 32 bit of dividend
-/// \param y divisor
-/// \param s variable to store sticky bit for rounding
-/// \return (\a x << 32) / \a y
-inline uint32 divide64(uint32 x, uint32 y, int &s) {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG
-  unsigned long long xx = static_cast<unsigned long long>(x) << 32;
-  return s = (xx % y != 0), static_cast<uint32>(xx / y);
-#else
-  y >>= 1;
-  uint32 rem = x, div = 0;
-  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
-    div <<= 1;
-    if (rem >= y) {
-      rem -= y;
-      div |= 1;
-    }
-    rem <<= 1;
-  }
-  return s = rem > 1, div;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Half precision positive modulus.
-/// \tparam Q `true` to compute full quotient, `false` else
-/// \tparam R `true` to compute signed remainder, `false` for positive remainder
-/// \param x first operand as positive finite half-precision value
-/// \param y second operand as positive finite half-precision value
-/// \param quo adress to store quotient at, `nullptr` if \a Q `false`
-/// \return modulus of \a x / \a y
-template <bool Q, bool R> unsigned int mod(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, int *quo = NULL) {
-  unsigned int q = 0;
-  if (x > y) {
-    int absx = x, absy = y, expx = 0, expy = 0;
-    for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --expx)
-      ;
-    for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --expy)
-      ;
-    expx += absx >> 10;
-    expy += absy >> 10;
-    int mx = (absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400, my = (absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400;
-    for (int d = expx - expy; d; --d) {
-      if (!Q && mx == my)
-        return 0;
-      if (mx >= my) {
-        mx -= my;
-        q += Q;
-      }
-      mx <<= 1;
-      q <<= static_cast<int>(Q);
-    }
-    if (!Q && mx == my)
-      return 0;
-    if (mx >= my) {
-      mx -= my;
-      ++q;
-    }
-    if (Q) {
-      q &= (1 << (std::numeric_limits<int>::digits - 1)) - 1;
-      if (!mx)
-        return *quo = q, 0;
-    }
-    for (; mx < 0x400; mx <<= 1, --expy)
-      ;
-    x = (expy > 0) ? ((expy << 10) | (mx & 0x3FF)) : (mx >> (1 - expy));
-  }
-  if (R) {
-    unsigned int a, b;
-    if (y < 0x800) {
-      a = (x < 0x400) ? (x << 1) : (x + 0x400);
-      b = y;
-    } else {
-      a = x;
-      b = y - 0x400;
-    }
-    if (a > b || (a == b && (q & 1))) {
-      int exp = (y >> 10) + (y <= 0x3FF), d = exp - (x >> 10) - (x <= 0x3FF);
-      int m = (((y & 0x3FF) | ((y > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 1) - (((x & 0x3FF) | ((x > 0x3FF) << 10)) << (1 - d));
-      for (; m < 0x800 && exp > 1; m <<= 1, --exp)
-        ;
-      x = 0x8000 + ((exp - 1) << 10) + (m >> 1);
-      q += Q;
-    }
-  }
-  if (Q)
-    *quo = q;
-  return x;
-}
-
-/// Fixed point square root.
-/// \tparam F number of fractional bits
-/// \param r radicand in Q1.F fixed point format
-/// \param exp exponent
-/// \return square root as Q1.F/2
-template <unsigned int F> uint32 sqrt(uint32 &r, int &exp) {
-  int i = exp & 1;
-  r <<= i;
-  exp = (exp - i) / 2;
-  uint32 m = 0;
-  for (uint32 bit = static_cast<uint32>(1) << F; bit; bit >>= 2) {
-    if (r < m + bit)
-      m >>= 1;
-    else {
-      r -= m + bit;
-      m = (m >> 1) + bit;
-    }
-  }
-  return m;
-}
-
-/// Fixed point binary exponential.
-/// This uses the BKM algorithm in E-mode.
-/// \param m exponent in [0,1) as Q0.31
-/// \param n number of iterations (at most 32)
-/// \return 2 ^ \a m as Q1.31
-inline uint32 exp2(uint32 m, unsigned int n = 32) {
-  static const uint32 logs[] = {0x80000000, 0x4AE00D1D, 0x2934F098, 0x15C01A3A, 0x0B31FB7D, 0x05AEB4DD, 0x02DCF2D1,
-                                0x016FE50B, 0x00B84E23, 0x005C3E10, 0x002E24CA, 0x001713D6, 0x000B8A47, 0x0005C53B,
-                                0x0002E2A3, 0x00017153, 0x0000B8AA, 0x00005C55, 0x00002E2B, 0x00001715, 0x00000B8B,
-                                0x000005C5, 0x000002E3, 0x00000171, 0x000000B9, 0x0000005C, 0x0000002E, 0x00000017,
-                                0x0000000C, 0x00000006, 0x00000003, 0x00000001};
-  if (!m)
-    return 0x80000000;
-  uint32 mx = 0x80000000, my = 0;
-  for (unsigned int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
-    uint32 mz = my + logs[i];
-    if (mz <= m) {
-      my = mz;
-      mx += mx >> i;
-    }
-  }
-  return mx;
-}
-
-/// Fixed point binary logarithm.
-/// This uses the BKM algorithm in L-mode.
-/// \param m mantissa in [1,2) as Q1.30
-/// \param n number of iterations (at most 32)
-/// \return log2(\a m) as Q0.31
-inline uint32 log2(uint32 m, unsigned int n = 32) {
-  static const uint32 logs[] = {0x80000000, 0x4AE00D1D, 0x2934F098, 0x15C01A3A, 0x0B31FB7D, 0x05AEB4DD, 0x02DCF2D1,
-                                0x016FE50B, 0x00B84E23, 0x005C3E10, 0x002E24CA, 0x001713D6, 0x000B8A47, 0x0005C53B,
-                                0x0002E2A3, 0x00017153, 0x0000B8AA, 0x00005C55, 0x00002E2B, 0x00001715, 0x00000B8B,
-                                0x000005C5, 0x000002E3, 0x00000171, 0x000000B9, 0x0000005C, 0x0000002E, 0x00000017,
-                                0x0000000C, 0x00000006, 0x00000003, 0x00000001};
-  if (m == 0x40000000)
-    return 0;
-  uint32 mx = 0x40000000, my = 0;
-  for (unsigned int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
-    uint32 mz = mx + (mx >> i);
-    if (mz <= m) {
-      mx = mz;
-      my += logs[i];
-    }
-  }
-  return my;
-}
-
-/// Fixed point sine and cosine.
-/// This uses the CORDIC algorithm in rotation mode.
-/// \param mz angle in [-pi/2,pi/2] as Q1.30
-/// \param n number of iterations (at most 31)
-/// \return sine and cosine of \a mz as Q1.30
-inline std::pair<uint32, uint32> sincos(uint32 mz, unsigned int n = 31) {
-  static const uint32 angles[] = {0x3243F6A9, 0x1DAC6705, 0x0FADBAFD, 0x07F56EA7, 0x03FEAB77, 0x01FFD55C, 0x00FFFAAB,
-                                  0x007FFF55, 0x003FFFEB, 0x001FFFFD, 0x00100000, 0x00080000, 0x00040000, 0x00020000,
-                                  0x00010000, 0x00008000, 0x00004000, 0x00002000, 0x00001000, 0x00000800, 0x00000400,
-                                  0x00000200, 0x00000100, 0x00000080, 0x00000040, 0x00000020, 0x00000010, 0x00000008,
-                                  0x00000004, 0x00000002, 0x00000001};
-  uint32 mx = 0x26DD3B6A, my = 0;
-  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-    uint32 sign = sign_mask(mz);
-    uint32 tx = mx - (arithmetic_shift(my, i) ^ sign) + sign;
-    uint32 ty = my + (arithmetic_shift(mx, i) ^ sign) - sign;
-    mx = tx;
-    my = ty;
-    mz -= (angles[i] ^ sign) - sign;
-  }
-  return std::make_pair(my, mx);
-}
-
-/// Fixed point arc tangent.
-/// This uses the CORDIC algorithm in vectoring mode.
-/// \param my y coordinate as Q0.30
-/// \param mx x coordinate as Q0.30
-/// \param n number of iterations (at most 31)
-/// \return arc tangent of \a my / \a mx as Q1.30
-inline uint32 atan2(uint32 my, uint32 mx, unsigned int n = 31) {
-  static const uint32 angles[] = {0x3243F6A9, 0x1DAC6705, 0x0FADBAFD, 0x07F56EA7, 0x03FEAB77, 0x01FFD55C, 0x00FFFAAB,
-                                  0x007FFF55, 0x003FFFEB, 0x001FFFFD, 0x00100000, 0x00080000, 0x00040000, 0x00020000,
-                                  0x00010000, 0x00008000, 0x00004000, 0x00002000, 0x00001000, 0x00000800, 0x00000400,
-                                  0x00000200, 0x00000100, 0x00000080, 0x00000040, 0x00000020, 0x00000010, 0x00000008,
-                                  0x00000004, 0x00000002, 0x00000001};
-  uint32 mz = 0;
-  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-    uint32 sign = sign_mask(my);
-    uint32 tx = mx + (arithmetic_shift(my, i) ^ sign) - sign;
-    uint32 ty = my - (arithmetic_shift(mx, i) ^ sign) + sign;
-    mx = tx;
-    my = ty;
-    mz += (angles[i] ^ sign) - sign;
-  }
-  return mz;
-}
-
-/// Reduce argument for trigonometric functions.
-/// \param abs half-precision floating-point value
-/// \param k value to take quarter period
-/// \return \a abs reduced to [-pi/4,pi/4] as Q0.30
-inline uint32 angle_arg(unsigned int abs, int &k) {
-  uint32 m = (abs & 0x3FF) | ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10);
-  int exp = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF) - 15;
-  if (abs < 0x3A48)
-    return k = 0, m << (exp + 20);
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG
-  unsigned long long y = m * 0xA2F9836E4E442, mask = (1ULL << (62 - exp)) - 1, yi = (y + (mask >> 1)) & ~mask,
-                     f = y - yi;
-  uint32 sign = -static_cast<uint32>(f >> 63);
-  k = static_cast<int>(yi >> (62 - exp));
-  return (multiply64(static_cast<uint32>((sign ? -f : f) >> (31 - exp)), 0xC90FDAA2) ^ sign) - sign;
-#else
-  uint32 yh = m * 0xA2F98 + mulhi<std::round_toward_zero>(m, 0x36E4E442), yl = (m * 0x36E4E442) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
-  uint32 mask = (static_cast<uint32>(1) << (30 - exp)) - 1, yi = (yh + (mask >> 1)) & ~mask,
-         sign = -static_cast<uint32>(yi > yh);
-  k = static_cast<int>(yi >> (30 - exp));
-  uint32 fh = (yh ^ sign) + (yi ^ ~sign) - ~sign, fl = (yl ^ sign) - sign;
-  return (multiply64((exp > -1) ? (((fh << (1 + exp)) & 0xFFFFFFFF) | ((fl & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> (31 - exp))) : fh,
-                     0xC90FDAA2) ^
-          sign) -
-         sign;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Get arguments for atan2 function.
-/// \param abs half-precision floating-point value
-/// \return \a abs and sqrt(1 - \a abs^2) as Q0.30
-inline std::pair<uint32, uint32> atan2_args(unsigned int abs) {
-  int exp = -15;
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  exp += abs >> 10;
-  uint32 my = ((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 5, r = my * my;
-  int rexp = 2 * exp;
-  r = 0x40000000 - ((rexp > -31) ? ((r >> -rexp) | ((r & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << -rexp) - 1)) != 0)) : 1);
-  for (rexp = 0; r < 0x40000000; r <<= 1, --rexp)
-    ;
-  uint32 mx = sqrt<30>(r, rexp);
-  int d = exp - rexp;
-  if (d < 0)
-    return std::make_pair((d < -14) ? ((my >> (-d - 14)) + ((my >> (-d - 15)) & 1)) : (my << (14 + d)),
-                          (mx << 14) + (r << 13) / mx);
-  if (d > 0)
-    return std::make_pair(my << 14,
-                          (d > 14) ? ((mx >> (d - 14)) + ((mx >> (d - 15)) & 1))
-                                   : ((d == 14) ? mx : ((mx << (14 - d)) + (r << (13 - d)) / mx)));
-  return std::make_pair(my << 13, (mx << 13) + (r << 12) / mx);
-}
-
-/// Get exponentials for hyperbolic computation
-/// \param abs half-precision floating-point value
-/// \param exp variable to take unbiased exponent of larger result
-/// \param n number of BKM iterations (at most 32)
-/// \return exp(abs) and exp(-\a abs) as Q1.31 with same exponent
-inline std::pair<uint32, uint32> hyperbolic_args(unsigned int abs, int &exp, unsigned int n = 32) {
-  uint32 mx = detail::multiply64(static_cast<uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) + ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 21, 0xB8AA3B29), my;
-  int e = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF);
-  if (e < 14) {
-    exp = 0;
-    mx >>= 14 - e;
-  } else {
-    exp = mx >> (45 - e);
-    mx = (mx << (e - 14)) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
-  }
-  mx = exp2(mx, n);
-  int d = exp << 1, s;
-  if (mx > 0x80000000) {
-    my = divide64(0x80000000, mx, s);
-    my |= s;
-    ++d;
-  } else
-    my = mx;
-  return std::make_pair(mx, (d < 31) ? ((my >> d) | ((my & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << d) - 1)) != 0)) : 1);
-}
-
-/// Postprocessing for binary exponential.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param m fractional part of as Q0.31
-/// \param exp absolute value of unbiased exponent
-/// \param esign sign of actual exponent
-/// \param sign sign bit of result
-/// \param n number of BKM iterations (at most 32)
-/// \return value converted to half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded or \a I is `true`
-template <std::float_round_style R>
-unsigned int exp2_post(uint32 m, int exp, bool esign, unsigned int sign = 0, unsigned int n = 32) {
-  if (esign) {
-    exp = -exp - (m != 0);
-    if (exp < -25)
-      return underflow<R>(sign);
-    else if (exp == -25)
-      return rounded<R, false>(sign, 1, m != 0);
-  } else if (exp > 15)
-    return overflow<R>(sign);
-  if (!m)
-    return sign | (((exp += 15) > 0) ? (exp << 10) : check_underflow(0x200 >> -exp));
-  m = exp2(m, n);
-  int s = 0;
-  if (esign)
-    m = divide64(0x80000000, m, s);
-  return fixed2half<R, 31, false, false, true>(m, exp + 14, sign, s);
-}
-
-/// Postprocessing for binary logarithm.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam L logarithm for base transformation as Q1.31
-/// \param m fractional part of logarithm as Q0.31
-/// \param ilog signed integer part of logarithm
-/// \param exp biased exponent of result
-/// \param sign sign bit of result
-/// \return value base-transformed and converted to half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if no other exception occurred
-template <std::float_round_style R, uint32 L>
-unsigned int log2_post(uint32 m, int ilog, int exp, unsigned int sign = 0) {
-  uint32 msign = sign_mask(ilog);
-  m = (((static_cast<uint32>(ilog) << 27) + (m >> 4)) ^ msign) - msign;
-  if (!m)
-    return 0;
-  for (; m < 0x80000000; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  int i = m >= L, s;
-  exp += i;
-  m >>= 1 + i;
-  sign ^= msign & 0x8000;
-  if (exp < -11)
-    return underflow<R>(sign);
-  m = divide64(m, L, s);
-  return fixed2half<R, 30, false, false, true>(m, exp, sign, 1);
-}
-
-/// Hypotenuse square root and postprocessing.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param r mantissa as Q2.30
-/// \param exp biased exponent
-/// \return square root converted to half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-template <std::float_round_style R> unsigned int hypot_post(uint32 r, int exp) {
-  int i = r >> 31;
-  if ((exp += i) > 46)
-    return overflow<R>();
-  if (exp < -34)
-    return underflow<R>();
-  r = (r >> i) | (r & i);
-  uint32 m = sqrt<30>(r, exp += 15);
-  return fixed2half<R, 15, false, false, false>(m, exp - 1, 0, r != 0);
-}
-
-/// Division and postprocessing for tangents.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \param my dividend as Q1.31
-/// \param mx divisor as Q1.31
-/// \param exp biased exponent of result
-/// \param sign sign bit of result
-/// \return quotient converted to half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if no other exception occurred
-template <std::float_round_style R> unsigned int tangent_post(uint32 my, uint32 mx, int exp, unsigned int sign = 0) {
-  int i = my >= mx, s;
-  exp += i;
-  if (exp > 29)
-    return overflow<R>(sign);
-  if (exp < -11)
-    return underflow<R>(sign);
-  uint32 m = divide64(my >> (i + 1), mx, s);
-  return fixed2half<R, 30, false, false, true>(m, exp, sign, s);
-}
-
-/// Area function and postprocessing.
-/// This computes the value directly in Q2.30 using the representation `asinh|acosh(x) = log(x+sqrt(x^2+|-1))`.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam S `true` for asinh, `false` for acosh
-/// \param arg half-precision argument
-/// \return asinh|acosh(\a arg) converted to half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if no other exception occurred
-template <std::float_round_style R, bool S> unsigned int area(unsigned int arg) {
-  int abs = arg & 0x7FFF, expx = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF) - 15, expy = -15, ilog, i;
-  uint32 mx = static_cast<uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 20, my, r;
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --expy)
-    ;
-  expy += abs >> 10;
-  r = ((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 5;
-  r *= r;
-  i = r >> 31;
-  expy = 2 * expy + i;
-  r >>= i;
-  if (S) {
-    if (expy < 0) {
-      r = 0x40000000 + ((expy > -30) ? ((r >> -expy) | ((r & ((static_cast<uint32>(1) << -expy) - 1)) != 0)) : 1);
-      expy = 0;
-    } else {
-      r += 0x40000000 >> expy;
-      i = r >> 31;
-      r = (r >> i) | (r & i);
-      expy += i;
-    }
-  } else {
-    r -= 0x40000000 >> expy;
-    for (; r < 0x40000000; r <<= 1, --expy)
-      ;
-  }
-  my = sqrt<30>(r, expy);
-  my = (my << 15) + (r << 14) / my;
-  if (S) {
-    mx >>= expy - expx;
-    ilog = expy;
-  } else {
-    my >>= expx - expy;
-    ilog = expx;
-  }
-  my += mx;
-  i = my >> 31;
-  static const int G = S && (R == std::round_to_nearest);
-  return log2_post<R, 0xB8AA3B2A>(
-      log2(my >> i, 26 + S + G) + (G << 3), ilog + i, 17, arg & (static_cast<unsigned>(S) << 15));
-}
-
-/// Class for 1.31 unsigned floating-point computation
-struct f31 {
-  /// Constructor.
-  /// \param mant mantissa as 1.31
-  /// \param e exponent
-  HALF_CONSTEXPR f31(uint32 mant, int e) : m(mant), exp(e) {}
-
-  /// Constructor.
-  /// \param abs unsigned half-precision value
-  f31(unsigned int abs) : exp(-15) {
-    for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-    m = static_cast<uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 21;
-    exp += (abs >> 10);
-  }
-
-  /// Addition operator.
-  /// \param a first operand
-  /// \param b second operand
-  /// \return \a a + \a b
-  friend f31 operator+(f31 a, f31 b) {
-    if (b.exp > a.exp)
-      std::swap(a, b);
-    int d = a.exp - b.exp;
-    uint32 m = a.m + ((d < 32) ? (b.m >> d) : 0);
-    int i = (m & 0xFFFFFFFF) < a.m;
-    return f31(((m + i) >> i) | 0x80000000, a.exp + i);
-  }
-
-  /// Subtraction operator.
-  /// \param a first operand
-  /// \param b second operand
-  /// \return \a a - \a b
-  friend f31 operator-(f31 a, f31 b) {
-    int d = a.exp - b.exp, exp = a.exp;
-    uint32 m = a.m - ((d < 32) ? (b.m >> d) : 0);
-    if (!m)
-      return f31(0, -32);
-    for (; m < 0x80000000; m <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-    return f31(m, exp);
-  }
-
-  /// Multiplication operator.
-  /// \param a first operand
-  /// \param b second operand
-  /// \return \a a * \a b
-  friend f31 operator*(f31 a, f31 b) {
-    uint32 m = multiply64(a.m, b.m);
-    int i = m >> 31;
-    return f31(m << (1 - i), a.exp + b.exp + i);
-  }
-
-  /// Division operator.
-  /// \param a first operand
-  /// \param b second operand
-  /// \return \a a / \a b
-  friend f31 operator/(f31 a, f31 b) {
-    int i = a.m >= b.m, s;
-    uint32 m = divide64((a.m + i) >> i, b.m, s);
-    return f31(m, a.exp - b.exp + i - 1);
-  }
-
-  uint32 m; ///< mantissa as 1.31.
-  int exp;  ///< exponent.
-};
-
-/// Error function and postprocessing.
-/// This computes the value directly in Q1.31 using the approximations given
-/// [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function#Approximation_with_elementary_functions).
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam C `true` for comlementary error function, `false` else
-/// \param arg half-precision function argument
-/// \return approximated value of error function in half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if no other exception occurred
-template <std::float_round_style R, bool C> unsigned int erf(unsigned int arg) {
-  unsigned int abs = arg & 0x7FFF, sign = arg & 0x8000;
-  f31 x(abs), x2 = x * x * f31(0xB8AA3B29, 0), t = f31(0x80000000, 0) / (f31(0x80000000, 0) + f31(0xA7BA054A, -2) * x),
-              t2 = t * t;
-  f31 e = ((f31(0x87DC2213, 0) * t2 + f31(0xB5F0E2AE, 0)) * t2 + f31(0x82790637, -2) -
-           (f31(0xBA00E2B8, 0) * t2 + f31(0x91A98E62, -2)) * t) *
-          t /
-          ((x2.exp < 0) ? f31(exp2((x2.exp > -32) ? (x2.m >> -x2.exp) : 0, 30), 0)
-                        : f31(exp2((x2.m << x2.exp) & 0x7FFFFFFF, 22), x2.m >> (31 - x2.exp)));
-  return (!C || sign) ? fixed2half<R, 31, false, true, true>(0x80000000 - (e.m >> (C - e.exp)), 14 + C, sign & (C - 1U))
-         : (e.exp < -25) ? underflow<R>()
-                         : fixed2half<R, 30, false, false, true>(e.m >> 1, e.exp + 14, 0, e.m & 1);
-}
-
-/// Gamma function and postprocessing.
-/// This approximates the value of either the gamma function or its logarithm directly in Q1.31.
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-/// \tparam L `true` for lograithm of gamma function, `false` for gamma function
-/// \param arg half-precision floating-point value
-/// \return lgamma/tgamma(\a arg) in half-precision
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW on overflows
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW on underflows
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if \a arg is not a positive integer
-template <std::float_round_style R, bool L> unsigned int gamma(unsigned int arg) {
-  /*			static const double p[] ={ 2.50662827563479526904, 225.525584619175212544,
-     -268.295973841304927459, 80.9030806934622512966, -5.00757863970517583837, 0.0114684895434781459556 }; double t =
-     arg + 4.65, s = p[0]; for(unsigned int i=0; i<5; ++i) s += p[i+1] / (arg+i); return std::log(s) +
-     (arg-0.5)*std::log(t) - t;
-  */
-  static const f31 pi(0xC90FDAA2, 1), lbe(0xB8AA3B29, 0);
-  unsigned int abs = arg & 0x7FFF, sign = arg & 0x8000;
-  bool bsign = sign != 0;
-  f31 z(abs), x = sign ? (z + f31(0x80000000, 0)) : z, t = x + f31(0x94CCCCCD, 2),
-              s = f31(0xA06C9901, 1) + f31(0xBBE654E2, -7) / (x + f31(0x80000000, 2)) +
-                  f31(0xA1CE6098, 6) / (x + f31(0x80000000, 1)) + f31(0xE1868CB7, 7) / x -
-                  f31(0x8625E279, 8) / (x + f31(0x80000000, 0)) - f31(0xA03E158F, 2) / (x + f31(0xC0000000, 1));
-  int i = (s.exp >= 2) + (s.exp >= 4) + (s.exp >= 8) + (s.exp >= 16);
-  s = f31((static_cast<uint32>(s.exp) << (31 - i)) + (log2(s.m >> 1, 28) >> i), i) / lbe;
-  if (x.exp != -1 || x.m != 0x80000000) {
-    i = (t.exp >= 2) + (t.exp >= 4) + (t.exp >= 8);
-    f31 l = f31((static_cast<uint32>(t.exp) << (31 - i)) + (log2(t.m >> 1, 30) >> i), i) / lbe;
-    s = (x.exp < -1) ? (s - (f31(0x80000000, -1) - x) * l) : (s + (x - f31(0x80000000, -1)) * l);
-  }
-  s = x.exp ? (s - t) : (t - s);
-  if (bsign) {
-    if (z.exp >= 0) {
-      sign &= (L | ((z.m >> (31 - z.exp)) & 1)) - 1;
-      for (z = f31((z.m << (1 + z.exp)) & 0xFFFFFFFF, -1); z.m < 0x80000000; z.m <<= 1, --z.exp)
-        ;
-    }
-    if (z.exp == -1)
-      z = f31(0x80000000, 0) - z;
-    if (z.exp < -1) {
-      z = z * pi;
-      z.m = sincos(z.m >> (1 - z.exp), 30).first;
-      for (z.exp = 1; z.m < 0x80000000; z.m <<= 1, --z.exp)
-        ;
-    } else
-      z = f31(0x80000000, 0);
-  }
-  if (L) {
-    if (bsign) {
-      f31 l(0x92868247, 0);
-      if (z.exp < 0) {
-        uint32 m = log2((z.m + 1) >> 1, 27);
-        z = f31(-((static_cast<uint32>(z.exp) << 26) + (m >> 5)), 5);
-        for (; z.m < 0x80000000; z.m <<= 1, --z.exp)
-          ;
-        l = l + z / lbe;
-      }
-      sign = static_cast<unsigned>(x.exp && (l.exp < s.exp || (l.exp == s.exp && l.m < s.m))) << 15;
-      s = sign ? (s - l) : x.exp ? (l - s) : (l + s);
-    } else {
-      sign = static_cast<unsigned>(x.exp == 0) << 15;
-      if (s.exp < -24)
-        return underflow<R>(sign);
-      if (s.exp > 15)
-        return overflow<R>(sign);
-    }
-  } else {
-    s = s * lbe;
-    uint32 m;
-    if (s.exp < 0) {
-      m = s.m >> -s.exp;
-      s.exp = 0;
-    } else {
-      m = (s.m << s.exp) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
-      s.exp = (s.m >> (31 - s.exp));
-    }
-    s.m = exp2(m, 27);
-    if (!x.exp)
-      s = f31(0x80000000, 0) / s;
-    if (bsign) {
-      if (z.exp < 0)
-        s = s * z;
-      s = pi / s;
-      if (s.exp < -24)
-        return underflow<R>(sign);
-    } else if (z.exp > 0 && !(z.m & ((1 << (31 - z.exp)) - 1)))
-      return ((s.exp + 14) << 10) + (s.m >> 21);
-    if (s.exp > 15)
-      return overflow<R>(sign);
-  }
-  return fixed2half<R, 31, false, false, true>(s.m, s.exp + 14, sign);
-}
-/// \}
-
-template <typename, typename, std::float_round_style> struct half_caster;
-} // namespace detail
-
-/// Half-precision floating-point type.
-/// This class implements an IEEE-conformant half-precision floating-point type with the usual arithmetic
-/// operators and conversions. It is implicitly convertible to single-precision floating-point, which makes artihmetic
-/// expressions and functions with mixed-type operands to be of the most precise operand type.
-///
-/// According to the C++98/03 definition, the half type is not a POD type. But according to C++11's less strict and
-/// extended definitions it is both a standard layout type and a trivially copyable type (even if not a POD type), which
-/// means it can be standard-conformantly copied using raw binary copies. But in this context some more words about the
-/// actual size of the type. Although the half is representing an IEEE 16-bit type, it does not neccessarily have to be
-/// of exactly 16-bits size. But on any reasonable implementation the actual binary representation of this type will
-/// most probably not ivolve any additional "magic" or padding beyond the simple binary representation of the underlying
-/// 16-bit IEEE number, even if not strictly guaranteed by the standard. But even then it only has an actual size of 16
-/// bits if your C++ implementation supports an unsigned integer type of exactly 16 bits width. But this should be the
-/// case on nearly any reasonable platform.
-///
-/// So if your C++ implementation is not totally exotic or imposes special alignment requirements, it is a reasonable
-/// assumption that the data of a half is just comprised of the 2 bytes of the underlying IEEE representation.
-class half {
-public:
-  /// \name Construction and assignment
-  /// \{
-
-  /// Default constructor.
-  /// This initializes the half to 0. Although this does not match the builtin types' default-initialization semantics
-  /// and may be less efficient than no initialization, it is needed to provide proper value-initialization semantics.
-  HALF_CONSTEXPR half() HALF_NOEXCEPT : data_() {}
-
-  /// Conversion constructor.
-  /// \param rhs float to convert
-  /// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-  explicit half(float rhs) : data_(static_cast<detail::uint16>(detail::float2half<round_style>(rhs))) {}
-
-  /// Conversion to single-precision.
-  /// \return single precision value representing expression value
-  operator float() const { return detail::half2float<float>(data_); }
-
-  /// Assignment operator.
-  /// \param rhs single-precision value to copy from
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-  half &operator=(float rhs) {
-    data_ = static_cast<detail::uint16>(detail::float2half<round_style>(rhs));
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// \}
-  /// \name Arithmetic updates
-  /// \{
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \tparam T type of concrete half expression
-  /// \param rhs half expression to add
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator+(half,half)
-  half &operator+=(half rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \tparam T type of concrete half expression
-  /// \param rhs half expression to subtract
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator-(half,half)
-  half &operator-=(half rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \tparam T type of concrete half expression
-  /// \param rhs half expression to multiply with
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator*(half,half)
-  half &operator*=(half rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \tparam T type of concrete half expression
-  /// \param rhs half expression to divide by
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator/(half,half)
-  half &operator/=(half rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \param rhs single-precision value to add
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator=()
-  half &operator+=(float rhs) { return *this = *this + rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \param rhs single-precision value to subtract
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator=()
-  half &operator-=(float rhs) { return *this = *this - rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \param rhs single-precision value to multiply with
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator=()
-  half &operator*=(float rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs; }
-
-  /// Arithmetic assignment.
-  /// \param rhs single-precision value to divide by
-  /// \return reference to this half
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator=()
-  half &operator/=(float rhs) { return *this = *this / rhs; }
-
-  /// \}
-  /// \name Increment and decrement
-  /// \{
-
-  /// Prefix increment.
-  /// \return incremented half value
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator+(half,half)
-  half &operator++() { return *this = *this + half(detail::binary, 0x3C00); }
-
-  /// Prefix decrement.
-  /// \return decremented half value
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator-(half,half)
-  half &operator--() { return *this = *this + half(detail::binary, 0xBC00); }
-
-  /// Postfix increment.
-  /// \return non-incremented half value
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator+(half,half)
-  half operator++(int) {
-    half out(*this);
-    ++*this;
-    return out;
-  }
-
-  /// Postfix decrement.
-  /// \return non-decremented half value
-  /// \exception FE_... according to operator-(half,half)
-  half operator--(int) {
-    half out(*this);
-    --*this;
-    return out;
-  }
-  /// \}
-
-private:
-  /// Rounding mode to use
-  static const std::float_round_style round_style = (std::float_round_style)(HALF_ROUND_STYLE);
-
-  /// Constructor.
-  /// \param bits binary representation to set half to
-  HALF_CONSTEXPR half(detail::binary_t, unsigned int bits) HALF_NOEXCEPT : data_(static_cast<detail::uint16>(bits)) {}
-
-  /// Internal binary representation
-  detail::uint16 data_;
-
-#ifndef HALF_DOXYGEN_ONLY
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator==(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator!=(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator<(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator>(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator<=(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator>=(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR half operator-(half);
-  friend half operator+(half, half);
-  friend half operator-(half, half);
-  friend half operator*(half, half);
-  friend half operator/(half, half);
-  template <typename charT, typename traits>
-  friend std::basic_ostream<charT, traits> &operator<<(std::basic_ostream<charT, traits> &, half);
-  template <typename charT, typename traits>
-  friend std::basic_istream<charT, traits> &operator>>(std::basic_istream<charT, traits> &, half &);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR half fabs(half);
-  friend half fmod(half, half);
-  friend half remainder(half, half);
-  friend half remquo(half, half, int *);
-  friend half fma(half, half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR half fmax(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR half fmin(half, half);
-  friend half fdim(half, half);
-  friend half nanh(const char *);
-  friend half exp(half);
-  friend half exp2(half);
-  friend half expm1(half);
-  friend half log(half);
-  friend half log10(half);
-  friend half log2(half);
-  friend half log1p(half);
-  friend half sqrt(half);
-  friend half rsqrt(half);
-  friend half cbrt(half);
-  friend half hypot(half, half);
-  friend half hypot(half, half, half);
-  friend half pow(half, half);
-  friend void sincos(half, half *, half *);
-  friend half sin(half);
-  friend half cos(half);
-  friend half tan(half);
-  friend half asin(half);
-  friend half acos(half);
-  friend half atan(half);
-  friend half atan2(half, half);
-  friend half sinh(half);
-  friend half cosh(half);
-  friend half tanh(half);
-  friend half asinh(half);
-  friend half acosh(half);
-  friend half atanh(half);
-  friend half erf(half);
-  friend half erfc(half);
-  friend half lgamma(half);
-  friend half tgamma(half);
-  friend half ceil(half);
-  friend half floor(half);
-  friend half trunc(half);
-  friend half round(half);
-  friend long lround(half);
-  friend half rint(half);
-  friend long lrint(half);
-  friend half nearbyint(half);
-#ifdef HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG
-  friend long long llround(half);
-  friend long long llrint(half);
-#endif
-  friend half frexp(half, int *);
-  friend half scalbln(half, long);
-  friend half modf(half, half *);
-  friend int ilogb(half);
-  friend half logb(half);
-  friend half nextafter(half, half);
-  friend half nexttoward(half, long double);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR half copysign(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR int fpclassify(half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isfinite(half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isinf(half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isnan(half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isnormal(half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool signbit(half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isgreater(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isgreaterequal(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isless(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool islessequal(half, half);
-  friend HALF_CONSTEXPR bool islessgreater(half, half);
-  template <typename, typename, std::float_round_style> friend struct detail::half_caster;
-  friend class std::numeric_limits<half>;
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH
-  friend struct std::hash<half>;
-#endif
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS
-  friend half literal::operator"" _h(long double);
-#endif
-#endif
-};
-
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_USER_LITERALS
-namespace literal {
-/// Half literal.
-/// While this returns a properly rounded half-precision value, half literals can unfortunately not be constant
-/// expressions due to rather involved conversions. So don't expect this to be a literal literal without involving
-/// conversion operations at runtime. It is a convenience feature, not a performance optimization.
-/// \param value literal value
-/// \return half with of given value (possibly rounded)
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half operator"" _h(long double value) {
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(value));
-}
-} // namespace literal
-#endif
-
-namespace detail {
-/// Helper class for half casts.
-/// This class template has to be specialized for all valid cast arguments to define an appropriate static
-/// `cast` member function and a corresponding `type` member denoting its return type.
-/// \tparam T destination type
-/// \tparam U source type
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use
-template <typename T, typename U, std::float_round_style R = (std::float_round_style)(HALF_ROUND_STYLE)>
-struct half_caster {};
-template <typename U, std::float_round_style R> struct half_caster<half, U, R> {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS
-  static_assert(std::is_arithmetic<U>::value, "half_cast from non-arithmetic type unsupported");
-#endif
-
-  static half cast(U arg) { return cast_impl(arg, is_float<U>()); };
-
-private:
-  static half cast_impl(U arg, true_type) { return half(binary, float2half<R>(arg)); }
-  static half cast_impl(U arg, false_type) { return half(binary, int2half<R>(arg)); }
-};
-template <typename T, std::float_round_style R> struct half_caster<T, half, R> {
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_STATIC_ASSERT && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_TYPE_TRAITS
-  static_assert(std::is_arithmetic<T>::value, "half_cast to non-arithmetic type unsupported");
-#endif
-
-  static T cast(half arg) { return cast_impl(arg, is_float<T>()); }
-
-private:
-  static T cast_impl(half arg, true_type) { return half2float<T>(arg.data_); }
-  static T cast_impl(half arg, false_type) { return half2int<R, true, true, T>(arg.data_); }
-};
-template <std::float_round_style R> struct half_caster<half, half, R> {
-  static half cast(half arg) { return arg; }
-};
-} // namespace detail
-} // namespace half_float
-
-/// Extensions to the C++ standard library.
-namespace std {
-/// Numeric limits for half-precision floats.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::numeric_limits](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/numeric_limits)
-template <> class numeric_limits<half_float::half> {
-public:
-  /// Is template specialization.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_specialized = true;
-
-  /// Supports signed values.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_signed = true;
-
-  /// Is not an integer type.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_integer = false;
-
-  /// Is not exact.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_exact = false;
-
-  /// Doesn't provide modulo arithmetic.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_modulo = false;
-
-  /// Has a finite set of values.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_bounded = true;
-
-  /// IEEE conformant.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool is_iec559 = true;
-
-  /// Supports infinity.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool has_infinity = true;
-
-  /// Supports quiet NaNs.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool has_quiet_NaN = true;
-
-  /// Supports signaling NaNs.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool has_signaling_NaN = true;
-
-  /// Supports subnormal values.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
-
-  /// Supports no denormalization detection.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool has_denorm_loss = false;
-
-#if HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROWS
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool traps = true;
-#else
-  /// Traps only if [HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_...](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INVALID) is acitvated.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool traps = false;
-#endif
-
-  /// Does not support no pre-rounding underflow detection.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool tinyness_before = false;
-
-  /// Rounding mode.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST float_round_style round_style = half_float::half::round_style;
-
-  /// Significant digits.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int digits = 11;
-
-  /// Significant decimal digits.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int digits10 = 3;
-
-  /// Required decimal digits to represent all possible values.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int max_digits10 = 5;
-
-  /// Number base.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int radix = 2;
-
-  /// One more than smallest exponent.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int min_exponent = -13;
-
-  /// Smallest normalized representable power of 10.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int min_exponent10 = -4;
-
-  /// One more than largest exponent
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int max_exponent = 16;
-
-  /// Largest finitely representable power of 10.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST int max_exponent10 = 4;
-
-  /// Smallest positive normal value.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half min() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x0400);
-  }
-
-  /// Smallest finite value.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half lowest() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0xFBFF);
-  }
-
-  /// Largest finite value.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half max() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x7BFF);
-  }
-
-  /// Difference between 1 and next representable value.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half epsilon() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x1400);
-  }
-
-  /// Maximum rounding error in ULP (units in the last place).
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half round_error() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, (round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 0x3800 : 0x3C00);
-  }
-
-  /// Positive infinity.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half infinity() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x7C00);
-  }
-
-  /// Quiet NaN.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half quiet_NaN() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x7FFF);
-  }
-
-  /// Signaling NaN.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half signaling_NaN() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x7DFF);
-  }
-
-  /// Smallest positive subnormal value.
-  static HALF_CONSTEXPR half_float::half denorm_min() HALF_NOTHROW {
-    return half_float::half(half_float::detail::binary, 0x0001);
-  }
-};
-
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_HASH
-/// Hash function for half-precision floats.
-/// This is only defined if C++11 `std::hash` is supported and enabled.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::hash](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/hash)
-template <> struct hash<half_float::half> {
-  /// Type of function argument.
-  typedef half_float::half argument_type;
-
-  /// Function return type.
-  typedef size_t result_type;
-
-  /// Compute hash function.
-  /// \param arg half to hash
-  /// \return hash value
-  result_type operator()(argument_type arg) const {
-    return hash<half_float::detail::uint16>()(arg.data_ & -static_cast<unsigned>(arg.data_ != 0x8000));
-  }
-};
-#endif
-} // namespace std
-
-namespace half_float {
-/// \anchor compop
-/// \name Comparison operators
-/// \{
-
-/// Comparison for equality.
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if operands equal
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator==(half x, half y) {
-  return !detail::compsignal(x.data_, y.data_) && (x.data_ == y.data_ || !((x.data_ | y.data_) & 0x7FFF));
-}
-
-/// Comparison for inequality.
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if operands not equal
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator!=(half x, half y) {
-  return detail::compsignal(x.data_, y.data_) || (x.data_ != y.data_ && ((x.data_ | y.data_) & 0x7FFF));
-}
-
-/// Comparison for less than.
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x less than \a y
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator<(half x, half y) {
-  return !detail::compsignal(x.data_, y.data_) &&
-         ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) <
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15));
-}
-
-/// Comparison for greater than.
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x greater than \a y
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator>(half x, half y) {
-  return !detail::compsignal(x.data_, y.data_) &&
-         ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) >
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15));
-}
-
-/// Comparison for less equal.
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x less equal \a y
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator<=(half x, half y) {
-  return !detail::compsignal(x.data_, y.data_) &&
-         ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) <=
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15));
-}
-
-/// Comparison for greater equal.
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x greater equal \a y
-/// \retval false else
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR bool operator>=(half x, half y) {
-  return !detail::compsignal(x.data_, y.data_) &&
-         ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) >=
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15));
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor arithmetics
-/// \name Arithmetic operators
-/// \{
-
-/// Identity.
-/// \param arg operand
-/// \return unchanged operand
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR half operator+(half arg) { return arg; }
-
-/// Negation.
-/// \param arg operand
-/// \return negated operand
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR half operator-(half arg) { return half(detail::binary, arg.data_ ^ 0x8000); }
-
-/// Addition.
-/// This operation is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-/// \param x left operand
-/// \param y right operand
-/// \return sum of half expressions
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x and \a y are infinities with different signs or signaling NaNs
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half operator+(half x, half y) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_) +
-                                                    detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_)));
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  bool sub = ((x.data_ ^ y.data_) & 0x8000) != 0;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : (absy != 0x7C00)               ? x.data_
-                : (sub && absx == 0x7C00)        ? detail::invalid()
-                                                 : y.data_);
-  if (!absx)
-    return absy ? y
-                : half(detail::binary,
-                       (half::round_style == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (x.data_ | y.data_)
-                                                                             : (x.data_ & y.data_));
-  if (!absy)
-    return x;
-  unsigned int sign = ((sub && absy > absx) ? y.data_ : x.data_) & 0x8000;
-  if (absy > absx)
-    std::swap(absx, absy);
-  int exp = (absx >> 10) + (absx <= 0x3FF), d = exp - (absy >> 10) - (absy <= 0x3FF),
-      mx = ((absx & 0x3FF) | ((absx > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 3, my;
-  if (d < 13) {
-    my = ((absy & 0x3FF) | ((absy > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 3;
-    my = (my >> d) | ((my & ((1 << d) - 1)) != 0);
-  } else
-    my = 1;
-  if (sub) {
-    if (!(mx -= my))
-      return half(detail::binary, static_cast<unsigned>(half::round_style == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) << 15);
-    for (; mx < 0x2000 && exp > 1; mx <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-  } else {
