diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 363abee8a97e..0f62bc1c9ea3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- `[expect]` Fix `error causes` bug ([#15338](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15338))
 - `[babel-plugin-jest-hoist]` Use `denylist` instead of the deprecated `blacklist` for Babel 8 support ([#14109](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/14109))
 - `[expect]` Check error instance type for `toThrow/toThrowError` ([#14576](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/14576))
 - `[expect]` Improve diff for failing `expect.objectContaining` ([#15038](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15038))
diff --git a/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts b/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts
index 2a7d19f68da8..572dbaa6da52 100644
--- a/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts
+++ b/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts
@@ -307,6 +307,38 @@ describe('toThrow', () => {
           throw new Error('good', {cause: errorA});
         }).not.toThrow(expected);
       });
+
+      test('isNot false, cause is object', () => {
+        jestExpect(() => {
+          throw errorB;
+        }).toThrow({
+          message: 'B',
+          // eslint-disable-next-line sort-keys
+          cause: {
+            message: 'A',
+          },
+        });
+      });
+
+      test('isNot false, cause is string', () => {
+        jestExpect(() => {
+          throw new Error('Message', {cause: 'line 123'});
+        }).toThrow({
+          message: 'Message',
+          // eslint-disable-next-line sort-keys
+          cause: 'line 123',
+        });
+      });
+
+      test('isNot false, cause is boolean', () => {
+        jestExpect(() => {
+          throw new Error('Message', {cause: true});
+        }).toThrow({
+          message: 'Message',
+          // eslint-disable-next-line sort-keys
+          cause: true,
+        });
+      });
     });
 
     describe('fail', () => {
diff --git a/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts b/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts
index dfda024afb8c..79734c4470b6 100644
--- a/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts
+++ b/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts
@@ -467,22 +467,36 @@ const formatStack = (thrown: Thrown | null) =>
         },
       );
 
-function createMessageAndCauseMessage(error: Error): string {
-  if (error.cause instanceof Error) {
-    return `{ message: ${error.message}, cause: ${createMessageAndCauseMessage(
-      error.cause,
-    )}}`;
+function createMessageAndCause(error: Error) {
+  if (error.cause) {
+    return JSON.stringify(buildSerializeError(error));
   }
 
   return `{ message: ${error.message} }`;
 }
 
-function createMessageAndCause(error: Error) {
-  if (error.cause instanceof Error) {
-    return createMessageAndCauseMessage(error);
+function buildSerializeError(error) {
+  if (!isObject(error)) {
+    return error;
+  }
+
+  const result = {};
+  for (const name of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(error)) {
+    if (['stack', 'fileName', 'lineNumber'].includes(name)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (name === 'cause') {
+      result[name] = buildSerializeError(error['cause']);
+      continue;
+    }
+    result[name] = error[name];
   }
 
-  return error.message;
+  return result;
+}
+
+function isObject(obj) {
+  return !!obj && typeof obj === 'object';
 }
 
 function messageAndCause(error: Error) {