-    mx += my;
-    int i = mx >> 14;
-    if ((exp += i) > 30)
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-    mx = (mx >> i) | (mx & i);
-  }
-  return half(
-      detail::binary,
-      detail::rounded<half::round_style, false>(sign + ((exp - 1) << 10) + (mx >> 3), (mx >> 2) & 1, (mx & 0x3) != 0));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Subtraction.
-/// This operation is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-/// \param x left operand
-/// \param y right operand
-/// \return difference of half expressions
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x and \a y are infinities with equal signs or signaling NaNs
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half operator-(half x, half y) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_) -
-                                                    detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_)));
-#else
-  return x + -y;
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Multiplication.
-/// This operation is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-/// \param x left operand
-/// \param y right operand
-/// \return product of half expressions
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if multiplying 0 with infinity or if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half operator*(half x, half y) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_) *
-                                                    detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_)));
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -16;
-  unsigned int sign = (x.data_ ^ y.data_) & 0x8000;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00)                           ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : ((absx == 0x7C00 && !absy) || (absy == 0x7C00 && !absx)) ? detail::invalid()
-                                                                           : (sign | 0x7C00));
-  if (!absx || !absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, sign);
-  for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 m =
-      static_cast<detail::uint32>((absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400) * static_cast<detail::uint32>((absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400);
-  int i = m >> 21, s = m & i;
-  exp += (absx >> 10) + (absy >> 10) + i;
-  if (exp > 29)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  else if (exp < -11)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::underflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 20, false, false, false>(m >> i, exp, sign, s));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Division.
-/// This operation is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-/// \param x left operand
-/// \param y right operand
-/// \return quotient of half expressions
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if dividing 0s or infinities with each other or if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO if dividing finite value by 0
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half operator/(half x, half y) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_) /
-                                                    detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_)));
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = 14;
-  unsigned int sign = (x.data_ ^ y.data_) & 0x8000;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : (absx == absy)                 ? detail::invalid()
-                                                 : (sign | ((absx == 0x7C00) ? 0x7C00 : 0)));
-  if (!absx)
-    return half(detail::binary, absy ? sign : detail::invalid());
-  if (!absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole(sign));
-  for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, ++exp)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 mx = (absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400, my = (absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400;
-  int i = mx < my;
-  exp += (absx >> 10) - (absy >> 10) - i;
-  if (exp > 29)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  else if (exp < -11)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::underflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  mx <<= 12 + i;
-  my <<= 1;
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 11, false, false, false>(mx / my, exp, sign, mx % my != 0));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor streaming
-/// \name Input and output
-/// \{
-
-/// Output operator.
-///	This uses the built-in functionality for streaming out floating-point numbers.
-/// \param out output stream to write into
-/// \param arg half expression to write
-/// \return reference to output stream
-template <typename charT, typename traits>
-std::basic_ostream<charT, traits> &operator<<(std::basic_ostream<charT, traits> &out, half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return out << detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_);
-#else
-  return out << detail::half2float<float>(arg.data_);
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Input operator.
-///	This uses the built-in functionality for streaming in floating-point numbers, specifically double precision
-/// floating
-/// point numbers (unless overridden with [HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE](\ref HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE)). So the input string is
-/// first rounded to double precision using the underlying platform's current floating-point rounding mode before being
-/// rounded to half-precision using the library's half-precision rounding mode. \param in input stream to read from
-/// \param arg half to read into
-/// \return reference to input stream
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-template <typename charT, typename traits>
-std::basic_istream<charT, traits> &operator>>(std::basic_istream<charT, traits> &in, half &arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  detail::internal_t f;
-#else
-  double f;
-#endif
-  if (in >> f)
-    arg.data_ = detail::float2half<half::round_style>(f);
-  return in;
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor basic
-/// \name Basic mathematical operations
-/// \{
-
-/// Absolute value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fabs](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fabs).
-/// \param arg operand
-/// \return absolute value of \a arg
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR half fabs(half arg) { return half(detail::binary, arg.data_ & 0x7FFF); }
-
-/// Absolute value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::abs](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fabs).
-/// \param arg operand
-/// \return absolute value of \a arg
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR half abs(half arg) { return fabs(arg); }
-
-/// Remainder of division.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fmod](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fmod).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \return remainder of floating-point division.
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x is infinite or \a y is 0 or if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-inline half fmod(half x, half y) {
-  unsigned int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = x.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : (absx == 0x7C00)               ? detail::invalid()
-                                                 : x.data_);
-  if (!absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::invalid());
-  if (!absx)
-    return x;
-  if (absx == absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, sign);
-  return half(detail::binary, sign | detail::mod<false, false>(absx, absy));
-}
-
-/// Remainder of division.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::remainder](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/remainder).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \return remainder of floating-point division.
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x is infinite or \a y is 0 or if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-inline half remainder(half x, half y) {
-  unsigned int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = x.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : (absx == 0x7C00)               ? detail::invalid()
-                                                 : x.data_);
-  if (!absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::invalid());
-  if (absx == absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, sign);
-  return half(detail::binary, sign ^ detail::mod<false, true>(absx, absy));
-}
-
-/// Remainder of division.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::remquo](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/remquo).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \param quo address to store some bits of quotient at
-/// \return remainder of floating-point division.
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x is infinite or \a y is 0 or if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-inline half remquo(half x, half y, int *quo) {
-  unsigned int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, value = x.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : (absx == 0x7C00)               ? detail::invalid()
-                                                 : (*quo = 0, x.data_));
-  if (!absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::invalid());
-  bool qsign = ((value ^ y.data_) & 0x8000) != 0;
-  int q = 1;
-  if (absx != absy)
-    value ^= detail::mod<true, true>(absx, absy, &q);
-  return *quo = qsign ? -q : q, half(detail::binary, value);
-}
-
-/// Fused multiply add.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fma](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fma).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \param z third operand
-/// \return ( \a x * \a y ) + \a z rounded as one operation.
-/// \exception FE_INVALID according to operator*() and operator+() unless any argument is a quiet NaN and no argument is
-/// a signaling NaN \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding the final addition
-inline half fma(half x, half y, half z) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  detail::internal_t fx = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_),
-                     fy = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_),
-                     fz = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(z.data_);
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH && FP_FAST_FMA
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::fma(fx, fy, fz)));
-#else
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(fx * fy + fz));
-#endif
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, absz = z.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15;
-  unsigned int sign = (x.data_ ^ y.data_) & 0x8000;
-  bool sub = ((sign ^ z.data_) & 0x8000) != 0;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00 || absz >= 0x7C00)
-    return (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00 || absz > 0x7C00)
-               ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_, z.data_))
-           : (absx == 0x7C00)
-               ? half(detail::binary, (!absy || (sub && absz == 0x7C00)) ? detail::invalid() : (sign | 0x7C00))
-           : (absy == 0x7C00)
-               ? half(detail::binary, (!absx || (sub && absz == 0x7C00)) ? detail::invalid() : (sign | 0x7C00))
-               : z;
-  if (!absx || !absy)
-    return absz ? z
-                : half(detail::binary,
-                       (half::round_style == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) ? (z.data_ | sign) : (z.data_ & sign));
-  for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 m =
-      static_cast<detail::uint32>((absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400) * static_cast<detail::uint32>((absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400);
-  int i = m >> 21;
-  exp += (absx >> 10) + (absy >> 10) + i;
-  m <<= 3 - i;
-  if (absz) {
-    int expz = 0;
-    for (; absz < 0x400; absz <<= 1, --expz)
-      ;
-    expz += absz >> 10;
-    detail::uint32 mz = static_cast<detail::uint32>((absz & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 13;
-    if (expz > exp || (expz == exp && mz > m)) {
-      std::swap(m, mz);
-      std::swap(exp, expz);
-      if (sub)
-        sign = z.data_ & 0x8000;
-    }
-    int d = exp - expz;
-    mz = (d < 23) ? ((mz >> d) | ((mz & ((static_cast<detail::uint32>(1) << d) - 1)) != 0)) : 1;
-    if (sub) {
-      m = m - mz;
-      if (!m)
-        return half(detail::binary, static_cast<unsigned>(half::round_style == std::round_toward_neg_infinity) << 15);
-      for (; m < 0x800000; m <<= 1, --exp)
-        ;
-    } else {
-      m += mz;
-      i = m >> 24;
-      m = (m >> i) | (m & i);
-      exp += i;
-    }
-  }
-  if (exp > 30)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  else if (exp < -10)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::underflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 23, false, false, false>(m, exp - 1, sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Maximum of half expressions.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fmax](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fmax).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \return maximum of operands, ignoring quiet NaNs
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR half fmax(half x, half y) {
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              (!isnan(y) && (isnan(x) || (x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) <
-                                             (y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15))))))
-                  ? detail::select(y.data_, x.data_)
-                  : detail::select(x.data_, y.data_));
-}
-
-/// Minimum of half expressions.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fmin](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fmin).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \return minimum of operands, ignoring quiet NaNs
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR half fmin(half x, half y) {
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              (!isnan(y) && (isnan(x) || (x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) >
-                                             (y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15))))))
-                  ? detail::select(y.data_, x.data_)
-                  : detail::select(x.data_, y.data_));
-}
-
-/// Positive difference.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fdim](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fdim).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \return \a x - \a y or 0 if difference negative
-/// \exception FE_... according to operator-(half,half)
-inline half fdim(half x, half y) {
-  if (isnan(x) || isnan(y))
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_));
-  return (x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) <= (y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15))))
-             ? half(detail::binary, 0)
-             : (x - y);
-}
-
-/// Get NaN value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::nan](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/nan).
-/// \param arg string code
-/// \return quiet NaN
-inline half nanh(const char *arg) {
-  unsigned int value = 0x7FFF;
-  while (*arg)
-    value ^= static_cast<unsigned>(*arg++) & 0xFF;
-  return half(detail::binary, value);
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor exponential
-/// \name Exponential functions
-/// \{
-
-/// Exponential function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::exp](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/exp).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return e raised to \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half exp(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::exp(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, e = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF), exp;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? (0x7C00 & ((arg.data_ >> 15) - 1U)) : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x4C80)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (arg.data_ & 0x8000) ? detail::underflow<half::round_style>() : detail::overflow<half::round_style>());
-  detail::uint32 m =
-      detail::multiply64(static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) + ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 21, 0xB8AA3B29);
-  if (e < 14) {
-    exp = 0;
-    m >>= 14 - e;
-  } else {
-    exp = m >> (45 - e);
-    m = (m << (e - 14)) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
-  }
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::exp2_post<half::round_style>(m, exp, (arg.data_ & 0x8000) != 0, 0, 26));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Binary exponential.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::exp2](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/exp2).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return 2 raised to \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half exp2(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::exp2(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, e = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF), exp = (abs & 0x3FF) + ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10);
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? (0x7C00 & ((arg.data_ >> 15) - 1U)) : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x4E40)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (arg.data_ & 0x8000) ? detail::underflow<half::round_style>() : detail::overflow<half::round_style>());
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::exp2_post<half::round_style>((static_cast<detail::uint32>(exp) << (6 + e)) & 0x7FFFFFFF,
-                                                   exp >> (25 - e),
-                                                   (arg.data_ & 0x8000) != 0,
-                                                   0,
-                                                   28));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Exponential minus one.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result in <0.05% of inputs for `std::round_to_nearest`
-/// and in <1% of inputs for any other rounding mode.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::expm1](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/expm1).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return e raised to \a arg and subtracted by 1
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half expm1(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::expm1(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ & 0x8000, e = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF), exp;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? (0x7C00 + (sign >> 1)) : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x4A00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (arg.data_ & 0x8000) ? detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0xBBFF, 1, 1)
-                                     : detail::overflow<half::round_style>());
-  detail::uint32 m =
-      detail::multiply64(static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) + ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10)) << 21, 0xB8AA3B29);
-  if (e < 14) {
-    exp = 0;
-    m >>= 14 - e;
-  } else {
-    exp = m >> (45 - e);
-    m = (m << (e - 14)) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
-  }
-  m = detail::exp2(m);
-  if (sign) {
-    int s = 0;
-    if (m > 0x80000000) {
-      ++exp;
-      m = detail::divide64(0x80000000, m, s);
-    }
-    m = 0x80000000 - ((m >> exp) | ((m & ((static_cast<detail::uint32>(1) << exp) - 1)) != 0) | s);
-    exp = 0;
-  } else
-    m -= (exp < 31) ? (0x80000000 >> exp) : 1;
-  for (exp += 14; m < 0x80000000 && exp; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  if (exp > 29)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>());
-  return half(
-      detail::binary,
-      detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(sign + (exp << 10) + (m >> 21), (m >> 20) & 1, (m & 0xFFFFF) != 0));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Natural logarithm.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::log](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/log).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return logarithm of \a arg to base e
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or negative argument
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for 0
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half log(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::log(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole(0x8000));
-  if (arg.data_ & 0x8000)
-    return half(detail::binary, (arg.data_ <= 0xFC00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs == 0x7C00) ? arg : half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  exp += abs >> 10;
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::log2_post<half::round_style, 0xB8AA3B2A>(
-                  detail::log2(static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 20, 27) + 8, exp, 17));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Common logarithm.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::log10](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/log10).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return logarithm of \a arg to base 10
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or negative argument
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for 0
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half log10(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::log10(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole(0x8000));
-  if (arg.data_ & 0x8000)
-    return half(detail::binary, (arg.data_ <= 0xFC00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs == 0x7C00) ? arg : half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  switch (abs) {
-  case 0x4900:
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  case 0x5640:
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x4000);
-  case 0x63D0:
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x4200);
-  case 0x70E2:
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x4400);
-  }
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  exp += abs >> 10;
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::log2_post<half::round_style, 0xD49A784C>(
-                  detail::log2(static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 20, 27) + 8, exp, 16));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Binary logarithm.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::log2](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/log2).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return logarithm of \a arg to base 2
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or negative argument
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for 0
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half log2(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::log2(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15, s = 0;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole(0x8000));
-  if (arg.data_ & 0x8000)
-    return half(detail::binary, (arg.data_ <= 0xFC00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs == 0x7C00) ? arg : half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs == 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0);
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  exp += (abs >> 10);
-  if (!(abs & 0x3FF)) {
-    unsigned int value = static_cast<unsigned>(exp < 0) << 15, m = std::abs(exp) << 6;
-    for (exp = 18; m < 0x400; m <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-    return half(detail::binary, value + (exp << 10) + m);
-  }
-  detail::uint32 ilog = exp, sign = detail::sign_mask(ilog),
-                 m = (((ilog << 27) +
-                       (detail::log2(static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 20, 28) >> 4)) ^
-                      sign) -
-                     sign;
-  if (!m)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0);
-  for (exp = 14; m < 0x8000000 && exp; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; m > 0xFFFFFFF; m >>= 1, ++exp)
-    s |= m & 1;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 27, false, false, true>(m, exp, sign & 0x8000, s));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Natural logarithm plus one.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result in <0.05% of inputs for `std::round_to_nearest`
-/// and in ~1% of inputs for any other rounding mode.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::log1p](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/log1p).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return logarithm of \a arg plus 1 to base e
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or argument <-1
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for -1
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half log1p(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::log1p(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  if (arg.data_ >= 0xBC00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (arg.data_ == 0xBC00)   ? detail::pole(0x8000)
-                : (arg.data_ <= 0xFC00) ? detail::invalid()
-                                        : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15;
-  if (!abs || abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  exp += abs >> 10;
-  detail::uint32 m = static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 20;
-  if (arg.data_ & 0x8000) {
-    m = 0x40000000 - (m >> -exp);
-    for (exp = 0; m < 0x40000000; m <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-  } else {
-    if (exp < 0) {
-      m = 0x40000000 + (m >> -exp);
-      exp = 0;
-    } else {
-      m += 0x40000000 >> exp;
-      int i = m >> 31;
-      m >>= i;
-      exp += i;
-    }
-  }
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::log2_post<half::round_style, 0xB8AA3B2A>(detail::log2(m), exp, 17));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor power
-/// \name Power functions
-/// \{
-
-/// Square root.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::sqrt](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/sqrt).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return square root of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN and negative arguments
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half sqrt(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::sqrt(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = 15;
-  if (!abs || arg.data_ >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (abs > 0x7C00)         ? detail::signal(arg.data_)
-                : (arg.data_ > 0x8000) ? detail::invalid()
-                                       : arg.data_);
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 r = static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 10,
-                 m = detail::sqrt<20>(r, exp += abs >> 10);
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, false>((exp << 10) + (m & 0x3FF), r > m, r != 0));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Inverse square root.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes and thus generally more accurate than directly computing
-/// 1 / sqrt(\a arg) in half-precision, in addition to also being faster.
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return reciprocal of square root of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN and negative arguments
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half rsqrt(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(detail::internal_t(1) /
-                                                    std::sqrt(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, bias = 0x4000;
-  if (!abs || arg.data_ >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (abs > 0x7C00)         ? detail::signal(arg.data_)
-                : (arg.data_ > 0x8000) ? detail::invalid()
-                : !abs                 ? detail::pole(arg.data_ & 0x8000)
-                                       : 0);
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, bias -= 0x400)
-    ;
-  unsigned int frac = (abs += bias) & 0x7FF;
-  if (frac == 0x400)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x7A00 - (abs >> 1));
-  if ((half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest && (frac == 0x3FE || frac == 0x76C)) ||
-      (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest &&
-       (frac == 0x15A || frac == 0x3FC || frac == 0x401 || frac == 0x402 || frac == 0x67B)))
-    return pow(arg, half(detail::binary, 0xB800));
-  detail::uint32 f = 0x17376 - abs, mx = (abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400, my = ((f >> 1) & 0x3FF) | 0x400, mz = my * my;
-  int expy = (f >> 11) - 31, expx = 32 - (abs >> 10), i = mz >> 21;
-  for (mz = 0x60000000 - (((mz >> i) * mx) >> (expx - 2 * expy - i)); mz < 0x40000000; mz <<= 1, --expy)
-    ;
-  i = (my *= mz >> 10) >> 31;
-  expy += i;
-  my = (my >> (20 + i)) + 1;
-  i = (mz = my * my) >> 21;
-  for (mz = 0x60000000 - (((mz >> i) * mx) >> (expx - 2 * expy - i)); mz < 0x40000000; mz <<= 1, --expy)
-    ;
-  i = (my *= (mz >> 10) + 1) >> 31;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, false, false, true>(my >> i, expy + i + 14));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Cubic root.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::cbrt](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/cbrt).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return cubic root of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half cbrt(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::cbrt(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15;
-  if (!abs || abs == 0x3C00 || abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 ilog = exp + (abs >> 10), sign = detail::sign_mask(ilog), f,
-                 m = (((ilog << 27) +
-                       (detail::log2(static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 20, 24) >> 4)) ^
-                      sign) -
-                     sign;
-  for (exp = 2; m < 0x80000000; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  m = detail::multiply64(m, 0xAAAAAAAB);
-  int i = m >> 31, s;
-  exp += i;
-  m <<= 1 - i;
-  if (exp < 0) {
-    f = m >> -exp;
-    exp = 0;
-  } else {
-    f = (m << exp) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
-    exp = m >> (31 - exp);
-  }
-  m = detail::exp2(f, (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 29 : 26);
-  if (sign) {
-    if (m > 0x80000000) {
-      m = detail::divide64(0x80000000, m, s);
-      ++exp;
-    }
-    exp = -exp;
-  }
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest)
-                  ? detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 31, false, false, false>(m, exp + 14, arg.data_ & 0x8000)
-                  : detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 23, false, false, false>(
-                        (m + 0x80) >> 8, exp + 14, arg.data_ & 0x8000));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hypotenuse function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::hypot](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/hypot).
-/// \param x first argument
-/// \param y second argument
-/// \return square root of sum of squares without internal over- or underflows
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding of the final square root
-inline half hypot(half x, half y) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  detail::internal_t fx = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_),
-                     fy = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_);
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::hypot(fx, fy)));
-#else
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::sqrt(fx * fx + fy * fy)));
-#endif
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, expx = 0, expy = 0;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx == 0x7C00)   ? detail::select(0x7C00, y.data_)
-                : (absy == 0x7C00) ? detail::select(0x7C00, x.data_)
-                                   : detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_));
-  if (!absx)
-    return half(detail::binary, absy ? detail::check_underflow(absy) : 0);
-  if (!absy)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::check_underflow(absx));
-  if (absy > absx)
-    std::swap(absx, absy);
-  for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --expx)
-    ;
-  for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --expy)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 mx = (absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400, my = (absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400;
-  mx *= mx;
-  my *= my;
-  int ix = mx >> 21, iy = my >> 21;
-  expx = 2 * (expx + (absx >> 10)) - 15 + ix;
-  expy = 2 * (expy + (absy >> 10)) - 15 + iy;
-  mx <<= 10 - ix;
-  my <<= 10 - iy;
-  int d = expx - expy;
-  my = (d < 30) ? ((my >> d) | ((my & ((static_cast<detail::uint32>(1) << d) - 1)) != 0)) : 1;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::hypot_post<half::round_style>(mx + my, expx));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hypotenuse function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::hypot](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/hypot).
-/// \param x first argument
-/// \param y second argument
-/// \param z third argument
-/// \return square root of sum of squares without internal over- or underflows
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x, \a y or \a z is signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding of the final square root
-inline half hypot(half x, half y, half z) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  detail::internal_t fx = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_),
-                     fy = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_),
-                     fz = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(z.data_);
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::sqrt(fx * fx + fy * fy + fz * fz)));
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, absz = z.data_ & 0x7FFF, expx = 0, expy = 0, expz = 0;
-  if (!absx)
-    return hypot(y, z);
-  if (!absy)
-    return hypot(x, z);
-  if (!absz)
-    return hypot(x, y);
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00 || absz >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx == 0x7C00)   ? detail::select(0x7C00, detail::select(y.data_, z.data_))
-                : (absy == 0x7C00) ? detail::select(0x7C00, detail::select(x.data_, z.data_))
-                : (absz == 0x7C00) ? detail::select(0x7C00, detail::select(x.data_, y.data_))
-                                   : detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_, z.data_));
-  if (absz > absy)
-    std::swap(absy, absz);
-  if (absy > absx)
-    std::swap(absx, absy);
-  if (absz > absy)
-    std::swap(absy, absz);
-  for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --expx)
-    ;
-  for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --expy)
-    ;
-  for (; absz < 0x400; absz <<= 1, --expz)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 mx = (absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400, my = (absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400, mz = (absz & 0x3FF) | 0x400;
-  mx *= mx;
-  my *= my;
-  mz *= mz;
-  int ix = mx >> 21, iy = my >> 21, iz = mz >> 21;
-  expx = 2 * (expx + (absx >> 10)) - 15 + ix;
-  expy = 2 * (expy + (absy >> 10)) - 15 + iy;
-  expz = 2 * (expz + (absz >> 10)) - 15 + iz;
-  mx <<= 10 - ix;
-  my <<= 10 - iy;
-  mz <<= 10 - iz;
-  int d = expy - expz;
-  mz = (d < 30) ? ((mz >> d) | ((mz & ((static_cast<detail::uint32>(1) << d) - 1)) != 0)) : 1;
-  my += mz;
-  if (my & 0x80000000) {
-    my = (my >> 1) | (my & 1);
-    if (++expy > expx) {
-      std::swap(mx, my);
-      std::swap(expx, expy);
-    }
-  }
-  d = expx - expy;
-  my = (d < 30) ? ((my >> d) | ((my & ((static_cast<detail::uint32>(1) << d) - 1)) != 0)) : 1;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::hypot_post<half::round_style>(mx + my, expx));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Power function.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result for any rounding mode in ~0.00025% of inputs.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::pow](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/pow).
-/// \param x base
-/// \param y exponent
-/// \return \a x raised to \a y
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN or if \a x is finite an negative and \a y is finite and not
-/// integral \exception FE_DIVBYZERO if \a x is 0 and \a y is negative \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT
-/// according to rounding
-inline half pow(half x, half y) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::pow(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_),
-                                                             detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_))));
-#else
-  int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = -15;
-  if (!absy || x.data_ == 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::select(0x3C00, (x.data_ == 0x3C00) ? y.data_ : x.data_));
-  bool is_int = absy >= 0x6400 || (absy >= 0x3C00 && !(absy & ((1 << (25 - (absy >> 10))) - 1)));
-  unsigned int sign =
-      x.data_ & (static_cast<unsigned>((absy < 0x6800) && is_int && ((absy >> (25 - (absy >> 10))) & 1)) << 15);
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_)
-                : (absy == 0x7C00)               ? ((absx == 0x3C00)               ? 0x3C00
-                                                    : (!absx && y.data_ == 0xFC00) ? detail::pole()
-                                                                                   : (0x7C00 & -((y.data_ >> 15) ^ (absx > 0x3C00))))
-                                                 : (sign | (0x7C00 & ((y.data_ >> 15) - 1U))));
-  if (!absx)
-    return half(detail::binary, (y.data_ & 0x8000) ? detail::pole(sign) : sign);
-  if ((x.data_ & 0x8000) && !is_int)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::invalid());
-  if (x.data_ == 0xBC00)
-    return half(detail::binary, sign | 0x3C00);
-  switch (y.data_) {
-  case 0x3800:
-    return sqrt(x);
-  case 0x3C00:
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::check_underflow(x.data_));
-  case 0x4000:
-    return x * x;
-  case 0xBC00:
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00) / x;
-  }
-  for (; absx < 0x400; absx <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  detail::uint32 ilog = exp + (absx >> 10), msign = detail::sign_mask(ilog), f,
-                 m = (((ilog << 27) +
-                       ((detail::log2(static_cast<detail::uint32>((absx & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 20) + 8) >> 4)) ^
-                      msign) -
-                     msign;
-  for (exp = -11; m < 0x80000000; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  m = detail::multiply64(m, static_cast<detail::uint32>((absy & 0x3FF) | 0x400) << 21);
-  int i = m >> 31;
-  exp += (absy >> 10) + i;
-  m <<= 1 - i;
-  if (exp < 0) {
-    f = m >> -exp;
-    exp = 0;
-  } else {
-    f = (m << exp) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
-    exp = m >> (31 - exp);
-  }
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::exp2_post<half::round_style>(f, exp, ((msign & 1) ^ (y.data_ >> 15)) != 0, sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor trigonometric
-/// \name Trigonometric functions
-/// \{
-
-/// Compute sine and cosine simultaneously.
-///	This returns the same results as sin() and cos() but is faster than calling each function individually.
-///
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \param sin variable to take sine of \a arg
-/// \param cos variable to take cosine of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or infinity
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline void sincos(half arg, half *sin, half *cos) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  detail::internal_t f = detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_);
-  *sin = half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::sin(f)));
-  *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::cos(f)));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ >> 15, k;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    *sin = *cos = half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  else if (!abs) {
-    *sin = arg;
-    *cos = half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  } else if (abs < 0x2500) {
-    *sin = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 1, 1, 1));
-    *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x3BFF, 1, 1));
-  } else {
-    if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest) {
-      switch (abs) {
-      case 0x48B7:
-        *sin = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((~arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x1D07, 1, 1));
-        *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0xBBFF, 1, 1));
-        return;
-      case 0x598C:
-        *sin = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x3BFF, 1, 1));
-        *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x80FC, 1, 1));
-        return;
-      case 0x6A64:
-        *sin = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((~arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x3BFE, 1, 1));
-        *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x27FF, 1, 1));
-        return;
-      case 0x6D8C:
-        *sin = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x0FE6, 1, 1));
-        *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x3BFF, 1, 1));
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-    std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> sc = detail::sincos(detail::angle_arg(abs, k), 28);
-    switch (k & 3) {
-    case 1:
-      sc = std::make_pair(sc.second, -sc.first);
-      break;
-    case 2:
-      sc = std::make_pair(-sc.first, -sc.second);
-      break;
-    case 3:
-      sc = std::make_pair(-sc.second, sc.first);
-      break;
-    }
-    *sin = half(detail::binary,
-                detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, true, true, true>(
-                    (sc.first ^ -static_cast<detail::uint32>(sign)) + sign));
-    *cos = half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, true, true, true>(sc.second));
-  }
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Sine function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::sin](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/sin).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return sine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or infinity
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half sin(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::sin(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, k;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs < 0x2900)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 1, 1, 1));
-  if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest)
-    switch (abs) {
-    case 0x48B7:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((~arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x1D07, 1, 1));
-    case 0x6A64:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((~arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x3BFE, 1, 1));
-    case 0x6D8C:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x0FE6, 1, 1));
-    }
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> sc = detail::sincos(detail::angle_arg(abs, k), 28);
-  detail::uint32 sign = -static_cast<detail::uint32>(((k >> 1) & 1) ^ (arg.data_ >> 15));
-  return half(
-      detail::binary,
-      detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, true, true, true>((((k & 1) ? sc.second : sc.first) ^ sign) - sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Cosine function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::cos](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/cos).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return cosine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or infinity
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half cos(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::cos(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, k;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs < 0x2500)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x3BFF, 1, 1));
-  if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest && abs == 0x598C)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x80FC, 1, 1));
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> sc = detail::sincos(detail::angle_arg(abs, k), 28);
-  detail::uint32 sign = -static_cast<detail::uint32>(((k >> 1) ^ k) & 1);
-  return half(
-      detail::binary,
-      detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, true, true, true>((((k & 1) ? sc.first : sc.second) ^ sign) - sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Tangent function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::tan](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/tan).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return tangent value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or infinity
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half tan(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::tan(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = 13, k;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs < 0x2700)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_, 0, 1));
-  if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest)
-    switch (abs) {
-    case 0x658C:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x07E6, 1, 1));
-    case 0x7330:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((~arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x4B62, 1, 1));
-    }
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> sc = detail::sincos(detail::angle_arg(abs, k), 30);
-  if (k & 1)
-    sc = std::make_pair(-sc.second, sc.first);
-  detail::uint32 signy = detail::sign_mask(sc.first), signx = detail::sign_mask(sc.second);
-  detail::uint32 my = (sc.first ^ signy) - signy, mx = (sc.second ^ signx) - signx;
-  for (; my < 0x80000000; my <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  for (; mx < 0x80000000; mx <<= 1, ++exp)
-    ;
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::tangent_post<half::round_style>(my, mx, exp, (signy ^ signx ^ arg.data_) & 0x8000));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Arc sine.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::asin](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/asin).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return arc sine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or if abs(\a arg) > 1
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half asin(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::asin(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (abs > 0x7C00)   ? detail::signal(arg.data_)
-                : (abs > 0x3C00) ? detail::invalid()
-                                 : detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(sign | 0x3E48, 0, 1));
-  if (abs < 0x2900)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_, 0, 1));
-  if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest && (abs == 0x2B44 || abs == 0x2DC3))
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ + 1, 1, 1));
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> sc = detail::atan2_args(abs);
-  detail::uint32 m = detail::atan2(sc.first, sc.second, (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 27 : 26);
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, false, true, true>(m, 14, sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Arc cosine function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::acos](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/acos).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return arc cosine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or if abs(\a arg) > 1
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half acos(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::acos(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ >> 15;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x3E48, 0, 1));
-  if (abs >= 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (abs > 0x7C00)   ? detail::signal(arg.data_)
-                : (abs > 0x3C00) ? detail::invalid()
-                : sign           ? detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(0x4248, 0, 1)
-                                 : 0);
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> cs = detail::atan2_args(abs);
-  detail::uint32 m = detail::atan2(cs.second, cs.first, 28);
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 31, false, true, true>(sign ? (0xC90FDAA2 - m) : m, 15, 0, sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Arc tangent function.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::atan](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/atan).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return arc tangent value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half atan(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::atan(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (abs == 0x7C00) ? detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(sign | 0x3E48, 0, 1)
-                                : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs <= 0x2700)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 1, 1, 1));
-  int exp = (abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF);
-  detail::uint32 my = (abs & 0x3FF) | ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10);
-  detail::uint32 m =
-      (exp > 15)
-          ? detail::atan2(my << 19, 0x20000000 >> (exp - 15), (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 26 : 24)
-          : detail::atan2(my << (exp + 4), 0x20000000, (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 30 : 28);
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 30, false, true, true>(m, 14, sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Arc tangent function.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result in ~0.005% of inputs for `std::round_to_nearest`,
-/// in ~0.1% of inputs for `std::round_toward_zero` and in ~0.02% of inputs for any other rounding mode.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::atan2](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/atan2).
-/// \param y numerator
-/// \param x denominator
-/// \return arc tangent value
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a x or \a y is signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half atan2(half y, half x) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::atan2(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(y.data_),
-                                                               detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(x.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int absx = x.data_ & 0x7FFF, absy = y.data_ & 0x7FFF, signx = x.data_ >> 15, signy = y.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (absx >= 0x7C00 || absy >= 0x7C00) {
-    if (absx > 0x7C00 || absy > 0x7C00)
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::signal(x.data_, y.data_));
-    if (absy == 0x7C00)
-      return half(detail::binary,
-                  (absx < 0x7C00) ? detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x3E48, 0, 1)
-                  : signx         ? detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x40B6, 0, 1)
-                                  : detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x3A48, 0, 1));
-    return (x.data_ == 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, signy)
-                               : half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x4248, 0, 1));
-  }
-  if (!absy)
-    return signx ? half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x4248, 0, 1)) : y;
-  if (!absx)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x3E48, 0, 1));
-  int d = (absy >> 10) + (absy <= 0x3FF) - (absx >> 10) - (absx <= 0x3FF);
-  if (d > (signx ? 18 : 12))
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x3E48, 0, 1));
-  if (signx && d < -11)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(signy | 0x4248, 0, 1));
-  if (!signx && d < ((half::round_style == std::round_toward_zero) ? -15 : -9)) {
-    for (; absy < 0x400; absy <<= 1, --d)
-      ;
-    detail::uint32 mx = ((absx << 1) & 0x7FF) | 0x800, my = ((absy << 1) & 0x7FF) | 0x800;
-    int i = my < mx;
-    d -= i;
-    if (d < -25)
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::underflow<half::round_style>(signy));
-    my <<= 11 + i;
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 11, false, false, true>(my / mx, d + 14, signy, my % mx != 0));
-  }
-  detail::uint32 m = detail::atan2(((absy & 0x3FF) | ((absy > 0x3FF) << 10)) << (19 + ((d < 0)   ? d
-                                                                                       : (d > 0) ? 0
-                                                                                                 : -1)),
-                                   ((absx & 0x3FF) | ((absx > 0x3FF) << 10)) << (19 - ((d > 0)   ? d
-                                                                                       : (d < 0) ? 0
-                                                                                                 : 1)));
-  return half(
-      detail::binary,
-      detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 31, false, true, true>(signx ? (0xC90FDAA2 - m) : m, 15, signy, signx));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor hyperbolic
-/// \name Hyperbolic functions
-/// \{
-
-/// Hyperbolic sine.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::sinh](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/sinh).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return hyperbolic sine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half sinh(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::sinh(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp;
-  if (!abs || abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  if (abs <= 0x2900)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_, 0, 1));
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> mm =
-      detail::hyperbolic_args(abs, exp, (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 29 : 27);
-  detail::uint32 m = mm.first - mm.second;
-  for (exp += 13; m < 0x80000000 && exp; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  unsigned int sign = arg.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (exp > 29)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 31, false, false, true>(m, exp, sign));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hyperbolic cosine.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::cosh](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/cosh).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return hyperbolic cosine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half cosh(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::cosh(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(arg.data_) : 0x7C00);
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> mm =
-      detail::hyperbolic_args(abs, exp, (half::round_style == std::round_to_nearest) ? 23 : 26);
-  detail::uint32 m = mm.first + mm.second, i = (~m & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 31;
-  m = (m >> i) | (m & i) | 0x80000000;
-  if ((exp += 13 + i) > 29)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>());
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::fixed2half<half::round_style, 31, false, false, true>(m, exp));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hyperbolic tangent.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::tanh](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/tanh).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return hyperbolic tangent value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half tanh(half arg) {
-#ifdef HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::tanh(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs > 0x7C00) ? detail::signal(arg.data_) : (arg.data_ - 0x4000));
-  if (abs >= 0x4500)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x3BFF, 1, 1));
-  if (abs < 0x2700)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 1, 1, 1));
-  if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest && abs == 0x2D3F)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 3, 0, 1));
-  std::pair<detail::uint32, detail::uint32> mm = detail::hyperbolic_args(abs, exp, 27);
-  detail::uint32 my = mm.first - mm.second - (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest), mx = mm.first + mm.second,
-                 i = (~mx & 0xFFFFFFFF) >> 31;
-  for (exp = 13; my < 0x80000000; my <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  mx = (mx >> i) | 0x80000000;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::tangent_post<half::round_style>(my, mx, exp - i, arg.data_ & 0x8000));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hyperbolic area sine.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::asinh](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/asinh).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return area sine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half asinh(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::asinh(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (!abs || abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  if (abs <= 0x2900)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 1, 1, 1));
-  if (half::round_style != std::round_to_nearest)
-    switch (abs) {
-    case 0x32D4:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 13, 1, 1));
-    case 0x3B5B:
-      return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_ - 197, 1, 1));
-    }
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::area<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hyperbolic area cosine.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::acosh](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/acosh).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return area cosine value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or arguments <1
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half acosh(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::acosh(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if ((arg.data_ & 0x8000) || abs < 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs <= 0x7C00) ? detail::invalid() : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs == 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0);
-  if (arg.data_ >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::area<half::round_style, false>(arg.data_));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Hyperbolic area tangent.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::atanh](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/atanh).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return area tangent value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN or if abs(\a arg) > 1
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for +/-1
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half atanh(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::atanh(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp = 0;
-  if (!abs)
-    return arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x3C00)
-    return half(detail::binary,
-                (abs == 0x3C00)   ? detail::pole(arg.data_ & 0x8000)
-                : (abs <= 0x7C00) ? detail::invalid()
-                                  : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (abs < 0x2700)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_, 0, 1));
-  detail::uint32 m = static_cast<detail::uint32>((abs & 0x3FF) | ((abs > 0x3FF) << 10))
-                     << ((abs >> 10) + (abs <= 0x3FF) + 6),
-                 my = 0x80000000 + m, mx = 0x80000000 - m;
-  for (; mx < 0x80000000; mx <<= 1, ++exp)
-    ;
-  int i = my >= mx, s;
-  return half(
-      detail::binary,
-      detail::log2_post<half::round_style, 0xB8AA3B2A>(
-          detail::log2((detail::divide64(my >> i, mx, s) + 1) >> 1, 27) + 0x10, exp + i - 1, 16, arg.data_ & 0x8000));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor special
-/// \name Error and gamma functions
-/// \{
-
-/// Error function.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result for any rounding mode in <0.5% of inputs.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::erf](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/erf).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return error function value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half erf(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::erf(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (!abs || abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs >= 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? (arg.data_ - 0x4000) : detail::signal(arg.data_))
-                           : arg;
-  if (abs >= 0x4200)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x3BFF, 1, 1));
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::erf<half::round_style, false>(arg.data_));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Complementary error function.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result for any rounding mode in <0.5% of inputs.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::erfc](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/erfc).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return 1 minus error function value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half erfc(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::erfc(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (abs >= 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? (sign >> 1) : detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0x3C00);
-  if (abs >= 0x4400)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::rounded<half::round_style, true>((sign >> 1) - (sign >> 15), sign >> 15, 1));
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::erf<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Natural logarithm of gamma function.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result for any rounding mode in ~0.025% of inputs.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::lgamma](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/lgamma).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return natural logarith of gamma function for \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for 0 or negative integer arguments
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half lgamma(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::lgamma(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? 0x7C00 : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (!abs || arg.data_ >= 0xE400 || (arg.data_ >= 0xBC00 && !(abs & ((1 << (25 - (abs >> 10))) - 1))))
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole());
-  if (arg.data_ == 0x3C00 || arg.data_ == 0x4000)
-    return half(detail::binary, 0);
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::gamma<half::round_style, true>(arg.data_));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// Gamma function.
-/// This function may be 1 ULP off the correctly rounded exact result for any rounding mode in <0.25% of inputs.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::tgamma](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/tgamma).
-/// \param arg function argument
-/// \return gamma function value of \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN, negative infinity or negative integer arguments
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for 0
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half tgamma(half arg) {
-#if defined(HALF_ARITHMETIC_TYPE) && HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_CMATH
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::float2half<half::round_style>(std::tgamma(detail::half2float<detail::internal_t>(arg.data_))));
-#else
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole(arg.data_));
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return (arg.data_ == 0x7C00) ? arg : half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  if (arg.data_ >= 0xE400 || (arg.data_ >= 0xBC00 && !(abs & ((1 << (25 - (abs >> 10))) - 1))))
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::invalid());
-  if (arg.data_ >= 0xCA80)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::underflow<half::round_style>((1 - ((abs >> (25 - (abs >> 10))) & 1)) << 15));
-  if (arg.data_ <= 0x100 || (arg.data_ >= 0x4900 && arg.data_ < 0x8000))
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>());
-  if (arg.data_ == 0x3C00)
-    return arg;
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::gamma<half::round_style, false>(arg.data_));
-#endif
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor rounding
-/// \name Rounding
-/// \{
-
-/// Nearest integer not less than half value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::ceil](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/ceil).
-/// \param arg half to round
-/// \return nearest integer not less than \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline half ceil(half arg) {
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::integral<std::round_toward_infinity, true, true>(arg.data_));
-}
-
-/// Nearest integer not greater than half value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::floor](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/floor).
-/// \param arg half to round
-/// \return nearest integer not greater than \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline half floor(half arg) {
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::integral<std::round_toward_neg_infinity, true, true>(arg.data_));
-}
-
-/// Nearest integer not greater in magnitude than half value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::trunc](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/trunc).
-/// \param arg half to round
-/// \return nearest integer not greater in magnitude than \a arg
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline half trunc(half arg) {
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::integral<std::round_toward_zero, true, true>(arg.data_));
-}
-
-/// Nearest integer.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::round](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/round).
-/// \param arg half to round
-/// \return nearest integer, rounded away from zero in half-way cases
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline half round(half arg) {
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::integral<std::round_to_nearest, false, true>(arg.data_));
-}
-
-/// Nearest integer.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::lround](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/round).
-/// \param arg half to round
-/// \return nearest integer, rounded away from zero in half-way cases
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if value is not representable as `long`
-inline long lround(half arg) { return detail::half2int<std::round_to_nearest, false, false, long>(arg.data_); }
-
-/// Nearest integer using half's internal rounding mode.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::rint](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/rint).
-/// \param arg half expression to round
-/// \return nearest integer using default rounding mode
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline half rint(half arg) { return half(detail::binary, detail::integral<half::round_style, true, true>(arg.data_)); }
-
-/// Nearest integer using half's internal rounding mode.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::lrint](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/rint).
-/// \param arg half expression to round
-/// \return nearest integer using default rounding mode
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if value is not representable as `long`
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline long lrint(half arg) { return detail::half2int<half::round_style, true, true, long>(arg.data_); }
-
-/// Nearest integer using half's internal rounding mode.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::nearbyint](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/nearbyint).
-/// \param arg half expression to round
-/// \return nearest integer using default rounding mode
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-inline half nearbyint(half arg) {
-  return half(detail::binary, detail::integral<half::round_style, true, false>(arg.data_));
-}
-#if HALF_ENABLE_CPP11_LONG_LONG
-/// Nearest integer.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::llround](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/round).
-/// \param arg half to round
-/// \return nearest integer, rounded away from zero in half-way cases
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if value is not representable as `long long`
-inline long long llround(half arg) {
-  return detail::half2int<std::round_to_nearest, false, false, long long>(arg.data_);
-}
-
-/// Nearest integer using half's internal rounding mode.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::llrint](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/rint).
-/// \param arg half expression to round
-/// \return nearest integer using default rounding mode
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if value is not representable as `long long`
-/// \exception FE_INEXACT if value had to be rounded
-inline long long llrint(half arg) { return detail::half2int<half::round_style, true, true, long long>(arg.data_); }
-#endif
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor float
-/// \name Floating point manipulation
-/// \{
-
-/// Decompress floating-point number.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::frexp](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/frexp).
-/// \param arg number to decompress
-/// \param exp address to store exponent at
-/// \return significant in range [0.5, 1)
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-inline half frexp(half arg, int *exp) {
-  *exp = 0;
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00 || !abs)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --*exp)
-    ;
-  *exp += (abs >> 10) - 14;
-  return half(detail::binary, (arg.data_ & 0x8000) | 0x3800 | (abs & 0x3FF));
-}
-
-/// Multiply by power of two.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::scalbln](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/scalbn).
-/// \param arg number to modify
-/// \param exp power of two to multiply with
-/// \return \a arg multplied by 2 raised to \a exp
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half scalbln(half arg, long exp) {
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, sign = arg.data_ & 0x8000;
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00 || !abs)
-    return (abs > 0x7C00) ? half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_)) : arg;
-  for (; abs < 0x400; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  exp += abs >> 10;
-  if (exp > 30)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::overflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  else if (exp < -10)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::underflow<half::round_style>(sign));
-  else if (exp > 0)
-    return half(detail::binary, sign | (exp << 10) | (abs & 0x3FF));
-  unsigned int m = (abs & 0x3FF) | 0x400;
-  return half(detail::binary,
-              detail::rounded<half::round_style, false>(
-                  sign | (m >> (1 - exp)), (m >> -exp) & 1, (m & ((1 << -exp) - 1)) != 0));
-}
-
-/// Multiply by power of two.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::scalbn](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/scalbn).
-/// \param arg number to modify
-/// \param exp power of two to multiply with
-/// \return \a arg multplied by 2 raised to \a exp
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half scalbn(half arg, int exp) { return scalbln(arg, exp); }
-
-/// Multiply by power of two.
-/// This function is exact to rounding for all rounding modes.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::ldexp](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/ldexp).
-/// \param arg number to modify
-/// \param exp power of two to multiply with
-/// \return \a arg multplied by 2 raised to \a exp
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-inline half ldexp(half arg, int exp) { return scalbln(arg, exp); }
-
-/// Extract integer and fractional parts.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::modf](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/modf).
-/// \param arg number to decompress
-/// \param iptr address to store integer part at
-/// \return fractional part
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-inline half modf(half arg, half *iptr) {
-  unsigned int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (abs > 0x7C00) {
-    arg = half(detail::binary, detail::signal(arg.data_));
-    return *iptr = arg, arg;
-  }
-  if (abs >= 0x6400)
-    return *iptr = arg, half(detail::binary, arg.data_ & 0x8000);
-  if (abs < 0x3C00)
-    return iptr->data_ = arg.data_ & 0x8000, arg;
-  unsigned int exp = abs >> 10, mask = (1 << (25 - exp)) - 1, m = arg.data_ & mask;
-  iptr->data_ = arg.data_ & ~mask;
-  if (!m)
-    return half(detail::binary, arg.data_ & 0x8000);
-  for (; m < 0x400; m <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  return half(detail::binary, (arg.data_ & 0x8000) | (exp << 10) | (m & 0x3FF));
-}
-
-/// Extract exponent.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::ilogb](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/ilogb).
-/// \param arg number to query
-/// \return floating-point exponent
-/// \retval FP_ILOGB0 for zero
-/// \retval FP_ILOGBNAN for NaN
-/// \retval INT_MAX for infinity
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for 0 or infinite values
-inline int ilogb(half arg) {
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp;
-  if (!abs || abs >= 0x7C00) {
-    detail::raise(FE_INVALID);
-    return !abs ? FP_ILOGB0 : (abs == 0x7C00) ? INT_MAX : FP_ILOGBNAN;
-  }
-  for (exp = (abs >> 10) - 15; abs < 0x200; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  return exp;
-}
-
-/// Extract exponent.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::logb](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/logb).
-/// \param arg number to query
-/// \return floating-point exponent
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_DIVBYZERO for 0
-inline half logb(half arg) {
-  int abs = arg.data_ & 0x7FFF, exp;
-  if (!abs)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::pole(0x8000));
-  if (abs >= 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, (abs == 0x7C00) ? 0x7C00 : detail::signal(arg.data_));
-  for (exp = (abs >> 10) - 15; abs < 0x200; abs <<= 1, --exp)
-    ;
-  unsigned int value = static_cast<unsigned>(exp < 0) << 15;
-  if (exp) {
-    unsigned int m = std::abs(exp) << 6;
-    for (exp = 18; m < 0x400; m <<= 1, --exp)
-      ;
-    value |= (exp << 10) + m;
-  }
-  return half(detail::binary, value);
-}
-
-/// Next representable value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::nextafter](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/nextafter).
-/// \param from value to compute next representable value for
-/// \param to direction towards which to compute next value
-/// \return next representable value after \a from in direction towards \a to
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW for infinite result from finite argument
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW for subnormal result
-inline half nextafter(half from, half to) {
-  int fabs = from.data_ & 0x7FFF, tabs = to.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (fabs > 0x7C00 || tabs > 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::signal(from.data_, to.data_));
-  if (from.data_ == to.data_ || !(fabs | tabs))
-    return to;
-  if (!fabs) {
-    detail::raise(FE_UNDERFLOW, !HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT);
-    return half(detail::binary, (to.data_ & 0x8000) + 1);
-  }
-  unsigned int out =
-      from.data_ +
-      (((from.data_ >> 15) ^ static_cast<unsigned>((from.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (from.data_ >> 15)))) <
-                                                   (to.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (to.data_ >> 15))))))
-       << 1) -
-      1;
-  detail::raise(FE_OVERFLOW, fabs < 0x7C00 && (out & 0x7C00) == 0x7C00);
-  detail::raise(FE_UNDERFLOW, !HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT && (out & 0x7C00) < 0x400);
-  return half(detail::binary, out);
-}
-
-/// Next representable value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::nexttoward](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/nexttoward).
-/// \param from value to compute next representable value for
-/// \param to direction towards which to compute next value
-/// \return next representable value after \a from in direction towards \a to
-/// \exception FE_INVALID for signaling NaN
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW for infinite result from finite argument
-/// \exception FE_UNDERFLOW for subnormal result
-inline half nexttoward(half from, long double to) {
-  int fabs = from.data_ & 0x7FFF;
-  if (fabs > 0x7C00)
-    return half(detail::binary, detail::signal(from.data_));
-  long double lfrom = static_cast<long double>(from);
-  if (detail::builtin_isnan(to) || lfrom == to)
-    return half(static_cast<float>(to));
-  if (!fabs) {
-    detail::raise(FE_UNDERFLOW, !HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT);
-    return half(detail::binary, (static_cast<unsigned>(detail::builtin_signbit(to)) << 15) + 1);
-  }
-  unsigned int out = from.data_ + (((from.data_ >> 15) ^ static_cast<unsigned>(lfrom < to)) << 1) - 1;
-  detail::raise(FE_OVERFLOW, (out & 0x7FFF) == 0x7C00);
-  detail::raise(FE_UNDERFLOW, !HALF_ERRHANDLING_UNDERFLOW_TO_INEXACT && (out & 0x7FFF) < 0x400);
-  return half(detail::binary, out);
-}
-
-/// Take sign.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::copysign](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/copysign).
-/// \param x value to change sign for
-/// \param y value to take sign from
-/// \return value equal to \a x in magnitude and to \a y in sign
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR half copysign(half x, half y) {
-  return half(detail::binary, x.data_ ^ ((x.data_ ^ y.data_) & 0x8000));
-}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor classification
-/// \name Floating point classification
-/// \{
-
-/// Classify floating-point value.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fpclassify](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/fpclassify).
-/// \param arg number to classify
-/// \retval FP_ZERO for positive and negative zero
-/// \retval FP_SUBNORMAL for subnormal numbers
-/// \retval FP_INFINITY for positive and negative infinity
-/// \retval FP_NAN for NaNs
-/// \retval FP_NORMAL for all other (normal) values
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR int fpclassify(half arg) {
-  return !(arg.data_ & 0x7FFF)              ? FP_ZERO
-         : ((arg.data_ & 0x7FFF) < 0x400)   ? FP_SUBNORMAL
-         : ((arg.data_ & 0x7FFF) < 0x7C00)  ? FP_NORMAL
-         : ((arg.data_ & 0x7FFF) == 0x7C00) ? FP_INFINITE
-                                            : FP_NAN;
-}
-
-/// Check if finite number.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isfinite](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isfinite).
-/// \param arg number to check
-/// \retval true if neither infinity nor NaN
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isfinite(half arg) { return (arg.data_ & 0x7C00) != 0x7C00; }
-
-/// Check for infinity.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isinf](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isinf).
-/// \param arg number to check
-/// \retval true for positive or negative infinity
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isinf(half arg) { return (arg.data_ & 0x7FFF) == 0x7C00; }
-
-/// Check for NaN.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isnan](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isnan).
-/// \param arg number to check
-/// \retval true for NaNs
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isnan(half arg) { return (arg.data_ & 0x7FFF) > 0x7C00; }
-
-/// Check if normal number.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isnormal](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isnormal).
-/// \param arg number to check
-/// \retval true if normal number
-/// \retval false if either subnormal, zero, infinity or NaN
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isnormal(half arg) { return ((arg.data_ & 0x7C00) != 0) & ((arg.data_ & 0x7C00) != 0x7C00); }
-
-/// Check sign.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::signbit](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/signbit).
-/// \param arg number to check
-/// \retval true for negative number
-/// \retval false for positive number
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool signbit(half arg) { return (arg.data_ & 0x8000) != 0; }
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor compfunc
-/// \name Comparison
-/// \{
-
-/// Quiet comparison for greater than.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isgreater](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isgreater).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x greater than \a y
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isgreater(half x, half y) {
-  return ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) >
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15)) &&
-         !isnan(x) && !isnan(y);
-}
-
-/// Quiet comparison for greater equal.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for
-/// [std::isgreaterequal](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isgreaterequal). \param x first operand \param
-/// y second operand \retval true if \a x greater equal \a y \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isgreaterequal(half x, half y) {
-  return ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) >=
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15)) &&
-         !isnan(x) && !isnan(y);
-}
-
-/// Quiet comparison for less than.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isless](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isless).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x less than \a y
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isless(half x, half y) {
-  return ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) <
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15)) &&
-         !isnan(x) && !isnan(y);
-}
-
-/// Quiet comparison for less equal.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::islessequal](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/islessequal).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if \a x less equal \a y
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool islessequal(half x, half y) {
-  return ((x.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (x.data_ >> 15)))) + (x.data_ >> 15)) <=
-             ((y.data_ ^ (0x8000 | (0x8000 - (y.data_ >> 15)))) + (y.data_ >> 15)) &&
-         !isnan(x) && !isnan(y);
-}
-
-/// Quiet comarison for less or greater.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::islessgreater](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/islessgreater).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if either less or greater
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool islessgreater(half x, half y) {
-  return x.data_ != y.data_ && ((x.data_ | y.data_) & 0x7FFF) && !isnan(x) && !isnan(y);
-}
-
-/// Quiet check if unordered.
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::isunordered](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isunordered).
-/// \param x first operand
-/// \param y second operand
-/// \retval true if unordered (one or two NaN operands)
-/// \retval false else
-inline HALF_CONSTEXPR bool isunordered(half x, half y) { return isnan(x) || isnan(y); }
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor casting
-/// \name Casting
-/// \{
-
-/// Cast to or from half-precision floating-point number.
-/// This casts between [half](\ref half_float::half) and any built-in arithmetic type. The values are converted
-/// directly using the default rounding mode, without any roundtrip over `float` that a `static_cast` would otherwise
-/// do.
-///
-/// Using this cast with neither of the two types being a [half](\ref half_float::half) or with any of the two types
-/// not being a built-in arithmetic type (apart from [half](\ref half_float::half), of course) results in a compiler
-/// error and casting between [half](\ref half_float::half)s returns the argument unmodified.
-/// \tparam T destination type (half or built-in arithmetic type)
-/// \tparam U source type (half or built-in arithmetic type)
-/// \param arg value to cast
-/// \return \a arg converted to destination type
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a T is integer type and result is not representable as \a T
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-template <typename T, typename U> T half_cast(U arg) { return detail::half_caster<T, U>::cast(arg); }
-
-/// Cast to or from half-precision floating-point number.
-/// This casts between [half](\ref half_float::half) and any built-in arithmetic type. The values are converted
-/// directly using the specified rounding mode, without any roundtrip over `float` that a `static_cast` would otherwise
-/// do.
-///
-/// Using this cast with neither of the two types being a [half](\ref half_float::half) or with any of the two types
-/// not being a built-in arithmetic type (apart from [half](\ref half_float::half), of course) results in a compiler
-/// error and casting between [half](\ref half_float::half)s returns the argument unmodified.
-/// \tparam T destination type (half or built-in arithmetic type)
-/// \tparam R rounding mode to use.
-/// \tparam U source type (half or built-in arithmetic type)
-/// \param arg value to cast
-/// \return \a arg converted to destination type
-/// \exception FE_INVALID if \a T is integer type and result is not representable as \a T
-/// \exception FE_OVERFLOW, ...UNDERFLOW, ...INEXACT according to rounding
-template <typename T, std::float_round_style R, typename U> T half_cast(U arg) {
-  return detail::half_caster<T, U, R>::cast(arg);
-}
-/// \}
-
-/// \}
-/// \anchor errors
-/// \name Error handling
-/// \{
-
-/// Clear exception flags.
-/// This function works even if [automatic exception flag handling](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS) is disabled,
-/// but in that case manual flag management is the only way to raise flags.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::feclearexcept](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/fenv/feclearexcept).
-/// \param excepts OR of exceptions to clear
-/// \retval 0 all selected flags cleared successfully
-inline int feclearexcept(int excepts) {
-  detail::errflags() &= ~excepts;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/// Test exception flags.
-/// This function works even if [automatic exception flag handling](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS) is disabled,
-/// but in that case manual flag management is the only way to raise flags.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fetestexcept](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/fenv/fetestexcept).
-/// \param excepts OR of exceptions to test
-/// \return OR of selected exceptions if raised
-inline int fetestexcept(int excepts) { return detail::errflags() & excepts; }
-
-/// Raise exception flags.
-/// This raises the specified floating point exceptions and also invokes any additional automatic exception handling as
-/// configured with the [HALF_ERRHANDLIG_...](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_ERRNO) preprocessor symbols.
-/// This function works even if [automatic exception flag handling](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS) is disabled,
-/// but in that case manual flag management is the only way to raise flags.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::feraiseexcept](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/fenv/feraiseexcept).
-/// \param excepts OR of exceptions to raise
-/// \retval 0 all selected exceptions raised successfully
-inline int feraiseexcept(int excepts) {
-  detail::errflags() |= excepts;
-  detail::raise(excepts);
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/// Save exception flags.
-/// This function works even if [automatic exception flag handling](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS) is disabled,
-/// but in that case manual flag management is the only way to raise flags.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fegetexceptflag](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/fenv/feexceptflag).
-/// \param flagp adress to store flag state at
-/// \param excepts OR of flags to save
-/// \retval 0 for success
-inline int fegetexceptflag(int *flagp, int excepts) {
-  *flagp = detail::errflags() & excepts;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/// Restore exception flags.
-/// This only copies the specified exception state (including unset flags) without incurring any additional exception
-/// handling. This function works even if [automatic exception flag handling](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS) is disabled,
-/// but in that case manual flag management is the only way to raise flags.
-///
-/// **See also:** Documentation for [std::fesetexceptflag](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/fenv/feexceptflag).
-/// \param flagp adress to take flag state from
-/// \param excepts OR of flags to restore
-/// \retval 0 for success
-inline int fesetexceptflag(const int *flagp, int excepts) {
-  detail::errflags() = (detail::errflags() | (*flagp & excepts)) & (*flagp | ~excepts);
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/// Throw C++ exceptions based on set exception flags.
-/// This function manually throws a corresponding C++ exception if one of the specified flags is set,
-/// no matter if automatic throwing (via [HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_...](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_THROW_INVALID)) is enabled
-/// or not. This function works even if [automatic exception flag handling](\ref HALF_ERRHANDLING_FLAGS) is disabled,
-/// but in that case manual flag management is the only way to raise flags.
-/// \param excepts OR of exceptions to test
-/// \param msg error message to use for exception description
-/// \throw std::domain_error if `FE_INVALID` or `FE_DIVBYZERO` is selected and set
-/// \throw std::overflow_error if `FE_OVERFLOW` is selected and set
-/// \throw std::underflow_error if `FE_UNDERFLOW` is selected and set
-/// \throw std::range_error if `FE_INEXACT` is selected and set
-inline void fethrowexcept(int excepts, const char *msg = "") {
-  excepts &= detail::errflags();
-  if (excepts & (FE_INVALID | FE_DIVBYZERO))
-    throw std::domain_error(msg);
-  if (excepts & FE_OVERFLOW)
-    throw std::overflow_error(msg);
-  if (excepts & FE_UNDERFLOW)
-    throw std::underflow_error(msg);
-  if (excepts & FE_INEXACT)
-    throw std::range_error(msg);
-}
-/// \}
-} // namespace half_float
-
-#undef HALF_UNUSED_NOERR
-#undef HALF_CONSTEXPR
-#undef HALF_CONSTEXPR_CONST
-#undef HALF_CONSTEXPR_NOERR
-#undef HALF_NOEXCEPT
-#undef HALF_NOTHROW
-#undef HALF_THREAD_LOCAL
-#undef HALF_TWOS_COMPLEMENT_INT
-#ifdef HALF_POP_WARNINGS
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#undef HALF_POP_WARNINGS
-#endif
-

From d5916580358c289dea0e6ae9af0502993f20dd85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 11:43:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 153/182] Fix invalid memory access when reading colour maps

In 62861585ac9dedfdc64d2879124ab392ac4736a4, as part of #2911,
ColourMap::maps was converted from a null-terminated C array to a
std::vector. However, the loops iterating over this list weren't updated
and were still relying on null-termination causing an invalid memory
access. This also resulted mrview crashing on MacOS.
---
 src/colourmap.h                     | 33 ++++++++---------------------
 src/gui/mrview/colourmap_button.cpp | 12 +++++------
 src/gui/mrview/gui_image.cpp        |  9 +++++---
 src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/colourmap.h b/src/colourmap.h
index 897806df0a..f3615c61e6 100644
--- a/src/colourmap.h
+++ b/src/colourmap.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "exception.h"
 #include "types.h"
 #include <functional>
 
@@ -51,38 +52,22 @@ class Entry {
 
 extern const std::vector<Entry> maps;
 
-inline size_t num() {
-  size_t n = 0;
-  while (maps[n].name)
-    ++n;
-  return n;
-}
+inline size_t num() { return maps.size(); }
 
 inline size_t num_scalar() {
-  size_t n = 0, i = 0;
-  while (maps[i].name) {
-    if (!maps[i].special)
-      ++n;
-    ++i;
-  }
-  return n;
+  return std::count_if(maps.begin(), maps.end(), [](const Entry &map) { return map.special; });
 }
 
 inline size_t index(const std::string &name) {
-  size_t n = 0;
-  while (maps[n].name != name)
-    ++n;
-  return n;
+  auto it = std::find_if(maps.begin(), maps.end(), [&name](const Entry &map) { return map.name == name; });
+
+  if (it == maps.end())
+    throw MR::Exception("Colour map \"" + name + "\" not found");
+  return std::distance(maps.begin(), it);
 }
 
 inline size_t num_special() {
-  size_t n = 0, i = 0;
-  while (maps[i].name) {
-    if (maps[i].special)
-      ++n;
-    ++i;
-  }
-  return n;
+  return std::count_if(maps.begin(), maps.end(), [](const Entry &map) { return map.special; });
 }
 
 } // namespace MR::ColourMap
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/colourmap_button.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/colourmap_button.cpp
index bbe4c911ca..b6d331c349 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/colourmap_button.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/colourmap_button.cpp
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ void ColourMapButton::init_core_menu_items(bool create_shortcuts) {
   core_colourmaps_actions->setExclusive(true);
 
   size_t n = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0; ColourMap::maps[i].name; ++i) {
-    if (!ColourMap::maps[i].special && !ColourMap::maps[i].is_colour) {
-      QAction *action = new QAction(ColourMap::maps[i].name, this);
+  for (const auto &map : ColourMap::maps) {
+    if (!map.special && !map.is_colour) {
+      QAction *action = new QAction(map.name, this);
       action->setCheckable(true);
       core_colourmaps_actions->addAction(action);
 
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ void ColourMapButton::init_custom_colour_menu_items() {
 
 void ColourMapButton::init_special_colour_menu_items(bool create_shortcuts) {
   size_t n = colourmap_actions.size();
-  for (size_t i = 0; ColourMap::maps[i].name; ++i) {
-    if (ColourMap::maps[i].special) {
-      QAction *action = new QAction(ColourMap::maps[i].name, this);
+  for (const auto &map : ColourMap::maps) {
+    if (map.special) {
+      QAction *action = new QAction(map.name, this);
       action->setCheckable(true);
       core_colourmaps_actions->addAction(action);
 
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/gui_image.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/gui_image.cpp
index a7c26efd77..4673c3953f 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/gui_image.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/gui_image.cpp
@@ -115,9 +115,12 @@ size_t Image::guess_colourmap() const {
     if (header().size(3) == 3)
       map = "RGB";
   }
-  for (size_t n = 0; ColourMap::maps[n].name; ++n)
-    if (ColourMap::maps[n].name == map)
-      return n;
+  auto it = std::find_if(
+      ColourMap::maps.begin(), ColourMap::maps.end(), [&map](const auto &entry) { return entry.name == map; });
+  if (it != ColourMap::maps.end()) {
+    return std::distance(ColourMap::maps.begin(), it);
+  }
+
   return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp b/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp
index d597b7db6e..aed8a5b189 100644
--- a/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/mrview/tool/fixel/fixel.cpp
@@ -415,8 +415,8 @@ void Fixel::update_gui_colour_controls(bool reload_colour_types) {
   // how many menu elements were actually created by ColourMap::create_menu()
   static size_t colourmap_count = 0;
   if (!colourmap_count) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; ColourMap::maps[i].name; ++i) {
-      if (!ColourMap::maps[i].special)
+    for (const auto &map : ColourMap::maps) {
+      if (!map.special)
         ++colourmap_count;
     }
   }

From ab987ea9bddbff1d287f0ade6d7185d32d5db28f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 20 Aug 2024 15:48:42 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 154/182] clang-format-all: Fix shebang

---
 clang-format-all | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/clang-format-all b/clang-format-all
index 62be97164c..b5a5649c28 100755
--- a/clang-format-all
+++ b/clang-format-all
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/env/python3
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 # Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
 #

From a3b583d0887284af11e28b35e27d1ecf78276c6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
Date: Fri, 23 Aug 2024 12:27:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 155/182] Update .git-blame-ignore-devs

---
 .git-blame-ignore-revs | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.git-blame-ignore-revs b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
index b4c7ce0d90..d3e5237cdf 100644
--- a/.git-blame-ignore-revs
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -124,3 +124,8 @@ cd8a6f1c2d0debcf3a6de185f8b92fc0be3e1401
 #Author: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
 #Date:   Sun Jun 9 20:33:33 2024 +1000
 #    population_template: Split source code between files
+
+10c49930a63e6a2b0ce7d25d3f6d8dde290b2719
+#Author: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
+#Date:   Mon, 19 Aug 2024 16:18:12 +0100
+#    Remove core/file/json.h and core/half.hpp

From 4f52a59e1bfbe5f6dcfe17f4d5021ec703844599 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 2024 15:03:23 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 156/182] dirmerge: Code formatting fixes from CI

---
 cmd/dirmerge.cpp | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/dirmerge.cpp b/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
index 4ec4d4904f..cb8f533d56 100644
--- a/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ void run() {
     return largestshell_index;
   }();
   INFO("first volume will be from shell b=" + str(bvalue[largest_shell]));
-  size_t largest_subset_within_largest_shell = [&] {
+  const size_t largest_subset_within_largest_shell = [&] {
     size_t largestsubset_index = 0;
     size_t largestsubset_n = dirs[largest_shell][0].size();
     for (size_t n = 1; n != dirs[largest_shell].size(); ++n) {
@@ -149,7 +149,8 @@ void run() {
   }
   std::random_device rd;
   std::mt19937 rng(rd());
-  const size_t first = std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>(0, dirs[largest_shell][largest_subset_within_largest_shell].size() - 1)(rng);
+  const size_t first = std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>(
+      0, dirs[largest_shell][largest_subset_within_largest_shell].size() - 1)(rng);
 
   std::vector<OutDir> merged;
 

From 02c8a76e35b1df2d25f50a136f5c7938eb981de7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Aug 2024 09:56:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 157/182] Fetch NIfTI headers from remote host

---
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index 2b90d495ef..575661fea3 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -64,4 +64,28 @@ target_include_directories(half INTERFACE "${half_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
 # Nifti headers
 add_library(nifti INTERFACE)
 add_library(nifti::nifti ALIAS nifti)
-target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/thirdparty/nifti")
+
+if(MRTRIX_LOCAL_DEPENDENCIES)
+    target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR}/nifti")
+else()
+    include(ExternalProject)
+    ExternalProject_Add(
+        nifti1
+        PREFIX nifti
+        URL "https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/src/nifti2/nifti1.h"
+        CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND ""
+        DOWNLOAD_NO_EXTRACT ON
+        DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON
+    )
+    ExternalProject_Add(
+        nifti2
+        PREFIX nifti
+        URL "https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/src/nifti2/nifti2.h"
+        CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND ""
+        DOWNLOAD_NO_EXTRACT ON
+        DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON
+    )
+    target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/nifti/src/")
+    target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/nifti/src/")
+endif()
+

From b17370c528e113d356cd11f5a2f9e5d3bbcd32e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MRtrixBot <gitbot@mrtrix.org>
Date: Thu, 29 Aug 2024 09:57:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 158/182] Remove NIfTI headers from codebase

---
 thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h | 1446 -------------------------------------
 thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h |  120 ---
 2 files changed, 1566 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h
 delete mode 100644 thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h

diff --git a/thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h b/thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e1e59b384..0000000000
--- a/thirdparty/nifti/nifti1.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1446 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-/*****************************************************************************
-      ** This file defines the "NIFTI-1" header format.               **
-      ** It is derived from 2 meetings at the NIH (31 Mar 2003 and    **
-      ** 02 Sep 2003) of the Data Format Working Group (DFWG),        **
-      ** chartered by the NIfTI (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology  **
-      ** Initiative) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).      **
-      **--------------------------------------------------------------**
-      ** Neither the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the DFWG,   **
-      ** nor any of the members or employees of these institutions    **
-      ** imply any warranty of usefulness of this material for any    **
-      ** purpose, and do not assume any liability for damages,        **
-      ** incidental or otherwise, caused by any use of this document. **
-      ** If these conditions are not acceptable, do not use this!     **
-      **--------------------------------------------------------------**
-      ** Author:   Robert W Cox (NIMH, Bethesda)                      **
-      ** Advisors: John Ashburner (FIL, London),                      **
-      **           Stephen Smith (FMRIB, Oxford),                     **
-      **           Mark Jenkinson (FMRIB, Oxford)                     **
-******************************************************************************/
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/* Note that the ANALYZE 7.5 file header (dbh.h) is
-         (c) Copyright 1986-1995
-         Biomedical Imaging Resource
-         Mayo Foundation
-   Incorporation of components of dbh.h are by permission of the
-   Mayo Foundation.
-
-   Changes from the ANALYZE 7.5 file header in this file are released to the
-   public domain, including the functional comments and any amusing asides.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/*! INTRODUCTION TO NIFTI-1:
-   ------------------------
-   The twin (and somewhat conflicting) goals of this modified ANALYZE 7.5
-   format are:
-    (a) To add information to the header that will be useful for functional
-        neuroimaging data analysis and display.  These additions include:
-        - More basic data types.
-        - Two affine transformations to specify voxel coordinates.
-        - "Intent" codes and parameters to describe the meaning of the data.
-        - Affine scaling of the stored data values to their "true" values.
-        - Optional storage of the header and image data in one file (.nii).
-    (b) To maintain compatibility with non-NIFTI-aware ANALYZE 7.5 compatible
-        software (i.e., such a program should be able to do something useful
-        with a NIFTI-1 dataset -- at least, with one stored in a traditional
-        .img/.hdr file pair).
-
-   Most of the unused fields in the ANALYZE 7.5 header have been taken,
-   and some of the lesser-used fields have been co-opted for other purposes.
-   Notably, most of the data_history substructure has been co-opted for
-   other purposes, since the ANALYZE 7.5 format describes this substructure
-   as "not required".
-
-   NIFTI-1 FLAG (MAGIC STRINGS):
-   ----------------------------
-   To flag such a struct as being conformant to the NIFTI-1 spec, the last 4
-   bytes of the header must be either the C std::string "ni1" or "n+1";
-   in hexadecimal, the 4 bytes
-     6E 69 31 00   or   6E 2B 31 00
-   (in any future version of this format, the '1' will be upgraded to '2',
-   etc.).  Normally, such a "magic number" or flag goes at the start of the
-   file, but trying to avoid clobbering widely-used ANALYZE 7.5 fields led to
-   putting this marker last.  However, recall that "the last shall be first"
-   (Matthew 20:16).
-
-   If a NIFTI-aware program reads a header file that is NOT marked with a
-   NIFTI magic string, then it should treat the header as an ANALYZE 7.5
-   structure.
-
-   NIFTI-1 FILE STORAGE:
-   --------------------
-   "ni1" means that the image data is stored in the ".img" file corresponding
-   to the header file (starting at file offset 0).
-
-   "n+1" means that the image data is stored in the same file as the header
-   information.  We recommend that the combined header+data filename suffix
-   be ".nii".  When the dataset is stored in one file, the first byte of image
-   data is stored at byte location (int)vox_offset in this combined file.
-   The minimum allowed value of vox_offset is 352; for compatibility with
-   some software, vox_offset should be an integral multiple of 16.
-
-   GRACE UNDER FIRE:
-   ----------------
-   Most NIFTI-aware programs will only be able to handle a subset of the full
-   range of datasets possible with this format.  All NIFTI-aware programs
-   should take care to check if an input dataset conforms to the program's
-   needs and expectations (e.g., check datatype, intent_code, etc.).  If the
-   input dataset can't be handled by the program, the program should fail
-   gracefully (e.g., print a useful warning; not crash).
-
-   SAMPLE CODES:
-   ------------
-   The associated files nifti1_io.h and nifti1_io.c provide a sample
-   implementation in C of a set of functions to read, write, and manipulate
-   NIFTI-1 files.  The file nifti1_test.c is a sample program that uses
-   the nifti1_io.c functions.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/* HEADER STRUCT DECLARATION:
-   -------------------------
-   In the comments below for each field, only NIFTI-1 specific requirements
-   or changes from the ANALYZE 7.5 format are described.  For convenience,
-   the 348 byte header is described as a single struct, rather than as the
-   ANALYZE 7.5 group of 3 substructs.
-
-   Further comments about the interpretation of various elements of this
-   header are after the data type definition itself.  Fields that are
-   marked as ++UNUSED++ have no particular interpretation in this standard.
-   (Also see the UNUSED FIELDS comment section, far below.)
-
-   The presumption below is that the various C types have particular sizes:
-     sizeof(int) = sizeof(float) = 4 ;  sizeof(short) = 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-/*=================*/
-#ifdef  __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-  /*=================*/
-
-  /*! \struct nifti_1_header
-      \brief Data structure defining the fields in the nifti1 header.
-             This binary header should be found at the beginning of a valid
-             NIFTI-1 header file.
-   */
-  /*************************/  /************************/
-  struct nifti_1_header { 
-    /* NIFTI-1 usage         */  /* ANALYZE 7.5 field(s) */
-    /*************************/  /************************/
-
-    /*--- was header_key substruct ---*/
-    int   sizeof_hdr;    /*!< MUST be 348           */  /* int sizeof_hdr;      */
-    char  data_type[10]; /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* char data_type[10];  */
-    char  db_name[18];   /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* char db_name[18];    */
-    int   extents;       /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* int extents;         */
-    short session_error; /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* short session_error; */
-    char  regular;       /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* char regular;        */
-    char  dim_info;      /*!< MRI slice ordering.   */  /* char hkey_un0;       */
-
-    /*--- was image_dimension substruct ---*/
-    short dim[8];        /*!< Data array dimensions.*/  /* short dim[8];        */
-    float intent_p1 ;    /*!< 1st intent parameter. */  /* short unused8;       */
-    /* short unused9;       */
-    float intent_p2 ;    /*!< 2nd intent parameter. */  /* short unused10;      */
-    /* short unused11;      */
-    float intent_p3 ;    /*!< 3rd intent parameter. */  /* short unused12;      */
-    /* short unused13;      */
-    short intent_code ;  /*!< NIFTI_INTENT_* code.  */  /* short unused14;      */
-    short datatype;      /*!< Defines data type!    */  /* short datatype;      */
-    short bitpix;        /*!< Number bits/voxel.    */  /* short bitpix;        */
-    short slice_start;   /*!< First slice index.    */  /* short dim_un0;       */
-    float pixdim[8];     /*!< Grid spacings.        */  /* float pixdim[8];     */
-    float vox_offset;    /*!< Offset into .nii file */  /* float vox_offset;    */
-    float scl_slope ;    /*!< Data scaling: slope.  */  /* float funused1;      */
-    float scl_inter ;    /*!< Data scaling: offset. */  /* float funused2;      */
-    short slice_end;     /*!< Last slice index.     */  /* float funused3;      */
-    char  slice_code ;   /*!< Slice timing order.   */
-    char  xyzt_units ;   /*!< Units of pixdim[1..4] */
-    float cal_max;       /*!< Max display intensity */  /* float cal_max;       */
-    float cal_min;       /*!< Min display intensity */  /* float cal_min;       */
-    float slice_duration;/*!< Time for 1 slice.     */  /* float compressed;    */
-    float toffset;       /*!< Time axis shift.      */  /* float verified;      */
-    int   glmax;         /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* int glmax;           */
-    int   glmin;         /*!< ++UNUSED++            */  /* int glmin;           */
-
-    /*--- was data_history substruct ---*/
-    char  descrip[80];   /*!< any text you like.    */  /* char descrip[80];    */
-    char  aux_file[24];  /*!< auxiliary filename.   */  /* char aux_file[24];   */
-
-    short qform_code ;   /*!< NIFTI_XFORM_* code.   */  /*-- all ANALYZE 7.5 ---*/
-    short sform_code ;   /*!< NIFTI_XFORM_* code.   */  /*   fields below here  */
-    /*   are replaced       */
-    float quatern_b ;    /*!< Versor b param.   */
-    float quatern_c ;    /*!< Versor c param.   */
-    float quatern_d ;    /*!< Versor d param.   */
-    float qoffset_x ;    /*!< Versor x shift.   */
-    float qoffset_y ;    /*!< Versor y shift.   */
-    float qoffset_z ;    /*!< Versor z shift.   */
-
-    float srow_x[4] ;    /*!< 1st row affine transform.   */
-    float srow_y[4] ;    /*!< 2nd row affine transform.   */
-    float srow_z[4] ;    /*!< 3rd row affine transform.   */
-
-    char intent_name[16];/*!< 'name' or meaning of data.  */
-
-    char magic[4] ;      /*!< MUST be "ni1\0" or "n+1\0". */
-
-  } ;                   /**** 348 bytes total ****/
-
-  typedef struct nifti_1_header nifti_1_header ;
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* HEADER EXTENSIONS:
-     -----------------
-     After the end of the 348 byte header (e.g., after the magic field),
-     the next 4 bytes are a char array field named "extension". By default,
-     all 4 bytes of this array should be set to zero. In a .nii file, these
-     4 bytes will always be present, since the earliest start point for
-     the image data is byte #352. In a separate .hdr file, these bytes may
-     or may not be present. If not present (i.e., if the length of the .hdr
-     file is 348 bytes), then a NIfTI-1 compliant program should use the
-     default value of extension={0,0,0,0}. The first byte (extension[0])
-     is the only value of this array that is specified at present. The other
-     3 bytes are reserved for future use.
-
-     If extension[0] is nonzero, it indicates that extended header information
-     is present in the bytes following the extension array. In a .nii file,
-     this extended header data is before the image data (and vox_offset
-     must be set correctly to allow for this). In a .hdr file, this extended
-     data follows extension and proceeds (potentially) to the end of the file.
-
-     The format of extended header data is weakly specified. Each extension
-     must be an integer multiple of 16 bytes long. The first 8 bytes of each
-     extension comprise 2 integers:
-        int esize , ecode ;
-     These values may need to be byte-swapped, as indicated by dim[0] for
-     the rest of the header.
-       * esize is the number of bytes that form the extended header data
-         + esize must be a positive integral multiple of 16
-         + this length includes the 8 bytes of esize and ecode themselves
-       * ecode is a non-negative integer that indicates the format of the
-         extended header data that follows
-         + different ecode values are assigned to different developer groups
-         + at present, the "registered" values for code are
-           = 0 = unknown private format (not recommended!)
-           = 2 = DICOM format (i.e., attribute tags and values)
-           = 4 = AFNI group (i.e., ASCII XML-ish elements)
-     In the interests of interoperability (a primary rationale for NIfTI),
-     groups developing software that uses this extension mechanism are
-     encouraged to document and publicize the format of their extensions.
-     To this end, the NIfTI DFWG will assign even numbered codes upon request
-     to groups submitting at least rudimentary documentation for the format
-     of their extension; at present, the contact is mailto:rwcox@nih.gov.
-     The assigned codes and documentation will be posted on the NIfTI
-     website. All odd values of ecode (and 0) will remain unassigned;
-     at least, until the even ones are used up, when we get to 2,147,483,646.
-
-     Note that the other contents of the extended header data section are
-     totally unspecified by the NIfTI-1 standard. In particular, if binary
-     data is stored in such a section, its byte order is not necessarily
-     the same as that given by examining dim[0]; it is incumbent on the
-     programs dealing with such data to determine the byte order of binary
-     extended header data.
-
-     Multiple extended header sections are allowed, each starting with an
-     esize,ecode value pair. The first esize value, as described above,
-     is at bytes #352-355 in the .hdr or .nii file (files start at byte #0).
-     If this value is positive, then the second (esize2) will be found
-     starting at byte #352+esize1 , the third (esize3) at byte #352+esize1+esize2,
-     et cetera.  Of course, in a .nii file, the value of vox_offset must
-     be compatible with these extensions. If a malformed file indicates
-     that an extended header data section would run past vox_offset, then
-     the entire extended header section should be ignored. In a .hdr file,
-     if an extended header data section would run past the end-of-file,
-     that extended header data should also be ignored.
-
-     With the above scheme, a program can successively examine the esize
-     and ecode values, and skip over each extended header section if the
-     program doesn't know how to interpret the data within. Of course, any
-     program can simply ignore all extended header sections simply by jumping
-     straight to the image data using vox_offset.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*! \struct nifti1_extender
-      \brief This structure represents a 4-byte string that should follow the
-             binary nifti_1_header data in a NIFTI-1 header file.  If the char
-             values are {1,0,0,0}, the file is expected to contain extensions,
-             values of {0,0,0,0} imply the file does not contain extensions.
-             Other sequences of values are not currently defined.
-   */
-  struct nifti1_extender { 
-    char extension[4] ;
-  } ;
-  typedef struct nifti1_extender nifti1_extender ;
-
-  /*! \struct nifti1_extension
-      \brief Data structure defining the fields of a header extension.
-   */
-  struct nifti1_extension { 
-    int    esize ; /*!< size of extension, in bytes (must be multiple of 16) */
-    int    ecode ; /*!< extension code, one of the NIFTI_ECODE_ values       */
-    char* edata ;  /*!< raw data, with no byte swapping                      */
-  } ;
-  typedef struct nifti1_extension nifti1_extension ;
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* DATA DIMENSIONALITY (as in ANALYZE 7.5):
-     ---------------------------------------
-       dim[0] = number of dimensions;
-                - if dim[0] is outside range 1..7, then the header information
-                  needs to be byte swapped appropriately
-                - ANALYZE supports dim[0] up to 7, but NIFTI-1 reserves
-                  dimensions 1,2,3 for space (x,y,z), 4 for time (t), and
-                  5,6,7 for anything else needed.
-
-       dim[i] = length of dimension #i, for i=1..dim[0]  (must be positive)
-                - also see the discussion of intent_code, far below
-
-       pixdim[i] = voxel width along dimension #i, i=1..dim[0] (positive)
-                   - cf. ORIENTATION section below for use of pixdim[0]
-                   - the units of pixdim can be specified with the xyzt_units
-                     field (also described far below).
-
-     Number of bits per voxel value is in bitpix, which MUST correspond with
-     the datatype field.  The total number of bytes in the image data is
-       dim[1] * ... * dim[dim[0]] * bitpix / 8
-
-     In NIFTI-1 files, dimensions 1,2,3 are for space, dimension 4 is for time,
-     and dimension 5 is for storing multiple values at each spatiotemporal
-     voxel.  Some examples:
-       - A typical whole-brain FMRI experiment's time series:
-          - dim[0] = 4
-          - dim[1] = 64   pixdim[1] = 3.75 xyzt_units =  NIFTI_UNITS_MM
-          - dim[2] = 64   pixdim[2] = 3.75             | NIFTI_UNITS_SEC
-          - dim[3] = 20   pixdim[3] = 5.0
-          - dim[4] = 120  pixdim[4] = 2.0
-       - A typical T1-weighted anatomical volume:
-          - dim[0] = 3
-          - dim[1] = 256  pixdim[1] = 1.0  xyzt_units = NIFTI_UNITS_MM
-          - dim[2] = 256  pixdim[2] = 1.0
-          - dim[3] = 128  pixdim[3] = 1.1
-       - A single slice EPI time series:
-          - dim[0] = 4
-          - dim[1] = 64   pixdim[1] = 3.75 xyzt_units =  NIFTI_UNITS_MM
-          - dim[2] = 64   pixdim[2] = 3.75             | NIFTI_UNITS_SEC
-          - dim[3] = 1    pixdim[3] = 5.0
-          - dim[4] = 1200 pixdim[4] = 0.2
-       - A 3-vector stored at each point in a 3D volume:
-          - dim[0] = 5
-          - dim[1] = 256  pixdim[1] = 1.0  xyzt_units = NIFTI_UNITS_MM
-          - dim[2] = 256  pixdim[2] = 1.0
-          - dim[3] = 128  pixdim[3] = 1.1
-          - dim[4] = 1    pixdim[4] = 0.0
-          - dim[5] = 3                     intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_VECTOR
-       - A single time series with a 3x3 matrix at each point:
-          - dim[0] = 5
-          - dim[1] = 1                     xyzt_units = NIFTI_UNITS_SEC
-          - dim[2] = 1
-          - dim[3] = 1
-          - dim[4] = 1200 pixdim[4] = 0.2
-          - dim[5] = 9                     intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_GENMATRIX
-          - intent_p1 = intent_p2 = 3.0    (indicates matrix dimensions)
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* DATA STORAGE:
-     ------------
-     If the magic field is "n+1", then the voxel data is stored in the
-     same file as the header.  In this case, the voxel data starts at offset
-     (int)vox_offset into the header file.  Thus, vox_offset=352.0 means that
-     the data starts immediately after the NIFTI-1 header.  If vox_offset is
-     greater than 352, the NIFTI-1 format does not say much about the
-     contents of the dataset file between the end of the header and the
-     start of the data.
-
-     FILES:
-     -----
-     If the magic field is "ni1", then the voxel data is stored in the
-     associated ".img" file, starting at offset 0 (i.e., vox_offset is not
-     used in this case, and should be set to 0.0).
-
-     When storing NIFTI-1 datasets in pairs of files, it is customary to name
-     the files in the pattern "name.hdr" and "name.img", as in ANALYZE 7.5.
-     When storing in a single file ("n+1"), the file name should be in
-     the form "name.nii" (the ".nft" and ".nif" suffixes are already taken;
-     cf. http://www.icdatamaster.com/n.html ).
-
-     BYTE ORDERING:
-     -------------
-     The byte order of the data arrays is presumed to be the same as the byte
-     order of the header (which is determined by examining dim[0]).
-
-     Floating point types are presumed to be stored in IEEE-754 format.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* DETAILS ABOUT vox_offset:
-     ------------------------
-     In a .nii file, the vox_offset field value is interpreted as the start
-     location of the image data bytes in that file. In a .hdr/.img file pair,
-     the vox_offset field value is the start location of the image data
-     bytes in the .img file.
-      * If vox_offset is less than 352 in a .nii file, it is equivalent
-        to 352 (i.e., image data never starts before byte #352 in a .nii file).
-      * The default value for vox_offset in a .nii file is 352.
-      * In a .hdr file, the default value for vox_offset is 0.
-      * vox_offset should be an integer multiple of 16; otherwise, some
-        programs may not work properly (e.g., SPM). This is to allow
-        memory-mapped input to be properly byte-aligned.
-     Note that since vox_offset is an IEEE-754 32 bit float (for compatibility
-     with the ANALYZE-7.5 format), it effectively has a 24 bit mantissa. All
-     integers from 0 to 2^24 can be represented exactly in this format, but not
-     all larger integers are exactly storable as IEEE-754 32 bit floats. However,
-     unless you plan to have vox_offset be potentially larger than 16 MB, this
-     should not be an issue. (Actually, any integral multiple of 16 up to 2^27
-     can be represented exactly in this format, which allows for up to 128 MB
-     of random information before the image data.  If that isn't enough, then
-     perhaps this format isn't right for you.)
-
-     In a .img file (i.e., image data stored separately from the NIfTI-1
-     header), data bytes between #0 and #vox_offset-1 (inclusive) are completely
-     undefined and unregulated by the NIfTI-1 standard. One potential use of
-     having vox_offset > 0 in the .hdr/.img file pair storage method is to make
-     the .img file be a copy of (or link to) a pre-existing image file in some
-     other format, such as DICOM; then vox_offset would be set to the offset of
-     the image data in this file. (It may not be possible to follow the
-     "multiple-of-16 rule" with an arbitrary external file; using the NIfTI-1
-     format in such a case may lead to a file that is incompatible with software
-     that relies on vox_offset being a multiple of 16.)
-
-     In a .nii file, data bytes between #348 and #vox_offset-1 (inclusive) may
-     be used to store user-defined extra information; similarly, in a .hdr file,
-     any data bytes after byte #347 are available for user-defined extra
-     information. The (very weak) regulation of this extra header data is
-     described elsewhere.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* DATA SCALING:
-     ------------
-     If the scl_slope field is nonzero, then each voxel value in the dataset
-     should be scaled as
-        y = scl_slope * x + scl_inter
-     where x = voxel value stored
-           y = "true" voxel value
-     Normally, we would expect this scaling to be used to store "true" floating
-     values in a smaller integer datatype, but that is not required.  That is,
-     it is legal to use scaling even if the datatype is a float type (crazy,
-     perhaps, but legal).
-      - However, the scaling is to be ignored if datatype is DT_RGB24.
-      - If datatype is a complex type, then the scaling is to be
-        applied to both the real and imaginary parts.
-
-     The cal_min and cal_max fields (if nonzero) are used for mapping (possibly
-     scaled) dataset values to display colors:
-      - Minimum display intensity (black) corresponds to dataset value cal_min.
-      - Maximum display intensity (white) corresponds to dataset value cal_max.
-      - Dataset values below cal_min should display as black also, and values
-        above cal_max as white.
-      - Colors "black" and "white", of course, may refer to any scalar display
-        scheme (e.g., a color lookup table specified via aux_file).
-      - cal_min and cal_max only make sense when applied to scalar-valued
-        datasets (i.e., dim[0] < 5 or dim[5] = 1).
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* TYPE OF DATA (acceptable values for datatype field):
-     ---------------------------------------------------
-     Values of datatype smaller than 256 are ANALYZE 7.5 compatible.
-     Larger values are NIFTI-1 additions.  These are all multiples of 256, so
-     that no bits below position 8 are set in datatype.  But there is no need
-     to use only powers-of-2, as the original ANALYZE 7.5 datatype codes do.
-
-     The additional codes are intended to include a complete list of basic
-     scalar types, including signed and unsigned integers from 8 to 64 bits,
-     floats from 32 to 128 bits, and complex (float pairs) from 64 to 256 bits.
-
-     Note that most programs will support only a few of these datatypes!
-     A NIFTI-1 program should fail gracefully (e.g., print a warning message)
-     when it encounters a dataset with a type it doesn't like.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#undef DT_UNKNOWN  /* defined in dirent.h on some Unix systems */
-
-  /*! \defgroup NIFTI1_DATATYPES
-      \brief nifti1 datatype codes
-      @{
-   */
-  /*--- the original ANALYZE 7.5 type codes ---*/
-#define DT_NONE                    0
-#define DT_UNKNOWN                 0     /* what it says, dude           */
-#define DT_BINARY                  1     /* binary (1 bit/voxel)         */
-#define DT_UNSIGNED_CHAR           2     /* unsigned char (8 bits/voxel) */
-#define DT_SIGNED_SHORT            4     /* signed short (16 bits/voxel) */
-#define DT_SIGNED_INT              8     /* signed int (32 bits/voxel)   */
-#define DT_FLOAT                  16     /* float (32 bits/voxel)        */
-#define DT_COMPLEX                32     /* complex (64 bits/voxel)      */
-#define DT_DOUBLE                 64     /* double (64 bits/voxel)       */
-#define DT_RGB                   128     /* RGB triple (24 bits/voxel)   */
-#define DT_ALL                   255     /* not very useful (?)          */
-
-  /*----- another set of names for the same ---*/
-#define DT_UINT8                   2
-#define DT_INT16                   4
-#define DT_INT32                   8
-#define DT_FLOAT32                16
-#define DT_COMPLEX64              32
-#define DT_FLOAT64                64
-#define DT_RGB24                 128
-
-  /*------------------- new codes for NIFTI ---*/
-#define DT_INT8                  256     /* signed char (8 bits)         */
-#define DT_UINT16                512     /* unsigned short (16 bits)     */
-#define DT_UINT32                768     /* unsigned int (32 bits)       */
-#define DT_INT64                1024     /* long long (64 bits)          */
-#define DT_UINT64               1280     /* unsigned long long (64 bits) */
-#define DT_FLOAT128             1536     /* long double (128 bits)       */
-#define DT_COMPLEX128           1792     /* double pair (128 bits)       */
-#define DT_COMPLEX256           2048     /* long double pair (256 bits)  */
-  /* @} */
-
-
-  /*------- aliases for all the above codes ---*/
-
-  /*! \defgroup NIFTI1_DATATYPE_ALIASES
-      \brief aliases for the nifti1 datatype codes
-      @{
-   */
-  /*! unsigned char. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_UINT8           2
-  /*! signed short. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_INT16           4
-  /*! signed int. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_INT32           8
-  /*! 32 bit float. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_FLOAT32        16
-  /*! 64 bit complex = 2 32 bit floats. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_COMPLEX64      32
-  /*! 64 bit float = double. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_FLOAT64        64
-  /*! 3 8 bit bytes. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_RGB24         128
-  /*! signed char. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_INT8          256
-  /*! unsigned short. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_UINT16        512
-  /*! unsigned int. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_UINT32        768
-  /*! signed long long. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_INT64        1024
-  /*! unsigned long long. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_UINT64       1280
-  /*! 128 bit float = long double. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_FLOAT128     1536
-  /*! 128 bit complex = 2 64 bit floats. */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_COMPLEX128   1792
-  /*! 256 bit complex = 2 128 bit floats */
-#define NIFTI_TYPE_COMPLEX256   2048
-  /* @} */
-
-  /*-------- sample typedefs for complicated types ---*/
-#if 0
-  typedef struct { 
-    float       r,i;
-  } complex_float ;
-  typedef struct { 
-    double      r,i;
-  } complex_double ;
-  typedef struct { 
-    long double r,i;
-  } complex_longdouble ;
-  typedef struct { 
-    unsigned char r,g,b;
-  } rgb_byte ;
-#endif
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* INTERPRETATION OF VOXEL DATA:
-     ----------------------------
-     The intent_code field can be used to indicate that the voxel data has
-     some particular meaning.  In particular, a large number of codes is
-     given to indicate that the the voxel data should be interpreted as
-     being drawn from a given probability distribution.
-
-     VECTOR-VALUED DATASETS:
-     ----------------------
-     The 5th dimension of the dataset, if present (i.e., dim[0]=5 and
-     dim[5] > 1), contains multiple values (e.g., a vector) to be stored
-     at each spatiotemporal location.  For example, the header values
-      - dim[0] = 5
-      - dim[1] = 64
-      - dim[2] = 64
-      - dim[3] = 20
-      - dim[4] = 1     (indicates no time axis)
-      - dim[5] = 3
-      - datatype = DT_FLOAT
-      - intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_VECTOR
-     mean that this dataset should be interpreted as a 3D volume (64x64x20),
-     with a 3-vector of floats defined at each point in the 3D grid.
-
-     A program reading a dataset with a 5th dimension may want to reformat
-     the image data to store each voxels' set of values together in a struct
-     or array.  This programming detail, however, is beyond the scope of the
-     NIFTI-1 file specification!  Uses of dimensions 6 and 7 are also not
-     specified here.
-
-     STATISTICAL PARAMETRIC DATASETS (i.e., SPMs):
-     --------------------------------------------
-     Values of intent_code from NIFTI_FIRST_STATCODE to NIFTI_LAST_STATCODE
-     (inclusive) indicate that the numbers in the dataset should be interpreted
-     as being drawn from a given distribution.  Most such distributions have
-     auxiliary parameters (e.g., NIFTI_INTENT_TTEST has 1 DOF parameter).
-
-     If the dataset DOES NOT have a 5th dimension, then the auxiliary parameters
-     are the same for each voxel, and are given in header fields intent_p1,
-     intent_p2, and intent_p3.
-
-     If the dataset DOES have a 5th dimension, then the auxiliary parameters
-     are different for each voxel.  For example, the header values
-      - dim[0] = 5
-      - dim[1] = 128
-      - dim[2] = 128
-      - dim[3] = 1      (indicates a single slice)
-      - dim[4] = 1      (indicates no time axis)
-      - dim[5] = 2
-      - datatype = DT_FLOAT
-      - intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_TTEST
-     mean that this is a 2D dataset (128x128) of t-statistics, with the
-     t-statistic being in the first "plane" of data and the degrees-of-freedom
-     parameter being in the second "plane" of data.
-
-     If the dataset 5th dimension is used to store the voxel-wise statistical
-     parameters, then dim[5] must be 1 plus the number of parameters required
-     by that distribution (e.g., intent_code=NIFTI_INTENT_TTEST implies dim[5]
-     must be 2, as in the example just above).
-
-     Note: intent_code values 2..10 are compatible with AFNI 1.5x (which is
-     why there is no code with value=1, which is obsolescent in AFNI).
-
-     OTHER INTENTIONS:
-     ----------------
-     The purpose of the intent_* fields is to help interpret the values
-     stored in the dataset.  Some non-statistical values for intent_code
-     and conventions are provided for storing other complex data types.
-
-     The intent_name field provides space for a 15 character (plus 0 byte)
-     'name' string for the type of data stored. Examples:
-      - intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_ESTIMATE; intent_name = "T1";
-         could be used to signify that the voxel values are estimates of the
-         NMR parameter T1.
-      - intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_TTEST; intent_name = "House";
-         could be used to signify that the voxel values are t-statistics
-         for the significance of 'activation' response to a House stimulus.
-      - intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_DISPVECT; intent_name = "ToMNI152";
-         could be used to signify that the voxel values are a displacement
-         vector that transforms each voxel (x,y,z) location to the
-         corresponding location in the MNI152 standard brain.
-      - intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_SYMMATRIX; intent_name = "DTI";
-         could be used to signify that the voxel values comprise a diffusion
-         tensor image.
-
-     If no data name is implied or needed, intent_name[0] should be set to 0.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*! default: no intention is indicated in the header. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_NONE        0
-
-  /*-------- These codes are for probability distributions ---------------*/
-  /* Most distributions have a number of parameters,
-     below denoted by p1, p2, and p3, and stored in
-      - intent_p1, intent_p2, intent_p3 if dataset doesn't have 5th dimension
-      - image data array                if dataset does have 5th dimension
-
-     Functions to compute with many of the distributions below can be found
-     in the CDF library from U Texas.
-
-     Formulas for and discussions of these distributions can be found in the
-     following books:
-
-      [U] Univariate Discrete Distributions,
-          NL Johnson, S Kotz, AW Kemp.
-
-      [C1] Continuous Univariate Distributions, vol. 1,
-           NL Johnson, S Kotz, N Balakrishnan.
-
-      [C2] Continuous Univariate Distributions, vol. 2,
-           NL Johnson, S Kotz, N Balakrishnan.                            */
-  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 32] Correlation coefficient R (1 param):
-       p1 = degrees of freedom
-       R/sqrt(1-R*R) is t-distributed with p1 DOF. */
-
-  /*! \defgroup NIFTI1_INTENT_CODES
-      \brief nifti1 intent codes, to describe intended meaning of dataset contents
-      @{
-   */
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_CORREL      2
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 28] Student t statistic (1 param): p1 = DOF. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_TTEST       3
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 27] Fisher F statistic (2 params):
-       p1 = numerator DOF, p2 = denominator DOF. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_FTEST       4
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 13] Standard normal (0 params): Density = N(0,1). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_ZSCORE      5
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 18] Chi-squared (1 param): p1 = DOF.
-      Density(x) proportional to exp(-x/2) * x^(p1/2-1). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_CHISQ       6
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 25] Beta distribution (2 params): p1=a, p2=b.
-      Density(x) proportional to x^(a-1) * (1-x)^(b-1). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_BETA        7
-
-  /*! [U, chap 3] Binomial distribution (2 params):
-       p1 = number of trials, p2 = probability per trial.
-      Prob(x) = (p1 choose x) * p2^x * (1-p2)^(p1-x), for x=0,1,...,p1. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_BINOM       8
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 17] Gamma distribution (2 params):
-       p1 = shape, p2 = scale.
-      Density(x) proportional to x^(p1-1) * exp(-p2*x). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_GAMMA       9
-
-  /*! [U, chap 4] Poisson distribution (1 param): p1 = mean.
-      Prob(x) = exp(-p1) * p1^x / x! , for x=0,1,2,.... */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_POISSON    10
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 13] Normal distribution (2 params):
-       p1 = mean, p2 = standard deviation. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_NORMAL     11
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 30] Noncentral F statistic (3 params):
-       p1 = numerator DOF, p2 = denominator DOF,
-       p3 = numerator noncentrality parameter.  */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_FTEST_NONC 12
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 29] Noncentral chi-squared statistic (2 params):
-       p1 = DOF, p2 = noncentrality parameter.     */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_CHISQ_NONC 13
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 23] Logistic distribution (2 params):
-       p1 = location, p2 = scale.
-      Density(x) proportional to sech^2((x-p1)/(2*p2)). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_LOGISTIC   14
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 24] Laplace distribution (2 params):
-       p1 = location, p2 = scale.
-      Density(x) proportional to exp(-abs(x-p1)/p2). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_LAPLACE    15
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 26] Uniform distribution: p1 = lower end, p2 = upper end. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_UNIFORM    16
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 31] Noncentral t statistic (2 params):
-       p1 = DOF, p2 = noncentrality parameter. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_TTEST_NONC 17
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 21] Weibull distribution (3 params):
-       p1 = location, p2 = scale, p3 = power.
-      Density(x) proportional to
-       ((x-p1)/p2)^(p3-1) * exp(-((x-p1)/p2)^p3) for x > p1. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_WEIBULL    18
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 18] Chi distribution (1 param): p1 = DOF.
-      Density(x) proportional to x^(p1-1) * exp(-x^2/2) for x > 0.
-       p1 = 1 = 'half normal' distribution
-       p1 = 2 = Rayleigh distribution
-       p1 = 3 = Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.                  */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_CHI        19
-
-  /*! [C1, chap 15] Inverse Gaussian (2 params):
-       p1 = mu, p2 = lambda
-      Density(x) proportional to
-       exp(-p2*(x-p1)^2/(2*p1^2*x)) / x^3  for x > 0. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_INVGAUSS   20
-
-  /*! [C2, chap 22] Extreme value type I (2 params):
-       p1 = location, p2 = scale
-      cdf(x) = exp(-exp(-(x-p1)/p2)). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_EXTVAL     21
-
-  /*! Data is a 'p-value' (no params). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_PVAL       22
-
-  /*! Data is ln(p-value) (no params).
-      To be safe, a program should compute p = exp(-abs(this_value)).
-      The nifti_stats.c library returns this_value
-      as positive, so that this_value = -log(p). */
-
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_LOGPVAL    23
-
-  /*! Data is log10(p-value) (no params).
-      To be safe, a program should compute p = pow(10.,-abs(this_value)).
-      The nifti_stats.c library returns this_value
-      as positive, so that this_value = -log10(p). */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_LOG10PVAL  24
-
-  /*! Smallest intent_code that indicates a statistic. */
-
-#define NIFTI_FIRST_STATCODE     2
-
-  /*! Largest intent_code that indicates a statistic. */
-
-#define NIFTI_LAST_STATCODE     24
-
-  /*---------- these values for intent_code aren't for statistics ----------*/
-
-  /*! To signify that the value at each voxel is an estimate
-      of some parameter, set intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_ESTIMATE.
-      The name of the parameter may be stored in intent_name.     */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_ESTIMATE  1001
-
-  /*! To signify that the value at each voxel is an index into
-      some set of labels, set intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_LABEL.
-      The filename with the labels may stored in aux_file.        */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_LABEL     1002
-
-  /*! To signify that the value at each voxel is an index into the
-      NeuroNames labels set, set intent_code = NIFTI_INTENT_NEURONAME. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_NEURONAME 1003
-
-  /*! To store an M x N matrix at each voxel:
-        - dataset must have a 5th dimension (dim[0]=5 and dim[5]>1)
-        - intent_code must be NIFTI_INTENT_GENMATRIX
-        - dim[5] must be M*N
-        - intent_p1 must be M (in float format)
-        - intent_p2 must be N (ditto)
-        - the matrix values A[i][[j] are stored in row-order:
-          - A[0][0] A[0][1] ... A[0][N-1]
-          - A[1][0] A[1][1] ... A[1][N-1]
-          - etc., until
-          - A[M-1][0] A[M-1][1] ... A[M-1][N-1]        */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_GENMATRIX 1004
-
-  /*! To store an NxN symmetric matrix at each voxel:
-        - dataset must have a 5th dimension
-        - intent_code must be NIFTI_INTENT_SYMMATRIX
-        - dim[5] must be N*(N+1)/2
-        - intent_p1 must be N (in float format)
-        - the matrix values A[i][[j] are stored in row-order:
-          - A[0][0]
-          - A[1][0] A[1][1]
-          - A[2][0] A[2][1] A[2][2]
-          - etc.: row-by-row                           */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_SYMMATRIX 1005
-
-  /*! To signify that the vector value at each voxel is to be taken
-      as a displacement field or vector:
-        - dataset must have a 5th dimension
-        - intent_code must be NIFTI_INTENT_DISPVECT
-        - dim[5] must be the dimensionality of the displacment
-          vector (e.g., 3 for spatial displacement, 2 for in-plane) */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_DISPVECT  1006   /* specifically for displacements */
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_VECTOR    1007   /* for any other type of vector */
-
-  /*! To signify that the vector value at each voxel is really a
-      spatial coordinate (e.g., the vertices or nodes of a surface mesh):
-        - dataset must have a 5th dimension
-        - intent_code must be NIFTI_INTENT_POINTSET
-        - dim[0] = 5
-        - dim[1] = number of points
-        - dim[2] = dim[3] = dim[4] = 1
-        - dim[5] must be the dimensionality of space (e.g., 3 => 3D space).
-        - intent_name may describe the object these points come from
-          (e.g., "pial", "gray/white" , "EEG", "MEG").                   */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_POINTSET  1008
-
-  /*! To signify that the vector value at each voxel is really a triple
-      of indexes (e.g., forming a triangle) from a pointset dataset:
-        - dataset must have a 5th dimension
-        - intent_code must be NIFTI_INTENT_TRIANGLE
-        - dim[0] = 5
-        - dim[1] = number of triangles
-        - dim[2] = dim[3] = dim[4] = 1
-        - dim[5] = 3
-        - datatype should be an integer type (preferably DT_INT32)
-        - the data values are indexes (0,1,...) into a pointset dataset. */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_TRIANGLE  1009
-
-  /*! To signify that the vector value at each voxel is a quaternion:
-        - dataset must have a 5th dimension
-        - intent_code must be NIFTI_INTENT_QUATERNION
-        - dim[0] = 5
-        - dim[5] = 4
-        - datatype should be a floating point type     */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_QUATERNION 1010
-
-  /*! Dimensionless value - no params - although, as in _ESTIMATE
-      the name of the parameter may be stored in intent_name.     */
-
-#define NIFTI_INTENT_DIMLESS    1011
-  /* @} */
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* 3D IMAGE (VOLUME) ORIENTATION AND LOCATION IN SPACE:
-     ---------------------------------------------------
-     There are 3 different methods by which continuous coordinates can
-     attached to voxels.  The discussion below emphasizes 3D volumes, and
-     the continuous coordinates are referred to as (x,y,z).  The voxel
-     index coordinates (i.e., the array indexes) are referred to as (i,j,k),
-     with valid ranges:
-       i = 0 .. dim[1]-1
-       j = 0 .. dim[2]-1  (if dim[0] >= 2)
-       k = 0 .. dim[3]-1  (if dim[0] >= 3)
-     The (x,y,z) coordinates refer to the CENTER of a voxel.  In methods
-     2 and 3, the (x,y,z) axes refer to a subject-based coordinate system,
-     with
-       +x = Right  +y = Anterior  +z = Superior.
-     This is a right-handed coordinate system.  However, the exact direction
-     these axes point with respect to the subject depends on qform_code
-     (Method 2) and sform_code (Method 3).
-
-     N.B.: The i index varies most rapidly, j index next, k index slowest.
-      Thus, voxel (i,j,k) is stored starting at location
-        (i + j*dim[1] + k*dim[1]*dim[2]) * (bitpix/8)
-      into the dataset array.
-
-     N.B.: The ANALYZE 7.5 coordinate system is
-        +x = Left  +y = Anterior  +z = Superior
-      which is a left-handed coordinate system.  This backwardness is
-      too difficult to tolerate, so this NIFTI-1 standard specifies the
-      coordinate order which is most common in functional neuroimaging.
-
-     N.B.: The 3 methods below all give the locations of the voxel centers
-      in the (x,y,z) coordinate system.  In many cases, programs will wish
-      to display image data on some other grid.  In such a case, the program
-      will need to convert its desired (x,y,z) values into (i,j,k) values
-      in order to extract (or interpolate) the image data.  This operation
-      would be done with the inverse transformation to those described below.
-
-     N.B.: Method 2 uses a factor 'qfac' which is either -1 or 1; qfac is
-      stored in the otherwise unused pixdim[0].  If pixdim[0]=0.0 (which
-      should not occur), we take qfac=1.  Of course, pixdim[0] is only used
-      when reading a NIFTI-1 header, not when reading an ANALYZE 7.5 header.
-
-     N.B.: The units of (x,y,z) can be specified using the xyzt_units field.
-
-     METHOD 1 (the "old" way, used only when qform_code = 0):
-     -------------------------------------------------------
-     The coordinate mapping from (i,j,k) to (x,y,z) is the ANALYZE
-     7.5 way.  This is a simple scaling relationship:
-
-       x = pixdim[1] * i
-       y = pixdim[2] * j
-       z = pixdim[3] * k
-
-     No particular spatial orientation is attached to these (x,y,z)
-     coordinates.  (NIFTI-1 does not have the ANALYZE 7.5 orient field,
-     which is not general and is often not set properly.)  This method
-     is not recommended, and is present mainly for compatibility with
-     ANALYZE 7.5 files.
-
-     METHOD 2 (used when qform_code > 0, which should be the "normal" case):
-     ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-     The (x,y,z) coordinates are given by the pixdim[] scales, a rotation
-     matrix, and a shift.  This method is intended to represent
-     "scanner-anatomical" coordinates, which are often embedded in the
-     image header (e.g., DICOM fields (0020,0032), (0020,0037), (0028,0030),
-     and (0018,0050)), and represent the nominal orientation and location of
-     the data.  This method can also be used to represent "aligned"
-     coordinates, which would typically result from some post-acquisition
-     alignment of the volume to a standard orientation (e.g., the same
-     subject on another day, or a rigid rotation to true anatomical
-     orientation from the tilted position of the subject in the scanner).
-     The formula for (x,y,z) in terms of header parameters and (i,j,k) is:
-
-       [ x ]   [ R11 R12 R13 ] [        pixdim[1] * i ]   [ qoffset_x ]
-       [ y ] = [ R21 R22 R23 ] [        pixdim[2] * j ] + [ qoffset_y ]
-       [ z ]   [ R31 R32 R33 ] [ qfac * pixdim[3] * k ]   [ qoffset_z ]
-
-     The qoffset_* shifts are in the NIFTI-1 header.  Note that the center
-     of the (i,j,k)=(0,0,0) voxel (first value in the dataset array) is
-     just (x,y,z)=(qoffset_x,qoffset_y,qoffset_z).
-
-     The rotation matrix R is calculated from the quatern_* parameters.
-     This calculation is described below.
-
-     The scaling factor qfac is either 1 or -1.  The rotation matrix R
-     defined by the quaternion parameters is "proper" (has determinant 1).
-     This may not fit the needs of the data; for example, if the image
-     grid is
-       i increases from Left-to-Right
-       j increases from Anterior-to-Posterior
-       k increases from Inferior-to-Superior
-     Then (i,j,k) is a left-handed triple.  In this example, if qfac=1,
-     the R matrix would have to be
-
-       [  1   0   0 ]
-       [  0  -1   0 ]  which is "improper" (determinant = -1).
-       [  0   0   1 ]
-
-     If we set qfac=-1, then the R matrix would be
-
-       [  1   0   0 ]
-       [  0  -1   0 ]  which is proper.
-       [  0   0  -1 ]
-
-     This R matrix is represented by quaternion [a,b,c,d] = [0,1,0,0]
-     (which encodes a 180 degree rotation about the x-axis).
-
-     METHOD 3 (used when sform_code > 0):
-     -----------------------------------
-     The (x,y,z) coordinates are given by a general affine transformation
-     of the (i,j,k) indexes:
-
-       x = srow_x[0] * i + srow_x[1] * j + srow_x[2] * k + srow_x[3]
-       y = srow_y[0] * i + srow_y[1] * j + srow_y[2] * k + srow_y[3]
-       z = srow_z[0] * i + srow_z[1] * j + srow_z[2] * k + srow_z[3]
-
-     The srow_* vectors are in the NIFTI_1 header.  Note that no use is
-     made of pixdim[] in this method.
-
-     WHY 3 METHODS?
-     --------------
-     Method 1 is provided only for backwards compatibility.  The intention
-     is that Method 2 (qform_code > 0) represents the nominal voxel locations
-     as reported by the scanner, or as rotated to some fiducial orientation and
-     location.  Method 3, if present (sform_code > 0), is to be used to give
-     the location of the voxels in some standard space.  The sform_code
-     indicates which standard space is present.  Both methods 2 and 3 can be
-     present, and be useful in different contexts (method 2 for displaying the
-     data on its original grid; method 3 for displaying it on a standard grid).
-
-     In this scheme, a dataset would originally be set up so that the
-     Method 2 coordinates represent what the scanner reported.  Later,
-     a registration to some standard space can be computed and inserted
-     in the header.  Image display software can use either transform,
-     depending on its purposes and needs.
-
-     In Method 2, the origin of coordinates would generally be whatever
-     the scanner origin is; for example, in MRI, (0,0,0) is the center
-     of the gradient coil.
-
-     In Method 3, the origin of coordinates would depend on the value
-     of sform_code; for example, for the Talairach coordinate system,
-     (0,0,0) corresponds to the Anterior Commissure.
-
-     QUATERNION REPRESENTATION OF ROTATION MATRIX (METHOD 2)
-     -------------------------------------------------------
-     The orientation of the (x,y,z) axes relative to the (i,j,k) axes
-     in 3D space is specified using a unit quaternion [a,b,c,d], where
-     a*a+b*b+c*c+d*d=1.  The (b,c,d) values are all that is needed, since
-     we require that a = sqrt(1.0-(b*b+c*c+d*d)) be nonnegative.  The (b,c,d)
-     values are stored in the (quatern_b,quatern_c,quatern_d) fields.
-
-     The quaternion representation is chosen for its compactness in
-     representing rotations. The (proper) 3x3 rotation matrix that
-     corresponds to [a,b,c,d] is
-
-           [ a*a+b*b-c*c-d*d   2*b*c-2*a*d       2*b*d+2*a*c     ]
-       R = [ 2*b*c+2*a*d       a*a+c*c-b*b-d*d   2*c*d-2*a*b     ]
-           [ 2*b*d-2*a*c       2*c*d+2*a*b       a*a+d*d-c*c-b*b ]
-
-           [ R11               R12               R13             ]
-         = [ R21               R22               R23             ]
-           [ R31               R32               R33             ]
-
-     If (p,q,r) is a unit 3-vector, then rotation of angle h about that
-     direction is represented by the quaternion
-
-       [a,b,c,d] = [cos(h/2), p*sin(h/2), q*sin(h/2), r*sin(h/2)].
-
-     Requiring a >= 0 is equivalent to requiring -Pi <= h <= Pi.  (Note that
-     [-a,-b,-c,-d] represents the same rotation as [a,b,c,d]; there are 2
-     quaternions that can be used to represent a given rotation matrix R.)
-     To rotate a 3-vector (x,y,z) using quaternions, we compute the
-     quaternion product
-
-       [0,x',y',z'] = [a,b,c,d] * [0,x,y,z] * [a,-b,-c,-d]
-
-     which is equivalent to the matrix-vector multiply
-
-       [ x' ]     [ x ]
-       [ y' ] = R [ y ]   (equivalence depends on a*a+b*b+c*c+d*d=1)
-       [ z' ]     [ z ]
-
-     Multiplication of 2 quaternions is defined by the following:
-
-       [a,b,c,d] = a*1 + b*I + c*J + d*K
-       where
-         I*I = J*J = K*K = -1 (I,J,K are square roots of -1)
-         I*J =  K    J*K =  I    K*I =  J
-         J*I = -K    K*J = -I    I*K = -J  (not commutative!)
-       For example
-         [a,b,0,0] * [0,0,0,1] = [0,0,-b,a]
-       since this expands to
-         (a+b*I)*(K) = (a*K+b*I*K) = (a*K-b*J).
-
-     The above formula shows how to go from quaternion (b,c,d) to
-     rotation matrix and direction cosines.  Conversely, given R,
-     we can compute the fields for the NIFTI-1 header by
-
-       a = 0.5  * sqrt(1+R11+R22+R33)    (not stored)
-       b = 0.25 * (R32-R23) / a       => quatern_b
-       c = 0.25 * (R13-R31) / a       => quatern_c
-       d = 0.25 * (R21-R12) / a       => quatern_d
-
-     If a=0 (a 180 degree rotation), alternative formulas are needed.
-     See the nifti1_io.c function mat44_to_quatern() for an implementation
-     of the various cases in converting R to [a,b,c,d].
-
-     Note that R-transpose (= R-inverse) would lead to the quaternion
-     [a,-b,-c,-d].
-
-     The choice to specify the qoffset_x (etc.) values in the final
-     coordinate system is partly to make it easy to convert DICOM images to
-     this format.  The DICOM attribute "Image Position (Patient)" (0020,0032)
-     stores the (Xd,Yd,Zd) coordinates of the center of the first voxel.
-     Here, (Xd,Yd,Zd) refer to DICOM coordinates, and Xd=-x, Yd=-y, Zd=z,
-     where (x,y,z) refers to the NIFTI coordinate system discussed above.
-     (i.e., DICOM +Xd is Left, +Yd is Posterior, +Zd is Superior,
-          whereas +x is Right, +y is Anterior  , +z is Superior. )
-     Thus, if the (0020,0032) DICOM attribute is extracted into (px,py,pz), then
-       qoffset_x = -px   qoffset_y = -py   qoffset_z = pz
-     is a reasonable setting when qform_code=NIFTI_XFORM_SCANNER_ANAT.
-
-     That is, DICOM's coordinate system is 180 degrees rotated about the z-axis
-     from the neuroscience/NIFTI coordinate system.  To transform between DICOM
-     and NIFTI, you just have to negate the x- and y-coordinates.
-
-     The DICOM attribute (0020,0037) "Image Orientation (Patient)" gives the
-     orientation of the x- and y-axes of the image data in terms of 2 3-vectors.
-     The first vector is a unit vector along the x-axis, and the second is
-     along the y-axis.  If the (0020,0037) attribute is extracted into the
-     value (xa,xb,xc,ya,yb,yc), then the first two columns of the R matrix
-     would be
-                [ -xa  -ya ]
-                [ -xb  -yb ]
-                [  xc   yc ]
-     The negations are because DICOM's x- and y-axes are reversed relative
-     to NIFTI's.  The third column of the R matrix gives the direction of
-     displacement (relative to the subject) along the slice-wise direction.
-     This orientation is not encoded in the DICOM standard in a simple way;
-     DICOM is mostly concerned with 2D images.  The third column of R will be
-     either the cross-product of the first 2 columns or its negative.  It is
-     possible to infer the sign of the 3rd column by examining the coordinates
-     in DICOM attribute (0020,0032) "Image Position (Patient)" for successive
-     slices.  However, this method occasionally fails for reasons that I
-     (RW Cox) do not understand.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /* [qs]form_code value:  */      /* x,y,z coordinate system refers to:    */
-  /*-----------------------*/      /*---------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*! \defgroup NIFTI1_XFORM_CODES
-      \brief nifti1 xform codes to describe the "standard" coordinate system
-      @{
-   */
-  /*! Arbitrary coordinates (Method 1). */
-
-#define NIFTI_XFORM_UNKNOWN      0
-
-  /*! Scanner-based anatomical coordinates */
-
-#define NIFTI_XFORM_SCANNER_ANAT 1
-
-  /*! Coordinates aligned to another file's,
-      or to anatomical "truth".            */
-
-#define NIFTI_XFORM_ALIGNED_ANAT 2
-
-  /*! Coordinates aligned to Talairach-
-      Tournoux Atlas; (0,0,0)=AC, etc. */
-
-#define NIFTI_XFORM_TALAIRACH    3
-
-  /*! MNI 152 normalized coordinates. */
-
-#define NIFTI_XFORM_MNI_152      4
-  /* @} */
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* UNITS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS:
-     ----------------------------------------
-     The codes below can be used in xyzt_units to indicate the units of pixdim.
-     As noted earlier, dimensions 1,2,3 are for x,y,z; dimension 4 is for
-     time (t).
-      - If dim[4]=1 or dim[0] < 4, there is no time axis.
-      - A single time series (no space) would be specified with
-        - dim[0] = 4 (for scalar data) or dim[0] = 5 (for vector data)
-        - dim[1] = dim[2] = dim[3] = 1
-        - dim[4] = number of time points
-        - pixdim[4] = time step
-        - xyzt_units indicates units of pixdim[4]
-        - dim[5] = number of values stored at each time point
-
-     Bits 0..2 of xyzt_units specify the units of pixdim[1..3]
-      (e.g., spatial units are values 1..7).
-     Bits 3..5 of xyzt_units specify the units of pixdim[4]
-      (e.g., temporal units are multiples of 8).
-
-     This compression of 2 distinct concepts into 1 byte is due to the
-     limited space available in the 348 byte ANALYZE 7.5 header.  The
-     macros XYZT_TO_SPACE and XYZT_TO_TIME can be used to mask off the
-     undesired bits from the xyzt_units fields, leaving "pure" space
-     and time codes.  Inversely, the macro SPACE_TIME_TO_XYZT can be
-     used to assemble a space code (0,1,2,...,7) with a time code
-     (0,8,16,32,...,56) into the combined value for xyzt_units.
-
-     Note that codes are provided to indicate the "time" axis units are
-     actually frequency in Hertz (_HZ), in part-per-million (_PPM)
-     or in radians-per-second (_RADS).
-
-     The toffset field can be used to indicate a nonzero start point for
-     the time axis.  That is, time point #m is at t=toffset+m*pixdim[4]
-     for m=0..dim[4]-1.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*! \defgroup NIFTI1_UNITS
-      \brief nifti1 units codes to describe the unit of measurement for
-             each dimension of the dataset
-      @{
-   */
-  /*! NIFTI code for unspecified units. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_UNKNOWN 0
-
-  /** Space codes are multiples of 1. **/
-  /*! NIFTI code for meters. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_METER   1
-  /*! NIFTI code for millimeters. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_MM      2
-  /*! NIFTI code for micrometers. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_MICRON  3
-
-  /** Time codes are multiples of 8. **/
-  /*! NIFTI code for seconds. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_SEC     8
-  /*! NIFTI code for milliseconds. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_MSEC   16
-  /*! NIFTI code for microseconds. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_USEC   24
-
-  /*** These units are for spectral data: ***/
-  /*! NIFTI code for Hertz. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_HZ     32
-  /*! NIFTI code for ppm. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_PPM    40
-  /*! NIFTI code for radians per second. */
-#define NIFTI_UNITS_RADS   48
-  /* @} */
-
-#undef  XYZT_TO_SPACE
-#undef  XYZT_TO_TIME
-#define XYZT_TO_SPACE(xyzt)       ( (xyzt) & 0x07 )
-#define XYZT_TO_TIME(xyzt)        ( (xyzt) & 0x38 )
-
-#undef  SPACE_TIME_TO_XYZT
-#define SPACE_TIME_TO_XYZT(ss,tt) (  (((char)(ss)) & 0x07)   \
-                                     | (((char)(tt)) & 0x38) )
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* MRI-SPECIFIC SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFORMATION:
-     ---------------------------------------------
-     A few fields are provided to store some extra information
-     that is sometimes important when storing the image data
-     from an FMRI time series experiment.  (After processing such
-     data into statistical images, these fields are not likely
-     to be useful.)
-
-    { freq_dim  } = These fields encode which spatial dimension (1,2, or 3)
-    { phase_dim } = corresponds to which acquisition dimension for MRI data.
-    { slice_dim } =
-      Examples:
-        Rectangular scan multi-slice EPI:
-          freq_dim = 1  phase_dim = 2  slice_dim = 3  (or some permutation)
-        Spiral scan multi-slice EPI:
-          freq_dim = phase_dim = 0  slice_dim = 3
-          since the concepts of frequency- and phase-encoding directions
-          don't apply to spiral scan
-
-      slice_duration = If this is positive, AND if slice_dim is nonzero,
-                       indicates the amount of time used to acquire 1 slice.
-                       slice_duration*dim[slice_dim] can be less than pixdim[4]
-                       with a clustered acquisition method, for example.
-
-      slice_code = If this is nonzero, AND if slice_dim is nonzero, AND
-                   if slice_duration is positive, indicates the timing
-                   pattern of the slice acquisition.  The following codes
-                   are defined:
-                     NIFTI_SLICE_SEQ_INC  == sequential increasing
-                     NIFTI_SLICE_SEQ_DEC  == sequential decreasing
-                     NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_INC  == alternating increasing
-                     NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_DEC  == alternating decreasing
-                     NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_INC2 == alternating increasing #2
-                     NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_DEC2 == alternating decreasing #2
-    { slice_start } = Indicates the start and end of the slice acquisition
-    { slice_end   } = pattern, when slice_code is nonzero.  These values
-                      are present to allow for the possible addition of
-                      "padded" slices at either end of the volume, which
-                      don't fit into the slice timing pattern.  If there
-                      are no padding slices, then slice_start=0 and
-                      slice_end=dim[slice_dim]-1 are the correct values.
-                      For these values to be meaningful, slice_start must
-                      be non-negative and slice_end must be greater than
-                      slice_start.  Otherwise, they should be ignored.
-
-    The following table indicates the slice timing pattern, relative to
-    time=0 for the first slice acquired, for some sample cases.  Here,
-    dim[slice_dim]=7 (there are 7 slices, labeled 0..6), slice_duration=0.1,
-    and slice_start=1, slice_end=5 (1 padded slice on each end).
-
-    slice
-    index  SEQ_INC SEQ_DEC ALT_INC ALT_DEC ALT_INC2 ALT_DEC2
-      6  :   n/a     n/a     n/a     n/a    n/a      n/a    n/a = not applicable
-      5  :   0.4     0.0     0.2     0.0    0.4      0.2    (slice time offset
-      4  :   0.3     0.1     0.4     0.3    0.1      0.0     doesn't apply to
-      3  :   0.2     0.2     0.1     0.1    0.3      0.3     slices outside
-      2  :   0.1     0.3     0.3     0.4    0.0      0.1     the range
-      1  :   0.0     0.4     0.0     0.2    0.2      0.4     slice_start ..
-      0  :   n/a     n/a     n/a     n/a    n/a      n/a     slice_end)
-
-    The SEQ slice_codes are sequential ordering (uncommon but not unknown),
-    either increasing in slice number or decreasing (INC or DEC), as
-    illustrated above.
-
-    The ALT slice codes are alternating ordering.  The 'standard' way for
-    these to operate (without the '2' on the end) is for the slice timing
-    to start at the edge of the slice_start .. slice_end group (at slice_start
-    for INC and at slice_end for DEC).  For the 'ALT_*2' slice_codes, the
-    slice timing instead starts at the first slice in from the edge (at
-    slice_start+1 for INC2 and at slice_end-1 for DEC2).  This latter
-    acquisition scheme is found on some Siemens scanners.
-
-    The fields freq_dim, phase_dim, slice_dim are all squished into the single
-    byte field dim_info (2 bits each, since the values for each field are
-    limited to the range 0..3).  This unpleasantness is due to lack of space
-    in the 348 byte allowance.
-
-    The macros DIM_INFO_TO_FREQ_DIM, DIM_INFO_TO_PHASE_DIM, and
-    DIM_INFO_TO_SLICE_DIM can be used to extract these values from the
-    dim_info byte.
-
-    The macro FPS_INTO_DIM_INFO can be used to put these 3 values
-    into the dim_info byte.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#undef  DIM_INFO_TO_FREQ_DIM
-#undef  DIM_INFO_TO_PHASE_DIM
-#undef  DIM_INFO_TO_SLICE_DIM
-
-#define DIM_INFO_TO_FREQ_DIM(di)   ( ((di)     ) & 0x03 )
-#define DIM_INFO_TO_PHASE_DIM(di)  ( ((di) >> 2) & 0x03 )
-#define DIM_INFO_TO_SLICE_DIM(di)  ( ((di) >> 4) & 0x03 )
-
-#undef  FPS_INTO_DIM_INFO
-#define FPS_INTO_DIM_INFO(fd,pd,sd) ( ( ( ((char)(fd)) & 0x03)      ) |  \
-                                      ( ( ((char)(pd)) & 0x03) << 2 ) |  \
-                                      ( ( ((char)(sd)) & 0x03) << 4 )  )
-
-  /*! \defgroup NIFTI1_SLICE_ORDER
-      \brief nifti1 slice order codes, describing the acquisition order
-             of the slices
-      @{
-   */
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_UNKNOWN   0
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_SEQ_INC   1
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_SEQ_DEC   2
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_INC   3
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_DEC   4
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_INC2  5  /* 05 May 2005: RWCox */
-#define NIFTI_SLICE_ALT_DEC2  6  /* 05 May 2005: RWCox */
-  /* @} */
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* UNUSED FIELDS:
-     -------------
-     Some of the ANALYZE 7.5 fields marked as ++UNUSED++ may need to be set
-     to particular values for compatibility with other programs.  The issue
-     of interoperability of ANALYZE 7.5 files is a murky one -- not all
-     programs require exactly the same set of fields.  (Unobscuring this
-     murkiness is a principal motivation behind NIFTI-1.)
-
-     Some of the fields that may need to be set for other (non-NIFTI aware)
-     software to be happy are:
-
-       extents    dbh.h says this should be 16384
-       regular    dbh.h says this should be the character 'r'
-       glmin,   } dbh.h says these values should be the min and max voxel
-        glmax   }  values for the entire dataset
-
-     It is best to initialize ALL fields in the NIFTI-1 header to 0
-     (e.g., with calloc()), then fill in what is needed.
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-  /* MISCELLANEOUS C MACROS
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-  /*.................*/
-  /*! Given a nifti_1_header struct, check if it has a good magic number.
-      Returns NIFTI version number (1..9) if magic is good, 0 if it is not. */
-
-#define NIFTI_VERSION(h)                               \
-  ( ( (h).magic[0]=='n' && (h).magic[3]=='\0'    &&     \
-      ( (h).magic[1]=='i' || (h).magic[1]=='+' ) &&     \
-      ( (h).magic[2]>='1' && (h).magic[2]<='9' )   )    \
-    ? (h).magic[2]-'0' : 0 )
-
-  /*.................*/
-  /*! Check if a nifti_1_header struct says if the data is stored in the
-      same file or in a separate file.  Returns 1 if the data is in the same
-      file as the header, 0 if it is not.                                   */
-
-#define NIFTI_ONEFILE(h) ( (h).magic[1] == '+' )
-
-  /*.................*/
-  /*! Check if a nifti_1_header struct needs to be byte swapped.
-      Returns 1 if it needs to be swapped, 0 if it does not.     */
-
-#define NIFTI_NEEDS_SWAP(h) ( (h).dim[0] < 0 || (h).dim[0] > 7 )
-
-  /*.................*/
-  /*! Check if a nifti_1_header struct contains a 5th (vector) dimension.
-      Returns size of 5th dimension if > 1, returns 0 otherwise.         */
-
-#define NIFTI_5TH_DIM(h) ( ((h).dim[0]>4 && (h).dim[5]>1) ? (h).dim[5] : 0 )
-
-  /*****************************************************************************/
-
-  /*=================*/
-#ifdef  __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-/*=================*/
-
diff --git a/thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h b/thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h
deleted file mode 100644
index cf0db44101..0000000000
--- a/thirdparty/nifti/nifti2.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-/* Copyright (c) 2008-2024 the MRtrix3 contributors.
- *
- * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
- *
- * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"
- * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or
- * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the
- * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a
- * particular purpose or non-infringing.
- * See the Mozilla Public License v. 2.0 for more details.
- *
- * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/* Changes to the header from NIFTI-1 to NIFTI-2 are intended to allow for
-   larger and more accurate fields.  The changes are as follows:
-
-      - short dim[8]         -> int64_t dim[8]
-      - float intent_p1,2,3  -> double intent_p1,2,3    (3 fields)
-      - float pixdim[8]      -> double pixdim[8]
-      - float vox_offset     -> int64_t vox_offset
-      - float scl_slope      -> double scl_slope
-      - float scl_inter      -> double scl_inter
-      - float cal_max        -> double cal_max
-      - float cal_min        -> double cal_min
-      - float slice_duration -> double slice_duration
-      - float toffset        -> double toffset
-      - short slice_start    -> int64_t slice_start
-      - short slice_end      -> int64_t slice_end
-      - char slice_code      -> int32_t slice_code
-      - char xyzt_units      -> int32_t xyzt_units
-      - short intent_code    -> int32_t intent_code
-      - short qform_code     -> int32_t qform_code
-      - short sform_code     -> int32_t sform_code
-      - float quatern_b,c,d  -> double quatern_b,c,d    (3 fields)
-      - float srow_x,y,z[4]  -> double srow_x,y,z[4]    (3 fields)
-      - char magic[4]        -> char magic[8]
-      - char unused_str[15]  -> padding added at the end of the header   
-
-      - previously unused fields have been removed:
-           data_type, db_name, extents, session_error, regular, glmax, glmin
-
-      - the field ordering has been changed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-/*=================*/
-#ifdef  __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-/*=================*/
-
-/*! \struct nifti_2_header
-    \brief Data structure defining the fields in the nifti2 header.
-           This binary header should be found at the beginning of a valid
-           NIFTI-2 header file.
- */
-
-/* hopefully cross-platform solution to byte padding added by some compilers */
-#pragma pack(push)
-#pragma pack(1)
-
-                         /***************************/ /**********************/ /************/
-struct nifti_2_header {  /* NIFTI-2 usage           */ /* NIFTI-1 usage      */ /*  offset  */
-                         /***************************/ /**********************/ /************/
-   int   sizeof_hdr;     /*!< MUST be 540           */ /* int sizeof_hdr; (348) */   /*   0 */
-   char  magic[8] ;      /*!< MUST be valid signature. */  /* char magic[4];    */   /*   4 */
-   int16_t datatype;     /*!< Defines data type!    */ /* short datatype;       */   /*  12 */
-   int16_t bitpix;       /*!< Number bits/voxel.    */ /* short bitpix;         */   /*  14 */
-   int64_t dim[8];       /*!< Data array dimensions.*/ /* short dim[8];         */   /*  16 */
-   double intent_p1 ;    /*!< 1st intent parameter. */ /* float intent_p1;      */   /*  80 */
-   double intent_p2 ;    /*!< 2nd intent parameter. */ /* float intent_p2;      */   /*  88 */
-   double intent_p3 ;    /*!< 3rd intent parameter. */ /* float intent_p3;      */   /*  96 */
-   double pixdim[8];     /*!< Grid spacings.        */ /* float pixdim[8];      */   /* 104 */
-   int64_t vox_offset;   /*!< Offset into .nii file */ /* float vox_offset;     */   /* 168 */
-   double scl_slope ;    /*!< Data scaling: slope.  */ /* float scl_slope;      */   /* 176 */
-   double scl_inter ;    /*!< Data scaling: offset. */ /* float scl_inter;      */   /* 184 */
-   double cal_max;       /*!< Max display intensity */ /* float cal_max;        */   /* 192 */
-   double cal_min;       /*!< Min display intensity */ /* float cal_min;        */   /* 200 */
-   double slice_duration;/*!< Time for 1 slice.     */ /* float slice_duration; */   /* 208 */
-   double toffset;       /*!< Time axis shift.      */ /* float toffset;        */   /* 216 */
-   int64_t slice_start;  /*!< First slice index.    */ /* short slice_start;    */   /* 224 */
-   int64_t slice_end;    /*!< Last slice index.     */ /* short slice_end;      */   /* 232 */
-   char  descrip[80];    /*!< any text you like.    */ /* char descrip[80];     */   /* 240 */
-   char  aux_file[24];   /*!< auxiliary filename.   */ /* char aux_file[24];    */   /* 320 */
-   int qform_code ;      /*!< NIFTI_XFORM_* code.   */ /* short qform_code;     */   /* 344 */
-   int sform_code ;      /*!< NIFTI_XFORM_* code.   */ /* short sform_code;     */   /* 348 */
-   double quatern_b ;    /*!< Quaternion b param.   */ /* float quatern_b;      */   /* 352 */
-   double quatern_c ;    /*!< Quaternion c param.   */ /* float quatern_c;      */   /* 360 */
-   double quatern_d ;    /*!< Quaternion d param.   */ /* float quatern_d;      */   /* 368 */
-   double qoffset_x ;    /*!< Quaternion x shift.   */ /* float qoffset_x;      */   /* 376 */
-   double qoffset_y ;    /*!< Quaternion y shift.   */ /* float qoffset_y;      */   /* 384 */
-   double qoffset_z ;    /*!< Quaternion z shift.   */ /* float qoffset_z;      */   /* 392 */
-   double srow_x[4] ;    /*!< 1st row affine transform. */  /* float srow_x[4]; */   /* 400 */
-   double srow_y[4] ;    /*!< 2nd row affine transform. */  /* float srow_y[4]; */   /* 432 */
-   double srow_z[4] ;    /*!< 3rd row affine transform. */  /* float srow_z[4]; */   /* 464 */
-   int slice_code ;      /*!< Slice timing order.   */ /* char slice_code;      */   /* 496 */
-   int xyzt_units ;      /*!< Units of pixdim[1..4] */ /* char xyzt_units;      */   /* 500 */
-   int intent_code ;     /*!< NIFTI_INTENT_* code.  */ /* short intent_code;    */   /* 504 */
-   char intent_name[16]; /*!< 'name' or meaning of data. */ /* char intent_name[16]; */  /* 508 */
-   char dim_info;        /*!< MRI slice ordering.   */      /* char dim_info;        */  /* 524 */
-   char unused_str[15];  /*!< unused, filled with \0 */                                  /* 525 */
-} ;                   /**** 540 bytes total ****/
-typedef struct nifti_2_header nifti_2_header ;
-
-/* restore packing behavior */
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-/*=================*/
-#ifdef  __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-/*=================*/
-

From c7638ab38fdc403103b2421eb98e949eb7343436 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 2024 10:25:59 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 159/182] CMake: Add NIfTI headers to documentation list of
 external dependencies

---
 CMakeLists.txt | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 2888311c82..1d8e648417 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -26,10 +26,11 @@ option(MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK "Build directory softlink to Python source code ra
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC "Build MRtrix's non-core code as a static library" OFF)
 
 set(MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR "" CACHE PATH
-    "An optional local directory containing thirdparty dependencies:\n \
-    - Eigen3 https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen\n \
-    - Json for Modern C++ https://github.com/nlohmann/json\n \
-    - Half https://half.sourceforge.net/\n"
+    "An optional local directory containing all thirdparty dependencies:\n \
+    - Eigen3 https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen (version 3.4.0 in .tar.gz format)\n \
+    - Json for Modern C++ https://github.com/nlohmann/json (version 3.11.3 in .tar.xz format)\n \
+    - Half https://half.sourceforge.net/ (version 2.1.0 in zip format)\n \
+    - NIfTI C headers https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/src/nifti2/ (nifti1.h and nifti2.h stored in nifti/ subdirectory)\n"
 )
 
 if(MRTRIX_BUILD_TESTS)

From 78c8e4ab12791063390d556f4fa1ed0b4fcb7237 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 2024 09:43:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 160/182] Remove duplicate line

---
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index 575661fea3..feebe106a6 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -86,6 +86,5 @@ else()
         DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON
     )
     target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/nifti/src/")
-    target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/nifti/src/")
 endif()
 

From f5ec4802140d9cd45862aba6378efefb7d3de8d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2024 10:12:16 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 161/182] 5ttgen hsvs: Fix execution where FAST is not
 available

---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py
index c9bfded485..78a27eaf91 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/5ttgen/hsvs.py
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ def voxel2scanner(voxel, header):
       run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, str(wm_index), '-eq', aparc_image, str(gm_index), '-eq', '-add', '-', '|',
                   'voxel2mesh', '-', f'{hemi}cerebellum_all_init.vtk'])
       progress.increment()
-      run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, gm_index, '-eq', '-', '|',
+      run.command(['mrcalc', aparc_image, str(gm_index), '-eq', '-', '|',
                   'voxel2mesh', '-', f'{hemi}cerebellum_grey_init.vtk'])
       progress.increment()
       for name, tissue in { 'all':2, 'grey':1 }.items():

From abf098594990ef02045155528dfd4f34cbd6ac6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2024 10:25:06 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 162/182] dwibiasnormmask: Fix masking algorithm selection

Erroneous re-use of variable name resulted in always attempting to use the synthstrip algorithm rather than the default / user selection.
---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
index e7c2d3b052..0808d1162a 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     app.console(f'Default "{MASK_ALGO_DEFAULT}" algorithm will be used for brain masking during iteration')
 
   # Check mask algorithm, including availability of external software if necessary
-  for mask_algo, software, command in [('fslbet', 'FSL', 'bet'), ('hdbet', 'HD-BET', 'hd-bet'), ('synthstrip', 'FreeSurfer', 'mri_synthstrip')]:
-    if app.ARGS.mask_algo == mask_algo and not shutil.which(command):
+  for algo, software, command in [('fslbet', 'FSL', 'bet'), ('hdbet', 'HD-BET', 'hd-bet'), ('synthstrip', 'FreeSurfer', 'mri_synthstrip')]:
+    if mask_algo == algo and not shutil.which(command):
       raise MRtrixError(f'{software} command "{command}" not found; cannot use for internal mask calculations')
 
   app.activate_scratch_dir()

From b6f8d6506e53f25eb03500cb07a1a15d2d255472 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2024 23:05:06 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 163/182] dirmerge: New option -firstisfirst

---
 cmd/dirmerge.cpp                     | 86 ++++++++++++++++------------
 docs/reference/commands/dirmerge.rst |  2 +
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/dirmerge.cpp b/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
index cb8f533d56..cae9d2f30c 100644
--- a/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirmerge.cpp
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ OPTIONS
   + Option ("unipolar_weight", "set the weight given to the unipolar electrostatic repulsion model"
                                " compared to the bipolar model"
                                " (default: 0.2).")
-    + Argument ("value").type_float(0.0, 1.0);
+    + Argument ("value").type_float(0.0, 1.0)
+
+  + Option ("firstisfirst", "choose the first volume in the list from the first shell,"
+                            " rather than choosing such from the shell with the most volumes"
+                            " (replicates behaviour prior to version 3.1.0)");
 
 }
 // clang-format on
@@ -112,45 +116,55 @@ void run() {
   INFO("found total of " + str(total) + " volumes");
 
   // pick which volume will be first
-  // from within the shell with the largest number of volumes,
-  //   choose the subset with the largest number of volumes,
-  //   then choose a random volume within that subset
-  size_t largest_shell = [&] {
-    value_type largestshell_b = 0.0;
-    size_t largestshell_n = 0;
-    size_t largestshell_index = 0;
-    for (size_t n = 0; n != dirs.size(); ++n) {
-      size_t size = 0;
-      for (auto &m : dirs[n])
-        size += m.size();
-      if (size > largestshell_n || (size == largestshell_n && bvalue[n] > largestshell_b)) {
-        largestshell_b = bvalue[n];
-        largestshell_n = size;
-        largestshell_index = n;
+  size_t first_shell = 0;
+  size_t first_subset_within_first_shell = 0;
+  if (get_options("firstisfirst").empty()) {
+
+    // from within the shell with the largest number of volumes,
+    //   choose the subset with the largest number of volumes,
+    //   then choose a random volume within that subset
+    size_t largest_shell = [&] {
+      value_type largestshell_b = 0.0;
+      size_t largestshell_n = 0;
+      size_t largestshell_index = 0;
+      for (size_t n = 0; n != dirs.size(); ++n) {
+        size_t size = 0;
+        for (auto &m : dirs[n])
+          size += m.size();
+        if (size > largestshell_n || (size == largestshell_n && bvalue[n] > largestshell_b)) {
+          largestshell_b = bvalue[n];
+          largestshell_n = size;
+          largestshell_index = n;
+        }
       }
-    }
-    return largestshell_index;
-  }();
-  INFO("first volume will be from shell b=" + str(bvalue[largest_shell]));
-  const size_t largest_subset_within_largest_shell = [&] {
-    size_t largestsubset_index = 0;
-    size_t largestsubset_n = dirs[largest_shell][0].size();
-    for (size_t n = 1; n != dirs[largest_shell].size(); ++n) {
-      const size_t size = dirs[largest_shell][n].size();
-      if (size > largestsubset_n) {
-        largestsubset_n = size;
-        largestsubset_index = n;
+      return largestshell_index;
+    }();
+    first_shell = largest_shell;
+    INFO("first volume will be from shell b=" + str(bvalue[first_shell]));
+    const size_t largest_subset_within_largest_shell = [&] {
+      size_t largestsubset_index = 0;
+      size_t largestsubset_n = dirs[largest_shell][0].size();
+      for (size_t n = 1; n != dirs[largest_shell].size(); ++n) {
+        const size_t size = dirs[largest_shell][n].size();
+        if (size > largestsubset_n) {
+          largestsubset_n = size;
+          largestsubset_index = n;
+        }
       }
+      return largestsubset_index;
+    }();
+    first_subset_within_first_shell = largest_subset_within_largest_shell;
+    if (num_subsets > 1) {
+      INFO("first volume will be from subset " + str(first_subset_within_first_shell + 1) + " from largest shell");
     }
-    return largestsubset_index;
-  }();
-  if (num_subsets > 1) {
-    INFO("first volume will be from subset " + str(largest_subset_within_largest_shell + 1) + " from largest shell");
+  } else {
+    INFO("first volume will be" + std::string(num_subsets > 1 ? " from first subset" : "") +
+         " from first shell (b=" + str(bvalue[0]) + ")");
   }
   std::random_device rd;
   std::mt19937 rng(rd());
-  const size_t first = std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>(
-      0, dirs[largest_shell][largest_subset_within_largest_shell].size() - 1)(rng);
+  const size_t first_index_within_first_subset =
+      std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>(0, dirs[first_shell][first_subset_within_first_shell].size() - 1)(rng);
 
   std::vector<OutDir> merged;
 
@@ -206,9 +220,9 @@ void run() {
   };
 
   // write the volume that was chosen to be first
-  push(largest_shell, largest_subset_within_largest_shell, first);
+  push(first_shell, first_subset_within_first_shell, first_index_within_first_subset);
   std::vector<size_t> counts(bvalue.size(), 0);
-  ++counts[largest_shell];
+  ++counts[first_shell];
 
   size_t nPE = num_subsets > 1 ? 1 : 0;
   while (merged.size() < total) {
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dirmerge.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dirmerge.rst
index 05666ab9a3..1af5690a40 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dirmerge.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dirmerge.rst
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ Options
 
 -  **-unipolar_weight value** set the weight given to the unipolar electrostatic repulsion model compared to the bipolar model (default: 0.2).
 
+-  **-firstisfirst** choose the first volume in the list from the first shell, rather than choosing such from the shell with the most volumes (replicates behaviour prior to version 3.1.0)
+
 Standard options
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 

From a47ed522dd3ce099f221af4abb442dc1fdde819d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2024 23:05:47 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 164/182] New tests for dirmerge command

---
 testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt                       |  7 +++++++
 testing/binaries/data                                 |  2 +-
 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets           | 10 ++++++++++
 .../binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets_firstisfirst  | 11 +++++++++++
 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset             | 10 ++++++++++
 .../binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset_firstisfirst    | 11 +++++++++++
 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets            | 10 ++++++++++
 .../binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets_firstisfirst   | 11 +++++++++++
 8 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets_firstisfirst
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset_firstisfirst
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets_firstisfirst

diff --git a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
index f7bfb23400..25b9d7eed4 100644
--- a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -57,6 +57,13 @@ add_bash_binary_test(dirgen/default)
 add_bash_binary_test(dirgen/power)
 add_bash_binary_test(dirgen/unipolar)
 
+add_bash_binary_test(dirmerge/onesubset)
+add_bash_binary_test(dirmerge/twosubsets)
+add_bash_binary_test(dirmerge/foursubsets)
+add_bash_binary_test(dirmerge/onesubset_firstisfirst)
+add_bash_binary_test(dirmerge/twosubsets_firstisfirst)
+add_bash_binary_test(dirmerge/foursubsets_firstisfirst)
+
 add_bash_binary_test(dwi2adc/default)
 
 add_bash_binary_test(dwi2fod/csd_default)
diff --git a/testing/binaries/data b/testing/binaries/data
index 1af56d6686..2169ebc060 160000
--- a/testing/binaries/data
+++ b/testing/binaries/data
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1af56d6686336eba4e81673a1d62bce664dffe89
+Subproject commit 2169ebc06040a0b1380017f5f2a11d6380c69922
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75468ebc01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test successful execution for four subsets and no other options
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command
+
+dirmerge 4 \
+0 dirmerge/bzero_2.txt dirmerge/bzero_2.txt dirmerge/bzero_2.txt dirmerge/bzero_2.txt \
+300 dirmerge/12_1of4.txt dirmerge/12_2of4.txt dirmerge/12_3of4.txt dirmerge/12_4of4.txt \
+1000 dirmerge/24_1of4.txt dirmerge/24_2of4.txt dirmerge/24_3of4.txt dirmerge/24_4of4.txt \
+3000 dirmerge/60_1of4.txt dirmerge/60_2of4.txt dirmerge/60_3of4.txt dirmerge/60_4of4.txt \
+tmp.txt -force
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets_firstisfirst b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets_firstisfirst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2af579745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/foursubsets_firstisfirst
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test successful execution for four subsets
+#   where the -firstisfirst option is specified
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command
+
+dirmerge 4 \
+0 dirmerge/bzero_2.txt dirmerge/bzero_2.txt dirmerge/bzero_2.txt dirmerge/bzero_2.txt \
+300 dirmerge/12_1of4.txt dirmerge/12_2of4.txt dirmerge/12_3of4.txt dirmerge/12_4of4.txt \
+1000 dirmerge/24_1of4.txt dirmerge/24_2of4.txt dirmerge/24_3of4.txt dirmerge/24_4of4.txt \
+3000 dirmerge/60_1of4.txt dirmerge/60_2of4.txt dirmerge/60_3of4.txt dirmerge/60_4of4.txt \
+tmp.txt -force -firstisfirst
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f60c19dfba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test successful execution for a single subset and no other options
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command
+
+dirmerge 1 \
+0 dirmerge/bzero_8.txt \
+300 dirmerge/12.txt \
+1000 dirmerge/24.txt \
+3000 dirmerge/60.txt \
+tmp.txt -force
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset_firstisfirst b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset_firstisfirst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b0a5a2691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/onesubset_firstisfirst
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test successful execution for a single subset
+#   where the -firstisfirst option is specified
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command
+
+dirmerge 1 \
+0 dirmerge/bzero_8.txt \
+300 dirmerge/12.txt \
+1000 dirmerge/24.txt \
+3000 dirmerge/60.txt \
+tmp.txt -force -firstisfirst
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12cc602d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test successful execution for two subsets and no other options
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command
+
+dirmerge 2 \
+0 dirmerge/bzero_4.txt dirmerge/bzero_4.txt \
+300 dirmerge/12_1of2.txt dirmerge/12_2of2.txt \
+1000 dirmerge/24_1of2.txt dirmerge/24_2of2.txt \
+3000 dirmerge/60_1of2.txt dirmerge/60_2of2.txt \
+tmp.txt -force
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets_firstisfirst b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets_firstisfirst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc17a3a609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirmerge/twosubsets_firstisfirst
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test successful execution for two subsets
+#   where the -firstisfirst option is specified
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command
+
+dirmerge 2 \
+0 dirmerge/bzero_4.txt dirmerge/bzero_4.txt \
+300 dirmerge/12_1of2.txt dirmerge/12_2of2.txt \
+1000 dirmerge/24_1of2.txt dirmerge/24_2of2.txt \
+3000 dirmerge/60_1of2.txt dirmerge/60_2of2.txt \
+tmp.txt -force -firstisfirst

From 1434c492b562514bd58f50c1e4305806ff008294 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2024 10:21:41 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 165/182] Fix warnings from new pylint version

---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py        | 4 ++--
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py       | 2 +-
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py | 2 +-
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py       | 2 +-
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py          | 2 +-
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py   | 2 +-
 testing/pylint.rc                                | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
index 99c63f4a60..8bfa19546d 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/hdbet.py
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
   except run.MRtrixCmdError as e_cpu:
     if app.ARGS.nogpu:
       raise
-    gpu_header = ('===\nGPU\n===\n')
-    cpu_header = ('===\nCPU\n===\n')
+    gpu_header = '===\nGPU\n===\n'
+    cpu_header = '===\nCPU\n===\n'
     exception_stdout = f'{gpu_header}{e_gpu.stdout}\n\n{cpu_header}{e_cpu.stdout}\n\n'
     exception_stderr = f'{gpu_header}{e_gpu.stderr}\n\n{cpu_header}{e_cpu.stderr}\n\n'
     raise run.MRtrixCmdError('hd-bet', 1, exception_stdout, exception_stderr)
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
index 1d38bb81d5..79cafa00d4 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwi2mask/mtnorm.py
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       int(round(float(value)))
       for value in image.mrinfo('input.mif', 'shell_bvalues') \
                                .strip().split()]
-  multishell = (len(bvalues) > 2)
+  multishell = len(bvalues) > 2
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
index 502bce0675..e11a9b5d56 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiascorrect/mtnorm.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       int(round(float(value)))
       for value in image.mrinfo('in.mif', 'shell_bvalues') \
                                .strip().split()]
-  multishell = (len(bvalues) > 2)
+  multishell = len(bvalues) > 2
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
index 0808d1162a..c2834fe650 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       int(round(float(value)))
       for value in image.mrinfo('input.mif', 'shell_bvalues') \
                                 .strip().split()]
-  multishell = (len(bvalues) > 2)
+  multishell = len(bvalues) > 2
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py
index afd8d59c05..a615dfde7e 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwigradcheck.py
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
           grad_option = f' -grad {grad_path}'
 
-        elif basis == 'image':
+        else:
 
           grad = copy.copy(grad_fsl)
 
diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
index 763bb3c495..e4b9c116f8 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwinormalise/mtnorm.py
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
       int(round(float(value)))
       for value in image.mrinfo('input.mif', 'shell_bvalues') \
                                .strip().split()]
-  multishell = (len(bvalues) > 2)
+  multishell = len(bvalues) > 2
   if lmax is None:
     lmax = LMAXES_MULTI if multishell else LMAXES_SINGLE
   elif len(lmax) == 3 and not multishell:
diff --git a/testing/pylint.rc b/testing/pylint.rc
index 97a07bb23c..86954a268d 100644
--- a/testing/pylint.rc
+++ b/testing/pylint.rc
@@ -384,4 +384,4 @@ known-third-party=enchant
 
 # Exceptions that will emit a warning when being caught. Defaults to
 # "Exception"
-overgeneral-exceptions=Exception
+overgeneral-exceptions=builtins.Exception

From 025eb0fe509be4b4681920c3300848b55d04bfa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Fri, 16 Aug 2024 11:53:59 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 166/182] Python executables shebang: use env

---
 cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
index b20cbbb878..d23e3ea792 100644
--- a/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
+++ b/cmake/MakePythonExecutable.cmake
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #   - OUTPUT_DIR: Directory in which to create the executable
 
 set(BINPATH_CONTENTS
-    "#!/usr/bin/python3\n"
+    "#!/usr/bin/env python3\n"
     "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n"
     "\n"
     "import importlib\n"

From 07693ac799ae75e8ba97bf95631e82aafa16c2cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 16:51:21 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 167/182] Revisions for new command dirrotate

- For many dir* commands, rename -permutations to -number, since in some cases the operation being performed is not strictly permutation.
- dirrotate: Resolve some recommendations from clang-tidy.
- dirrotate: Make use of MutexProtected<> class.
---
 cmd/dirflip.cpp                       |  30 +++---
 cmd/dirrotate.cpp                     | 128 +++++++++++++++-----------
 cmd/dirsplit.cpp                      |   8 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dirflip.rst   |   2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst |   4 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dirsplit.rst  |   2 +-
 6 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/dirflip.cpp b/cmd/dirflip.cpp
index feed264d11..a3d14e87f2 100644
--- a/cmd/dirflip.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirflip.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "progressbar.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
-constexpr size_t default_permutations = 1e8;
+constexpr size_t default_number = 1e8;
 
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ void usage() {
 
 
   OPTIONS
-    + Option ("permutations", "number of permutations to try"
-                              " (default: " + str(default_permutations) + ")")
+    + Option ("number", "number of shuffles to try"
+                        " (default: " + str(default_number) + ")")
     +   Argument ("num").type_integer (1)
 
     + Option ("cartesian", "Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z]"
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ using vector3_type = Eigen::Vector3d;
 
 class Shared {
 public:
-  Shared(const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions, size_t target_num_permutations)
+  Shared(const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions, size_t target_num_shuffles)
       : directions(directions),
-        target_num_permutations(target_num_permutations),
-        num_permutations(0),
-        progress("optimising directions for eddy-currents", target_num_permutations),
+        target_num_shuffles(target_num_shuffles),
+        num_shuffles(0),
+        progress("optimising directions for eddy-currents", target_num_shuffles),
         best_signs(directions.rows(), 1),
         best_eddy(std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max()) {}
 
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ class Shared {
       progress.set_text(
           "optimising directions for eddy-currents (current best configuration: energy = " + str(best_eddy) + ")");
     }
-    ++num_permutations;
+    ++num_shuffles;
     ++progress;
-    return num_permutations < target_num_permutations;
+    return num_shuffles < target_num_shuffles;
   }
 
   value_type eddy(size_t i, size_t j, const std::vector<int> &signs) const {
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ class Shared {
 
 protected:
   const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions;
-  const size_t target_num_permutations;
-  size_t num_permutations;
+  const size_t target_num_shuffles;
+  size_t num_shuffles;
   ProgressBar progress;
   std::vector<int> best_signs;
   value_type best_eddy;
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ class Processor {
       ;
   }
 
-  void next_permutation() { signs[uniform(rng)] *= -1; }
+  void next_shuffle() { signs[uniform(rng)] *= -1; }
 
   bool eval() {
-    next_permutation();
+    next_shuffle();
 
     value_type eddy = 0.0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < signs.size(); ++i)
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ class Processor {
 void run() {
   auto directions = DWI::Directions::load_cartesian(argument[0]);
 
-  size_t num_permutations = get_option_value<size_t>("permutations", default_permutations);
+  size_t num_shuffles = get_option_value<size_t>("number", default_number);
 
   std::vector<int> signs;
   {
-    Shared eddy_shared(directions, num_permutations);
+    Shared eddy_shared(directions, num_shuffles);
     Thread::run(Thread::multi(Processor(eddy_shared)), "eval thread");
     signs = eddy_shared.get_best_signs();
   }
diff --git a/cmd/dirrotate.cpp b/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
index 4b4aac7823..0ead9c4a24 100644
--- a/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,17 @@
  * For more details, see http://www.mrtrix.org/.
  */
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "command.h"
 #include "dwi/directions/file.h"
 #include "file/utils.h"
 #include "math/rng.h"
+#include "mutexprotected.h"
 #include "progressbar.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
-constexpr size_t default_permutations = 1e8;
+constexpr size_t default_number = 1e8;
 
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ void usage() {
     " so as to minimise the peak gradient system demands."
     " It can alternatively be used to introduce a random rotation"
     " to hopefully prevent any collinearity between directions in different shells,"
-    " by requesting only a single permutation.";
+    " by requesting only a single rotation.";
 
   ARGUMENTS
     + Argument ("in", "the input direction file").type_file_in()
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ void usage() {
 
 
   OPTIONS
-    + Option ("permutations", "number of permutations to try"
-                              " (default: " + str(default_permutations) + ")")
+    + Option ("number", "number of rotations to try"
+                        " (default: " + str(default_number) + ")")
     +   Argument ("num").type_integer(1)
 
     + Option ("cartesian", "Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z]"
@@ -59,63 +62,81 @@ void usage() {
 // clang-format on
 
 using axis_type = Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 1>;
+using cartesian_matrix_type = Eigen::Matrix<default_type, Eigen::Dynamic, 3>;
 using rotation_type = Eigen::AngleAxis<default_type>;
 using rotation_transform_type = Eigen::Transform<default_type, 3, Eigen::Isometry>;
 
 class Shared {
 public:
-  Shared(const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions, size_t target_num_permutations)
-      : directions(directions),
-        target_num_permutations(target_num_permutations),
-        num_permutations(0),
-        progress(target_num_permutations == 1 ? "randomising direction set orientation" : "optimising directions for peak gradient load", target_num_permutations),
-        best_rotation(0.0, axis_type{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}),
-        min_peak(1.0),
-        original_peak(directions.array().abs().maxCoeff()) {}
-
-  bool update(default_type peak, const rotation_type &rotation) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-    if (peak < min_peak) {
-      min_peak = peak;
-      best_rotation = rotation;
-      progress.set_text(
-          std::string(target_num_permutations == 1 ? "randomising direction set orientation" : "optimising directions for peak gradient load")
-          + " (original = " + str(original_peak, 6) + "; "
-          + (target_num_permutations == 1 ? "rotated" : "best")
-          + " = " + str(min_peak, 6) + ")");
-    }
-    ++num_permutations;
-    ++progress;
-    return num_permutations < target_num_permutations;
+  Shared(const std::shared_ptr<const cartesian_matrix_type> directions, size_t total_num_rotations)
+      : directions(directions),                                                         //
+        protected_content(total_num_rotations, directions->array().abs().maxCoeff()) {} //
+
+  bool operator()(default_type peak, const rotation_type &rotation) {
+    auto guard = protected_content.lock();
+    return (*guard)(peak, rotation);
   }
 
   default_type peak(const rotation_type &rotation) const {
-    return (rotation_transform_type(rotation).linear() * directions.transpose()).array().abs().maxCoeff();
+    return (rotation_transform_type(rotation).linear() * directions->transpose()).array().abs().maxCoeff();
   }
 
-  const rotation_type &get_best_rotation() const { return best_rotation; }
+  rotation_type get_best_rotation() {
+    auto guard = protected_content.lock();
+    return guard->best();
+  }
 
-protected:
-  const Eigen::MatrixXd &directions;
-  const size_t target_num_permutations;
-  size_t num_permutations;
-  ProgressBar progress;
-  rotation_type best_rotation;
-  default_type min_peak;
-  default_type original_peak;
-  std::mutex mutex;
+private:
+  const std::shared_ptr<const cartesian_matrix_type> directions;
+
+  class ProtectedContent {
+  public:
+    ProtectedContent(const size_t total_num_rotations, const default_type original_peak)
+        : total_num_rotations(total_num_rotations),
+          original_peak(original_peak),
+          progress(total_num_rotations == 1 ? "randomising direction set orientation"
+                                            : "optimising directions for peak gradient load",
+                   total_num_rotations),
+          count(0),
+          best_rotation(0.0, axis_type{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}),
+          min_peak(1.0) {}
+    bool operator()(default_type peak, const rotation_type &rotation) {
+      if (peak < min_peak) {
+        min_peak = peak;
+        best_rotation = rotation;
+        progress.set_text(std::string(total_num_rotations == 1 ? "randomising direction set orientation"
+                                                               : "optimising directions for peak gradient load") +
+                          " (original = " + str(original_peak, 6) + "; " +
+                          (total_num_rotations == 1 ? "rotated" : "best") + " = " + str(min_peak, 6) + ")");
+      }
+      ++count;
+      ++progress;
+      return count < total_num_rotations;
+    }
+    rotation_type best() const { return best_rotation; }
+
+  private:
+    const size_t total_num_rotations;
+    const default_type original_peak;
+    ProgressBar progress;
+    size_t count;
+    rotation_type best_rotation;
+    default_type min_peak;
+  };
+  MutexProtected<ProtectedContent> protected_content;
 };
 
 class Processor {
 public:
-  Processor(Shared &shared) :
-      shared(shared),
-      rotation(0.0, axis_type{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}),
-      angle_distribution (-Math::pi, Math::pi),
-      axes_distribution (-1.0, 1.0) {}
+  Processor(const std::shared_ptr<Shared> shared)
+      : shared(shared),
+        rotation(0.0, axis_type{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}),
+        angle_distribution(-Math::pi, Math::pi),
+        axes_distribution(-1.0, 1.0) {}
 
   void execute() {
-    while (eval());
+    while (eval())
+      ;
   }
 
   bool eval() {
@@ -127,11 +148,11 @@ class Processor {
     } while (axis.squaredNorm() > 1.0);
     rotation.axis() = axis.normalized();
 
-    return shared.update(shared.peak(rotation), rotation);
+    return (*shared)(shared->peak(rotation), rotation);
   }
 
 protected:
-  Shared &shared;
+  std::shared_ptr<Shared> shared;
   rotation_type rotation;
   axis_type axis;
   Math::RNG rng;
@@ -140,23 +161,24 @@ class Processor {
 };
 
 void run() {
-  auto directions = DWI::Directions::load_cartesian(argument[0]);
+  const auto directions = std::make_shared<const cartesian_matrix_type>(DWI::Directions::load_cartesian(argument[0]));
 
-  size_t num_permutations = get_option_value<size_t>("permutations", default_permutations);
+  const size_t total_num_rotations = get_option_value<size_t>("number", default_number);
 
   rotation_type rotation;
   {
-    Shared shared(directions, num_permutations);
-    if (num_permutations == 1) {
+    const auto shared = std::make_shared<Shared>(directions, total_num_rotations);
+    if (total_num_rotations == 1) {
       Processor processor(shared);
       processor.eval();
     } else {
       Thread::run(Thread::multi(Processor(shared)), "eval thread");
     }
-    rotation = shared.get_best_rotation();
+    rotation = shared->get_best_rotation();
   }
 
-  directions = (rotation_transform_type(rotation).linear() * directions.transpose()).transpose();
+  const cartesian_matrix_type result =
+      (rotation_transform_type(rotation).linear() * directions->transpose()).transpose();
 
-  DWI::Directions::save(directions, argument[1], !get_options("cartesian").empty());
+  DWI::Directions::save(result, argument[1], !get_options("cartesian").empty());
 }
diff --git a/cmd/dirsplit.cpp b/cmd/dirsplit.cpp
index 952af05972..00d99d77f3 100644
--- a/cmd/dirsplit.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirsplit.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "progressbar.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
-constexpr size_t default_permutations = 1e8;
+constexpr size_t default_number = 1e8;
 
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ ARGUMENTS
 
 
 OPTIONS
-  + Option ("permutations", "number of permutations to try"
-                            " (default: " + str(default_permutations) + ")")
+  + Option ("number", "number of permutations to try"
+                            " (default: " + str(default_number) + ")")
     + Argument ("num").type_integer (1)
 
   + Option ("cartesian", "Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z]"
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void run() {
   if (num_subsets == 1)
     throw Exception("Directions must be split across two or more output files");
 
-  const size_t num_permutations = get_option_value<size_t>("permutations", default_permutations);
+  const size_t num_permutations = get_option_value<size_t>("number", default_number);
 
   std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> best;
   {
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dirflip.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dirflip.rst
index 107dd266ea..77599729c8 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dirflip.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dirflip.rst
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The orientations themselves are not affected, only their polarity; this is neces
 Options
 -------
 
--  **-permutations num** number of permutations to try (default: 100000000)
+-  **-number num** number of shuffles to try (default: 100000000)
 
 -  **-cartesian** Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z] instead of [az el].
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
index 154f4aebfd..55c835b2a9 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ Usage
 Description
 -----------
 
-The primary use case of this command is to find, for a given basis direction set, an appropriate rotation that preserves the homogeneity of coverage on the sphere but that minimises the maximal peak amplitude along the physical axes of the scanner, so as to minimise the peak gradient system demands. It can alternatively be used to introduce a random rotation to hopefully prevent any collinearity between directions in different shells, by requesting only a single permutation.
+The primary use case of this command is to find, for a given basis direction set, an appropriate rotation that preserves the homogeneity of coverage on the sphere but that minimises the maximal peak amplitude along the physical axes of the scanner, so as to minimise the peak gradient system demands. It can alternatively be used to introduce a random rotation to hopefully prevent any collinearity between directions in different shells, by requesting only a single rotation.
 
 Options
 -------
 
--  **-permutations num** number of permutations to try (default: 100000000)
+-  **-number num** number of rotations to try (default: 100000000)
 
 -  **-cartesian** Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z] instead of [az el].
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dirsplit.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dirsplit.rst
index e1a2aded62..3d05f64b68 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dirsplit.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dirsplit.rst
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Usage
 Options
 -------
 
--  **-permutations num** number of permutations to try (default: 100000000)
+-  **-number num** number of permutations to try (default: 100000000)
 
 -  **-cartesian** Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z] instead of [az el].
 

From 34f4a8319faca8470592e8364b88af85f09cbe90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 23:24:46 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 168/182] dirrotate: Reduce default number of rotations
 evaluated

---
 cmd/dirrotate.cpp                     | 2 +-
 docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/dirrotate.cpp b/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
index 0ead9c4a24..6c9c596dda 100644
--- a/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
+++ b/cmd/dirrotate.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "progressbar.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 
-constexpr size_t default_number = 1e8;
+constexpr size_t default_number = 1e7;
 
 using namespace MR;
 using namespace App;
diff --git a/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst b/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
index 55c835b2a9..99ab692a0d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/commands/dirrotate.rst
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The primary use case of this command is to find, for a given basis direction set
 Options
 -------
 
--  **-number num** number of rotations to try (default: 100000000)
+-  **-number num** number of rotations to try (default: 10000000)
 
 -  **-cartesian** Output the directions in Cartesian coordinates [x y z] instead of [az el].
 

From ba814f1b1bde2074f20eb159a1e408b157eea3d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 23:25:09 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 169/182] Add tests for dirrotate

---
 testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt              |  3 ++
 testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/default     | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++
 testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/onerotation | 21 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 65 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/default
 create mode 100644 testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/onerotation

diff --git a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
index f7bfb23400..d5a7c2d220 100644
--- a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ add_bash_binary_test(dirgen/default)
 add_bash_binary_test(dirgen/power)
 add_bash_binary_test(dirgen/unipolar)
 
+add_bash_binary_test(dirrotate/default)
+add_bash_binary_test(dirrotate/onerotation)
+
 add_bash_binary_test(dwi2adc/default)
 
 add_bash_binary_test(dwi2fod/csd_default)
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/default b/testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/default
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f2014dd66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/default
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Basic test of default operation with no command-line options
+# Cannot compare directly to a pre-generated output due to stochasticity of command;
+#   instead ensure that:
+# - Statistical properties of direction set is unchanged
+#   (here going to test SH condition numbers
+# - Peak gradient magnitude is decreased
+
+dirgen 30 tmp1.txt -force -cartesian -restarts 1
+
+dirstat tmp1.txt | \
+grep 'condition numbers for lmax' | \
+awk '{ print $10,$11,$12 }' > tmp1_stats.txt
+
+dirrotate tmp1.txt tmp2.txt -force -cartesian -number 1M
+
+dirstat tmp2.txt | \
+grep 'condition numbers for lmax' | \
+awk '{ print $10,$11,$12 }' > tmp2_stats.txt
+
+testing_diff_matrix tmp1_stats.txt tmp2_stats.txt
+
+cat tmp1.txt | \
+tail -n +2 | \
+tr -d "-" | \
+tr -d "n" | \
+tr " " "\n" | \
+sort -r | \
+head -n1 > tmp1_max.txt
+
+cat tmp2.txt | \
+tail -n +2 | \
+tr -d "-" | \
+tr -d "n" | \
+tr " " "\n" | \
+sort -r | \
+head -n1 > tmp2_max.txt
+
+a=$(cat tmp1_max.txt)
+b=$(cat tmp2_max.txt)
+[[ $(echo "${b} < ${a}" | bc) -eq 1 ]]
diff --git a/testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/onerotation b/testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/onerotation
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09dc50c383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testing/binaries/tests/dirrotate/onerotation
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Test that command exewcutes successfully when only one rotation is requested
+# For this test,
+#   do not require that the peak gradient usage is less in the output set
+#   compared to the input set;
+#   just make sure that the command executes successfully,
+#   and that the stastistical properties of the direction set are conserved
+
+dirgen 30 tmp1.txt -force -cartesian -restarts 1
+
+dirstat tmp1.txt | \
+grep 'condition numbers for lmax' | \
+awk '{ print $10,$11,$12 }' > tmp1_stats.txt
+
+dirrotate tmp1.txt tmp2.txt -force -cartesian -number 1
+
+dirstat tmp2.txt | \
+grep 'condition numbers for lmax' | \
+awk '{ print $10,$11,$12 }' > tmp2_stats.txt
+
+testing_diff_matrix tmp1_stats.txt tmp2_stats.txt

From 2f27ac6a236cbf3227afe3bf24cd490efc5fa08e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 19:25:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 170/182] Disable the use of LLD by default

We no longer use LLD by default if it is available for reasons mentioned in #2986.
The use of LLD can now be enabled by using -DMRTRIX_USE_LLD=ON.
Additionally, we use CMake's check_cxx_compiler_flag to see if the compiler supports
LLD regardless of the platform (instead of simply relying on the presence of ld.lld).
---
 CMakeLists.txt          |  1 +
 cmake/LinkerSetup.cmake | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 1d8e648417..ec4e36e39c 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ option(MRTRIX_STRIP_CONDA "Strip ananconda/mininconda from PATH to avoid conflic
 option(MRTRIX_USE_PCH "Use precompiled headers" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_PYTHON_SOFTLINK "Build directory softlink to Python source code rather than copying" ON)
 option(MRTRIX_BUILD_NON_CORE_STATIC "Build MRtrix's non-core code as a static library" OFF)
+option(MRTRIX_USE_LLD "Use lld as the linker" OFF)
 
 set(MRTRIX_DEPENDENCIES_DIR "" CACHE PATH
     "An optional local directory containing all thirdparty dependencies:\n \
diff --git a/cmake/LinkerSetup.cmake b/cmake/LinkerSetup.cmake
index fd7e4331cb..b7713475af 100644
--- a/cmake/LinkerSetup.cmake
+++ b/cmake/LinkerSetup.cmake
@@ -1,25 +1,33 @@
-# On Linux we want to use the LLVM linker if available as it is faster than the default GNU linker.
+# The LLVM linker is faster than the default GNU linker.
 # Unfortunately, lld is not able to perform LTO when compiling with GCC.
+if(MRTRIX_USE_LLD)
+    include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
 
-if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION)
-    set(GCC_LTO TRUE)
-else()
-    set(GCC_LTO FALSE)
-endif()
+    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION)
+        set(GCC_LTO TRUE)
+        message(WARNING "LLD cannot be used with GCC when LTO is enabled. Please another compiler or disable LTO.")
+    else()
+        set(GCC_LTO FALSE)
+    endif()
 
-if(UNIX AND NOT APPLE AND NOT GCC_LTO)
-  find_program(LLVM_LINKER NAMES "ld.lld")
+    if(NOT GCC_LTO)
+      set(LINKER_FLAG "-fuse-ld=lld")
+      check_cxx_compiler_flag(${LINKER_FLAG} CXX_SUPPORTS_LLVM_LINKER)
 
-  if(LLVM_LINKER)
-    message(STATUS "Using LLVM linker: ${LLVM_LINKER}")
+      if(CXX_SUPPORTS_LLVM_LINKER)
+        find_program(LLVM_LINKER NAMES lld ld.lld)
+        message(STATUS "Using LLVM linker: ${LLVM_LINKER}")
 
-    if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.29)
-      set(CMAKE_LINKER_TYPE "LLD" CACHE STRING "Linker type")
-    else()
-      set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -fuse-ld=lld")
-      set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -fuse-ld=lld")
-      set(CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS} -fuse-ld=lld")
+        if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.29)
+          set(CMAKE_LINKER_TYPE "LLD" CACHE STRING "Linker type")
+        else()
+          set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -fuse-ld=lld")
+          set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -fuse-ld=lld")
+          set(CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS} -fuse-ld=lld")
+        endif()
+      else()
+        message(WARNING "Compiler does not support LLVM linker. Using default linker.")
+      endif()
     endif()
-
-  endif()
 endif()
+

From 153d03c79f8fae53a0df8e73e44eb641b800b820 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 2024 15:41:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 171/182] Use ExternalProject to download test data at build
 time

We now download testing data at build time instead of cloning the data as a git submodule.
The user can also provide local git repos for the data by specifying the MRTRIX_BINARIES_DATA_DIR and MRTRIX_SCRIPTS_DATA_DIR environment variables during the configuration stage.
This prevents from polluting the source directory and it's more in line with CMake's philosophy.
---
 testing/CMakeLists.txt          | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt |  4 +--
 testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt  |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testing/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/CMakeLists.txt
index 94e2543a0d..aa1a700e63 100644
--- a/testing/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,46 @@
+if(NOT DEFINED ENV{MRTRIX_BINARIES_DATA_DIR})
+    set(mrtrix_binaries_data_url "https://github.com/mrtrix3/test_data.git")
+else()
+    set(mrtrix_binaries_data_url $ENV{MRTRIX_BINARIES_DATA_DIR})
+endif()
+
+if(NOT DEFINED ENV{MRTRIX_SCRIPTS_DATA_DIR})
+    set(mrtrix_scripts_data_url "https://github.com/mrtrix3/script_test_data.git")
+else()
+    set(mrtrix_scripts_data_url $ENV{MRTRIX_SCRIPTS_DATA_DIR})
+endif()
+
+include(ExternalProject)
+ExternalProject_Add(BinariesTestData
+    PREFIX ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/binaries_data
+    GIT_REPOSITORY ${mrtrix_binaries_data_url}
+    GIT_TAG f6e117e99481331d0bc39685b4aa122844ca885e
+    GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
+    CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
+    BUILD_COMMAND ""
+    INSTALL_COMMAND ""
+    LOG_DOWNLOAD ON
+)
+
+ExternalProject_Add(ScriptsTestData
+    PREFIX ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/scripts_data
+    GIT_REPOSITORY ${mrtrix_scripts_data_url}
+    GIT_TAG 4f0d6653e994212d3653660a4f9163437956c989
+    GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
+    CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
+    BUILD_COMMAND ""
+    INSTALL_COMMAND ""
+    LOG_DOWNLOAD ON
+)
+
+set(BINARY_DATA_DIR 
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/binaries_data/src/BinariesTestData
+)
+
+set(SCRIPT_DATA_DIR 
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/scripts_data/src/ScriptsTestData
+)
+
 add_subdirectory(binaries)
 add_subdirectory(lib)
 add_subdirectory(scripts)
diff --git a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
index 13a5f69156..e3a4839d40 100644
--- a/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/binaries/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 find_program(BASH bash)
 
-set(DATA_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/data)
-
 include(DirsToUnix)
 set(EXEC_DIRS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
 list(APPEND EXEC_DIRS ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ function(add_bash_binary_test file_path)
     add_bash_test(
         FILE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/${file_path}"
         PREFIX "${folder_name}"
-        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${BINARY_DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"
         LABELS "binary;${folder_name};${extra_labels}"
     )
diff --git a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
index 5ad1f0c9af..9a0b9fad51 100644
--- a/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/scripts/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 find_program(BASH bash)
 
-set(DATA_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/data)
-
 include(DirsToUnix)
 set(EXEC_DIRS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
 list(APPEND EXEC_DIRS ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ function(add_bash_script_test file_path)
     add_bash_test(
         FILE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/${file_path}"
         PREFIX "${folder_name}"
-        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DATA_DIR}
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${SCRIPT_DATA_DIR}
         EXEC_DIRECTORIES "${EXEC_DIRS}"
         LABELS "script;${folder_name};${extra_labels}"
     )

From 5fba41712a18adb4c5ca6cb869472643497b3ae8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Aug 2024 08:51:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 172/182] Remove testing data submodules

---
 .gitmodules           | 8 --------
 testing/binaries/data | 1 -
 testing/scripts/data  | 1 -
 3 files changed, 10 deletions(-)
 delete mode 160000 testing/binaries/data
 delete mode 160000 testing/scripts/data

diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index 2d89398ce1..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[submodule "testing/data"]
-	path = testing/binaries/data
-	url = https://github.com/MRtrix3/test_data
-	ignore = dirty
-[submodule "testing/script_data"]
-	path = testing/scripts/data
-	url = https://github.com/MRtrix3/script_test_data.git
-	ignore = dirty
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testing/binaries/data b/testing/binaries/data
deleted file mode 160000
index 2169ebc060..0000000000
--- a/testing/binaries/data
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 2169ebc06040a0b1380017f5f2a11d6380c69922
diff --git a/testing/scripts/data b/testing/scripts/data
deleted file mode 160000
index 76f47633cd..0000000000
--- a/testing/scripts/data
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 76f47633cd0a37e901c42320f4540ecaffd51367

From 3a7d2f719a4297baefe95fe5e035961884e0e0ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 23:15:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 173/182] Update commit hashes for testing data repos

---
 testing/CMakeLists.txt | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testing/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/CMakeLists.txt
index aa1a700e63..83432bfe9c 100644
--- a/testing/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ include(ExternalProject)
 ExternalProject_Add(BinariesTestData
     PREFIX ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/binaries_data
     GIT_REPOSITORY ${mrtrix_binaries_data_url}
-    GIT_TAG f6e117e99481331d0bc39685b4aa122844ca885e
+    GIT_TAG 2169ebc06040a0b1380017f5f2a11d6380c69922 
     GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
     CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
     BUILD_COMMAND ""
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ ExternalProject_Add(BinariesTestData
 ExternalProject_Add(ScriptsTestData
     PREFIX ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/scripts_data
     GIT_REPOSITORY ${mrtrix_scripts_data_url}
-    GIT_TAG 4f0d6653e994212d3653660a4f9163437956c989
+    GIT_TAG 76f47633cd0a37e901c42320f4540ecaffd51367
     GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
     CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
     BUILD_COMMAND ""

From 91ac695aaa992f4606e391b69628a9cee8254d2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 23:10:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 174/182] Log location of local testing data directories

---
 testing/CMakeLists.txt | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/testing/CMakeLists.txt b/testing/CMakeLists.txt
index 83432bfe9c..ed43c4ed09 100644
--- a/testing/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/testing/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ if(NOT DEFINED ENV{MRTRIX_BINARIES_DATA_DIR})
     set(mrtrix_binaries_data_url "https://github.com/mrtrix3/test_data.git")
 else()
     set(mrtrix_binaries_data_url $ENV{MRTRIX_BINARIES_DATA_DIR})
+    message(STATUS "Using binaries data from $ENV{MRTRIX_BINARIES_DATA_DIR}")
 endif()
 
 if(NOT DEFINED ENV{MRTRIX_SCRIPTS_DATA_DIR})
     set(mrtrix_scripts_data_url "https://github.com/mrtrix3/script_test_data.git")
 else()
     set(mrtrix_scripts_data_url $ENV{MRTRIX_SCRIPTS_DATA_DIR})
+    message(STATUS "Using scripts data from $ENV{MRTRIX_SCRIPTS_DATA_DIR}")
 endif()
 
 include(ExternalProject)

From de81d476eca564f93f6a6f2d03b13ae352fb42cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 20:16:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 175/182] Disable download logs for NIfTI headers to the
 console

Enabling LOG_DOWNLOAD the output of the download step is logged to CMake log files in the build directory.
---
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index feebe106a6..bd11232bce 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ else()
         CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND ""
         DOWNLOAD_NO_EXTRACT ON
         DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON
+        LOG_DOWNLOAD ON
     )
     ExternalProject_Add(
         nifti2
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ else()
         CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND ""
         DOWNLOAD_NO_EXTRACT ON
         DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON
+        LOG_DOWNLOAD ON
     )
     target_include_directories(nifti INTERFACE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/nifti/src/")
 endif()

From 7bd2a1dc69682dd8d247e1de20bd4bd9f38ea995 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2024 11:10:52 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 176/182] dwibiasnormmask minor tweaks

- Report absence of prior Dice coefficient, rather than a value of 0.0.
- Compute mask overlap image as a bitwise mask.
---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
index c2834fe650..866aa4ecd2 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/dwibiasnormmask.py
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, index):
   tissue_sum_image = None
   iteration = 0
   step = 'initialisation'
-  prev_dice_coefficient = 0.0
+  prev_dice_coefficient = None
   total_scaling_factor = 1.0
 
   def msg():
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ def msg():
     app.debug(f'Old mask voxel count: {dwi_old_mask_count}')
     app.debug(f'New mask voxel count: {dwi_new_mask_count}')
     dwi_mask_overlap_image = f'dwi_mask_overlap{iter_string}.mif'
-    run.command(f'mrcalc {dwi_mask_image} {new_dwi_mask_image} -mult {dwi_mask_overlap_image}')
+    run.command(f'mrcalc {dwi_mask_image} {new_dwi_mask_image} -mult {dwi_mask_overlap_image} -datatype bit')
 
     old_dwi_mask_image = dwi_mask_image
     dwi_mask_image = new_dwi_mask_image
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ def msg():
       total_scaling_factor *= scale_multiplier
       break
 
-    if new_dice_coefficient < prev_dice_coefficient:
+    if prev_dice_coefficient is not None and new_dice_coefficient < prev_dice_coefficient:
       progress.done()
       app.warn(f'Mask divergence at iteration {iteration} '
                f'(Dice coefficient = {new_dice_coefficient}); '

From 0b27783a5b8f82c8aef87f840474fb18460d7fcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2024 11:38:16 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 177/182] responsemean: Fix terminal message for 1 b-value

---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py
index 5a80662103..825c1b88e9 100644
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/responsemean.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
     data.append(subject)
 
   app.console(f'Calculating mean RF across {len(data)} inputs, '
-              f'with {len(data[0])} {"b-values" if len(data[0])>1 else ""} '
+              f'with {len(data[0])} b-value{"s" if len(data[0])>1 else ""} '
               f'and lmax={2*(len(data[0][0])-1)}')
 
   # Old approach: Just take the average across all subjects

From ad3f5b68555868c32252fa47953ddb2e4c35207f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daljit Singh <daljit7991@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2024 09:28:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 178/182] Download NIfTI headers from GitHub

---
 cmake/Dependencies.cmake | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
index bd11232bce..ed59f062bd 100644
--- a/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
+++ b/cmake/Dependencies.cmake
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ else()
     ExternalProject_Add(
         nifti1
         PREFIX nifti
-        URL "https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/src/nifti2/nifti1.h"
+        URL "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NIFTI-Imaging/nifti_clib/master/nifti2/nifti1.h"
         CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND ""
         DOWNLOAD_NO_EXTRACT ON
         DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ else()
     ExternalProject_Add(
         nifti2
         PREFIX nifti
-        URL "https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/src/nifti2/nifti2.h"
+        URL "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NIFTI-Imaging/nifti_clib/master/nifti2/nifti2.h"
         CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND ""
         DOWNLOAD_NO_EXTRACT ON
         DOWNLOAD_NO_PROGRESS ON

From 81d10efb434c056c7dd0d1874e30fd1ceeced66c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:31:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 179/182] peaksconvert: Fix compilation

Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 cmd/peaksconvert.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp b/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
index 91606f2eed..5e804cd25e 100644
--- a/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
+++ b/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ void usage() {
     + Argument("choice").type_choice(formats)
   + Option ("out_reference", "specify the reference axes against which the output directions will be specified"
                              " (defaults to real / scanner space if omitted)")
-    + Argument("choice").type_choice(references)
+    + Argument("choice").type_choice(references);
   // TODO Implement -fill
   //+ Option ("fill", "specify value to be inserted into output image in the absence of valid information")
   //  + Argument("value").type_float();

From 993920972af2273a0015410d9b2a9599a78c0687 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 2024 14:03:06 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 180/182] peaksconvert: Resolutions following merge

- Resolves addition of peaksconvert command in #2918 with API changes in #2911.
- Resolves with clang-format added in #2652.
---
 cmd/peaksconvert.cpp | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp b/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
index 5e804cd25e..242b656bfb 100644
--- a/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
+++ b/cmd/peaksconvert.cpp
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ using namespace App;
 // TODO Do we need to support both mathematics and physics conventions for spherical coordinates?
 // And if so, where do we do it?
 
-const char *const formats[] = {"unitspherical", "spherical", "unit3vector", "3vector", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> formats = {"unitspherical", "spherical", "unit3vector", "3vector"};
 enum class format_t { UNITSPHERICAL, SPHERICAL, UNITTHREEVECTOR, THREEVECTOR };
-const char *const references[] = {"xyz", "ijk", "bvec", nullptr};
+const std::vector<std::string> references = {"xyz", "ijk", "bvec"};
 enum class reference_t { XYZ, IJK, BVEC };
 
 using transform_linear_type = Eigen::Matrix<default_type, 3, 3>;
@@ -209,12 +209,15 @@ class Fixel {
   static Eigen::Vector3d out_ijk2bvec;
 };
 
-transform_linear_type Fixel::in_ijk2xyz = transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+transform_linear_type Fixel::in_ijk2xyz =
+    transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
 bool Fixel::in_bvec_flipi = false;
 default_type Fixel::in_bvec_imultiplier = std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN();
 Eigen::Vector3d Fixel::in_bvec2ijk = Eigen::Vector3d::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
-transform_linear_type Fixel::out_ijk2xyz = transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
-transform_linear_type Fixel::out_xyz2ijk = transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+transform_linear_type Fixel::out_ijk2xyz =
+    transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
+transform_linear_type Fixel::out_xyz2ijk =
+    transform_linear_type::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
 bool Fixel::out_bvec_flipi = false;
 default_type Fixel::out_bvec_imultiplier = std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN();
 Eigen::Vector3d Fixel::out_ijk2bvec = Eigen::Vector3d::Constant(std::numeric_limits<default_type>::signaling_NaN());
@@ -226,7 +229,9 @@ void Fixel::set_input_transforms(const Header &H) {
   in_bvec2ijk = {in_bvec_imultiplier, 1.0, 1.0};
   DEBUG("Input transform configured based on image \"" + H.name() + "\":");
   DEBUG("IJK-to-XYZ transform:\n" + str(in_ijk2xyz));
-  DEBUG("bvec: flip " + str(in_bvec_flipi) + ", i component multiplier " + str(in_bvec_imultiplier) + ", vector multiplier [" + str(in_bvec2ijk.transpose()) + "]");
+  DEBUG("bvec: flip " + str(in_bvec_flipi) + ", "                      //
+        + "i component multiplier " + str(in_bvec_imultiplier) + ", "  //
+        + "vector multiplier [" + str(in_bvec2ijk.transpose()) + "]"); //
 }
 
 void Fixel::set_output_transforms(const Header &H) {
@@ -238,7 +243,9 @@ void Fixel::set_output_transforms(const Header &H) {
   DEBUG("Output transform configured based on image \"" + H.name() + "\":");
   DEBUG("IJK-to-XYZ transform:\n" + str(out_ijk2xyz));
   DEBUG("XYZ-to-IJK transform:\n" + str(out_xyz2ijk));
-  DEBUG("bvec: flip " + str(out_bvec_flipi) + ", i component multiplier " + str(out_bvec_imultiplier) + ", vector multiplier [" + str(out_ijk2bvec.transpose()) + "]");
+  DEBUG("bvec: flip " + str(out_bvec_flipi) + ", "                      //
+        + "i component multiplier " + str(out_bvec_imultiplier) + ", "  //
+        + "vector multiplier [" + str(out_ijk2bvec.transpose()) + "]"); //
 }
 
 template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitSpherical, reference_t::XYZ>(const UnitSpherical &in) {
@@ -287,9 +294,7 @@ template <> Fixel Fixel::from<Spherical, reference_t::BVEC>(const Spherical &in)
   return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * unit_threevector_ijk, r_az_in_ijk[0]);
 }
 
-template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::XYZ>(const UnitThreeVector &in) {
-  return Fixel(in());
-}
+template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::XYZ>(const UnitThreeVector &in) { return Fixel(in()); }
 
 template <> Fixel Fixel::from<UnitThreeVector, reference_t::IJK>(const UnitThreeVector &in) {
   return Fixel(in_ijk2xyz * in());
@@ -317,15 +322,15 @@ template <> UnitSpherical Fixel::to<UnitSpherical, reference_t::XYZ>() const {
 }
 
 template <> UnitSpherical Fixel::to<UnitSpherical, reference_t::IJK>() const {
-  const default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
-                                          unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  const default_type azimuth =
+      std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)), unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
   const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
   return UnitSpherical({azimuth, inclination});
 }
 
 template <> UnitSpherical Fixel::to<UnitSpherical, reference_t::BVEC>() const {
-  default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
-                                    unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  default_type azimuth =
+      std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)), unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
   if (out_bvec_flipi)
     azimuth = Math::pi - azimuth;
   const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
@@ -340,15 +345,15 @@ template <> Spherical Fixel::to<Spherical, reference_t::XYZ>() const {
 }
 
 template <> Spherical Fixel::to<Spherical, reference_t::IJK>() const {
-  const default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
-                                          unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  const default_type azimuth =
+      std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)), unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
   const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
   return Spherical({radius, azimuth, inclination});
 }
 
 template <> Spherical Fixel::to<Spherical, reference_t::BVEC>() const {
-  default_type azimuth = std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)),
-                                    unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
+  default_type azimuth =
+      std::atan2(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(1)), unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(0)));
   if (out_bvec_flipi)
     azimuth = Math::pi - azimuth;
   const default_type inclination = std::acos(unit_threevector_xyz.dot(out_ijk2xyz.col(2)));
@@ -543,9 +548,8 @@ void run() {
   const size_t in_volumes_per_fixel(volumes_per_fixel(in_format));
   const size_t num_fixels = H_in.size(3) / in_volumes_per_fixel;
   if (num_fixels * in_volumes_per_fixel != H_in.size(3))
-    throw Exception("Number of volumes in input image (" + str(H_in.size(3)) + ")"
-                    + " incompatible with "
-                    + str(volumes_per_fixel) + " volumes per orientation");
+    throw Exception("Number of volumes in input image (" + str(H_in.size(3)) + ")" + " incompatible with " +
+                    str(volumes_per_fixel) + " volumes per orientation");
   const reference_t in_reference(reference_from_option("in_reference"));
 
   const format_t out_format(format_from_option("out_format"));

From 19176e961020bdab3dc377f2a727075d3f81bab6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 10:26:03 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 181/182] mrcalc: Support -config option

---
 cmd/mrcalc.cpp | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/cmd/mrcalc.cpp b/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
index dc33eeb476..8089a7b670 100644
--- a/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
+++ b/cmd/mrcalc.cpp
@@ -990,6 +990,7 @@ void run() {
         ++n;
       else if (opt->is("force") || opt->is("info") || opt->is("debug") || opt->is("quiet"))
         continue;
+      else if (opt->is ("config")) n+=2;
 
 #define SECTION 3
 #include "mrcalc.cpp"

From 22178a1f3122118cce70581e7e05a1f256e10fd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Robert Smith <robert.smith@florey.edu.au>
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 2024 10:52:17 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 182/182] peakscheck: Updates following merge

Resolves addition of peakscheck in #2918 with Python CLI changes in #2678.
---
 python/mrtrix3/commands/peakscheck.py | 32 ++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python/mrtrix3/commands/peakscheck.py b/python/mrtrix3/commands/peakscheck.py
index a3dd33771f..a6856f1e0e 100755
--- a/python/mrtrix3/commands/peakscheck.py
+++ b/python/mrtrix3/commands/peakscheck.py
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                           ' to be applied to the image data *before* transforming them to real / scanner space.'
                           ' 2b. There may be requisite axis permutations / flips'
                           ' to be applied to the image data *after* transforming them to real / scanner space.')
-  cmdline.add_argument('input', help='The input fibre orientations image to be checked')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', metavar='image', help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=int, default=DEFAULT_NUMBER, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-threshold', type=float, default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='Modulate thresold on the ratio of empirical to maximal mean length to issue an error')
+  cmdline.add_argument('input', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='The input fibre orientations image to be checked')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-mask', type=app.Parser.ImageIn(), help='Provide a mask image within which to seed & constrain tracking')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-number', type=app.Parser.Int(1), default=DEFAULT_NUMBER, help='Set the number of tracks to generate for each test')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-threshold', type=app.Parser.Float(0.0, 1.0), default=DEFAULT_THRESHOLD, help='Modulate thresold on the ratio of empirical to maximal mean length to issue an error')
   cmdline.add_argument('-in_format', choices=FORMATS, default=DEFAULT_FORMAT, help='The format in which peak orientations are specified; one of: ' + ','.join(FORMATS))
   # TODO Add -in_reference option, which would control which variant is considered the default for the purpose of command return code
   cmdline.add_argument('-noshuffle',
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def usage(cmdline): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
                             ' only consider prospective shuffles of axes or angles')
   cmdline.flag_mutually_exclusive_options(['noshuffle', 'notransform'])
   cmdline.add_argument('-all', action='store_true', help='Print table containing all results to standard output')
-  cmdline.add_argument('-out_table', help='Write text file with table containing all results')
+  cmdline.add_argument('-out_table', type=app.Parser.FileOut(), help='Write text file with table containing all results')
 
 
 
@@ -313,9 +313,7 @@ def sort_key(item):
 
 def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
-  app.check_output_path(app.ARGS.out_table)
-
-  image_dimensions = image.Header(path.from_user(app.ARGS.input, False)).size()
+  image_dimensions = image.Header(app.ARGS.input).size()
   if len(image_dimensions) != 4:
     raise MRtrixError('Input image must be a 4D image')
   if min(image_dimensions) == 1:
@@ -341,25 +339,19 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   is_unit = app.ARGS.in_format in ('unitspherical', 'unit3vector')
 
-  app.make_scratch_dir()
+  app.activate_scratch_dir()
 
   # Unlike dwigradcheck, here we're going to be performing manual permutation & flipping of volumes
   # Therefore, we'd actually prefer to *not* have contiguous memory across volumes
   # Also, in order for subsequent reference transforms to be valid,
   #   we need for the strides to not be modified by MRtrix3 at the load stage
-  run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.input) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('data.mif')
-              + ' -datatype float32'
-              + ' -config RealignTransform false')
+  run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.input} data.mif -datatype float32 -config RealignTransform false')
 
   if app.ARGS.mask:
-    run.command('mrconvert ' + path.from_user(app.ARGS.mask) + ' ' + path.to_scratch('mask.mif')
-                + ' -datatype bit'
-                + ' -config RealignTransform false')
-
-  app.goto_scratch_dir()
+    run.command(f'mrconvert {app.ARGS.mask} mask.mif -datatype bit -config RealignTransform false')
 
   # Generate a brain mask if we weren't provided with one
-  if not os.path.exists('mask.mif'):
+  if not app.ARGS.mask:
     run.command('mrcalc data.mif -abs - -config RealignTransform false | '
                 'mrmath - max -axis 3 - -config RealignTransform false | '
                 'mrthreshold - mask.mif -abs 0.0 -comparison gt -config RealignTransform false')
@@ -485,13 +477,13 @@ def execute(): #pylint: disable=unused-variable
 
   # Write comprehensive results to a file
   if app.ARGS.out_table:
-    if os.path.splitext(app.ARGS.out_table)[-1].lower() == '.tsv':
+    if app.ARGS.out_table.suffix.lower() == '.tsv':
       delimiter = '\t'
       quote = ''
     else:
       delimiter = ','
       quote = '"'
-    with open(path.from_user(app.ARGS.out_table, False), 'w') as f:
+    with open(app.ARGS.out_table, 'w') as f:
       f.write(f'{quote}Mean length{quote}{delimiter}'
               f'{quote}Operation 1 type{quote}{delimiter}{quote}Operation 1 parameters{quote}{delimiter}'
               f'{quote}Operation 2 type{quote}{delimiter}{quote}Operation 2 parameters{quote}{delimiter}'